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MICHIGAN 



THE CENTENNIAL; 



BEING 



A MEMORIAL RECORD 



APPROPRIATE T(l THE CENTENNIAL YEAR. 



EDITED AND PUBLISHED 

/ 

Sy S. B. MaCRJ^CKEN 



UNDER THE SANCTION OF THE STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF MANAGERS. 




DETROIT: 

Printed for the Publisher at the Office of the Petroit f"REE ^ress. 

lS7(i. 



Entered acconliiij;- to Acl of Congress, in the year eighteen liumlrcil anil seventy-seven, by 

s. B. Mccracken, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wiishingtou. 



r.^ 



OFFICIAL SANCTION. 



BY THE STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF MANAGERS. 

Having examined the proposal of S. B. MeCrackeu, for j)iiblishiug a history of the Michigan 
representation at the Centennial Exhibition, we approve its general plan, and cordially recommend 
it to the people of Michigan, guaranteeing to the enterprise all possible encouragement and support 
on the part of the State Centennial Board of Managers. For the purpose of connecting the work 
oflBcially with this Board, we have appointed W. 8. George, of Lansing, and J. C. Holmes and 
E. I. Garfield, of Detroit, commissioners of publication, with the general power of determining the 
style of the work and fixing its ])rice, and otherwise acting equitably as between all parties in 
interest. 

JOHN .1. BAGLEY, Chairman. 
M. I. MILLS, 
J. J. WOODMAN, 
HENRY FRALICK, 
JAY A. HUBBELL, 
DETRorr, April, 1876. State Centennial Board. 

At a meeting of the Board held at Lansing, January 24, 1877, present, the chairman of the 
Board, ex-Governor Bagley, and Commissioners Mills, Wooodman and Fralick, it was unanimously 
declared that — 

Whekkas, The membei-s of the State Centennial Board of Managers joined in officially recom- 
mending the publication, under the supervision of S. B. McCracken, of the proposed book, 
" Michigan and the Centennial," and having examined the work so far as now printed, and finding 
that it meets our expectations ; and Whereas, said work is deemed a most worthy enterprise, as 
tending to perpetuate a patriotic remembrance of the Centennial year and of Michigan's agency 
in commemorating the same; therefore, as the sense of this Board now in session, said work is 
cordially recommended to the patronage of the people and Legislature of the State. 

A true copy of the record : 

F. W. NOBLE, SKCitETARV. 



BY THE COMMISSION OF PUBLICATION. 

The undersigned were appointed by the State Centennial Board of Managers a Commission of 
Publication, with certain general advisory and supervisory powers as related to the work, " Michigan 
and the Centennial." The plan of the work, as set forth in the announcements, was submitted to 
and ap])roved by us, and from such examination as we have been able to give to the completed 
work, we find that it conforms generally in its matter and arrangement to the projiosals under 
which it was undertaken. The style and tyj)ographical execution of the work are good, and 
considering the size of the volume, the prices are as low as tiiose of standard works in the trade. 
^Vs a compilation and digest of facts and events, we regard tlie work as a valuable and 
in(lisi)ensable contribution to the history of the Centennial period, especially as related to Michigan. 
It is a work that lias not only a present, l)Ut will liave an increasing, value. 

\V. S. G 1:0 RUE, 
J. C. HOLMES, 
E. 1. (iARFlELD, 
Detroit, \\m\. IhTT. Commission op Publication. 



CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTORY POEM. 

Centennial: — By B. Hathaway. ....... Page 9 



PART I. 

PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 
I.— THE AMERICAN COLONIES, AND THEIR SEPARATION FROM GREAT BRITAIN. 

BY WILLIAM N. HUDSON. 

Introductorv Remarks : Cliaractor of" the Early Colonists ; Spirit of Resistance to Oppression ; 
Seeds of Freedom. — The Colonies: Foundation and Political Structure; Acts Kelating to Civil and 
Political Rights. — Oppressive Acts of the British Parliament: Restrictions upon Commerce; Navigation 
Acts; Prohibition of Manufactures; Writs of Assi.stance; Stamp Act; the Judiciary and Military as 
Instruments of Oppression. — Indignation Throughout the Colonies: New York; Bo.ston; Philadelphia; 
Virginia; James Otis, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry. — First Continental Congress: Address to the 
Crown. — First Symptoms of Resistance: Parson Mayliew; Stamp Officers Compelled to Resign; 
Destruction of Stamped Paper; Disregard of the Stamp Act; Sons of Liberty. — Repeal of the Stamp 
Act. — The Elder Pitt in Belialf of the Colonies. — Imposition of Import Duties: Protests by Massachu- 
setts and Virginia. — Attempt to Quarter Troops on the People.— First Acts of Violence: The Boston 
Massacre; the Boston Tea Party. — Retaliatory Measures: The Boston Port Bill; Citizens Sent Abroad 
to be Tried. — Second Colonial Congress: Declaration of Rights; Suspension of Commercial Inter- 
course.— Military Steps Taken by the Government and bj- the Colonies. — Lexington and Concord: 
Gathering of the Continental Forces; the Patriot Armj' around Boston. — Ticonderoga and Crown Point: 
Ethan Allen and Seth Warren. — The Continental Congress: E.\ercise of Comprehensive Powers; Petitions 
to the King and People of Great Britain; Determination of Resistance; an Army Voted to be Raised; 
Washington as Commander in-chief; Bills of Credit. — Battle of Bunker Hill. — Washington in Command 
of the Army: ('apture of Dorchester Heights; Evacuation of Boston by the British. — E.xpcdition 
Against Quebec — Measures of tlic British Parliament; Troops Sent to America; Burning of Norfolk; 
Attack on Fort Moultrie. — Independence First Proposed: The Mecklenberg Declaration; Action of 
North Carolina, Georgia, Rhode Island and Virginia; the Proposition before Congress; Committee to 
Draft a Declaration; Other Colonies Declare for Independence; the Formal Declaration JIade; Pro- 
phetic Utterance of John Adams. — The Declauatios op Independen'ce. . Page 13-3:3 

II.— MICHIGAN AS A POLITICAL COMMONWEALTH. 

Fir.it Settled by the French. — Politically As.sociated with Canada. — Occupied by the United States 
in 1700. — Part of the Nortliwcst Territory. — Form of Government. — Descent of the Territorial Sover- 
eignty: The Claims of Virginia, Connecticut and Massachusetts; tlie United States Statistical Atlas; 
Opinion of Judge Charles I. Walker; Conquest of the Northwest Territory by Gen. George Rogers 
Clark; Indefinitencss of the Colonial Charters; Policy of Congress as to Conflicting State Boundaries; 
Virginia tlie only Party Consulted in the Division of the Northwest Territory; Direct Descent from 
1a 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



(Jiviil Hiiliiin; Opinion of Olmnci'llor Mnnniii,;;-; 'IVnitoriiil Sovereignly not Exorcised by the United 
States uinlrr llir l'><lenUion. — Orgiini/.iilion of tlie Territory of Micliignn. — Orgnni/.alion of tlie State 
(!overnn\enl : Adoption of ii Constitution; Admission into llie Union; tlie Disputed 15o\indiiry; (lie 
'I'oledo War; tin' I'pper I'eniiisulii. — Seal of Governnienl iind State Capital: Loeation of tlie Capital 
:U l.aiisiii!;'; Ilie Olil mid tlie New Capitol 15uildiiij;s; Hoard of Slate l^uildiiig Commissioners. — Gov- 
ernors of Mi. Iiiiiaii. .......... I'agv 34-43 

111.— NATIONAL AND PATRIOTIC S0NG8. 

Introiliu'tory lioiniirks: " Oiiv Niitivo Song." — Amorioaii Nivtional Songs: My Country, 'Tis of 
Thee; Hail Columbia; SlarSpaiigled Hanner; Columbia, tlie (lem of the Ocean; Our Flag is There; 
Yankee Doodle; The Liberty Song-; The Ship of State; How Sleep the Brave; The Flag of our Union; 
Viva I'America, Home of the Free; Tramp, Tramp, Tramp; Flag of the Heroes; The American Flag; 
Stand by the Flag: Columbia Kules the Sea. — Our Michigan Songs: Miehigania; Michigan, my 
Jliehigau.— Songs of Other Nations: God Save the tjueen; Scots Wha lla'e Wi' Wallace Ulcd; St. 
Patrick's Day; Waleli on the Kliine (German and Knglish); Marseillaise Hymn (French and English). — 
A Song for all Peoples: Home. Sweet Home. ...... Page 44-()S 



PART II. 

COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 

1.— CELEBRATION OF THIC EAU1>11:K EVENTS. 

The l?oston Tea Party. — Lexiiijiloii and Coiicoril : Coninicnioration in IS.'lt! : Hymn by Kalph 
Waldo Kmerson; Commemoration in IST"); Poem liy .lames Uiis.sell Lowell; William E. Gladstone's 
Estimate of America; Poem by .lohn G. Whitticr; Kcsolutions of the Michigan Senate, .\pril lit, 1875. — 
Hunker Hill: The Fiftieth Anniversary; Couleniiial Celebration, June 17, 1875; Large Mililary Display; 
Military Companies from the Soutli; Dislinguished Gentlemen Present — Gov. Bagley, Senator Ferry. — 
The Sfecklenberg Declaration: (Vlebration in North Carolina and Tennessee; Resolutions of the U. S. 
Ceiileniiial Coniniissioii. ........ Page C9-76 

n.-TllE CENTEN.NIAL FoliriH. 

Introductory Kcniarks : Greeting of the Ccntonuial Fourth. — The Great National Celebration at 
Philadelphia: Exercises in Independence Square; Independence Ilall; Grand Military Parade; Distin- 
guished Pei-sons Present; Opening Address by Gen. llawley, President of the U. S. Centennial 
Commission; Address by Vice-President Ferry; Prayer by Bishop Stevens; Hymn, "Welcome to all 
Nations." by Oliver Wendell Hobncs; Reading of the Declaration by Richard Henry Lee; Greeting 
from Brazil; The National Ode, l)y Bayard Taylor; Hymn, by Dexter Smith. — Greeting from Germany — 
President Grant's Reply. — Miscellaneous Exercises: The A\ithors' Tribute to the Signers; The National 
Reform Association— Demanding a Religious Amendment to the Constitution; Centennial Congress of 
Liberals— Total Separation of Church and State; Woman SulTrage Centennial Meetings. Page 77-94 

HI.— THE CENTENNIAL ForiMTl IN MICHIGAN. 

Introihu'tory Kentarks. — Newsintpers from which Quotations are jMaile. — Reports of Celebrations 
at Adrian, Allegan, Ann Arbor, Baltic Creek, Bay City, Big Rapids, Bronson, Caro, Charlotte, 
Coldwaler. Detroit, Dexter, Dundee, Flint, Fowlerville, Grand Ledge, Grand Haven, Grand Rapids, 
Greenville, Houghton, Ionia, Ithaca, .Jackson, .Johesville, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Lexington, Maripiette, 
Mason, JlounI Pleasant, Milford, Muskegon, Negaunee, Niles, Northville, Outomigon, Otsego County, 
Port Huron, Quincy, Roseomnion, Saginaw, Saline. St. .Johns, St. .Joseph, St. Louis, Sturgis, Tawas, 
Traverse City, Union City, Vassar. 



CONTENTS. 



IV.— CENTENNIAL TREE PLANTING 

General Observations on Trees and Fore.-itry ; Poem, " Tlie Cobar Tree." — Kcconinienilation by Gov. 
Baiilej'. — Tree Planlinif in Detroit, Mason, Pentoiiville, Lansing, Flint, .Vnn .Vrl)or, Perry Center, 
Orion, Allegan, Monroe, ICalaniazoo, Dexter, Hiitler, Holland, Porllaiitl, Vassar, Battle Creek, Charlotte, 
Mt. Clemens, Sturgis, Hig Kapiils, Honieo, Holly, Cassopolis, Evart, Grand Ledge, Lapeer, Hudson, 
Medina, Niles, Tecumseh, ......... Page 171-183 

VARIOUS COMMEMORATIONS.— Th.> National Flag at the State Capital.— Centeuuial Di.spjay 
by the State Agricultural Society: Address by the Comniitlee in Charge; List of Articles Exhibited and 
Premiums Awarded. ......... Page 184-186 



TAirr III. 

CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 

I.— REPRESENTATIVE CENTENNIAL ORATIONS. 

What the Age Owes to America: Hon. Win. M. Evarts, at Philadelphia. — The Declaration of 
Independence, and the Effects of It: Rev. R. S. Storrs, D.D., at New York. — The Progress of Liberty: Hon. 
Charles Francis Adams, at Taunton, Mass. — The Signers of the Declaration ; Hon. Uobert ('. Winthrop, at 
Boston. . ......... Page 187-254 

II.— EXTRACTS FROM MICHIGAN ORATIONS. 

Thonia-s B. Church, at Grand Rapids. — Theodore Romeyn, at Detroit. — Dan. P. Foote, at Saginaw. — 
Mark S. Brewer, at Milford.— L, I). Dibble, at Battle Creek.— .ludge Marston, at Bay City.— J. E. Tenney, 
at Lansing. — A. L Millard, at Adrian. — .lonas H. McGowan. at Coldwater. — Geo. W. Wilson, at Charlotte. 
— Geo. H. Jerome, at Niles.— Aaron Clark, at Middlevtlle. — A. H. Fenn, at Allegan. — C. II. Denison, at 
Port Huron. Page 3-55-304 

III.— THE MlCHKiAN PULPIT ON THE CENTENNIAL. 

America's Centennial Memories : Rev. W. D. Love, D. D. — The Hand of God in American History : 
Rev. Geo. D. Baker, D. D.— Comparative Progress of the Century: Kev. L. K. Fiske, D. D. — Lessons of 
the Centennial Exhibition: Rev. C. H. Brigham. — The Centenary of Missions: Rev. John P. Scott, 
D. D. — The Paramount Allegiance: Rev. Alfred Owen, D. D. — Progress the Lesson of the Century: Rev. 
T. G. Colton. — Presbyterians in the Revolution; Rev. Wm. Aikman, D. D.— Righteousness Exalteth a 
Nation: Rev. J. Gordon Jones. — The Thanksgiving of the Patriot; Dr. Henry Jiirndorf. — Modern 
Spiritualism — A Centennial Les.son: Giles B. Stehbins. ...... Page 305-372 



j'Airr IV. 

Tin: i.\Ti;iL\.\Ti()XAL centennial exhibition. 

1.— PREIJMIXAUY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION. 

By Whom the Exiiibition wiw First Proposed. — Agitation of the Subject in Philadelphia and 
Pennsylvania. — .Vet of Congress Establishing the Centennial Commission. — The President's Proclamation. 
— Further Act of Congress Giving the Exhibition a National Character.— The Centennial Board of 
Finance. — State Appropriations. — Countries Represented. — Sale ok Li^uoks on tiik Centennial Gkounds: 
Report Adverse Thereto; Opinion of the Solicitor of the Commission. — Tiik Qukstion of Opening the 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



ExiiiniTioN ON Sxinuay: Majority and Jlinorily Reports; the Methodist General Conference and other 
Religious Bodies on the Subject; the Ministerial Association of Detroit; Petitions and Representations for 
and Against; Final Determination. — Opening ok the Exkihition; General Arrangements, and Persons 
Present; Opening Prayer by Bishop Simpson; Centennial Hymn, by John G. Whiltier; Presentation of 
the Buildings to the Commission; Presentation of the Exhibition to the President; the President's Address; 
the Exhibition l-^illy Opi'ii Page ;j73-389. 

II.— THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, LOCALLY AND EXTERNALLY. 

UY BRONSON HOWARD. 

Introduction — the Okigin and Di:vi:i.opmknt of Industuial ExrosJTiONs: Fairs of the Middle 
Ages — Leipzig, Nijni Novgorod, Tantali; Fairs of More Modern Times — Venice, Leyden, England; 
Exhibitions of the Past Century— the French Series (1798 to 1849); Fairs in Vienna, Berlin, the Nether- 
lands, Belgium, Sweden, Great Britain, the World's Fair of Hyde Park, its Four Successors in Paris, 
London and Vienna. — Tub ExiumriON Ohounds: A General Description— the Valleys, Avenues, Bridges, 
Railways: Statues and Fountains — Bartholdi, Father Matthew, Columbus, Washington, Union Soldier, the 
Pegasus Bronzes, Naval Group, Elias Howe, Colossal Hand of the French Statue of Liberty. — The Minor 
Buildings: Their Number and Character; Bazars or Places of Traffic; Restaurants and Cafes; Special 
Exhibit Buildings — Brewer's Hall, Butter and Cheese Factory, Glassware Building, Quartz Mill, Spanish 
and French Government Pavilions, Canada Log House, Swedish School House, Pennsylvania Educational 
Hall, Kinderg:irten, American Newspaper Building, the New England Farmer's Home, Hou.se Apiary, 
Cuban Acclimatization Society, Old Locomotives and Cars, Hunter's Camp, Boats and Rafts; Foreign 
Government Buildings — Residences and Offices Erected by Great Britain, Japan, Spain, Germany, Brazil 
and Portugal; State Buildings; Official and other Buildings.— The Principal Buildings: The Main 
Building— its Materials and Dimensions, Floorage, the Three Annexes; Machinery Hall — Size, Two 
Miles of Shafting, the Great Motor, Tank for Pumps, Boiler Houses, Shoe and Leather Building, Saw-Mill 
Annex; Agricultural Hall — its Peculiar Architecture, Area, Annexes; Horticultural Hall — its Moorish Style 
in Form and Colors, Area, Annex, Rhododendrons and Azeleas, General Contents, the Conservatories, the 
Adjoining Beds of Flowers and Foliage-plants; Memorial Hall — a Permanent Monument of the E.xhibition, 
Construction and Architecture, Dimensions, Wall-space for Paintings, the Art Annex, its many Galleries 
and Corridors, its Wall-space, the Photographic Building and its Contents; United Slates Government 
Building — its Area, Amiexes and Surroundings; the Woman's Pavilion. — Recapitulation, showing the 
Number of Acres for the Exhibition of Goods and the Amount of Groimd Actually Covered by the 153 
Buildings Within the Grounds. . ...... Page 390-406 



III.— A GENERAL KE^■IEW OF THE EXHIBITION. 

BY BRONSON HOWARD. 

The Number of Exhibitors. — The- Seven Departments. — Mining and Metallurgy : A Table 
Showing the Number of Exhibitors from each Nation; the Contributions of the Several Countries 
Represented in this Department; Cold Twisted Iron and Fracture-Tests of Steel; Diamonds from South 
Africa, China, Japan, Hawaii, and other Countries. — Machinery : The Centennial Exhibition Unequaled 
in this Department; tlie Boiler Houses; the Corliss Engine; Table of Exhibitors According to Nationality; 
the Ten Classes of Machinery; Russia, Sweden and France; the English-speaking Nations the Largest 
Contributors; Canada and the United States; General Mention of Various Kinds of Machinery; American 
Inventions; Scientific Accuracy of American Work. — The Gbneral Manufactures: Twenty-eight 
Nations Represented; Table of Exhibitors; American Chemical Products; Petroleum; Coal-tar and its Won- 
ders; Ceramics; Products of Various Countries; Thorwaldsen in Danish Art; Japan and China — Kemarkablc 
Excellence in this Department; Glassware — Bohemian, French and Venetian; Furniture; Characteristics of 
the American Display; Silver-ware and Jewelry; the Elkington Display; Russia; Combination of Beauty 
and Usefulness in American Silver-ware; Artistic Products of many Countries; the Jewelry Exhibits of 
the United States; Articles of Personal Use or Ornament; Fancy Articles; the " Shoe and Leather Building;" 
Clothing from all Countries; Cotton Fabrics; Snudl Representation from Great Britain and France; Other 
Countries; the United Slates: Immense Number of American Exhibitors of Cotton Goods; their Superior 



CONTENTS. 



Quality; Linen; Woolen Fabrics; Progress of Canada and tlie United States; Silks; Dawnings of Silk 
Culture in America; Textile Kaliries from Other Parts of the World; Carpets; Tools, Cutlery and Other 
Hardware; Change in the Tide of Commerce Favorable to America; the Domestic Figures of Norway and 
Sweden.— AGRicui.Tt'nE: The American Display; Table of Exhibitors According to Nationality; General 
Agricultural Products, Natural and Manufactured; Teas, Raw Silk, and Foreign Productions generally; 
Brandies and Wines— Startling Figures; Agricultural Implements and Machinery; Horticultural Depart- 
ment.— Education AND Science; Methods of Foreign Countries; Canada and the United States; 
Universal Attention to the Subject of Education; Books. Newspapers and Periodicals; Clocks and Watches; 
Superiority of American Watches; Scientific Instruments; Table of E.xhibitors.— The Fine Auts: Low 
Average of Merit, and its Cause; Sketch of the Art E.xhibit from all Countries; Table of Contributors; 
Engravings, Drawings, Decorations; Photographs.— The Govkun.viknt Building: Arms, Machinery and 
Scientific Apparatus; Patent Office Models; Cabinets of Natural History.— The Wom.vn's Pavilion: 
Embroidery, Carving and other Fancy Work; Inventions; Prominent Ladies; "The New Century."— 
Rec.^pituiation : Comparative Number of Contributors from all Countries; General Summary of Facts 
Connected with the Exhibition.— The Awakd op Medals: Plan of Distribution and Number of Medals 
Awarded; the Relative Number of Medals Received, in the various Departments, by American and Foreign 
Exhibitors; Significant Words from a French Commissioner Page 407-400 



PART V. 

STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 

I.— UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS AND THE STATE CENTENNIAL BOARD. 

Appointment of U. S. Commissioner and Alternate ; Address to the People of the State— Appeal 
Asking for their Cooperation.— The State Centennial Board: Act of the Legislature on the Subject; 
Appointment of Members of the Board; First Meeting; Appoiiilinent of Secretary; Proceedings of the 
Board; Assignment of its Members to Special Duties; Appointment of Dr. .lacokes as Superintendent of 
the Educational Department; Co-operation of the State Board of Agriculture; Circulars Asking Coopera- 
tion of Various Stale Interests; Final Report of the Board, with Summary of its Work.— The Michigan 
Building: General Description; Materials Contributed for its Construction; Dedication; Favorable Mention 
by Persons and the Pre.ss; its Uses During the Exhibition; a Home for Michigan People; Donations for 
the Building P;».2e 461-477 

II.— PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL AND MINK. 

Agiucultuke and Pomology : The Work of Commissioner Woodman ; Co-operation of the State 
Agricultural and Pomological Societies; Circulars and Personal Effort; List of County Superintendents; 
the General Agricultural Exhibit; Clias. A. llgenfritz as Superintendent; General Description; List, by 
Counties, of Exhibitors in Agriculture and Pomology; the Special Fruit Exhibits, Spring and Fall; Persons 
and Societies Participating; Report of the Centennial Judges on Michigan Fruit; Report of Mr. llgenfritz; 
General Remarks.— Fouestuv and Grasses: Exhibition in Charge of the Stale Board of Agriculture and 
Agricultural College; Cla.sses of Woods Exhibited; Catalogue of Exhibitors; Descriptive Essay by Prof. 
Beal; Michigan Pine Logs.— The Mineual Exhihit: Special Labors of Commissioner Hubbell; Catalogue 
of Copper and Iron Specimens; the Salt Exhibit; Report of Samuel Brady, C. E., Superintendent of the 
Mineral Department; Inlercxting Review and Important Suggestions. . Page 478-515 

III.— EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND ART. 

The Work of Rev. Dr. Jacokes.— State Department of Public In-struction— When Established; 
Names of the Superintendents; Mr. C B. Stebbins as Deputy; Statistical Charts -ExiiiiiiT by the State 
Univeksitv: ?:ducalional Charts Showing Courses of Study in the Primary, Grammar and High Schools. 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



the University, the Agricultural College, the Normal School, State Oliaritahle Schools and Denominational 
Colleges; Special Exhibits; History of the University by Prof. Adams, — Static A(iuiciii,tural Colmme: 
History and Methods; State Board of Agricultvue; Otlicers and Faculty of the College.— Statk Noiimai, 
Sciiooi-: History and Methods; State Hoard of Education; Jlenibers of the Facidty. — Thr Ghadkh and 
Hioii Schools: Introductory Kcniarks; Exhibits by the Public Schools of Adrian, Ann Arbor, Battle 
Creek, Bay City, Benton Harbor, Brooklyn, Calumet. Coldwater. Detroit, East Saginaw, Flint, Grand 
Kapids, Ionia, Hillsdale, Howell, .lonesville, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Marshall, Niles, Pontiac, Saginaw, St. 
Johns, Wyandotte. — Repokt oif Com.missionku .Tacokbs: Steps Taken to Secure Uepresentation; Awards 
to the Michigan Educational Exhibit; Discussion of the School Question, and ('lianges in Methods 
Heconimeiidfd. ............ Page .'516-564 



IV.— MICHIGAN STATE INSTITUTIONS. 

State Public School foe Depiondent Children: Exliibit at the Centennial; Historical and 
Descriptive Sketch. — Institotion von the Deak and Dumb, and the Bltnd: History, Description 
and Statistics. — Michigan Asylum fou the Insane: History and Plan; Financial and Other Facts. — 
State Repou.m School: Historical Sketch; Interesting Incident Relating to the Removal of the Prison 
Features; General Uegulations; .\ mount and \'alue of Properly; Exercises of the School. Page 565-579 



v.— COLLEGES, SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES. 

Denominational Colleges and Schools: Adrian College; Albion College; Hillsdale College; 
Hope College; Kalamazoo College; Olivet College; Michigan Female Seminary; Raisin Valley Seminary; 
Young Ladies' Seminary and Collegiate Institute. — Detroit Medical College. —Business Colleges: Grand 
Rapids Business College; Mayliew Business College; Goldsmith's Business University; Kalamazoo Business 
College. — Ladies' Libuary Associations: Exhibit in the Woman's Pav'ilion; Sketches of Library Associa- 
tions at Adrian, Albion, Alpena, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Blissfield, Coldwater, Coruuna, Dryden, 
Fentouville, Flushing, (irand Blanc, Greenville, Jonesville, Kalamazoo, Lapeer, Marshall, Owosso, 
Plainwell, Port Huron, Quincy, St. Clair, St. Johns, Union City, Ypsilanti. — Ladies' Literar^y Club, Grand 
Rapids Page 5S0-608 

\' I.— KELIGIOrS ORGANIZATIONS. 

Introductory Remarks : Religions Organizations Represented at the Centennial ; Order of Arrange- 
ment Chronological. — Histouical Sketches: The Catholic Cliurch — Facts Supplied by Bishop Borgess; 
the Methodist Episcopal Church — Sketch by Rev. Dr. Pilcher; Presbyterian Synod of Michigan — Sketch 
by Rev. Dr. Geo. Duflield; the BaptLst Denomination — Sketch by Rev. Dr. Owen; Congregational 
C'hurches — Sketch by Rev. Dr. Hurd; the Episcopal Church — Sketch by Rev. J. T. Webster; the Reformed 
(Church — Sketch by Rev. Philip Phelps; the Seventh Day Adventists — the Denomination, its College, and 
Health Institute. ■ Page G09-633 



VII.— MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURES. 

Work of Members of the Centennial Board in Charge of this Department. — Furniture and Wooden 
Ware; Extensively Manufactured at Grand Rapids; Exhibit of Furniture at the Centennial. — Stove 
Manufacture: Some Account of Stoves, Ancient and Modern; Stove Manufacture in Michigan; Stoves 
Exhibited at the Centennial. — Agricultural Machinery and Implements: Dr. Miles' Models of Ancient 
Plows, etc.; Manufacture of Agricultural and Gardening Implements; Exhibit of Withington, Cooley & 
Co.; Travis' Wheat Hoe; Threshing Machines; Fruit Dryers; Minor Agricultural Exhibits. — The 
Manufacture of Flour; Richardson's Wheat Cleaner and Scourer; Jlodel of Union Flouring Mills. — 
Boult's Carver and .Moulder. — Exhibit in Pharmacy — the Only Exhibit from West of the .Vlleghanies. — 
Cabinet and Combination Orwans. — Various Mechanical and Other Exhibits. . Page 0'J4-635 



CONTENTS. 



VIII.— MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS AND LIST OF AWARDS. 

Comparative Populatiou and Resources of the State, 1836 and 187G — Chart Exhibited in the 
Midiigan Huildiiig.— State Agricultural Society: HIsloricul Slietch; Reports of the State Board of Agricul- 
ture and tlie State Agricultural Society; State Fairs, When and Where Held; Union with the Northern 
Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical Society; First Inception of the State Agricultural College. — State 
Pomological Society: When and Where Organized; Persons Prominent in its Organization; its 
E.xhibitions; E.xhibit at the Centennial; Officers for the Centennial Year. — State Board of Health: 
Represented at the Centennial liy its Reports; When Establi.shed; Methods and Objects of the Board. — 
Prison Exhibits: The State Pri.son at Jackson; the Detroit House of Correction. — Archseology: E.xhibit 
bj' the Detroit Scientific As.soetation; Organization, Officers, and Objects of the Association; the Kent 
Scientific Institute; Other Bodies and Persons Contributing to the Collection. — Works of Art and Design: 
School Maps; Photographs and Plans; Engravings and Pictures of Michigan State Institutions; Sectional 
and Geological Maps; Stanley's Painting, "Indian Telegraph;" Designs in Architecture; Ornamental 
Chair. — Models: Calumet and Hecla Stamp Mill; Bridge Over Missouri Uiver by Detroit Bridge Company. 
Photography: How Michigan was Represented in Practical Photography. — Ma.sonry in Michigan: Historical 
Sketches of Capitular, Cryptic and Templar Masonry; Number of Blue Lodges and Total Membership in 
the State. — Good Templars: Historical and Statistical Sketch. — Awards Granted to Michigan Exhibitors; 
Manner of Making Awards; Diploma and Medal; List of Awards. . . Page 636-647 

IX.— MILITARY AND OTHER EXCURSIONS. 

Detroit Light Guard : Historical Sketch ; its AVar Record ; Commanding Officers Since its Organ- 
ization; its Centennial Trip; Koster of the Corps; Scenes and Incidents. — The Detroit Xational Guard: 
Historical Sketch; a Representative Irish Organization; Centennial Trip; Parade at Philadelphia; Com- 
mendatory Press Notices; Roster of the Company. — Pelouze Corps, Detroit Cadets: Historical Sketch; 
Organized by Gen. Pelouze; Parades and Encampments; Centennial Trip: Parade on the Centennial 
Fourth; Present at the Opening of the Michigan Building; Officers of the Battalion and Companies.— 
Ionia Light Guard : Historical Sketch; OtHcers of the Company; Successful Excursion to Philadelphia; 
Saranac Cornet Band.— The Knights Templar: Some General Remarks; the Knights' Centennial Tour: 
Historj- by J. W. McGrath; Reception and Entertainment; the Grand Parade, June 1; Commendatory 
Notices by the Press; Poem and Sermon by Rev. C. H. W. Stocking; Reception Home; Gardiner's Flint 
City Band; Reception by Citizens of Flint.— Odd Fellows and Patriarchs: Historical Mention; Trip to the 
Centennial; Parade by the Uniformed Patriarchs; Officers of the Grand Lodge and Grand Encampment.— 
Knights of Pythias: Historical Sketch; Number of Lodges and Members; Centennial Trip. — Other 
Excursions: Mechanics and Inventors; Farmers' Excursions, etc. — Rates of Fare and Railwa}' Routes. — 
A Financial Computation of Expenses Incurred by Jlichigan People. Page 648-666 



APPENDIX. 

CONCLUDING NOTES ON THE CENTENNIAL. 

Michigan People at the Exhibition. — The Pres.s of Michigan — List of Newspapei-s in the State. — 
Appropriation to Cover Expenses of the Centennial Board. .... Page 067-670 

SOME GENERAL STATISTICS. 

The Presidential Campaign of 1876.— Vote on SUitc Officers, 1876. — State Offi<-ers and State Board.s.— 
Supreme Court of Michigan. — Senators and Representatives in Congress. — Financial Condition of Michi- 
gan. — Statistics of Population — .Statistics of Agriculture. — Public Lands in Michigan. — Statistics of 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



jManufiictiiies.— Mineral Statistics. — Lumber Product.— Railways.— Tlie Military.— Summary of Michigan 
Products. — Population of Michigan Cities. — Educational Statistics. — Religious Organizations — Some 
General Facts. .... . ..... Page 671-678 



I L L U S T R A T I ( ) N S . 

Micliigau Ccntcuiiial Building (Frontispiece); Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, Page 23 ; State 
Capitol (Old and New), 40; Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 79; Main Exhibition Building, 402; 
Machinery Hall, 412; Agricultural Building, 436; Horticultural Hall, 442; Memorial Hall, 448; Woman's 
Pavilion, 453; Centennial Memorial Medal, 458; University of Michigan, 520; Adrian High School, 543;. 
Ann Arbor High School, 543; Flint High School, 547; Marshall High School, 564; State Public 
School, 568; Asylum for Insane, 576; Centennial Award Medal, 647. 



PREFACE. 



WHILE employed, duriug the early part of the year 1X76, under appointment by Governor 
Bagley, in preparing tor the press a statistical review of the State designed primarily for 
distribution at the Ceuteunial Exhibition in the interest of immigration, I was impressed with 
the importance of making some specific and connected record, in form for preservation, of 
Michigan representation at the Exhibition. The ofHcial record it was, of course, understood would 
be preserved by the able and competent gentlemen having the official management; but it was also 
believed that there would be very many things worthy of note of which official cognizance could not 
well be taken, and hence that there was a demand for a work of a popular character outside of the 
mere official record. 

The public thought, during the year 1876, centered so much upon the Centennial Exhibition, that 
the term, " The Centennial," came to have a technical meaning as referring to that enterprise. The 
germinal idea of this volume, in sympathy with the public thought on the subject, connected it only 
with the Exhibition, and hence it was fir.st announced as "Michigan at the Centennial." But most 
human enterprises are things of growth and development, and reflection soon suggested that "The 
Centennial " had a much broader scope than' as a mere descriptive term referring to the International 
Exhibition — that it comprehended ncjt only the Centennial year, but the commemoration of events 
preceding and leading directly to the ado])tion of the Declaration of Independence. To meet this 
broader view, the title was changed to that under which the work is now presented to the public. 

As preliminary to any definite undertaking, the members of the State Centennial Board of 
Managci-s were consulted, and their recommendation, which appears elsewhere, was cordially given. 
As a further jireliminary, a partial canvass was made to determine whether there was a demand 
for such a work, and although the first proposals were necessarily somewhat indclinite, the readiness 
with which subscriptions were made demonstrated that the demand existed. 

It was aimounced that the work would be "a representative Centennial book in all departments 

•comprehended by it," and such it aims to be. The brief resume that is given in the first 

chapter of the work, of the rise of the colonies, in close connection with acts of the British 

government impinging upon the civil and political rights of the colonists, and counter acts of the 

colonies themselves, the whole preceding and leading to the formal separation by the adoption of 

the Declaration of Independence, will give to the young reader a better understanding of the rise 

of the nation as a political structure than a considerable study of jiolitical history would do. 

And it is here appropriately remarked that the arrangement of the work in its various parts, while 
2 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



it is to a great extent a mere record of facts, is witli a view botli to interest and instruct the 
griiwiiin- inind cif the S(;ito — young persons passing into uiiuiluHid and wonianliddd ; Inr tlic tliouglits 
embodied in tiie poems, addresses, orations, sermons, etc., in connection witli the record of com- 
memorative exercises of the Centennial year, will make tlie work a valuable })olitical text-book 
and manual. It was with this view that the orations tiuit ioiin the first cluipter (if I'art HI are 
pulilislu'il. The liberal extracts tiierein given from the able oratidn (if Uev. Dr. Storrs, arc from 
a panii)ld(l edition by A. D. F. Randolph & Co., of New ^■(lrk. 

It is not presumed that the record of local celebrations of the Centennial Fourth whicli forms the 
third chapter of I'art II, will have any especial literary value. Those observances necessarily partook 
of the same general characteristics, and hence a necessary sameness in their description. Tluir 
essential value consists in the record that is here perpetuated of tbc uuiinier and extent of the 
commemoration, and of the jicrsous participating. The extracts from IMichigan orations that are 
presented undei- tiiat head, are representative, and entitled to the place that they occnpy. They 
were pr(>i)ared by their authors as voluntary contributions to the commemoration of the Centennial 
Fourth, without reference to preservation or publication. Only a limited space could be given to each 
one, i)ut the collection, taken as a whole, will form a valuable record of the ])opular thought of the time. 

In the collection of sermons that forms the concluding chapter of Part III, the object was to 
present representative thought in the religious world. The fact that the same denomination is in 
one or two eases represented by more than one discourse, while others are not represented at all, is 
unavoitiable rather than intentional. The wish and the effort was to represent all. All denominations 
from which responses were received in season, are given representation, while with the manuscri])ts 
furnished, the delicate duty of selection and abridgment has been [lerfornied under the many, and 
in some cases conflicting, considerations and influences that surround such a work, but in which 
prejudice or preference as between denominations has formed no ]iart. I take this occasion to extend 
my acknowledgments and thanks to the reverend gentlemen by whose favor this valuable feature is 
made a part of the W(n-k. None of the discourses were written with the view of ]iuliliealioii in 
this volume. 

There is no part of the work that has afforded so much }>ersonal pleasure and satisfaction in its 
compilation as that portion descriptive of the ladies' library associations. The erasive iicucil was 
passed but lightly over the abstracts that 1 was called to revise, and always regretfully where the 
necessity of abridgment compelli'd its use. There is no part oi' our State representation at the 
Centennial Exhibition that, in the years to come, will reflect more clearly the quiet and unob- 
trusive, but refining, elevating and chastening currents of our social life, than this modest record 
of the ladies' library associations of Michigan, their methods and workings. 

The ])oem that introduces the work is a contribution by Mr. B. Hathaway, of Little Prairie 
Houde. It was originally written under the inspiration of a visit to the Centennial Exhibition, 
the last three stan/as having since been added to give it a specific apj)lication to this work 
It is a voluntary oti'eriug to this volume by Mr. Hathaway, but will a])pear in a volume which 
he has ill press, eutith'd, "Art-Life, and Other Poems.'' 



PREFACE. 



Among tlie contrihutnrs to tlic wurk wlio ;ii'c iKit iianu'il in immediate CMmncctinn with matter 
furnisliod by them, are: ^Fr. Wm. N. Hudson, who contril)utes the first chapter of Part I, and 
the greater portion of the lirst ehapter of Part II ; Mr. H. M. Utley, as compiler of the third 
and fourth chapters of Part II ; Mr. Bronson Howard, who contributes the second and third 
chapters of Part IV ; and Mr. Henry S. Clubb, who prepared the greater portion of tiie material 
for Part V, except the first and the last chapters. 

To the newspaper press of the State, I wish both heartily and feelingly to express my obliga- 
tions for notices, not simply favorable and complimentary, but highly commendatory, without, to my 
knowledge, a single exception wdiere expression luis been given. I do not forget, however, that the 
expression thus far has had reference to the plan only. The execution and details of the work are yet 
to pass the critical examination of a class of gentlemen .sj)ecially fitted by their calling to judge 
of its merits. Holding, myself, a cherished professional relationship to thase gentlemen, the work 
is submitted to their judgment, in full confidence that it will l)e ex])ressed with efjual candor 
and court&sy. 

I am under many obligations to the mend)ers of the State Centennial Board, and to the 
Secretary, Mr. F. W. Noble, for personal and official favors. 

The publication of the work has been ddayed considerably beyond what was expected, and 
though bearing the date of the Centennial year, its final coniiiletion has extended .so far into the year 
1877, that notice is incidentally taken of some things occurring during the first months of that year. 

s. B. Mccracken. 



DETRorr, April, 187 



INTRODIC TOPvY POEM. 



CENTENNIAL. 



Turn backward ^tuni tlie lioroscope of Time 
Backward a luimhvd years! 
year subliiiu' I 
Lo ! by the sea, 
Anxious and bowed iu tears, 
Tearful but not forlorn, 
Columbia, sitting by the cradled form 

Of one but newly borti ; 
Sitting with mother-breast all full and warm. 
Feeding Thy infant life, O Liberty ! 



Now in her matron pride she sees Thee stand 
Unto full stature grown ; 
From strand to strand. 
Wide leagues away — 
Still on — and all Thine own. 
Stretches Thy fair estate; 
From Isles of Palm to belt.s of Northern Pine — 

From where the Golden Gate 
Looks on the sea, to the Atlantic brine ; 
Tninsiii^ured all in the new-risen day ! 



^\. hundred years ! O who so wise to know 
The good Thy years have brought,— 
To rightly show 
What work divine 
Our hands through Tli(!e have wrought? 
By Thee insi)ired to toil 
We builded — l)uilding better than we planned ; 

Though shaped in grime and moil, 
Before our thought embodi'il full and grand, 

We stand abashed, — knowinif the work is Thine. 



10 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



To-day Thy commerce spreads her snowy sail 
On the remotest main ; 
Aud many a vale 

Where wakes the sound 
Of forge, and loom, and plane — 
Where Learning builds her shrine. 
Faith lights her altars, Art her temple rears — 

AVhere homes fond hearts entwine — 
Where harvests yield their wealth of golden ears- 
Was at Thy birth a wilderness profound. 



Through mountain reach, by hill, and moor, and mead, 
We stretch the iron v/ay, 
On which the steed 
That never tires. 
Treads with exultant neigh ; 
The plowman, turning o'er 
The farthest glebe, a joyful tremor feels ; 

The woodman from his door 
Hears from afar the sound of rolling wheels ; — 
Hearing, his soul with nobler impulse fires. 



And here to-day, where Thou didst wake to birth- 
Life from the Life Divine ! — 
Owning Thy worth, 
A mighty throng 
Come- — pilgrims to Thy shrine. 
Than armed host more grand ! 
Never before such sound of hurrying feet 

Was heard in all the land ; 
And still they come, — bearing an homage meet; 
And still, — and twice a hundred thousand strong! 



Aud hither from acro.?s the stormy main 
Have the far nations brought. 
And not in vain. 
To honor Thee, 
Works that their hands have wrought ; 



INTRODUCTORY POEM. U 



Treasures of every /.one : 
Fur of all beasts that tread the Polar snow ; 

Sheaves from all harvest;? sown ; 
Gems, spices, gums — all plants, all fruits tiiat grow 
In gardens cradled on the Tropie .sea. 



And dearer than all wealth, or proud device 
From Labor'.s tireless hand — 
Bought with the price 
Of precious blood — 
Freedom in all the laud ! 
Lighting the hills of Time, 
Onward the morniDg glow of Freedom ruus, — 

Ouward from clime to clime ; 
Lo! Afric's -sons reaching to Afric's sons 
A helping hand across the briny flood ! 



And though the evil hosts that round Thee sto 
On that nionientous day 
Of Motherhood, 

That gave Thee life. 
Dare still Thy children slay ; 
Aye ! — though must be again, 
And yet again. Thy battle fought and won. — • 

Must be Thy patriots slain, 
O Liberty! as they of Lexington, 

And they that fell in Gettysburg's wild strife ;- 



Though too — shame I — Thy sons against Thee turn, 
Schooled in all low desires; 
With hearts that burn 
With greed of gold, 
Or lusts thiit power inspires ; 
Yet will we not desjjair : 
The God of Nations shall all gods dethrone, 

All realms dissolve in air. 
Save that wherein each soul shall have its own, — 
The Key to it.-* own Destiny shall hold. 



12 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



We liark the chimes that ring Thy uatal year: 
A far-ofl' minstrelsy 

We seem to hear ; 
And sweeter than 
The bells' "Sweet bye and bye," 
Is the low-heard refrain — 
A music that our ears have waited long, 

Erewhile to swell amain — 
The prelude to the glad millennial song 

Of—" Peace on earth — peace and good will to Man ! ' 



Although in Freedom all alike are fair — 

Are one bright Sisterhood ; 

Though all do bear 

Unto one shrine 

An offering meet and good — 

Worthy of praise ; yet I 

Behold with pride one Banner, brighter than 

An Autumn sunset-sky, 
Where Thy name radiant glows, O Michigan ! 
Thy ensigns gleam and Thy escutcheons shine. 



And though Thou art one of the later born. 
And was Thy wide domain 
On Freedom's natal morn 
A wilderness ; — 
Here, of Thy fruits and grain, 
All products of Thy soil. 
Thy forests and Thy mines — all that is wrought 

By jjatient thought and toil. 
Thou to the Nation's Carnival hast brought. 
And in Her greatness shalt Thy part possess. 



And when another hundred years have fled. 
These Pages shall again. 
As from the dead. 
The story tell;— 
Who were Thy sturdy men. 
Thy women brave, of old 
Who made a love-led pilgrimage, and free 

Did give of toil or gold 
To honor well the birth of Liberty — 
Make glorious Her lirst Centennial. 



Philadelphia, Octolier, 1876. 



PART I. 



PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 



I.— THE AMERICAN COLONIES, AND THEIR SEPARATION FROM 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

ALL intellij^ent adult persons know what our National Centennial means, but 
youu<i:er persons, and those who may read of it in the future, will the Letter 
L-om^irehend its sitrnificanee if we go ])ack a hundred yeai's, and review liriefly the 
events which in 1870 the people of the United States are comniemoratinii; so 
earnestly, so grandly, and so universall)'. Resides, it seems every way fitting, at 
a time w lien we are rejoicing over tlie suoeessful oonqiletion of a liuudred years 
of luitional existence, to consider the causes which gave our country a being — the 
elements of character and the developments of history \vhich resulted in the 
Declaration of Independence, the separation of the American colonies from Great 
Rritain, and the genesis, not oidy of a new nation, but of repulilican government 
in a new woi-lil. 

American Independence had its origin and lu-giuning in the character of 
the earliest American colonists. The spirit which led the pilgrim fathers across 
the Atlantic, to find in a Ideak and savage wilderness the "freedom to worship 
God" which tl ley were denied at home, was the spirit which, a centuiy and a 
half later, ins[)ired the resistance to the stani}) act, and to all ta.xation without 
re[iresentation, whidi resulted in the war of indejiendence. The demand for civil 
liljerty was the logical result of the demand for religions lilicrty. The seeds of 
Freedom were the first planted by the American inunigrants, and they grew with 
the growth of the colonies. Indeed, it is not too much to say that the desire for 
fnudoiii was the very life-germ of the Anglo-Saxon colonization of America, with- 
out wliicli growth and liealtli Avould liave been impossible. The history of 
American inde])endence properly begins with the settlement of North America 
bv Enirlish colonists. 



14 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

The tii'st ponnaiient settlement ^vitllin tlie limits of the United States ^vas 
made in KidT, at Jamestown, Virginia, near the mouth of the James river, by an 
English colony under Captain Cliristopher Newpoi-t, under the auspices of the 
London Company, wliich had a charter for the southern portion of the English 
possessions in ^Vmei'ica. In 1(12] a written constitution was granted to the colony, 
whicli had been named ^"^:(;I^'IA, after the virgin Queen, Elizabeth, under which 
its govei'nor and council were appointed by the Txindon C'ompany, while the house 
of l)urgesses were elected by the people. In 1G.S4 the previous charters and 
grants were recalled, and Virginia became a royal ])i'o\iiice, its governor being 
appointed directly l)y the crown, and its bnrgesses, or ivjiresentatives, elected by 
the people. 

The germ of the Declaration of Independence was brought to Amei'ica by the 
Ma)dlower, \\ hich landed the pilgrim fathers at Plymouth on the 22d of Decem- 
ber, 1620. Denied lil)erty of worship in England, these Puritans first sought 
temporary shelter in Holland, in 1608, but, not satisfied with living under an 
alien form of government, determined to seek a home in the new continent, where 
they could ivnniin Englishmen and yet be free to obey their consciences. The 
colony established at Plymouth in 1620 was followed by that of Massachusetts 
Bay in 1628, and by others soon after. In 1634 the colony of Massachusk'its 
was formed, and the government, which had heretofore been a pure democracy, 
became that of a representative republic, the powers of legislation being entrusted 
to dej^uties chosen by the people. This form of govei-nment was taken away in 
1686 l)y an act of King James II, but when that nionai'ch a\ as diiven from Eng- 
land a new charter was granted by his successor, under which the governor w as 
appointed by the King, the assembly, or legislature, elected by the people, and 
tJie council chosen by the assembly. 

The colony of New IIami'siiire, first settled in 1622, was in the beginning a 
part of Massachusetts, but was separated from it in 1680 by a royal commission, 
and made a I'o^'al j)rovince. The government of the pi'ovince consisted of a presi- 
dent and council, appointed by the King, and a legislature chosen by the people. 
The first act of this legislature ^vas the adoption of a code of laws, the first clause 
of A\liich (h-clared : "That no act, imposition, law or ordiiumce should be made or 
imposed upon them but such as should be made by the assembly and approved 
by the president and council." Thus early was the right of self-government not 
merely asserted l)ut enacted into law by the sturdy New England colonists. In 
1699 New Ilamjtshire was re-united with Massachusetts, but in 1741 again and 
finally separated fi'om it. 

The province of Co-NNianifinT was settled in 1635 by euiigrants from the Massa- 



J'KKLIMINAKY (11 A 1' TKltS. 15 



chusetts B;i\ lolniiN. In IfiMO tlie inliabitauts ol' the tlii'cf (owu-s ou tlie C'onnec- 
ticut river wliicli li.nl I laitfunl I'oi- tlieir center, formed a separate government, and 
ado|>t('<l a coiistitutinn jirovidiiiL;' lor (lie elc<-tion of a governor and lci:islatiii'e by 
the peiiple, wlio were to lake an oath of allegiance to the coniiiKHiw ealtli instead 
of to tiie Englisli monarch ; whih' in the "general court" aloiic was vested the 
power of making and repealing laws. This remarkable constitution, one of 
the most democratic ever frametl u[> to that time, was sid)sequeutly contirmed 
to the whole province of Connecticut by the royal charter issued in 1()(>2 by 
Cliarh's 11. 

IkiioDi; Island was colonized in l(')."?(i by Kogei- Williams, the New England 
radical of the seventeenth century, banished from Massachusetts for preaching 
a gos[)el of liberty and inde]iendence of human authority which was far in 
advance of the tenets of the Pui'itaiis. In l(i44 he secured a charter from 
Parliament, then waging war with the Hrst Charles, under which a democratic 
;:-overnment was oiganized, with a president and legislature. A code of laws 
was adopted which declaretl the government to be a democracy, and which 
closed with the enactment that "all men might walk as their consciences 
})ersuailed them, Avithout molestation, every one in the name of his God." 

Kkw Youk, which was first perniaueutly settled by the Dutch, in 16:i;5, passed 
into English possession in 1(U)4, being seized by an expedition fitted out by the 
Duke of York, under a grant from the King of England. The rule of the 
proprietor was at first arbitrary, but in l(i88 a "charter of liberties" was estab- 
lisheil by the assembly of the })rovince, which [)rovided for a general assembly, 
elected by all the freemen, and that no ta.K should be assessed, on any ])retense 
whatever, without the consent of the assend)ly. Tt was also enacted that no 
seaman or soldier should be (piartered on the iidial)itants against their wilh 

The province of New Jehskv was part of New York until 1664, when the 
latter passed into English control, and the Duke of Yoi'k conveyed the former 
to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Its pioprietaries granted a consti- 
tution promising freedom from taxation, except by the act of the colonial 
assend)ly, and freedom of conscience and equal privileges to all. In 1702 it 
was again united with New York, but in IT^W was made an independent royal 
province. 

Mahyi-.v.ni) was settled in 1 (;:>•_', under a gi'ant from the King of England. 
Lord I'altimore, the liumane pi'oprietor, a century in adxance of the thought of 
his age, granted, by the charter, e<piality in religious rights, and civil freedom, 
to all the colonists, and it was expi'essly stipulated that no tax should ever be 
imposeil by the crown upon the inhabitants of the pro\ ince. The first legisla- 



16 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

tuve, convened in 1639, confirmed to the people of Maryland all tlie liberties 
enjoved 1)\' Eny'lisli subjects at home. A limited i-eligious toleration \vas enacted 
ill ICi-l'.l li\ a law of tlic assfiiilily, providiiii;- that \\(> person jirofessinij to believe 
in Jesus C'lu'ist shouhl be molested in respect to his religion or its exercise. 

The territory of the jiresent State of Pennsylvaxia was first settled by the 
Swedes ill \(>\:\. In KlSl the illustrious ^^'illialll I'eiiu olitained a charter from 
Charles II, and established the colony snbseijuently called by his name, tlie 
leading ideas of wliich were civil and religions liberty and ])eace with all mankind. 
In 168.'i the assembly of the colony adojited a "charter of liberties" which made 
its government a representative democracy. In 1699 Penn granted a still more 
liberal form of government to the colonists. The colony remained a propi'ietary 
one until the reNolutioii. 

Dklawake was also under the proprietary government of Penn and his heirs, 
bnt in 1703 it was sepai'ated from Pennsylvania, and had a distinct legislature, 
although the same governor continued to preside over both pi'ovinces. 

The first settlement of the Carolinas was made in 1650, within the limits 
()f the jiresent State of North Carolina. In 1668 the territoiy compi-ising both 
the present States was granted to Ijord Clarendon and seven others, by a chai'ter 
whicli secured religious freedom and a voice in the legislation of the colony to 
the peo])le, bnt granted to the proprietors an almost imi>erial power. Under this 
grant, in 167<i, m constitution tVu' the colony was framed by the Earl of Shaftes- 
burv, assisted b}' the celebrated philosopher, John Locke, with the intention of 
modeling the new settlement npon the institutions, social and political, of Great 
Britain. It established a hereditary aristocracy of lords and noblemen, who 
constituted the chief power of the State, and placed neail}' every office and 
function of the government beyond the reach of the common people. This 
cumlirous cc>nstitution was utterly unsuited not only to the spirit of liberty 
which animated the American colonists, but equally to the circumstances which 
surrounded them, and it was abrogated in 1690, never having been in practical 
operation. 

South Caroijina was first settled in 1670, at Cliarleston. From its begin- 
ning it was a planting colony, employing slave labor. It ^\as at first under 
the same government \vith North Carolina, but was in }7'29 separated from it, 
and in that year both became royal provinces, with separate colonial governments. 

At that time the territory' which now composes the State of Georgia was 
a wilderness. In 17o'2 James Oglethca-pe conceived the idea of opening an 
asylum in the new world for the poor of his o^vn country, and for Protestants 
of every land. lie ol)tained a grant from George II, for twenty-one years, and 



I'KKIJMINAKY ( 1 1. \ ITERS. 17 

fniiinlcil Ills settleiiiciit .-it S;i\ ,niii;ili in 1 7. ">■'!. It is ;\ iit>tf\\nrlli\ fact lliat the 
iCLiiilatiiMis of the ciilniiy of (icurj^ia, almic of tlic oi-iuinal thirteen, ]ii'ohil)ited 
shivery, ih'clariiiL;' it iininoral and contrary to tlie laws of Kim-lamh This prohi- 
liitioii, IiowcN'er, was cNaih-tl and \ery hixly enforced, and (Jeor^'ia soon Ijecanie a 
j)hiiitinu-, slave-ow nini:' colony, like the Cai'olinas. In ]7'>'2 the trustees of the 
colony surrendereil their cliarter to the KiiiL;-, and it Ix'caine a ro\al |)ro\iiice. 

Tliis hi'ief review of the history of the oi-iuinal thirteen colonies show s how 
the spirit of civil and reliuioiis liherty inspired them all, and with what vigor 
the rights of self-government and the regulation of taxation \>y theinsehes wei-e 
maintained. It is worth noting, also, that the government in all of the colonies 
was repul)lican in form. The oidy attempt at establishing a hereditarv aristoc- 
racy — that which was tried in the Carolinas — failed utterly. Whether under 
charters like Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, or under pro[)rietarv 
governments like Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware, or ro\al provinces like 
Virginia and other colonies, all of them had the same rej)ul)lican form of legi.s- 
lative government, and nearly all had guaranteed to them the right of regulating 
taxation by their own representative assendjlies. The causes of these free institu- 
tions lay partly in the character of the colonists themselves, and j^artly in the 
circumstances which sui-i-ounded them. Several of the colonies were founded 
by tho.se who fled from o])pression in the old world to seek civil and religious 
liberty in the new; and in the others the e(juality of toil and hardshijt made a 
natural democi-acy, \\hile the al)sence of wealth and large possessions rendei-ed 
the attempt at establishing an aristocracy futile and ridiculous. 

The I'ights thus asserted by tlie colonies did not, however, remain uninfringed, 
in 17<l-"> the jirotiacted war between England and Fi'ance, in which the .\nierican 
colonists had given a loyal su]>])ort to the mother country, was terminated l)v 
a peace which ga\'e England the undisputed p)ossession of the Atlantic coast of 
North America, north of tlie Spanish colonies in Florida. Ilardlv had the peace 
been concluded when the venal administration of George II attempted to add 
to its revenues by the taxation of the Ameiican c(»lonies, u[)on the growing 
e.iiiuiierce of whiili I'aiTiament ha<l alieaily attempted to impose restrictions. 
As early as 16;)."> it had laid a duty upon all sugar and molasses imported into 
the colonies, but the excise law had been for yeai's evaded or openly \iolated, \\'\i\i 
little interference from the British authorities. A far iiiore grievous burden w:i.s 
imposed upon them by the enfoicement of the luivigation acts, wliich jirovided 
that no merchandise from the cohmies should be im])orte<l into Knglan<l in otlu'r 
than English vessels; jirohibited the exportation fiotn the col<ini<'s, and from 



18 MIOHKJAN ANJ:> THE CENTENNIAL. 

one colony into another, of hats, an(l woolens of domestic manufacture; forbade 
the erection of iron works and tlic manut'actui'c of steel in the colonies ; pro- 
hibired the felling of pitch and pine trees, except A\i thin enclosures; and levied 
an excessive duty on sugai-, rum and molasses. The iirst serious attempt to 
enforce these acts was made in 17(>1, when the coloinal courts issued "writs 
of assistance " — in other words general search-warrants, authorizing the King's 
officers to make search tV)r articles which had been introtluced into the provinces 
without the payment of the required duty. In Boston especially this step met 
with nmch resistance, and James Otis, that fiery forerunner of the revolution, made 
his name famous by liis eloquent protests. In this early contest was the l)egin- 
ning of American independence. But the writs were executed, and the colonies 
for the time submitted. The navigation writs \vere enforced, vessels engaged in 
contraband commerce were seized and confiscated, and the colonial trade with 
the West Indies was nearly annihilated. 

But this was only the beginning of the policy of oppression pursued by the 
English Parliament toward the x\merican colonies. In 17(54 Mr. Grenville's 
ministry, which Macauley has characterized as "the worst administration 
that has governed England since the revolution,"* proposed, and in tlie next 
year Parliament adopted, a stamp act for the colonies, \\hich ordained that 
instruments of writing, such as deeds, bonds, notes and printed pamphlets, 
almanacs, newspapers, etc., should be executed on stamped paper, for which a 
duty should be paid to the crown. Meanwhile the ministry, foreseeing trouble, 
had adroitly made the Judiciary of the colonies the servants of the home gov- 
ernment, their salaries being no longer paid by the colonies, but by the crown ; 
and arrangements had been made for establishing a standing army in America. 

The enactment of the stamp tax created a general feeling of indignation 
throughout all the colonies. While the proposition was pending, the legislatures 
of Massachusetts and New York protested against it. James Otis, and that 
grandest of republicans, Samuel Adams, lifted up their elocpient voices in 
denunciation a«d warning. Its passage caused an even greater outburst of 
resistant feeling. At Boston and Philadelphia, muffled bells rang dirges ; at New 
York the act was carried through the streets in procession, with the motto, 
" The folly of England the ruin of America ;" in the Virginia house of burgesses 
Patrick Henry introduced his famous resolutions asserting the rights of the 
colonies, declaring the exclusive right of the Virginia assembly to tax the 
inhabitants of that colony, and also asserting that the people were " not bound 

*K('ffiTiinr to the revolution of llUO, wbicli dethroned Charles I. 



i'i;i;mmixauy chai'teks. 19 



to yield ohedieiicc !«> ;iny l,i\\ i>r oidiiiaiifo wliatsoovor," designed to impose 
taxation upon tlicni, other tlian those of tlie asseniMy itself. It was in this 
discussion that Henry, warmed hy patriotie zeal, uttereil that fainous sentence 
whieii will live in history: "(\esar had liis Hrutus, Chailes I his Cromwell, 
and (ieorge the Third — ( hei'e he was interrupted hy the cry of "Treason! 
treason!") — may proHt by their example." These resolutions were adopted, 
tliougli two others, still nioi-e revoliitionaiy in their character, were voted down. 
Thus Virginia rang the ah-irm-hell, and L;a\e the signal of obstinate resistance 
to the continent. 

Massachusetts was not slow to respond. In her assenil>ly dames Otis pro- 
posed a Continental Congress of the colonies. The call was responded to first 
by South Carolina, and afterward by most of the other colonies, and on October 
7th, 1765, the Congress convened in New York city, the colonies of Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, Delaware, New Jersey and 
New Yoi-k being represented, while New Hampshire and Georgia expressed 
svmpathy with its object without sending delegates. The Congress, after mature 
deliberation, adojited an address to the British government, which asserted in 
emphatic teiins the right of freedom from all ta.xatiou except that which Mas 
concun-ed in by the colonial legislatures. The petition to the King and the 
memorial to iiarliament were signed oidy l)y the delegates from six colonies, 
but all the rest, whether represented or not, aftei'ward ajiproved the measures 
adopted. 

.Meanwhile, the jiopular indignation against the stamp act was manifesting 
itself in many ways throughout the cohjnies. Brave Parson Mayhew of Boston 
preached against it with the old puritan fire and zeal. The demonstrations of 
the people compelled stamp agent after agent to resign, until, Avhen the act went 
into effect, November 1st, 17(35, hardly one was left to discharge the duties of 
the office. ' Nearly all the stamped paper which had been sent to the country 
was either bunied or shipped back to England. In New York city the common 
council demande<l of the governor that he surrender the stamped paper to its 
jKissession, and lie Mas forced to comply. In Connecticut the stamp officer, Jared 
Iiigersoll, was met l)y four or five hundrc(i of his fellow-citizens, conducted into 
AVethersfield, and compelled not only to resign his office, Init to shout for 
"Liberty and property" three time.s. Similar scenes occurred in the other colo- 
nies. November 1st, on which the act was to go into effect, was kept as a day 
of mourning. Shops and stores were closed, flags hung at half nuist, funeral 
bells tolled, effigies hung and burned, and everything ])Ossible was done to 
demonstrate the detennineil opposition of the people. 



■20 .MK'HKiAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

The passive resistance to the act was, however, more effectual than these 
active demonstrations. All business ^vhich required the use of stamped paper 
was suspended. Tlie courts ^vere closed, marriages ceased, vessels were delayed 
in the harbors, and all tlie social and mercantile affairs of the continent stag- 
nated. By degrees, however, the act Avas disregarded, and business of all kinds 
resumed -without the use of stamped paper. Most of the newspapei-s of the 
colonies, fi'om the beginning, published their paj^ers without stamps. The 
example thus set Avas followed in other l)ranches of business. The stamp officers 
did not venture to enforce the act, and it became a dead letter. Meanwhile 
the po\verful organization known as the "Sons of Ijiberty" was established, 
its purpose being to "resist the stamp act, protect the freedom of the press, and 
defend with their lives and property tliose ^vho in the exercise of their rights 
as freemen should become the objects of British tyranny." 

A very few months trial of the stamp tax satisfied the British government 
not only that it -was pecuniarily luiprofitable, but that it was fatally undei'- 
miuing the loyalty of the colonists to the mother country ; and it was repealed 
in March, 1766, after a protracted parliamentary debate, in which the elder 
Pitt appeared as the great champion of the colonies, and Mr. Grenville as the 
principal defender of the right of Parliament to tax them. 

The repeal of the stamp act caused great rejoicing not only in the colonies 
but in Great Britain. Public thanksgivings were held, the im})ortation of 
British goods A\'as again encouraged, and a general calm succeeded the storm. 
But it was not of long duration. Another scheme for taxing the colonies, 
devised by Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchecpier, was passed by 
Parliament, and received the approval of the King on June 29th, 1767. It 
imposed^ a heavy duty on glass, j)aper, painters' colors and tea. This law 
went into effect on November 20th, and was met by the colonists with a 
passive resistance. They formed associations foi- the support of domestic manu- 
factures, and against the use and importation of articles upon which a duty 
was levied. The province of Massachusetts adopted a circular letter to the 
other colonies, entreating their co-operation in obtaining a redress of grievances. 
This circular was heartily responded to by the Virginia house of burgesses, 
and by the people of the colonies generally; but it caused great indignation 
in England, and the ministry, through the governor of Massachusetts, required 
the Massachusetts assembly to rescind its action, under the threat that if it 
refused, it would be dissolved, and kept dissolved until it yielded. It was not, 
however, to be intimidated. It rej^eatedly refused to rescind its action, and 
again affirmed it in even strongei' language. 



riiKIJMINAUV CHArTKKS. 21 



Meanwliile, the rov al i-diiiiiiissioiici's of tlic rcvciiiic at Boston, foiled in their 
atteiiqit to enfoicc the uliuoxious hiws In tlic refusal of the peopk to buy goods 
un whieli a tax was iuii>osc(l, were <Mi<iau('<l in i-cpresenting to the British 
■ioveriinient tliat they felt apin'cheiisions of theii- own safety, and that the 
turbulent eondition of the colonies re<|uire(l that troops should be (piartered at 
Boston. Soliliers t<) the nniiilier of se\-en liiindred were accoi'dinglv' sent to 
Boston from Halifax, and l.iiKh'd in the eity in Septendter, 1 7<'>S, under (xen- 
eral (-Jage. The genend and go\-ei-iior elainied the rigiit to bidet tin- troops on 
the inhabitants: the eity i-ouncil, on the other linnd, were persistent in adliering 
to the terms of the "l)illeting act," and refusing to ]>ro\-i(h' (piaiters in the 
tow 11 till the barracks at Casth' William should be full. Having the hnv on 
their side, thev carried their point. 'Die governoi' was forced to hire ([uarters 
for such of the ti'oojis as remained in the city. Their [)resence was a menace 
to the people w lii(di constantly agL;ia\ ated theii' discontent. 

The assemblies of Virginia and North Carolina adhered to their sympathy 
with the Massachusetts circular, and were foi' that action dissolved by their 
o-overnors. 'J'he Massatdiusetts assend)ly peisisted in its refusal to provide 
funds for the payment of the ti'oops (piaitered among tlieni, and weie again 
])rorogue(l. The British parliament prayed the King to bring the leaders of the 
.Massachusetts "treason" to England for trial, but that measure failed of 
e.xecution. 

The tirst blood of this persistent contest between parliamentai'y authority 
and colonial liberty was shed on the fifth of Marcdi, 177.">. The occasion is 
known to history as the Boston Massaci-e. An aiVray having taken place between 
some of the soldiers anil the citizens, there were some demonstrations on the 
jiart of the former, confined mainly to threats, and to liarndess charges up and 
down the streets; until, at last, a poition of the city guard, undei- Cajitain 
Preston, were beset, late in the evening, by a nundx-r of citizens. These, how- 
e\ci', <lid nothing more than to taunt the soldiers with cowar<liee, and dare 
them to fire. The}' did lire, and three men, amoiiu' them the mulatto Crispus 
Attuch's, were killed, and several wounded, two mortally. The greatest com- 
motion immediately ensued. The bells were i-ung, ;uid in a short time several 
thousand of the citizens had a.ssend»led uiidef arms. ( )idy the counsels of the 
wisest men among the colonists jtrevented a bloody encounter. The next day 
a irre.it meeting was held in the Old South Church, and a committee, headed 
1)V Samuel Adams, was appointed to wait on (jovernoi- Hutchinson, and demand 
the removal of the tioops from the town to Castle William, in the harbor. 
The </-overnor was very rcduet.aiit to yield, but the temper and the power of 



22 .MU'llIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

tlie colonists oveijiwcd liini, and aftei- some delay the troops were removed. 
Captain Preston and liis ((inipany were tried for murder, a'nd two of the 
•soldiers were i-onxictfd of nianslauLrliter. 

V])i>\\ the \ t'l-y day nl' the Boston Massaere, Lord North proposed to Par- 
lianuMir the rcitcal nf llic duties imposed on the colonies l)v the law of 1T67, 
except that on tea, and the i^epcal was ctl'tH-tcd, in sjiite of a vili'orous opposi- 
tion. Tliis concession did not, however, reconcile tlie xVmericans, as the obnoxious 
piinciple a<i-ainst which the t-olonies had made their struo'lfle was still asserted. 
The non-Ini|ioi-tation a^rcciucnts against the puivliase and use of tea were 
continued. In \ ain did tlic Kni;'lish government tiy everv sort of stratai^em 
to induce the Amei'icans to yield. Parliament passed in 1773 a bill allowino- 
the Jii'itish East India Company to export tea to Amei'ica tree from tlie duties 
formerly ])ai(l in EngL-uid, paying oidy the American duty, so that it was 
really cheaper in America than in England. Vast quantities were soon shipped 
to America, l)ut the shi]>s destined for New York and Pliihidel[)liia found the 
ports closed against them, and were compelled to return without etfectiiiii: a 
lauding. In Charleston tlu- tea was landed, Init was not permitted to l)e offered 
for sale, and was spoiU'd while stored in damp cellars. In Boston the people 
refused to allow the tea to l)e landed, (xovernor Hutchinson, however, posi- 
tively refused to alk)\\ it to l>e returned to England. But the Bostonians 
found a way ()f cutting this (lordian knot. A ]iai'ty of citizens, disguised as 
Indians, and calling themselves "Mohawks," boarded the ships, December 
10th, 1773; and, in the pivsence of thousands of spectators, broke open tliree 
hundred and forty-two chests of tea and emptied their contents into the water. 
This event, ^v]lich lives in history as the " Boston Tea Party," put an end to 
the attempts of the British government to force the importation of tea upon 
the un\villing colonists. Parliament endeavoi-ed to retaliate by a sei'ies of 
measures inimical to Boston and Massachusetts. The Boston Port Bill was 
passed in Alarch, 1774, closing the port of Boston and removing the custom 
house to Salem, but the jicople of that town refused to protit by the nusfortunes 
of their ]iati'iotic neighbors. Soon aftei', the charter of Massachusetts was 
subverted, and the govei'uor was authorized to send to other colonies, or 
to England, all persons indicted for murder or other cajntal offenses committed 
in aiding the magistrates of the colony. These acts caused great suffering in 
Boston, but only nerved the indomitable spirit of the colonists. The whole 
people of America sympathized with- tlie oppressed colony, and a second 
colonial congress was called, on the suggestion of the ^Massachusetts assembly, 
to consider the relations of the colonies with Great Britain. 



rUKLLMlNAiiV e'llAlTKllS. 



23 




(ariMlll.TS Ihlll, |'llll:|.lrlplll;l, i;; I 



TIlis congress assembled at Carpenter's ITall, Pliiladelplila, Se])teinl)er otli, 1774, 
with Pevton Kantlolpli, i>t' \'Iiuinia, as its |iicsi(lent, aii<l \\ asliington, Ilein-y, Lee, 
the Adamses, Jay and KiitlcdL^e anKpng 
its niemliei's. Eleven eolonies were repre- 
sented. The spirit of the eongress was 
still dec-idedly averse to any attempi at 
inde])en(lenee, but it was outspoken in its 
ciiunnendation of the eourse of Massachu- 
setts in herconilift with "w i(d<t'd ministers." 
It agreed upon a declaration of rights, 
i-econnuended the sus])ension of all com- 
meicial intercourse with Kngland until the 
grievances of the colonies Avere redi'cssed, 
and voted an address to the King, another 
to the 2)eo])le of (Jreat liritain, and still 
aiiiither to the ])eople of Canada. Its 
I'emonstrances, liowe\er, only called foi'th 
stronger measures from the British go\'- 

ernnieiit. General Gage, then rerently appointed goveiMior of Massaidiusetls, 
fortitied Boston Neck, re-occupied Boston with troops, and, seizing the annnunition 
and stores in the pi-o\incial ai-seiials of C;ind»ridgc and Charlestown, conveyed 
them to Boston. On March '.MJi, IT".'), the i^)i'itisli parliament, as ,i tin;d measure 
of determined o])j)ression, passed n bill i-esti'aining the commerce of the New 
Kngland colonies, which was aftei-w;ir<l extended to eiidirace all the colonies 
except New York and Xoith Caiolin,i. 'I'lie inli,abitaiit> of Massachusetts were 
detdared re))els, and ten tlioiis.-nid troops wci-e sent to America to aid in sul)- 
diiing them. < )n the other hand, the colonies beg;in pi-epai-;ilions for hostilities. 
Ihe assembly of Massachusetts, having been dissolved Ky the go\ eiiior, .at once 
oiganized itself into a ju'ovincial congress, a])pointed conmiitlees of safety ;ind 
8ii]t])lies, and voted to eipiip twelve thousand soldiers, and organize one-fourth 
of tlu' militi.n as "minute-men." Other pi-o\iiices also began to pre]iai'e for 
possibh- hostilities. 

\\ hen ?iiatters had reaclie<l suidi a point, a collision of ;iiiiis bec,im<' only a 
ipiestion of time. 'I'he first of these collisions, wiiitdi inaugurate*! the ^\merican 
revolution, and made war actual, was the memorable fight at Lexington, April 
I'.uh, 177.'). ( »n the previous nii^ht (iener.al (iage h.id disp,it( he<l .i force of 
.•d)(»ut eiglit liun<lri'd men to i|estro\ the military stores <-ollecie<l by the colonists 
at Concord. The minute-men r.allied ;it break of d;i\ to oppose the mandi of 



24 MKllkiAX Alii) THE (.:ENTKNNIAL. 

the Britisli (roops, ;ui(l tlic (iist conflict occuiTcd ;it (lie liistm-ic l)ri(li:(' "f 
Lt'.\iiit;'li>u. wlicif the cciliMiists. umiilx'i'iiiL;- aKoiit sc\('nt\, initlci- llic Ifadcrsliip 
(if (':i|it;iiu r.-ii-kcr, (lis|)iilc(l the aihnin-c nt' the li'odjis. Major I'itcairii, tlic 
Eiiyiisli coiiiniaiidcr, i-odc iijitolhf iiiililia and callfd out: " 1 )is|icrsc, nci-cIicIs, 
throw down voiii- arms and dis|)crsf I" Not liciiiL:' olic\ cd, he oi'dci-fd liis soldiers 
to lire, wliitdi tlic\ did. kiliiiiu' scxcii of llic patriots and wdinidin^' nine othtT.s. 
Tht' liritisli tlicii adxaiu-od to Concord and dcstfoycd part ol' llic stores there; 
but by tills time tlic miuutc-mcu of the whole iieiii'lilnvriiiL;' comitrv were aroused, 
and, after a skirmish, the Ihitish were compelled to lieat a liast\ retreat. 'Die 
Americans ])ursue<l them, keeping' up a continual tire, and doin<i- i^reat execution. 
At Lexinn'ton tlie reti-eatiiiu' Hritisli were re-enfon-cd hy nine liundiH'd men, uiuhn' 
Lord Percy, who threw out il.ankinu- parties to ])rotect the main l>od\, and tlie 
united forces moved rapidly to Charlestown. l)urini;' tliis expedition (Ik- Ihitish 
lost, ill killed, wounded and inissiuii', about two hundred and eiulilv ; the pid\ in- 
eials ;il>out ninety. 

The li^lil al Lexinyton came upon tlie I'oloiiies like tlie cl;ip of thunder 
which startles the avalanche from its restiiiL;- |ilace. Before it there had been 
jH'ai'c: after it there was continuous war. until American independence was 
established. The tidings ran through eastern iNbissacliusetts like a ll;inie of fire, 
and tlie t'oiitincntal ;irmy. Itoin in a day. followed sio eh»sel\ on the heels of 
Lord Percy's retreatiiii;- soldiers that they had hardh reached Boston before 
that city was beseii^vd by an irreguhii' Init considerable and lapidh iiu-reasini>' 
force. The Kew Kuii'land colonies at once took measures for oroani/.iuii' an armv 
of thirty thousand nu'ii. thon^'h they did not for nian\' months succeed in r.-iisini;- 
tliat number. The news Avas sent by ex])ress throuiih all the provinces. By 
the reji'ular colonial assemblies in some eases, and by provincial (■oiiuresses in 
others, tleleiiates were chosen to a Continental Coiiii'ress which assemMed in 
Philadelphia on the 10th of May, and most of the colonies took steps for raisiiiii- 
troops. The patriot .irniy around Boston, witli (leiieral Ward and Israel I'utnam 
at its head, invested the city with a reu'ular line of fortifications. Meantime 
tlie " Green ^bmntaiu Jioys," a patriotic organization of Vermont, were not idle. 
Ou ]\Iay 10th, 1775, under Ethan Allen and 8etli "Warner, they attacked and 
captured the British fortiheations at Ticoiideroua and Crown Point, on Lake 
Chamjdain, "in tlu' name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 

Ou the same day that this inspiriting success was won, the Congress assembled 
at Caipeuter's Hall. Phil.-idclphia. Kandolph was again chosen ]ucsidcnt. but, 
being called home to .-ittend as speaker the suddenly convoked session of the 
Virginia assembly, John Hancock, the fearless patriot of Massachusetts, was 



riiELlMJNAIv'V (IIAI'TI'.KS. 25 



cli'ctrd ill liis |il;icf. I]\fii ill tile iiiidsi (if tile | iic| ijinitii >iis for war wliicli 
wfic |iiii^rcssiiiL;- — ii;i\, in llic niiiUl nl' llicsc ,irni;il Imstilitit's — tlie CoiiLi'rcss 
\('t licsil.-ilcil tn (|ccl;irc I'di- iiMlc|M'iMlcn(T. Il |iriilcstc<l its loyalty to tin- 
iiiotlicr coiintrN, .•iiid its desire for peace, tlioiiL;li o|i|)osiiit;' witli arms tlie illeii'al 
and txramiical iiieasures of I'arliaiiieiit and tlie ministry. It, however, assumed 
at once a coin|ireliensi\ c aiitiioi'ity, \\l:i( ii ciiciimstaiices made necessary, in wliicli 
sii|ireme executive, iei^'isiative, and in sonic cases judicial functions were united — ■ 
an autlioritv without any fixed liniils or formal sanction, exce])t the ready 
oiiedieiice of a laru'e majority in most of the colonies. It icsohed at once that 
hiistilitics liad heeu commenced l>y (ii'eat Hritaiu, and declared in favor of aimed 
defense, .\iiotlier |>etitioii to the Kiiiy- and |»eo|ile of (xreat Britain was ado])ted, 
ill wiiitli occiiircd the following siguiticaiit |>araL;ra|>h : "We are reduced to 
the alternative of clioosing an unconditional sniiniission to the tyranny of irritated 
ministers, oi- resistance ))y force. 'J'lie latter is our clioice. We have counted 
the cost of this contest, and iiiid iiotliing so dreadful as Adluntary slavery." 
It voted to I'aise an army of twenty tliousand men, ami on June 15th, elected 
(leorire WasliiiiLrtoii commander-in-chief of all tlie forces raised or to be raised 
for the defense of tlie colonies, resolvinti' that they would "assist him aii<l 
adhere to him, with their lives and fortunes, in the defense of ^Vmerican 
liliertv." It recoiiimeiided the colonists to refuse to furnish provisions to British 
troops, not to i-ecoiiiiize commercial exchaiiiies with (ireat Britain, and to with- 
hold the colonial shipping from the service of the British. It also voted to 
issue two millions (»f dollars in continental Kills of credit, agreed to articles of 
war, cstalilished a hoard of Indian all'aiis and a postoftice department, with 
Benjamin I'^ranklin as postmastei' general — in a word, it assumed all the func- 
tions of a national government. 

Meanwhile another impetus had been given t<i the popular feeling in favor 
of revttlution by the battle of Bunker Hill. The Continental army which 
besieged (rage in Boston numl)ered, in early June, about sixteen thousand men. 
To make the blockade of the citv more perfect, Colonel Prescott, with about a 
thou>aiiil men, including a company of artillery, was sent on the nitiht of June 
null, b\ order of the committee of safety, to take possession of and fortify 
Bunkerliill, a consideiable eminence on the Cliarlestown peninsula, commanding 
the northern road from Boston. By some mistake he jiassed Bunker Hill and 
occupied Breed's Hill, on the soiith<-rn end of the peninsula, where he threw 
up a breastwoik. The liritish, at sunrise, discovered what had been iloiie, and, 
after a sharp cannonade <luriiig the morning, three thousaml troo|is under Howe 
and Pigot crossed the bay and landccl at the foot of Breed's Hill. .\\ three 



2Q MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

in the afternoon tliey cliaro'ed the breastwork, Lut were driven back with great 
loss by the deadly tire ><f tlie Aniei'ieaiis. A second time they charged, and 
Avere again rf|iu]sed. (nige, infuriated l»y defeat, gave orders to set the viUage 
of Charlestow n on tire, and its tlanies added horror to the scene. A tliii-d 
charge was made l>y tlie British, and tliis time witli better success. The 
powder ()f the jirovincials hatl failed, and no supply was at hand. After 
a 1)rief but desj)erate hand-todiand struggle, in wliicji the proto-martyi- of tlie 
revolution, Josejdi Warren, was killed, the Americans made good their retreat 
across Charlestown Neck. They left the held in conti-ol of tlie Britisji, but 
tliey had made a most gallant stand against o\-ei'\\lielming odds; their loss was 
four Inuidred and fifty against over a tliousand of tlie Britisli ; and they had 
demonstrated that tlie despised Yankee militia weiv more than a match for the 
regulai' troops of England. The news of the l)attle rajiidly spread tlu'ough the 
coh>nies, creating fresh enthusiasm wherever it was received. 

On July 12th, (xeneral Washington took command of the Continental army 
around Boston. He A\'as pecidiarly embarrassed l)y tlie inexperience and insub- 
ordination of his sohbers, botlr privates and officers; by the scarcity of tents, 
annniuiition and supplies; and by the shoit terms of militia service, which 
sometimes left him with only the skeleton of an army; ])ut, with that patient 
heroism which was his noblest characteristic, he laliored to l)ring order out of 
chaos, kept up the siege constantly, and, aftei- eight months, finally succeeded, 
on March 4th, I77(i, in capturing and fortifying Dorchester Heights, which 
commanded tlie town of Boston, and compelled its evacuation by the British 
troops. 

The action of the Continental Congress was followed up l)y the people of 
the various colonies, who drove the royal governors out of the provinces and 
estaldished governments of their own. The provincial congresses, which had at 
fii'st been merely committees of counsel and safety, were gradually comp)elled, l)y 
the necessities of the situation, to assume the functions of government. The 
only military enterprise of importance on the part of the colonists during the 
fall and winter of 1775 and 1776, was the brave but unsuccessful expedition 
against Quebec, under the command of General Richard Montgomei'v, Avhich 
resulted in the defeat of the invaders under the walls of Quel>ec (December :M, 
1775), and the death of their gallant general. 

Parliament resolved to crush out the rebellion by force, and sent re-enforce- 
ments amounting to forty-two thousand men, including seventeen thousand 
Hessians, to the troops already in this country. A ship of war, under the 
direction of Lord Dunmore, the expelled royal governor of Virginia, committed 



I'KKI.IMINAKY CllAlTEKS. 



flic outrauf of hiiriiiiiL;' tlic (IctViiscloss niid uiKift'eiKliiio- city of Noi-folk, on 
.l.iiiii.iiy 1st, 177C), (•■•msiiii:- i;ic;it sull'criiiL;- to llic ])e()])l('. This ontr.-isi-e oiil\- 
iiu-rrascd the (Ictcniiiiiation of (he colonists, ('s|icciall\ in tlic sontli, to resist 
the tyranny of I'^n^land to the l)irter cimL Marl) in .lime a IJritisli armaiueiit 
from I'Ji^iaml, nnder Sir Henry Clinton .and Sir Peter I'arker. appeared oflf 
Charleston, Sontli Carolina, which h.ad heen fortitie(| and was defended liy 
Monlti'ie, and on the I'Nth of June attempted to t;il<e it l)\' liomliardment, Imt 
was repniscd \>\ tiie u;irrison of Fort Monltrie, nnmlterinii' onl\ fonr hnndred 
men. Idie American loss was ten kille<| and ninety-two \voniide(| ; tlie Hritisli 
over twci linndicMJ killed and w<innded. Cohinel ^^'illi,•^n Monllrie conmianded 
this L:'all.'int i^-iirrisoii, with Is.a.ac .Motte second in connn;in<l, and Francis Marion 
third — names all of them illnstiions in Amei'ican liistor\ . 

Tin' ]ieo])le of the colonies at last began to see that their only means of 
sei-nrinu' liWerty was throngh Ixdependknce; an<l the idea, once started, leaxened 
tlie whole ]iopnlar sentiment with amii/cing ra|iidity. The events of ten years 
lni<l slowly Init thoroiiirhly prepared the people for this conclusion. Tlie iir.st 
foi-mal declaration in this direction was made 1)\- the citizens of Mecdvleiibero- 
county, North Carolina, on the 1 !»th of May, 1775. The first distinct legisLative 
step toward independence was taken by the House of Kepresentati\es of the 
colony of Ma.ssachusetts, which on January IStli, 177<), passt-d a resolution 
empoweriiiL;- its delegates in the Continental Congress, in coiijnnctioii with the 
(hdegates from the other colonies, t<i coiicei't "smdi measures as shall to them 
a|ppear best calculated for the est.ablislimeiit of right and libertv to the Ameri- 
can colonies, upon a basis jiermanent and secure against the ]iowcr ;ind acts of 
the British administration." South Carolin.a and (Georgia followcil, in Maiidi ;in<l 
April, with similar resolutions. ( )ii Ajuil liMh, the provinci.d congress of 
North Carolina empowered its delegates "to concur with the delegates of the 
other colonics in dacJiirintj iiKJepeiidenre'''' — the first time that that memorable 
])hrase was articulated by the voice of a whole coloii\ speaking through its 
repivsentatives. The Kliode Isl.ind and \'irginia assemblies took simil.ir action, 
the convention of the latter colony instructing its delegates "to deidare the 
United Colonies free and independent States,''' and appointing a committee to 
draw 11]) a bill of rights and a fraiue of government. 

The piopo.sition for inde|)endence was iirst formalU inliodiiceil into the 
Continental Congress on June 7th, 177(3, by Richard Henry Lc, of \'irginia, 
who. Ill pursuance of the instructions of the Viiginia convention, moved a reso- 
lution de(daring that the colonies are. and ought to be, free and independent 
states, and that all political conne<-iion between them and the State of (Jreat 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. The resolution was discussed in 
fonmiittee of the whole foi- several days, and on the tenth day of June, with the 
liope of ol)taininij,' greater iiiianiniity, tlie sulijeet was adjourned until .Tulv tii'st, 
and a committee was appointed to draft a formal Declaration of Independence. 
This committee was the historical one consisting of Thomas Jeffei'son, Jolm 
Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and R()l)ert R. Livingston. It 
reported a draft of the Declaration on the 28th of June, which was ordered 
to lie on the tahle until July first. Meantime the legislative assemblies of Peim- 
sylvania, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New Jersey and Maryland had successively 
pledged theii' colonies for independence. State constitutions were also framed 
in many of the colonies. 

On the first day of July, 177H, "the resolution respecting independence" 
came up as tlie order of the day in the Congress. It was earnestly opposed by 
Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, in a lengthy speech, to which John Adams respcmded 
in one of the greatest efforts of his life, of which, unfortunately, no record has 
been preserved. The debate was prolonged, but resulted in a vote in committee 
of the whole in which nine colonies supported the resolution, and tAvo, South 
Carolina and Pennsylvania, opposed it. The vote of Delaware ^\■as e(pially 
di\'ided, one delegate from that colony Ijeing absent. 

Final action on the proposition was deferred until the following da\-, when 
the decisive step was completed. The absent delegate from Delaware arrived, 
and turned the scale of that colony in favor of independence. Dickinson 
and Morris, of the Pennsylvania delegates, absented themselves, and Franklin, 
\Mlson and Morton cast the vote of Pennsylvania for the resolution. The 
South Carolina delegates waived theii' t)p}>ositiou, and those from New York 
refrained from voting. Thus, on the second day of July, the following resolu- 
tion Avas adopted by the vote of tw'elve colonies, and, as the chronicle truly 
states, "without (me dissenting colony:" 

Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of riglit ought to be, free and independent 
states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political 
connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. 

Upon the evening of this historic day, JcJin Adams, with an almost jm'O- 
phetic inspiration, \vrote as follows: 

The day is j)ast. The seeonil day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epocha in the 
history of America; to be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival, 
commemorated as the day of deliverence by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty, from one 
end of the continent to the other, from this time forevermore. 

You will think me transported into enthusiasm, but I am not; I am well aware of the toil, 
and blood and treasure that it will cost us to maintain this declaration, and support and defend 



PKELI.MINARY CHAPTERS. 29 



tliesc states; yet, through all the gloom, I can see the rays of light and glory; that the end is 
wortli all the means; that posterity will tiiuiiipli in this day's transaction, even though we sIkhiIiI 
rnc it. uliicli I trust in (Sod we shall imt. 

Two (lays nhcv. oil -luly fourth, tlic i'oniial Declaration of Iii(k'jicii(li'iie-f, tluit 
.Manila Cliarta of Aiiiciifau lil)ei'ty, ^vas adoptt-d. Drafted liy Thomas Jett'ersou, 
and repoi'ted with Imt slight niodifieations by the eoiiiiuittee, it was luianiniously 
aureed to l>y the (.HHiu'ress, wliile tlie old T.ilierty Hell of In(le]»endeiiee Hall ranjij 
out the ii'lad tidings to the jteolile, thus fiiltilliiiL;' the iiijunetiou of the prophetic 
motto inscribed upon it: "Proclaim liberty tliron<ihout the land, and to all the 
inhabitants tliereof." The day of this proceeding has appropriately become 
the great national festi\al. A.s Bancroft well says: "Tlie nation, Avlien it made 
the choice of a day for its great anniversary, selected not the day of the reso- 
lution of independence, when it closed the past, but thai of the declaration of 
the principles on which it opened its new career." 

It was not until the second ilay of August that this immortal de<'laration was 
formally signed. John Hancock, the President of the Congress, iir.st afHxed his 
bold and chai'acteristic signature, "writing as if for nations to witness it." 
"We nuist all hang together," he said. "Yes," responded Franklin, "or we 
shall all hang separately." Samuel Adams, who, in the judgment of his contem- 
poraries, "bore the greatest part in the greatest revolution of the world's 
history," was the next to afhx his name. Then in turn were added the iniper- 
ishal)le names of the other members of that great historic body. The 
independence thus declared \\as iiiaintaineil and estal)lislied by a long, persistent 
and heroic struggle of arms, in which our ancestors confirmed by brilliant valor 
and patient fortitude the right to freedom which they had so gallantly asserted. 

The foregoing lu'ief resume may serve to define more cleai-ly than perhaps 
it may exist in the minds of scmie, the relation of the Fourth of July, 1776, 
and the Declaration to which it gave birth, to conteniixiraneous events. The 
thought will be (juite natural with those who have not studied the history 
closely, that the Declaration was the initiative of recognized hostilities between 
the mother country and the colonies; when in truth, tlu' colonics, by virtue of 
a federation wliich existed in fact if not in name, had been exercising one of 
tlie highest attributes of independent sovereignty for more thau a year, by 
cair\in<r on an organized and svstematic warfare. 



30 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

.\DOPTED JVLY 4, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people 
to dissolve the political bands whicli have connected them with another, and 
to assume, among the powei's of the earth, the se]);u-ate and e(|ual station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect 
to the opinions of mankind requires tliat they should declare the causes ^\•llich 
impel tliein to tlie separation. 

We liold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created ecpial; that 
they are endowed ])y their Creator with certain unalienable riglits; that among 
these, are life, liberty and the puisuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed ; that, -whenever any form of government becomes destructive 
of these ends, it is the right of the peoj)le to alter or to abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its foundation on such princijiles, and organ- 
izing its ])owers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
safety and ha])piness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long 
established shoidd not be clianged for light and transient causes; and, accord- 
ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, 
while evils are suft'ei-able, than to riglit themselves I)}- abolishing the forms to 
which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and nsurjiatlons, 
pursuing invaria])ly the same object, evinces a design to redtice them under 
absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw oft' such govern- 
ment, and to provide new gitards for their future security. Such has been the 
patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which con- 
strains them to alter their former systems of government. The histoiy of the 
present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usuipatious, 
all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tjTanny over these 
States. To prove this, let facts l)e submitted to a candid ^^■<~)rld : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and net-essai'v for the 
puT)lic good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass la\\s of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be 
obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other la^ws for the accommodation of large districts 
of people, unless those peo})le would i-elinquish the right of representation in 
the legislature; a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. 



PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 81 



He lias called toeethei- lesri^^lative bodies at places uinisnal, uncomfortable, 
and distant t'linii flic dejidsitoiy nf rlicir |iid>lic records, for the sole pnr])ose of 
fatiguiiiii' them into (•(inipliaiiee with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposiii<>-, -with inaidv 
firmness, his invasions on the riulits of the peojile. 

He has rcfusfd, for a loni;- time after such dissolutions, to eanse othei-s to be 
electetl: whcn-liv the le<iishitive powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned 
to the ])eople at lary-e for theii' exercise; the State remainiuo-, in the meantime, 
exposed to all the danger of invasion from without and convulsiiins within. 

He has endeavored to ])revent the pojmlation of these States; for that jmi-- 
pose, obstructing the hiws for naturalization of foi-eigners; refusing to ])ass others 
to encoiu'age their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new ap|iro- 
priations of lands. 

He has ol)structed tile administration of justice. l)v refusin<:- his assent to 
laws fur estal)lis]iiiig judiciary powers. 

He has made judges (h'|iendent on his will ah)ne for the tenure of their 
offices and the amount and jiaynieiit of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of othcers 
to harass our |)eo|ile and eat out their substance. 

lie has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislatures. 

He luis affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts 
of j^reteuded legislation: 

Fi>r (juartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from ]nuiishmeut for any min-ders 
which they should commit on the inliai)itants <ii' these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the woi-ld : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial b\ jurv: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended oti'eiises : 

For al)olishiug the free system of English laws in a neighboring pro\"ince, 
establishing therein an arbitraiy govemnient, and enlarging its boundaries, so as 
to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducinu' the same 
absolute rule into these colonies: 



32 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



For talcing away onv charters, abolisliing our most \aliiiil>le laws, and alter- 
ing, fundamentally, the jiowers of our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and deelai'ing themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has ahdicated government hei'e, by declaring us out of his protec-tion, 
and waging \\"ar against us. 

lie has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, liui'nt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our jteople. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already l)egun, with cir- 
cumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous 
ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on tlie high seas, to 
bear arms against their coiuitry, to become the executioners of theii- friends 
and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions \\e have petitioned for redress, in the 
most lunnble terms; our repeated petitions have been ans'\^'ered only by 
repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which 
may define a,tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been Avanting in attention to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to 
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over \is. We have reminded them of the 
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We liave appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties 
of our conunon kindred, to disavow these usurpations which would inevitably 
intei'ru[it our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the 
necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest 
of mankind, enemies in wai', in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in tlie name, and by the authority of 
the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, frke and ixdependknt States ; 



I'l; i;i ,1 M 1 N A i; v chapters. 



33 



that they are :ibst)lve(l from all alle-iiauce to the British orown, and that all 
political c'onntH'tion between them and the State of Great Brilain is, and ought 
to be, totally dissolved : and that, as free and independent States, they have 
full power to lev\- war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, 
and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. 
And, for the support of this declaration, with a tirui reliance on the jirotection 
of DiNinc l*i(i\idcuc<', wc mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, 
and oui- sacred honor. 

Sio-ned li\ llic Deputies from the several colonies, as follows: 

JOHN HANCOCK, Frcsidenf, 

And Deputy from Massach^jisetta. 



New Hampshire: 

.TOST AH B.VKTLKTT. 
WILLIAM WIIIPI'LE. 
MATTIIKW TIIOKNTON. 

Massachusells Baij : 

SAMUEL ADAMS. 
JOHN ADAMS. 
ROBERT THI:AT PAINE. 
ELBRHKiE (iKRRY. 

Rhode Island: 

STEPHEN HOPKINS. 
AVILLIAM ELLERY. 

Connecticut : 

roger sherman. 
sajhtp:l huntinoton. 
willlvm williams. 

OLIVER WOLCOTT. 

Neil] York : 

WILLIAM EI>OYD. 
PHILIP LIVIN<;STON. 
EILVNCIS LKWIS. 
LEWIS .MORRIS. 

New Jersey: 

RI("H.\RD STOCKTON. 
JOH.N WITIILRSPOON. 
FR.\N(IS HOPKINSON. 
JOHN H.\RT. 
ABRAH.\M CL.VRK. 

Maryland : 

S.\MIKL CH.\SE. 
WILLLVM \'\V\. 
TIIO.M.XS STONE. 
CHAltLES CARRor>L, 

Of Carrollton. 



Pennsylvania: 

robert morris. 
benja:\hn rush. 
benja:\iin franklin, 
john morton, 
georoe clymer. 
james s.mjth. 

GEORGIA TiVYLOR. 
JAMES WILSON. 
GEORGE ROSS. 

Delaxoare : 

C^.SAR RODNEY. 
GE0R(;E READ. 
THOMAS McKEAN. 

Virginia : 

GEORGE WYTHE. 
RICHARD HENRY LEE. 
THOMAS JEFFERSON. 
BEN J A^IIN I lA RRISON. 
THOMAS NELSON, Jrx. 
FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE. 
CARTER BRAXTON. 

North Carolina : 

W'LLIAJI HOOPER. 
JOSEPH HEWES. 
JOHN PENN. 

South Carolina : 

EDWARD RUTLEDGE. 
THO.MAS HEYWARD, Ji'N. 
THOMAS LYNCH, Jcn. 
ARTHUR ^IIDDLETON. 



Georgia : 



BITTTON (JWYNETT. 
LYMAN HALL. 
GEORGF WALTON. 



34 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



II.— MICHIGAN AS A POLITICAL COMMONWEALTH. 

As connecting Michigan with the Centennial, some account of the rise and 
progress of the State as a political commonwealth, and as one of the States of 
the Union, properly follows the recital of events leading to the adoption of the 
Declaration, and to the establishment of the natioualit}' which our Centennial 
commemoi'ates. 

FIRST Et^ROPEAN SE'I'TLEMENT. 

The tirst European settlement of the territory comprised within the State of 
Michigan, was by the French, whose missionaries and traders meandered its 
coasts through the great lakes and rivers, from the head of ocean navigation 
on the River St. Lawrence. Missionaries are said to have visited Detroit as 
early as 162(», but the tirst extended reconnoisance, reaching as far as the falls 
of the River St. Mary, was iu 1641. The first settlements having been made 
along the coasts, the original stock is clearly traceable in many localities through 
their descendants, and has furnished many names intimately associated \vith the 
development of the State. 

rEIMUTORIAL SOVEREKiXTY AND (it»VEKNMENT. 

Under the French and British dominion, the territory was politically asso- 
ciated with the Canadas, but became part of the territory of Virginia at the 
close of the war of independence, although it was not formally occupied by the 
United States until 1796. Virginia had in the meantime ceded to the United 
States all of her territor}' noi'thwest of the Ohio livei', and Congress, by the 
historical "Ordinance of '87," jiassed Jul)- l.'Uh of that }'ear, provided for its 
government as the "Northwest Territory." The government of the territory 
was committed to a governor, a secretary, and three judges, to be appointetl 
by Congress. The laAv-making power was vested in the " governor and judges " 
until such time as a general assembly or legislature should be chosen, Avhich 
might be done when the district should have a population of not less than five 
thousand persons. The ordinance contemplated the ultimate division of the ter- 
ritory into not less than three, nor more than five, States, and lience has gro^vu 
the five States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 



PRELBIINARV CHAPTERS. 35 

Till- ([Hestioii of tlie desfciir of the tfrritorial sovereignty, thoiiu;li of no prac- 
tic-;il imiiortance, yet has a liistoiicil interest, especially to all residents of the 
State who ai'e perniaiiciilly iiicutiticd witli it. The wi'iter had supposed that 
the descent tlirough the State (if \'ii'ginia was ninpiestioned, until a difl'erent 
claim came to his notice, during some investigations made in the w inter dl' 1876, 
namely, the claims of Connecticut and ^lassaehusetts. Still another position is 
held by some, that the sovereignty never attached to either of the States named, 
but descended directly from Great Britain to the United States. The subject 
is deemed of sntfit-ient importance to call for its i)rief discussion in this connection. 

In the "Statistical Atlas of the Tnited States," compiled by Francis A. 
A\'alkei-. by authority of Congress, and based on the results of the ninth censtis, 
the Virginia cession is made to terminate at the forty-first ])aiallel of north 
latitude, when the "Connecticut cession" intervenes, extending to forty-two 
degrees, two minutes; liere eonunencing the "Massachusetts cession," ex-tending 
northwai'd to near the foi'ty-Hftli ]i;ir;dlel, or about on an east and west line 
crossing the lower [loint of Saginaw bay. Whence sovereignty was derived to 
territory north of this line, is not stated. The article referring to this chart, 
compiled by S. AV. Stocking, of the United States patent office, says in expla- 
nation : "Virginia, by virtue of conc^tiests of her militia, asserted title as far 
noith as lakes Erie and Micliigan, but due recognition of the ancient charter 
boundary of the colony of Connecticut places the northei'n limit of the cession 
on the forty-first parallel of north latitude." 

The United States census report of 1870, vol. 1, page 573, speaks of the 
Vii-ginia cession as " including the State of Kentucky, and the parts of the States 
of Illinois, Ohio and Indiami which lie south of the foi-ty-first parallel," and 
does not recognize the claim of Virginia to anything north of that line, but 
treats the Connecticut and Massachusetts claims as conclusive. 

Feeling some interest in knowing whence was descended the political sover- 
eignty of the State, and without stating the conflicting claims, the writer inquired 
of the Hon. Charles I. Walker, of Detroit, a gentleman of admitted knowledge 
on the subject of Northwestern history. He answered without hesitation, that 
the sovereignty descended to the United States from the State of Virginia, 
referring, at the same time, to an .iddress delivered by himself before the State 
Historical Society of Wisconsin, in 1n71, in which is contained an account of 
the military conquest and occu])ation of the Northwest Territory by General 
(reorge Rogers Clark, under the authority of the State of Virginia, diu-ing the 
war of tlie revolution. He also gave some verbal suggestions bearing upon the 
(piestion, some of which are incorporated herein. 



36 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

It should be bonle in mind that Detroit ^vas the fulcrum of British opera- 
tions in the northwest, during the revolution. It was from thence that expeditions 
were dispatched to harass the sparse settlements in what is now the State of 
Kentucky, and on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The British 
Governor Hamilton, w ith headcpiarters at Detroit, in September, 1776, promised 
his government that he ^vould send parties of the savages "to fall on the scat- 
tered settlers on the Ohio and its branches." Thus Detroit, and the territory 
of which it was the military capital, cannot be dissociated from military opera- 
tions in other parts of the territory, but events determining the fate of other 
parts of the territory would be held to determine its fate, falling, as it did, 
within the natural boundaries of a given area. 

Judge Walker, in his address, says : " But the most notable event of this 
year (1778) in the west, and one of the most notable events of the war, was 
the comiuest of Kaskaskia and the other British posts in Illinois, and on the 
Wabash, by George Rogers Clark. * * Major Clark, an emigrant to Ken- 
tucky, although a man of limited culture, had the grasp of mind, and the 
energy of character, which fitted him for great events. Clark made up his 
mind that the best mode of defending Kentucky was to give employment to 
the enemy elsewhere. He sent spies to visit the posts on the Wabash and in 
Illinois. In Decend^er, 1777, he laid open his plan of capturing these posts to 
Patrick Henr}-, then governor of Virginia, >\ho at once fell in with it, especially 
as Virginia laid claim to this Western territory as far north as the fortieth 
degree of north latitude. Clark was commissioned a colonel in the service of 
Virginia, and \vas authorized at the expense of that State to raise a sufficient 
force, was furnished with £1,200 currency, and by secret instructions was 
directed to carry out the plan conceived by him. On the 24th of June, 1778, 
he left the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) in barges, ^\•ith his force of less than 
two hundred men, and descended the Ohio to old fort Massac, within sixty 
miles of its mouth, and then marched north to Kaskaskia, which he captured 
by surprise on the night of July 4tli, taking its commandant, Kocheblave, and 
its inhabitants, prisoners. The other posts were taken before any opposition 
coidcl be made." 

The address also relates how the inhabitants, who -were chiefly or exclu- 
sively French, were conciliated and gave in their allegiance to the United 
States, and the capture of the post of Vincennes, Avith Governor Hamilton and 
his force. 

In "Burnet's Notes on the Northwest," p. 75, speaking of the expedition 
of Clark, it is said : 



l'lii;i.IMlNAi;V ClIAl'TKKS. 87 

•■ W licii tlie rdimiiiHiwcaltli nf \'iri:ini;i si-iit him a ciddiiel's coininission, 
accniiipanit'il with a wanaiit tt) raist' a i-fuiiiU'iit of \oliiiitccrs, and for tliat 
purpiisf to make roiiti-acts oii the credit of the State, li:c\ did imt riirinsh him 
with I'mids for the |iiir|iosc, lnit hd't Inm to proi-iii-f them in the Kcst way he 
fouhl. ^^'t sikdi was liis iicrscxcrancc, and so unhoiiiKh'd was his confidence 
in the honor of his native State, and snch was his infiiieiice with the people 
of the west, wlio knew his l)i'a\cry and military talents, tliat he soon raised 
a reu'imeut of hardy Keutucdvians, whom lie inspired with iiis own spii'it, and 
haviuii' attaclied them warmly to liis peison, h-d th<'m to the Mississi])pi, and 
captured the posts at Kaskaskias and C'ahokia. 'I'he iidiabitaiits of those vil- 
laires, oil receiviuii" a promise of protection, declared alh-Liiance to tlie United 
States. At that time, (xovei-nor Hamilton was at Fort \'inceiines, making liis 
arraiiii-enieiits to capture Chirk and his l)aiid of heroes, which he expected to 
accomplisli with Init little ditficulty. Clark, however, was aware of the Gov- 
ernors purpose, and also of the danger of his own situation, and determined 
to anticipate his enemy. Having left a sufficient number of men to ensure the 
safety of tlie-coiKpiests he had already made, he ju'oceeded with the residue, 
by a forced mandi thi'ough swamps and (juagmires, to the AVabash, where he 
arrived without tlie loss of a man, though 'the country was so flooded that they 
were sometimes coiii[H'lled to swim. ■•■ ■••' The consecpience Avas, the post was 
carried by storm, and the Go\ernoi- and his troops made prisoners of war. 

"That expedition was not excelled in difficulty and suffering, or in daring 
courage, by the memorable niarcli of Arnold to (^)uebec, in 177."). (ieneral 
Clark succeeded in retaining military possession of that extensive country till 
the close of the war, and by that means secured it to the United States. The 
fact is well kiii)wii, that in arranging tlie articles of tlie treaty of peace, at 
Paris, tiie British commissioners insisted on tlie ( )hio river as part of the 
northern boundary of the United States; and that the Count de Vergennes 
favoreil tliat claim. It ap[)ears also from the diplomatic correspondence on that 
subject, that the only tenable ground on which the American commissioners 
relied to sustain their claim to the lakes as the lioundary, was the fact that 
(jreiiei'al Clark had coiKpiered the country, ami was in imdisputed military pos- 
session of it at the time of the negotiation. That fact was affirmed and 
admitted, and was tlie chief ground on which the J^ritish commissioners reluc- 
tantly abandoned their (laim." 

The territorial limits of the colonial (diarters were very indefinite, extending 
from land's end to the setting sun ; or, as expressed in the \'irginia charter, 
"fi'om sea to sea, \vest and northwest;" iiK^anin.;', realh, so much territory as 
6 



38 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

tlie cliavtered province could occupy jiud liold. The cliai'ters of Couuecticut and 
Massachusetts were doubtless as coinpreheusive, and, with no other sovereignty 
intervening, tlieir jurisdictidn would have extended westward to the Mississippi 
river. But in the Hrst place, the Dutch, in New York, had so extended their 
jurisdiction nortlnvard as to form a certain and defined political boundary on 
the west, and \vest of that still came the Britisli province of Canada. Neither 
Massachusetts nor Connecticut had ever executed a single act of sovereigntj^ 
over any ]mrt of the soil of Michigan. Tlieii- well-intentioned and hen>ic eiforts 
to lu'eak the British sovereignty in Canada, through the expedition against 
Quebec, failed. Michigan was politically identified with Canada, and should 
have followed the political fortunes of Canada, and the only reason that she 
did not, was, tliat the coiKjuests of Clark in tlie northwest had fixed the politi- 
cal sovereignty of that region, between which and Michigan there was no natural 
division or boundary, the great lakes thus becoming the admitted natural 
boundary between the two coiuiti'ies, and giving Michigan to tlie United 
States. 

While, therefore, as appeal's by the census report, both ]\Iassachusetts and 
Connecticut executed deeds of cession — the foi-mer in 1785, and the latter in 
17S(), both of them after the Virginia cession, which was in March, 1784 — 
the (piery naturally arises, ^vhat had they to cede? Their cession could have 
been notliing more than a formal act, e(iui\alent to a (juit-claim deed to (piiet 
title. The only color of consideration that appears, is the reservation b_y Con- 
necticut of the title to the soil of what is known as the " Western Keserve," in 
Ohio, as a means of compensating some of her soldiers in the \var of the I'evo- 
lution. The mere fact that the tract was called a " reserve " does not relieve 
it from the merits of a grant, and can in no sense be held as an admission, on 
the part of Congress, of any right of sovereignty on the }>art of the State of 
Coiujecticut. The j^olicy of Congress, not to adjudicate upon disputed bounda- 
ries between the States, is relevant here, and is clearly stated in a report of a 
committee on the Virginia cession, September LS, r7S;5, as follows: 

" As to the last condition, your committee are of opinion that Congress 
cannot agree to guarantee to the commonwealth of Vii'ginia the land described 
in the said condition, without entering into a discussion of the right of the 
State of Virginia to the said land; and that, by the acts of Congress, it appears 
to have been their intention, Axhich the committee cannot but approve, to avoid 
all discussion of the territorial rights o-f individual States, and only to recom- 
mend and accept a cession of their claims, trliatsoener tluij miijltt he, to vacant 
territory." 



PRELIMINARY CIIAFTERS. 39 

Siiiiilar i;rouii(l was lield in a report submitted in Congress Se])teiiil)er 6, 
17S(», in view of acts and remonstrances of the States of New York, Maryland 
and \'iri:inia, relative to the general sultjt-ct of territoi'ial cession. So it seenis 
plain that tlie (.'onnecticut "reserve" in no way conunitted Congress to any 
claim of soverei<int\ on tlie ])art of the State of Connecticut. 

The tiist act of piopositioii of cession liy \'irgiiiia was on .laiiiiai-y second, 
ITM. This act pro\ idcd that the ceded territory should lie formed into States 
not less than one hundred iiin- moi'e than one liundreil and lifty miles square, 
and that "all the remaining territory of ^'ilginia included iietween the Atlantic 
ocean ami the southeast side of the Iviver ( )]no, and the Maryland, Peiinsylvaniti 
and North Carolina lioundarics, shall he guaranteed to the conuuonwealth of 
\'irL:inia li\ the said Cnited States." This was the guarantee w hitdi the com- 
mittee of Congress, in the report (pioted from, deemed it imiiroper to make. 

The act of cession of December it*, 1788, autlioi'ized the \'iiginia delegates 
in Congress to cede to the United States, on the modilied terms pi<iposed by 
Couirress, "tlie territory or tract of country within tlie limits of the \'irginia 
cliartei-, situate, lying and being to the northwest of the Kiver Ohio," and the 
deed of cession was made accordingly. 

The ordinance of 1787, for tlie govei'iuuent of the Northwest Territory, so 
far varied the terms of the cession as to provide that the territory shotdd be 
formed into iiDt less than three nor more tlian five States, desci'ibing the boiin- 
(hiries of three of tliem, which should become fixed and estal)lishe(l "as soon as 
Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same." The ordinance 
further provided that the boundaries should be subject to l)e so far altered by 
Congress "tliat they shall have authority to form one or two States in that 
part of the said territory whicli lies north of an east and west line drawn 
through the soiitlierh lieiid or extreme of Lake Michigan." This ordinance was 
ratitied l)y \'irginia Deceudjer oO, 178.S. 

Tluis it a])])ears that Virginia was the oidy party cousulteij liy Congress in 
regard to the structure of tlie States of the Northwest Territory, and that the 
Territors of Michigan was imduded by special description, as lying north of an 
east and \\est line ■•drawn througli the southerly bend or extreme of Lake 
Mi(diigan," in the ordinance pidpo>ed by Congress to ^'iIginia, and ai-cepted 
by lu-r. 

If it be contended that \'irginia c<)nveye<l only such territory as was " within 
the limits of the \'irginia (diarter," it proves nothing, because, as has been said, 
the territorial limits of all of the early charters wei'c indefinite, and the Virginia 
grant, "from sea to sea, west and northwest," would certainly limit her in either 



40 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

directitui only l)y Iht aims and prowess, wliirli, as has been seen, sa-ved to the 
Union, not only 3Iieliigan, lint snbstantially the entire of the other fonr States 
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. 

The writer is not familial- \vith the ground on whieh the elaim of the direct 
descent of the sovereiiiiity from Great Britain to the United States is Ijused. 
But if the ^'il■^■inia claim is proven, it would seem that this is of necessity dis- 
proven. As relevant on this point, it should be l)orne in mind that the United 
States, under the confederation, ]iossessed no I'ights of sovereignty. The refusal 
of Congress to adjudicate ujiou disputed lioundaries between tlie states has lieen 
shown. If Congress at the time had been itself the possessor of territory, and 
exercising sovereignty, it might have become involved in a disputed boundary 
Avith a state, and been impelled to do what it refused to do as between states, 
namely, settle the dispute by an exercise of its imjierial ])ower, eitlier with or 
without authority. All the states felt jealous and ap})rel)ensive of the confed- 
eration, and in view of this. Congress, in the interests of jieace and good 
understanding, refrained from the exercise of enlarged powers, consistent Avith 
Avhich was its refusal to adjudicate upon disputed boundaries. The confedera- 
tion, as represented l)y Congress, had no right to ac(pure or hold territory, and 
any attem})t by it to do so would have awakened widespread discontent. If 
territory had been coiKpiered l)y the common arms, it is questionable whether 
it would not have fallen of necessity under the jurisdiction of the states to 
which it was contiguous, or if iso]ate<l, Avhether the United States could have 
done more than hold military possession of it until it could lie formed into 
a state. But in the case of Michigan, the conquest was by the State of Virginia, 
and not by the common arms. 

The first exercise of territorial sovereignty by the Ignited States was in con- 
nection with the Northwest Territory, and this was by virtue of a s])ecial 
compact, to which Congress on the one hand, and the State of Virginia on the 
other, were the parties. And this compact conferred no permanent oi- alisulute 
sovereignty upon Congress, Imt only a limited trusteeship, which must of neces- 
sity terminate wit-li the admission of the territory as states into the Union. It 
is doubtful whether such a compact could have been made, if the teiniination 
of congressional powers under it, in the natural oi-der of things, had not been 
foreseen. 

This view of the ease is consistent Avith the opinion of Chancellor Manning 
(Walkei-'s Michigan Reports, 164), Avhere, speaking of certain s]iecific articles in 
the ordinance of 1787, it is said: "These articles a])2)ear to have had several 
objects in vieAV. First, to su]i]ily the place of a constitution, until the neAV 



PHKLIMINAKY CHAPTERS. 41 



stati's til uTiiw 11]) ill llif tcnlltiiy slimild hi- adiiiittcil to all tlic rivlits of tln^ 
i-oiifctlt'i'acv. ■■■■ " Second, to iiiakf llic tcniloi'v a pair of ijic confcdcrafy, 
with rcrtaiii riu'lits, licfon- llic new stales wciv oi'uaiii/.cil : and iiol a mere 
ilc|it'iidfiicv of the coiifcdfracx , without any riizhts of its own. The confcdcra- 
tioii \\;is a conijiact lictwccii so\ crciLin states. It was ohli;.:atoi-y upon, and 
secured the rii:hls of, the slates that were parties to it, Imt it went no farthei-; 
and, whi'ii the territory northwest of the (H\\<< ceased to he a coniponeiil pari 
of any one of these states, it would, at the same time, have ceased to lie a 
part of the confederac\-. ami to lie suliject to the articles of confederation, Init 
for the ordinance." 

It was not until after the adoption of the constitution that the ruited States 
assunieil or exercised the riL;ht of territorial sovereiuiity, iu the mattei- of the 
Loui>iana [)ureliase, and at that time the authorit\ was deemed .so t|iiesti(iiial)Ie 
that .Mr. Jett'ersou (^([Uotiiij;- from early impressions Imt not from the I'eeonl) 
sai<l that tlie imjxirtanee of the measure justified it, hut tliat the least said aliout 
its euiistitutioiialitv the hetler. P)iit this and sul)seqiieiit acqriisitioiis have 
quieted all sci'uples liy placing' the government of the United States in a posi- 
tion where it has of necessity exercised a larue discretion in tlie <>:overninent 
and disposition of the national domain. 

The first seat of li-oveinmeiit of the Northwest Territory was at C'hillicothe, 
in tlie now State <if Oliio. By act of Congress of May 7th, 1. son, the territory 
was divided preparatory to the admission of Ohio into the Union as a State, 
and the "Indiana Territory" was erected, with the seat of government at Vin- 
cennes. By act of Janiiary, 1 «";-), the Territory of Michigan was set off fiMUi 
the Indiana Territtiry, the same system of government Ijeing continued as origin- 
allv provideil, the seat of government heiiig estaldislied at Deti'<iit. By this act 
the southern liotindarv of Michigan was fi.ved hy a line drawn due east from 
the soutlierly lieiid oi' extreme of Lake Michigan until it intersect Lake Erie, and 
tlie western Ipoiindaiv ihroiigh Lake IMicliigan and thence due north to tlie 
iiorlhein houiidaiy of the riiited States, the British p<issessions forming the 
northern and eastern lioiindary. This included on tlie south a striji of teri'itory 
now forming a part of tlie State of Oliio, and did not include the iitirthern or 
ujipei- peninsula of the now State of Michigan. 

OIKiA.MZATIoN oK TIIK sr.VTK (iOVKU.N.MKNT. 

In the year IS:',,") the people of Micdiigan took stejis foi' forming a State 
government, preparat<iry to admission into the Union under section three of 
artii le four of the constitution of the United States, and held a cimventiou and 



42 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

adojited a ooiistitiitiou fV)i' tliat purjiose. The admission of the State into the 
Union, however, was dehiyed nntil 18;^ 7, cliietly in conseqnence of a disagi-ee- 
ment in regard to the sontheni Ixmiidary, tlie State of Oliio laying claim to 
the strip (jf territory jii'evionsly refei'i'ed to, wliich, it Avas claimed on the other 
hand, was within the Territory of Michigan, and Avhich end)races within its 
limits the present city of Toledo. The dispute at one time seriously threatened 
an armed collision, and military forces were nuistered on l)Otli sides, in \vhat 
is popularly and somewliat jocularly known as the "Toledo war." The diffi- 
culty \vas put in course of settlement l)y the act of Congress of -lune, 188(5, 
fixing the disputed boundary in accordance with the claim of Ohit), but giving 
to Michigan, instead, the territory known as the Upper Peninsxda. The condi- 
tions having been accepte<l i)y Michigan, the State Avas formally ailmitted into 
the Union l)y act of Congress of January 26, 1887. 

SEAT OF G0VERN:MENT and S'l'ATE CAPITOL. 

The seat of government remained at Detr()it until 1847, Avhen an act was 
passed for its removal. The act is probably one of the shortest ])ul)lic acts 
ever passed. After the enacting clause, it provides "that the seat of govern- 
ment of this State shall be in the township of Lansing, in the county of 
Ingham." A supplementary act was passed, however, providing for the removal. 

Commissioners were selected to locate a site within the town of Lansing, 
and the site of the present city of Lansing was chosen, partly because it was 
a "school section," there being but a single settler in the immediate vicinity. 
A frame Iniilding, costing, with an addition since made, about $22,500, was 
erected during the summer of 1847, and occupied by the legislature on the first 
of January, 1848, and has ever since been the "State House." At the legisla- 
tive session of 1871, an act Avas passed providing for the erection of a new 
State capitoL A board of State building commissioners Avas provided for, 
who have charge of the construction of the new capitol. The cost of the 
building and incidental expenses Avas limited to |1, 200,000, |lO(i,000 payable 
in 1872, $200,000 in each of the years 1878, 1874, 1875, and 1876, and 
$300,()()() in 1877. A preliminary appi-opriation of $10,000 was made for plans, 
etc., in 1871, and in 1875 special appropriations for heating and ventilating, for 
changes and improvements, rooting, cornice, etc., Avere made, amounting to 
$175,000. The length of the building, exclusiA^e of porticos, is 845 feet 2 
inches; Avidth, 191 feet 5 inches; height of lantern, 265 feet. The edifice is 
designed to accommodate the legislature, State offices, supreme court. State 



niELLMl^^AllY CHAPTERS. 



43 



lil)r;ii\, ('t<-. Tlie corner-stone was laid on tlie second day of October, 1873, 
and tlie contract time for its completion is the first of Decembei', 1877. 



(ioVKWNoUS OF JtlCHIGAN. 



The names of the governors of Michigan, witli their tei-nis of sei'vice, and 
the sovereiii'ntv under which acting, are as follows : 



rxDEu FitnNcn domintox. 



Samikl CiiAMri.Aix, 

M. I)K M(lXTMA(;XY, . 
M. Die AlLLKHOVT, 

^I. UK Lauson, . 

M. UK Lausox (son), 

^I. ni: AiLLKBorx, 

^[. i)i; Au<;exsox, . 

BaUOX I)E AVAXGOIR, 

M. DE Mesey, 

M. DE CoUECELLES, . 
COUXT DE FkONTEXAC, 
M. DE I,A BaRRE, 

M. DE Norvii.i.K, . 
Count de Froxtexac, 
M. DE Callieres, . 

M. DE YALDREriL, . 

M. DE Beauharxois, 
M. DE Galissoxieke, 

M. DE LA JOXQUIERE, 
M. Df QVESXE, . 



Ki.Ki- 
1II4X- 
l(i.31- 
16.56 

1(>.">.S 

1663- 
1(!6.5- 
1672- 
16,S2- 
1685- 
16H9- 
1699- 
170:5- 
1726 
1747- 
1749- 
1752- 



:sr. 



Vaidreuil DE Cavagxac, 175-5 



1 63.5 
-1647 
-16.50 
-16.56 
-1657 
-1658 
-1660 
-1663 
-1665 
-1672 
-1682 
-1685 
4689 
-1698 
-1703 
-1725 

1747 
4749 
-1752 
-1755 
-1763 



vxder british do.mixiox. 
Jame-s Murray, . . . 1763-1767 
Gv\ Cari.etox, . . . . 1768-1777 
Frederick Haldimaxd, . 1777-1785 
Hexry Hamii.tox, . . . 17«5-1786 
Lord Dorchester, . . 1786-1796 



territorial governors under the 

united states. 

X</rthwe«t Territory : 



Arthur 8t. Clair, . 


. 179(1-1800 


Indiana Territory : 




William Henry- Harrison, 


. 1800-1805 


Michigan Territory: 




William Hull, 


. 180.5-1813 


Lewls Cass, .... 


181.3-1831 


George B. Porter,* 


. 1831-1834 


Stevens T. Mason, ex officio, 


1834-1835 


UNDER state AUTHOR 


ity. 


Stevens T. Mason, . 


. 183.5-1840 


William Woodbridge, 


1840-1841 


J. Wright GoRDON,f 


. 1841-1842 


John S. Barry, . . . 


1842-1846 


Alpheus Felch, 


. 1846-1847 


William L. GREEXLY,t 


1847-1848 


Epaphroditus Ean.*om, . 


. 1848-18.50 


John S. Barry-, 


18.50-18.52 


Robert McClelland, 


. 1852-18.53 


Andrew PAR.soNs,t 


1853-1855 


Kinsley S. Bixgha.m, 


. 185.5-1859 


Moses Wisner, 


1859-1861 


Austin Blair, . 


. 1861-1865 


Henry H. Crapo, . 


186.5-1869 


Henry P. Baldwin, 


. 1869-1873 


John J. Bagley, . 


1873-1877 



•Died while in office, July 6, 1834, and was succeeded by the then Secretary of the Territory, Stevens 
T. JIason. 



f Lieutenant Governors acting as Governor. 



4i MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



III.— NATIONAL AND PATRIOTIC SONGS. 

THIS Avork will liave failed in one essential feature if it do not fostei' and nur- 
ture a love of Country, a love of State, and a love of Home. Tliis sentiment, 
wliieh is confined to no pei^ple and to no land, finds its best ex])res8iou in 
poetry-and song. We cannot do better, tlierefoi'e, than make a collection of 
national and patriotic songs for the third and last of our preliminary eha})ters. 
The pieces are principally cojiied from various Centennial collections. "We 
adopt, as part of these introductory remarks, the following, entitled, 

CUE NATIVE S0N(t. 



Our native ?:oiig I oiu native Kong ! 

Oh ! where is he wlio loves it not '! 
The spell it holds is deep and strong, 

Where'er we go, whate'er our lot ; 
Let other music greet our ear, 

With thrilling fire or dulcet tone, 
We speak to praise, we pause to hoar, 

But j'et, oh! yet 'tis not oTir own! 
The anthem chant, the ballad wild, 

The notes that we remember long, 
The theme we sing with lisping tongues, 

'Tis this we love, our native song. 



The one who bears the felon's brand. 

With moody brow anil darken'd name, 
Thrust meanly from his fatherland, 

To languish out a life of shame; 
Oh I let him hear some simple strain — 

Some lay his mother tauuht her bov — 
He'll feel the charm, and dream again 

Of home, of innocence and joy. 
The sigh will burst, the tear will start, 

And all of virtue buried long, 
The best, the purest in his heart. 

Is waken'd by his native song. 



rilELLMlxNAKY CUArTEliS. 45 



Selt'-cxiU'd from hi.< plan' of birtli, 

Ti) clinics more tVafrnint, briirlit uiul <::i\ 
Tlic mcnrrv of our own fair eartii 

■Mav ciiani'c awliilc to fade awav; 
Bui shoulii >omc minstrel ceiio fail, 

Of ciioriis tliat iireallie Columliia's fame, 
Our souls will l)urn, our spirits yearn, 

True to the land we love and claim. 
The liigli, the low — in weal or woe: 

Be sure there's soniethiuj;- ciddlv wronj; 
About the heart that does not glow 

To hear its own, its native sonjr. 



In this collection we sliiill include as well our native songs, as songs of 
otlier nations, not only in (le\(>ti(iii to a universal sentiment, but because otlier 
iiatiuiis are s(i largely reiiresented in (Hir own, believing that while our citizens 
of tV>reign liirth w ill re})eat the songs of their fatherland Avith a love and fervor 
tlnit will do honor to the sentiment that In-eathes through them, they will yet 
all rise to the refrain — 

"While "Yankee oak' bears 'Yankee hearts' courageous to the core, 
Columbia free shall rule the sea, Columbia evermore." 

In the selections, we would gladly have oniitteil those pieces ha\'ing refer- 
ence to the civil war, as calculated to ]icr|icru;ite feelings of sectional animosity, 
but we cannot tlisiiense with " ^Ticdiigan, my Michigan," and the rhythm of 
"Tramp, tramp, tramp," as the imjuisoned sohlier confidently looks forward to 
the "starry flag" as his delixern-, evokes ciuolions that will raise rite true heart, 
whether federal or confederate, far above all thought of the strife w liicli called 
it forth. 

AMERICAN NATIONAL SONGS. 

.MY COUNTKV, 'lis OI' TIIKi:. 



My country, 'tis of thee, 
Sweet land of liberty. 

Of the.' I sing: 
Litud where my fathers died, 
Laud of the jiilgrims' pride. 
From every mountain side 

Let freedom ring. 



46 MICHIGAN AND THE CP^NTENNIAL. 



Mv nativr (■•Miniry. tlicc, 
Land iif the imhlr free, 

Tliv iiaim.' I love: 
I love thy n.cks and nils, 
Thy woods and tcini.lcd liills, 
My heart with rapture tlirills, 

Like tliat alH.vf. 

111. 
Let iiiusic swell the hreeze, 
Aud ring from all the trees 

Sweet freedom's song; 
Let mortal tongues awake, 
Let all that breathe partake, 
Let rocks their silence break, 

The sound prolong. 

IV. 

Our fathers' God, to thee, 
Author of liberty. 

To thee we sing ; 
Long may our laud be bright 
With freedom's holy light ; 
Protect us with thy might. 

Great God. (lur King! 



HAIL COH'MmA. 



This popular national song was written in 17i*8, by Ju<lge Hopkinson. 
At that period a ^\:\v witli France was thought inevital)le. Party spirit ran 
high among all classes. A theater was open in TMiiladelphia, and a young man 
who had some talent as a singer announced liis benefit on its boards. He was 
acquainted with Judge Hophiiison, aud, discouraged at his prospect of success, 
called on him on Saturday afternoon, and stated that he feared a loss, instead 
of a l)enefit ; but tliat if he could get a })atriotic song, adapted to the tune of 
the "President's maivli," then cpiite jxipidar, he might depend on a full house. 
The judge replied that he would try to fiu'nish one. The next afternoon the 
young man came again, and the song was hamh'd him. It was announced on 
Monday morning. In the evening the theater was ciowcU^d to excess, aud con- 
tinued to be, night after night, through the entire season — the song being loudly 
encored and rejieated man\ times during each night, the audience Joining in the 
chorus. It was also smig at night in the streets \>\ large assemblies of citizens, 



PKKLIMINARY fllAPTERS. • 47 



including members of Congress, jiikI lumnl ra\i>r witli l)(>tli [i.-u'ties, as neither 
eoukl disavow its sentiments. 



II:\ill ('iiluiulii:!. Ii;i]i})y laiidl 

Hail, yo liwow, licaven-horu baud, 

Who fuujrlit and \i\vd in i'reedoiu's cause, 

Who fought antl hied in freedom's cause, 

Ami when the storiu ot war was gone, 

Enjoyed the peace your valor won; 

Let independence i>e your lioast, 

Ever mindful wliat it cost. 

Ever grateful for tlie prize, 

Let its altar reach the skit*. 

Chorus — Firm, united, let us be, 

Rallying round our liberty, 
As a band of brothers joined, 
Peace and safety we shall find. 



Immortal patriots! rise once morel 
Defend your rights, defend your shore; 
Let no rude foe, with impious hand. 
Let no rude foe, with impicius hand. 
Invade the shrine where sacred lies. 
Of toil and blood the well-earned prize; 
While offering peace, sincere and just. 
In heav'n we place a nuuily trust, 
That truth and justice nmy prevail. 
And every scheme of bondage fail! 

Chorus — Firm, united, etc. 



Sound, sound the trump of fame! 

Let Wiishiugton's great name 

Ring through the world with lou<l applause! 

Ring through the world with lou<l applause! 

Let every clime to freedom dear 

Listen with a joyful ear; 

With equal skill, with steady power, 

He governs in the fearful hour 

Of horrid war, or guides with ea.se, 

The happier time of honest peace. 

Choru.s — Firm, united, etc. 



48 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Bchukl tlie fhief, ulio iu<\\ (•(iiuukukIs, 
Once more to serve liis coiiiitry stands, 
The roek on which the storm will bent, 
Tlie rock on which the storm will heat; 
But armed iu virtue, firm and tr\ic. 
His hopes are fixed on luavcn and you. 
When hope was sinking in dismay, 
When gloom obscured Columbia's day, 
His steady mind, from changes free. 
Resolved on death or liberty. 

Chorus — Firm, united, etc. 

THE STAK-SPAN(iLED BAXNKI!. 

This song was written l)y Francis Scott Key, of Baltimore, September 14, 
1814. After burning Washington, tlie British advanced towards Baltimore, 
and were met by a smaller number of Americans, most of whom were captured 
and taken to the large fleet, then preparing to attack Fort McHenry. Among 
the prisoners was a Dr. Beanies, an intimate friend of Mr. Key. Hoping to 
intercede for the doctor's release, Mr. Key, with a Hag of truce, started iu a 
sail-boat for the admiral's vessel. Here he was detained in his boat, moored 
from the stern of the flag-ship, during the terril)le bombtirdnient of twenty-five 
hours, and at last, seeing the "Star-spangled Banner" still waving, he seized 
an old letter from his pocket, and on a l)arrel-hea(l, wrote the following stanzas:* 

Oh! say, can you see by the dawn's early li<j;ht. 

What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming, 

Whose broad stripes and bright stars thro' the perilous fight, 
O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming; 

And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 

Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. 

Oh! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave. 

O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! 

II. 
On the shore dindy seen thro' the mist of the deep. 

Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, 
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, 

As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? 
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, 
In full glory reflected, now shines in the stream: 
'Tis the star-spangled banner. Oh! long may it wave, 
O'er the lan<l of the free and the home of the brave! 



•Anderson's History; Nason's Monogram, et al. 



PliELL^^I^•AUY chapters. 49 



And where is iIkiI ii;iii(l wlui >n v;iiiiitinnlv swore, 

'^lid tlie havoc ol' war ami the hattle's coiifusioii, 
A home and a c-omitry lliey'd have ii.- no morel 

Their blood has washed out their foul footstep's pollution; 
No refuge could save the hirelini; and slave 
From the terror of flii^ht or the ulooni of the grave. 
And the star-s])an}rled lianmr in triumph shall wave, 
O'er the land of the free and tiie home of tlie l)rave! 

IV. 

Oh I thus he it ever when freemen sjiall stand 

between their lov'd honu« and the war'.s desolation; 
]?lest with viet'ry and peace, may our heav'n rescued land 

Praise the ]jower that hath made and preserved us a nation. 
Then conquer we must, for our cause it is just, 
And this be our motto. "In (Jod is our trust." 
And the star-si)anglrd lianiicr in triumph shall wave, 
Wiiile the hind of the free is the home of tlie l)rave! 

COM .MlilA, TIIK (iKM OF THE OCEAN. 

1. 
O Columbia! the irein of the ocean, 

Tlie iiome of the brave and the free, 
The shrine of each patriot's devotion, 

A world offers homage to thee. 
Thy mandates make heroes assemble. 

When liberty's form stands in view, 
Thy iianners make tyranny tremlile, 

Wlicn lionie liy the rr<l. whiti' and l)lue, 

Wlicii l)orni- liy tiie red, white and blue, 

Wiiiii l)orn<' by the red, white and blue, 
Thy banners make tyranny tremble. 

When borne by the red, white and blue. 

II. 
When war wiiiirt-d its wide desolation. 

And tiiriatemd the land to deform, 
The ark tiicn of freedom's foundation, 

Cojundiia, nxh' safe through the storm; 
With garlands of viet'ry around Jier, 

When so proudly sIk- bore her \n-nw crew, 
With her flag proudly floating before her, 

The boast of the red, white and blue, 

The boast of the red, white and blue. 

The boast of the red, white and blue, 
With her flag ])roudly floating before her, 

The boast of the red, white and blue. 



50 MICHIGAN AlSD THE CE^iTENiNlAL. 



TIk' wiiH'-fiiii. till' wiiu'-cup lu-iiii:' liitlu'r. 

And fill you it Hue li> the liriiu! 
May the wreaths they liave won never wither, 

Nor the star of their glory grow dinil 
Jlay the sevviee united ne'er sever. 

l>ul ihey to their eohirs jirove true! 
The army an<l n;ivy tiirever. 

Three eheers for liu' red, while and liine, 

Three eheers for tlie ml, wiiite and blue, 

Three eheers fnr the red, wiiite and iijue. 
The army and navy tiirevir. 

Three elieers tor tlie red, wluli' and hlue. 



OIK FJ.At; IS TllEKK.* 



Our tiau- is there! Our thig is there! 

We'll hail it with three lend huzzas! 
Our flag is there! Our flag is there! 

Behold the glorious Stripes and Stars! 

ti. 
Stout hearts have t'ougiit for that lu-iglu Hag, 

Strong hands sustained it mast-head high. 
And oh! to see how proud it waves. 

Brings tears of joy in ev'ry eye. 



That tlag has stood the battle's roar, 

With foemeu stout, with foemen brave, 

Strong hands have sought that flag to low'r, 
And found a speedy wat'ry grave! 

IV. 

Tliat Hag is known on ev'ry shore, 
The standard of a gaHaut band, 

Alike unstained in peaee or war. 

It float,* o'er Freedom's liappv land. 



Our flag is there! Our flag is there! 

We'll hail it with three loud huzzas ! 
Our flag is there! Our flag is there! 

Behold the glorious Stripes and Stars! 

Writteu by an officer of the American navy during the war of 1812. 



PHELIMINAUY CHAPTEKS. 51 



VANKKK IXiODI.K. 



During the sununer of IT.");'), an aiiny wuh being organized on the hanks 
of the Hudson, nearly o|)|)osite Alli.niy, for defense against the French and 
Indians. "N'ohnitecis tVoiii the siiri'cumding roimtry tiocked in, and tlieir rustic 
appearance, as they drilled to the music of fife and drum, afforded much 
amusement for the regulars. Di'. Sdiackhurg, of the British army, thinking to 
liave a little fun. wrcttc a melody and presented it to the rustics as one of 
the most celelirated martial airs. The joke took, and shortly Yankee Doodle 
was heard throughout the ])rovincial army. The tune has been sung to various 
■words since the time of Cromwell, and is said to have been known for cen- 
turies back, as a Spanish national air. 'J'he Yankee Doodle of the Revolution 
began Avith "Father and I went down to camp." The words given here were 
written by (ieneral (reo. P. Mmi-is, of Philadelphia."' 



Ouce ou a time old Johnny Bull flew in a raging f'nrv, 
And swore that Jonathan (-hould have no trials, .sir, l)y jury; 
That no electiou.s s^hould be held acro.ss the briny waters: 
And now, said he, " I'll tax the tea of all his .sons and daughters." 
Then down sat he in burly state and blustered like a grandee. 
And in derision made a tune called "Yankee Doodle Dandy." 
Yankee doodle, these are fact.s — Yankee doodle dandy: 
"My son of wax, your tea I'll tax; you — Yankee doodle dandy." 

, II. 

John sent the tea from o'er the sea, with heavy duties rated. 
But whether hyson or bohea I never heard it stated, 
Then Jonathan to pout began — he laid a strong embargo — 
"I'll drink no tea, by Jove!" so he threw overboard the cargo. 
Then Johnny sent a regiment, big words and looks to bandy, 
Whose martial band, wliitn near the land, played " Yankee doodle dandy. 
Yankee doodle — keep it uj) — Yankee doodle dandv — 
I'll poison with a tax your eup; you "Yankee doodle dandy." 

III. 
A long war then they liail, in which John was at last defeated. 
And "Yankee doodle" wa.s the march to which his troops retreated. 
'Cute Jonathan, to .see them fly, could not restrain his laughter, 
"That tune," .said he, "suits to a T — I'll sing it ever after." 
Old Johnny's face, to his di.sgrace, was flushed with beer and brandy. 
E'en while he swore to sing no more this "Yankee doodle dandv." 

Yankee doodle — ho, ha, he — Yankee doodle dandy; 

We kept the tune, but not the tea — Yankee doodle dandy. 

•Moore's Encyclopedia; Lossing, et al. 



52 MICHIGAN AM) Tin; CHNTKNMAL. 



I'vo told Vim now tlic ori^:!!! ni' llii> niii>l li\rly dilty, 

Whicli Johnny Bull dislikes ;\s "ilull and sinpid "— wlial a |>ily ! 

With "Hail Cohunhia" it is sunt;-, in chorns full and hearty: 

On land and main we hreathe tin' strain John made lor liis lea party. 

No mutter how we rh\ me the words, the music >|ieal<.s them handy, 

Aud wherc's the fair can't sing the air of "Yankee doodle dandy!" 

Yankee doodle, lirm and true — Y.aidvce doodle dan<ly; 

Yankee doodle, doodle do, Vanke,' d lie ,landv. 



THE LIHKUTY S()X(;. 

"Tlie Libert}^ Song" was written by -John Dii-kiiison, of Delaware, autlior 
of "The Farmer's Letters." It -was ptiblislied in tlie "Boston Gazette," Jnly 
18, 17()S; and in Scptcmlx'i- of the same year it was issued with the tune, 
"Hearts of Oak," by Dr. Jioyce,* and became very popuhir tliroughout the 
colonies. The Avords are also credited to Mrs. General James Warren, who 
was a sister of Janu-s ( )tis.f 



Como, join hand in hand, brave Amerifaus, all, 

And arouse yo\ir hold hearts at fair liberty's call; 

No tyranuous acts shall suppress your just claim, 

Or stain with dishonor America's name. 

Clioia's — In freedom we're horn, and in freedom we'll live; 
Our jmr.ses are ready; steady, friends, steady I 
Not as slaves, hut as t'reemeii, our monev we'll give. 



Our worthy forefathers — let's give them a cheer — 
To climates uukuown did courageously stier; 
Thro' oceans to deserts for freedom they came. 
And, dying, bequeathed us their freedom aud fame. 
Ciioitus — lu freedom we're born, etc. 



Their geuerous bosoms all danger despised. 
So liighly, so wisely, their birthrights they prized ; 
'We'll keep what they gave, we will piously keep, 
Nor frustrate their toils on the land an<l tlie dee]). 

Chorus — In freedom we're bom, etc. 



*Dr. William Boyce, a distinguislied composer, born in London 1710, died 1779. 

f Frank Moore's Songs anil Ballads of the Revolution; Moore's Encyclopedia of Music, etc. 



i'i;i;li.minai;v ('IIaptkks. 53 



Tlic tree their dwii hands had In liliiM-ty i-carccl, 
Tlu'V lived til hihiihl j;rovviiig !>troug aud reverud ; 
With tniiis|icii'i til y criod, " Now our wislics we fiaiii, 
For otir ehilih-i-ii shall pithc r tln' tVuits nf niir |iaiM." 

ClluliUS — In tVeudoni we're horn, ete. 



Swarms of plaeeincii and |m nsinnei-s simn will a|i|iear, 
Like locusts, dei'onuing the charms of the year; 
Suns vainly will rise, showers vainly descend, 
If we are to drudge for what others shall spend. 
Chorus — lu freedom we'ic horn, etc. 



Then join hand in httnd, lirave Americans all ; 
By uniting we stan<l, hy dividing we fall; 
In so righteous a cause let us hope to succeed, 
For Heaven approves of each generous deed. 
CuoRUS — In ficcdom wr'rv horn, etc. 

VII. 

All ages shall speak with amaze and a]iplaiise 
Of the courage we'll show in support of onr laws ; 
To die we can bear, but to serve we disdain. 
For shame is to freemen more dreadful tlian pain. 
CllORfs — In freedom we're horn, etc. 

\' 1 1 1 . 
This bumi)er I crown for our sovereign's health, 
Aud this for Britannia's glory and wealth ; 
That wealth and that ghny immortal may be, 
If she is but just, and if we are but free. 
Choru.s — In freedom w(''re born, etc. 



TIIK SI I II' OF ST.VTK. 

1. 
Sail on, .sail on, thou ship of state. 
Sail on, O! rnion, strong and great; 
Humanity, with all its fears. 
Is hanging breathless on thy fate. 
We know what nntster laid thy keel. 
What workman wrought thy ribs of steel, 
Whn maile each mast, eni'h sail, each rope; 



'H. W. Longfellow. 
8 



54 MICHIGAN AIS'D THE CENTENNIAL. 

Wh;it MiiviltJ raiiu', wlial liaimiicrs beat, 

III wlial a tlii'ii'c, in wlial a liral, 

Were sliajH'd llie anclmrs nf ihv lidpc 

Foar not each sudden smind ami slmek — 

"Tis <il' the wave, and ncil the i-cick : 

"Tis Imi the flappiiii;' "I' llie sail. 

And not a vent made hy the i;:de. 

In s|iite of roek and trni|iesl roar. 

In spite of false lights on llie shore, 

8ail on, nor fear to breast the sea: 

Our heails, our lidpes, mir prayers, our lear.- 

Our I'aith, Iriunipliant o'er our fears, 

Are all with thee, -.xrv all with thee. 



now SLKKl- Till.: 1!1!AVK.* 

I. 

How sleej) the brave, who sink to rest, 
Hy all their eountry's wishes blest I 
When spring-, with dewy fingers cold, 
Juvturns to deek their hallowed nnild, 
She there shall dress a sweeter sod 
Tliaii fanev's feet have I'xcr trod. 



By fairy hands their kiull is rung; 
By forms unseen their dirge is sung ; 
There Honor comes, a jiilgrim gray, 
To bless the turf that wra])s their clay ; 
And Freedom shall a while repair. 
To dwell, a weeiiing herinit, there. 



TIIK FLAfi Ol" (Mi; IMoX.I 

1. 
'A song for our banner," llu' wateliword recall. 

Wiiich gave the republic her station ; 
'I"nited we .stand, divided we tall I " 

It made and jire.serves us a nation I 
The union of lakes, the union of lands, 

The union of States none can sever; 
The union of hearts, the union ot' hands. 

And the flag of our liiinn forever and ever, 

The flag of our Union forever! 



* William Collins, England, 
f George P. Morris. 



PKKLIMIXARY CHAPTERS. 55 



Wliat (!(>(! ill His wisdom ami luercy dcsignod, 

And ariiu'd with His weapons of thuudcr, 
Jvut all tiic earth's despots and faetions (■ond)ined, 

Have the power to conciuer or sunder! 
The union of hikes, the union of lands, 

The union of States none ean sever; 
The union of hearts, the union of hands, 

And the Hair of our l^nion forever and ever, 

Tlie flair of our Union forever I 



VIVA I.'AMKiac.V, IIOMK OF THE FREE. 
I. 

Noble rcpuhlic-: lia|ipiist ol' lands, 
Foremost of nations, CJolumhia stands; 
Freedom's proud banner floats in the skies, 
Where shout.s of liberty daily arise. 

'United we stand, divided we fall," 

'Union forever," freedom to all! 
Throufrhout the world our motto shall be, 
Viva rAinerica, hoiin' of the free. 



Should ever traitor rise in the land, 
Cursed be his homestead, withered his hand, 
Shame be his niem"ry. scorn he his lot. 
Exile his heritage, his name a blot! 
'United we stand, divided we fall," 
Granting a home and freedom to all ; 
Throughout the world our motto shall be. 
Viva I'America, lioiue of the iree. 



To all her heroes, justice and fame; 
To all her foes, a traitor's foul name ; 
Our "stri|)es and stars" still jjroudly shall 
Emblem of liberty, flag of the brave! 
'United we stand, divided we fall;" 
Gladly we'll die at our country's call ; 
Throughout tlic world out motto shall be, 
Viva TAmcrica, home of the free. 



56 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



IK A Ml', TK-AMI', IKAMI'.* 
I. 
Ill the prisdii C'cll I sit, tliiiikiiig, iiiothcr dear, of yciii, 

Aud our bright and happy home so far away ; 
And the tears they fill my eyes, spite of all that I eau do, 
Tim' I try to eheer my (■(unrades and be gav. 

Chorus — Ti-amp, tramp, tramp, the boys are marchiiii;; 
O, cheer up, comrades, they will come, 
And beneath the starry flag we shall 1)reathe the air again 
Of the freelaud in our own bebived home. 



In the battle front we stood, when their fiercest charge they made, 
And they swept us off, a hundred men or more; 

But liefore we reached their lines they were beaten back, dismayed 
Aud we heard the cry nf viet'ry o'er aud o'er. 
CnORUS — Tramp, (raiu|i, tramp, etc. 



So witliin the prison cell we are waiting for the day 

That shall come to open wide the iron door. 
And the hollow eye grows bright, and the poor lieart almost gay. 

As we think of seeing home and friends once more. 

Chorus — Tramp, tramp, tramp, etc. 



FLAG OF TIIK IIKKOES.I 

Fliig of the heroes who left us their glory. 

Borne tiiro' tlie battle-tield's tliuiider and flame. 
Blazoned in song aud illuiuined in story. 

Wave o'er us all who inherit their fame. 

t'noRUs — T'p with our banner bright, sprinkled with starry light. 
Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore; 
While thro' the sounding sky, loud rings the nation's cry. 
Union and Liberty! one evermore. 



Light of our firmament, guide of our nation, 
Pride of her children, aud honored afar; 

Let the wide beams of thy full constellation, 

Scatter each cloud that would darken a star. 

Chorus — V\> with (Jiir b'aiiiier bright, etc. 



* George F. Root. 

f Oliver Wendell Holmes. 



PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 57 



Ldi-d of llii' luivcrsc, sliicld us uiiil iruide us, 
'rrustiiitr 'I'lu'i' al\v;iys, in sluidow or suu — 

Thou hast united us, wim shall divide us? 
K('ei> us. () keeji us //((■ mdnij in one! 

Chorus — Uj) with i>ui- lianner hriii'ht, otc. 



rilK AMKIMCAN FLAW* 

I. 
Wlleu Freedom from her mountain height, 
Unfurled her standard to the air, 
She tore the azure robe of night, 
Aud set the stars of glory there ! 
She mingled with its gorgeous dies, 
The milky baldric of the skies. 
And strii)ed its i)ure celestial white. 
With streakings from the morniug light! 

Choki's — TIk'u from her mansion, in the suu, 
She called her eagle bearer down, 

And gave into his mighty hand. 
The svmbol of the chosen land. 



Majestic monarch of the cloud! 
AVho rear'st aloft thy regal form, 
To hear the tempest trumping loud, 
Aud see the lightning lances driven, 
When strides the warrior of the storm, 
Aud rolls the thunder drum of heaven ! 
Child of the sun ! to thee 'tis given 
To guard tiie banner of the free — 

CiiDKl's — To iioNir in the sulphur smoke, 
To waid away the battle stroke, 
.\nd bid the blendings shine afar, 
Like rainbows on the clouds of war. 



Flag of the brave ! thy folds shall Hy, 
The sigu of hope and triumph high! 
When speaks the signal trumpet's tone. 
And the long line comes gleaming on — 



►J. U. Drake. 



58 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Ere j'et the life-blood, warm and wet, 
Has dimm'd the glistening bayonet — 
Each soldier's eye shall brightly turn, 
To where the meteor glories burn. 

Chorus — Flag of the free heart's only home. 
By an angel's hand to valor given! 
Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 
And all thv hues were born in heaven. 



Flag of the seas! on oeean's wave, 
Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave: 
When death, careering on the gale, 
Sw"eeps darkly round the bellied sail. 
And frightened waves rush wildly back, 
Before the broadside's reeling rack. 
The dying wanderer of the sea 
Shall look at once to heaven and thee. 

Chorus — Forever float that standard sheet. 

Where breathes the foe that falls before us 
With Freedom's soil beneath our ieet. 
And Freedom's banner streaminsr o'er us! 



STAND BY THE FLA(;.* 

r. 
Stand by thi' flag — its folds have streamed in glory. 

To foes a fear, to friends a festal robe. 
And spread in rhythmic lines the sacred story, 

Of Freedom's triumphs over all the globe ; 
Stand by the flag on land and ocean billow — 

By it your fathers stood, unmoved and true- 
Living defended, dying, from their pillow. 

With their last blessing passed it on to you. 



Stand by the flag tho' death shots round it rattle, 

And underneath its waving folds have met, 
In all the dread array of sanguine battle, 

The quivering lance and glittering bayonet; 
Stand by the flag all doubt and treason scorning, 

Believe with courage firm and faith sublime. 
That it will float until th' eternal morning 

Pales in its glories all the lights of time. 

= Jobn N. Wilder. 



1'i;i;li.minai{y chapters. 59 



(Ml.lMlilA Wll.KS IIIK SKA. 

I. 
The jKMinon fliitirrs in the breeze, the anchor eonies apeak, 
'Let fall — sheet Ikhiii:" the briuy foam and oceau's waste we seek; 
The liooiniiiir gun speaks our adieu, fast fades our native shore, 
Colunihia free shall rule the sea ; Columbia evermore. 



We go the tempest's wrath to dare, the billows maddened play, 
Now elinibiug high against the sky, now rolling low away; 
AVhile "Yankee oak" l)ears "Yankee hearts," courageous to the core, 
Columbia free shall rule the sea; Columbia everruore. 

We'll bear her flag around the world, in thunder and in flame. 
The sea-girt isles a wreath of smiles shall form around her name ; 
The winils shall pipe her pteans loud, the billowy chorus roar, 
Columbia free shall rule the .sea; Columbia evermore. 



OUR MICHIGAN BONGS. 

While <inr Mii'lii^aii pmHical litcr.-itmv is (Hiite ricli and vai'icd, tlu' iiatriotic 
muse lias not s[)()kt'n as fict'ly as has that of some otln^i- lands — not, let us 
buhl, Ijecause the elements of inspiration do not exist in pi-ofusion, but because 
the voice that shall li'ive them expression has not yet been raised. We find 
but two ])leces that are adapted to the piirjtose, and the first is used rather for 
its (piaintness, ami as a historical scrap, than for hl<;h poetical merit; while the 
second lacks originality, Immul;' patterned after "Marylaml, my M.n\ lan<l." The 
first piece has a considerable comparative auti([nity, and though its authorshi[) 
is unknown, the text shows it to liaxe been written l>v some earlv emigrant 
from New England; while its early date is presumed from the few points of 
.settlement that are mentioned. The writer was manifestly uninformed as to the 
poetical origin of the name Ann Arbor, suj)posing it, as main others Iiaxc done, 
to indicate a marine harbor. The allusion to ships sailing up the Huron to >\iin 
Arbor is relieved of its .seeming absurdity by the fact that the idea was really 
entertained, up to a coinpai'atively late <late, that the Ilni'on could be made 
sen'iceable for navigation by slackwater. In the earliei- (hiys, in fact, the rivers 
of tlie State seemeil to How in larger or more uniform volume tlian now, 
because then the water supply was retained in the marshes and smaller water 
course.s, an<l was m<ire (Mpially distributed thi-oiighout the year. Hence, in tlie 



60 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



al>seufe of railroads, tlu' utilization of the I'lv^rs for [turposes of c-oiumeroe was 
seriously coiiteiiijOated, and at some points sueeessfully undertaken, tliongli since 
abandoned, either throUiili })artial failure of the water supply, the obstruetion 
of the streams by dams, or in couseipienee of the opening of better cdiannels of 
transportation. 

A word upon the ]ihilology of the title seems appi'opriate. The popidar 
jii-onunciation, " JVLiehig-an-i-A," giving the full, long sound to the two last vowels, 
makes them appear as a uieaningless api)endage. The writer has somewhere 
read, but eannot call to mind when or where, and in(|uiry fails to discover the 
authority, that in the eai'ly nanung of the northwestern tei'ritories it was pro- 
posed to give them the termination "ia," as Indiania, ]\Iichigania, etc. The 
only place, so far as is known, where the term Michigania is ofiiciallv used, is 
in the original act of the governor and judges, establishing the university, under 
the title, the " Catholepistemiad, or I'niversity of Michigania." AMiether the 
name be voted absurd or not, there is ground sti'onger than mere conjecture 
for supposing that it Avas employed, at an early day, in influential circles, if not 
officially, to describe the teiritory or locality of Michigan, and that the word 
"Michigania" is used in the poem in obedience to custom, and not arbitrarily, 
merely for smoothness in the rhythm. The connection in which the word is 
used in the poem forbids a strict adherence to the proper prose pronunciation, 
but the difficulty may be in a measui'e avoided by giving the " i " in the last 
syllable the sound of "e" short, and the final "a" the long or Ijroad sound. 
With these remarks, the poem will be sufficiently introduced by premising that 
the "Michigania''' of to-day offers much that is useful and attractive besides 
what can be found along the Clinton, the Huron and "St. Josey's." 

MitiHIGAXIA. 
I. 
Come all ye Yankee farmers 

Who'd like to change your lot, 
Who've spunk enough to travel 

Beyond your native spot, 
And leave behind the village 

Where pa and ma do stay. 
Come follow me and settle 

In Michisau-i-a. 



I've hearn of your Penobscot, 
Way down in parts of Maine, 

Where timber grows in plenty, 
But darn the bit of grain; 



FREL[.AriXARY CHAPTERS. 61 

And J have hearn of Quaddy, 

Aud your Piscataqua, 
But th&se can't liold a candle 

To Michiirauia. 



And you that talk of Varniouut ; 

AMiy, what a place is that! 
Be sure that gals are pritty, 

And cattle very fat; 
But who among the mountains, 

'Mid clouds and snow, would stay, 
When he could buy a prairie 

In Michiirauia. 



And there's your Massachusetts, 

Once good enough, be sure ; 
But now she's always laying on 

Ta.xation or manure; 
She costs you pecks of trouble. 

But de'il a peck can pay, 
While all is scripture measure 

In Michiirauia. 



Then there's your laud o' blue law 

Where deacons cut the hair, 
For fear your locks aud tenets 

Should not exactly square; 
Where beer that works o' Sunday 

A penalty must pay, 
While all is free and easy 

In Micbigania. 

VI. 

What country ever growed up 

So great in little time. 
Just popping from the nurs'ry 

Right into like its prime; 
When Uncle Sam did wean her, 

'Twas but the other day. 
And now she's quite a lady. 

This Micbigania. 

vir. 
Up on the River Clinton, 

Just thro' the country back, 
You'll find in .«hire of Oakland, 

The town of Pontiac, 



62 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Which, s|niui;iiiLi- ii]i o" siuhli'ii, 
Sc;irM wolws mill lu';ii's ;i\\av 

Thai iiscil to iM\c al) ml ihci-c 
111 Miiliiuaiiia. 



And il' vdu liiUinv (low iiwanls, 

Why, Kawchist.T is th.Tc, 
Ami larlhor >iill, Momil Clcnu'iis 

Looks out U|ioii St. Claif. 
IJosiiU'S soiin' othci' |ilarfs 

Within .Mar,.iiiliia, 
Thiit promises j)o|mlalioii 

To J[icliii>aiiia. 



(>!■ if you'd rathiT li'o to 

A [ilacf callcil \\'ashii'iia\v. 
You'll find ii|ioii the lhu<Mi 

Such lands vc iirvci- saw, 
\\'hrvo ships conio to Aii-1 lafhoi-, 

Iviglit tlinuie'li La I'laisanci' liay, 
And touch at Tyi>,sylanty, 

In Alii'hiuania. 



Or it' you koi'p auoing 

A gi'eat doal further on, 
I guess you'll roach St. Joscy's, 

Where oviM-yhody's gone; 
Whore everything, like Jack's bean, 

(irows mon.strous f'a.st, they say. 
And heats the rest all h.illow 

Of Michiiiauia. 



Then come ye Yankee farmers, 

Who've mettle hearts like me, 
And elbow-grease is plenty 

To bow the forest tree; 
Come take a "(luarter-section," 

And I'll be bound you'll say. 
This country takes the rag ott'. 

This Miehiuiinia. 



PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 63 



MK nil. \.\, MV MK IIKiAN. 
I. 

Hoiiiu of uiy liciiii, 1 .■^injr ol' tliw^, 

Michigan, my Mifhigiiii, 
Thy lake-bound siioros I lou}^ lo sec, 

Michigan, my Micliigan. 
From iiaisin's ever fruilful vines,* 
To Lake Kii])erior's farthest mines. 
Fair in the ligiit of mein'ry shinty, 
.Mii-liigai), iiiv Michi''an. 



Dark rolled the [{appahannock's fhjod, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
The tide was crimsoii'd with thy blood, 

Michigan, my Micliigan. 
Although for us the day was lost. 
Yet shall it be our proudest boast. 
At Fredericksburg our Seventh crossed, 
Michigan, my Michigan. 



With General Meade's victoi-ious name, 
Michigan, my Michigan, 

Thy sons still onward march to fame, 
Michigan, my Michigan. 

And foremost in the fight you'll see. 

Where'er the bravest dare to be, 

The sabres of our cavalry, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 



When weary watching traitor foes, 

Michigan, my Jlichigan, 
The welcome night i)rings sweet repose, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

The soldier, weary from the fight. 

Sleeps sound, nor fears the rebel's might. 

For "MicHKi.vx's ON Gvarij To-Ni(;ht!" 

Michigan, my Michigan. 



And when the happy day shall conic, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
That brings thy war-worn heroes home, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 

What welconuis from thy own jiroud shore. 

What honors at their feet thou'lt pour — 

What tears for those who come no more, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 



'Ori-fi""' •• ••"■•""I Snginaw's tall whispering pines;" a cliango for wliicli tlic editor is responsible. 



64 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

SONGS OF OTIIEK NATIONS. 

(JdO SA\K TlIK (JIKKX. 
1. 

God save ouv gracious Quoeu, 
Loug live our noble (iueen, 

God save the Queeu; 
Send her victorious, 
Happy and glorious, 
Loug to reign over us, 

God save the (^ueeu. 



O Lord our God arise, 
Scatt-er her enemies. 

And make them fell. 
Confound their politics, 
Frustrate their knavish tricks. 
On Thee our hopes we fix, 

O save us all. 



Thy choicest gifts iu store, 
On her be pleased to pour, 

Long may she reign. 
Slay she defend our laws. 
And ever give us cause, 
To sing with heart and voice, 

God save the Queen. 



SCOTS, WHA HA'E ^^^V WALLACE BLED.* 



Scots, wha ha'e wi' Wallace bled, 

Scots, wham Bruce has aften led, 

Welcome to your gory bed, 
Or to victory I 

Now's the day, aud uow's the hour; 

See the front of battle lour; 

See approach proud Edward's power- 
Chains aud slavery ! 



* Kobert Burns. 



PRELIMLNAKY CHAPTERS. 65 



Wlia will he a traitor knave? 
Wlia can till a ciiward's grave? 
Wha sac l)ase a.s be a slave? 

Let him turn and flee! 
Wha for Scotland's king and law, 
Freedom's s\v(jrd will strongly draw, 
Freeman staiKJ or freeman fa', 

Let him follow me. 



By oi){)ressiou'.s wae.s an' paius ! 
By your son.s in servile chains ! 
We will drain your dearest vein.s. 

But liicy shall be free! 
Lay tlie proud usurper low! 
Tyrants fall in ev'ry foe! 
Liberty's iu ev'ry blow ; 

Let us do or die! 



'T. I'ATIUCK'; 



Oh! blest be the days when the green banner floated, 

Sublime o'er the mountains of free Innisfail, 
When her sons, to her glory and freedom devoted. 

Defied the invader to tread her green soil, 
When back o'er the main they chas'd the proud Dane, 

And gave to religion and learning their spoil, 
When valor and mind, together combined : 

But wherefore lament o'er the glories departed, 
Her star shall shine out with as vivid a ray. 

For ne'er had she children more brave and true hearted, 
Than those she now sees on Saint Patrick's dav. 



Her sceptre, ala.s! pass'd away to the stranger; 

And treason surrendered what valor had held; 
But true hearts remain'd amid darkness and danger, 

Which, spite of her tyrannies, would not be quelled. 
Oft, off, thro' the night flash'd gleanitngs of light, 

AN'hich almost the darkness of bondage dispell'd; 
But a star now is near, her heavens to cheer. 

Not like the wild gleams which so fitfully darted. 
But long to shine down with its hallowing ray. 

On daugliters a.s fair and sons as true hearted. 
As Erin beholds on Saint Patrick's day. 



(1(5 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Oh! 1)1. 'sl lir ihr hiiur. when lirLi'irl liy lur cMiinoii. 

And liail'il lis it rose liv :i iiMlioii's ;i|i|il;iusr, 
Tliat Hag wavi'il aKil't o'ci' llu' spirf of Diiiinanuoii, 

Asserting for Irisluiion tlicir own Hiclicii laws. 
Once more shall il wave, o'er lu'arls tlial arc luavo, 

Dospising lln' ilaslards wlio mock a( their cause, 
.Vnd like hi'otlici's as;rce(l, wluitevcr (iieir creed. 

Her children, insi)irod by those <;lories dei>arted. 
No longer in darkness (lesponding will s(ay, 

Rut join in her cause like the brave and true heartt 
Who rise lor their rii^hts on Saint Patrick's day. 



■I'lIK WAI'CII ON iiii: IMlINi;.* 

I. I. 

A voice resounds like tlunider-|Hal, ©'5 lirmi'Jt fin Mhif luio ^oiim-rljciil, 

'Mid dashing waves and clang ol' steel : 2lMc Scl)iiH'rtiieflivr iiit6 SvUHiriipvaU : 

'The Rhine, the Khiue! the German Rliine: .j^iim JKl)oiit, ,viiii ;)il)ciii, ,^uiii Soittiri)i'ii Mil)i'iii, 

Who guards to-day my strctim divine?" a«n- luill iJOiS Stnniico .viiitiT foiii'r' 

Dear l'atherhin<l ! no danger thiin'; i.'id>' iMitovUiub, iiinrt)t niliifl foiii, 

Firm stand thy sons lo watch, to wali'h iV'ft ftdit lul^ tvni bii- SiMicht, bii- "JlMirht nm JKlioiii. 
the Rhine. 



IT. 

They stand, a hundred thousand strong, 
Quick to avenge (heir couMiry's wrong; 
With lilial love their bosoms swell. 



Turd) .viiiibi'vltiiiifiMib ,;in'ft f'S jdiiicll, 
Hub «lln- ^'liiiicit lilitwii licit : 
Tor Toiitid)!", [liobcr, frumm iiiib ftiuf, 
^i^cfrliiitU bio lioirnc yniibo-Jtiiart. 



They'll guard the saered landmark well. yj^,^,, i^^,„|,f(rt„j,_ ,,. 

Dear talherland, etc. 

III. ••>• 

While llows one drop of (icrinan blood. £i> IniiiV oiii Jvopfoii ^iMitl nod) flliiM, 

Or sword remains to guard thy Hood, 'JJod) oiiio ,'\rtiiit bou Toiion ,iiol)t, 

While rirte re.sts in patriot hand, Unb nod) ohrJlvm bio ^iMidifo fpannt, 

No foe shall frea.l thy .-aci-ed strand. *''"•" ^"" g«nb Dior Toiiion Stninb! 
Dear fatherland, etc. '-''^' ^*«f"l""^. •"• 

IV. IV. 

Our oath re-sounds; the river Hows; $cv edinmr orfdiallt, bio 91'oflo vinnt. 

In golden light our banner glows; 5^io i\iil)non flattovn liod) ini SBinb: 

Our hearts will guard thy stream divine, *JIm MiDoin, nm Milioin, am bontidioii Milioin, 

The Rhine, the Rhine! the German Rhine! Sir Jlllo luolloii .'oiUor foinl 
Dear fatherhvud, etc. Sicb' S8atcvlni:S, jc. 



* Jtax Schiuekenlniriior. 



PRELIMINARY CHAPTERS. 



67 



IIIK MMISKIIJ.AISK IIVMN. 



Ye sons of Frani'o, ;i\vaki' to gloiy, 

Hark, hark! what myriads hid you rise! 
Your children, wives, and grandsires hoary; 

Bchohi their tears and hear their cries ! 
Shall hateful tyrants, mischief lirfcding. 
With liirclinir hosts, a nithaii hand, 
Atl'rijiht an<l desolate the land, 
While peace and liherty lie bleeding! 
To arms, to arms, ye hrave! 

Th' avenging sword nnsheath ! 
March on, march mi. all hearts rescjlv'd 
On victory or diatli. 



Allons enfans de la I'atrie! 

Le jour de gloire est arriv6! 
Centre nous de la tyrannic 

Ij'etendard sanglant est lev6! 
Entendez vous dans les canipagnt-s 
Mugir ces f^iroces soldats? . 
lis veinnent jusijuc dans nos bras, 
Egorger nos fils, nos compagues! 
Aux armes, Citoyens! 

Formez vos bataillons! 
Marchez, niarchez, (ju'nn sang imjmr 
Abreuve nos sillons. 



O Liberty! can man resign thee. 

Once having felt thy gen'rous flame? 
Can dungeons, bolts, and bars confine thee? 

Or whips thy noble spirit tame? 
Too long the world has wept bewailing 
That falsehood's dagger tyrants wield — 
But freedom is our sword and shield, 
And all their arts are unavailing. 
To arms, to arms, ye brave 1 

Th' avenging sword unsheath ! 
March on, march on, all hearts resolv'd 
On victory or death. 



Amour saere6 de la Patrie ! 

Conduis, soutiens nos bras veugeurs! 
Libert^ Liberty cherie, 

Combats avec tes d(;fenseurs: 
Sous nos drapeaux que la victoire 
Accoure a tes males accens; 
Que tes eunemis expiraus 
Voient ton triomphe ct notre gloii-e 
Aux armes, Citoyens 1 

Formez vos bataillons ! 
Marchez, marchez, (ju'un sang imjjur 
Abreuve nos sillons. 



A SONti FOR ALL PICOPLES. 



IIO.Mi;, SWKKT JIO.ME. 

(Jahiit'l llairisoii, Ks(j., in liis ''Life aiifl Writings of Joliii Howard I'ayue," 
gives tlie aiitliui's own acci.iiiit of the origin of " Home, Sweet Home:" "I fir.st 
heard the air in Ittdy. One heautiful morning, as T was .standing amid some 
deliglitfiil sccuciy, my attention was arrested bj' the .sweet voice of a peasant 
girl, who was cairying a Ijasket of flowers and vegetables. Tliis plaintive air 
she trilled ont with so much sweetness and sim[>licity, that the melody at 
once caught my fancy. I accosted her, and, after a few moments' con\ ersatiou, 
1 asked for the name of the song, which she could not give me, but having a 
slight knowledge of music myself, barely enough for the puri)Ose, I I'equested 



68 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Ler to repeat the air, wliioli she did, wliile I (K)tted down the notes as hest I 
could. It was this air that suggested the words of 'Home, Sweet Home,' 
both of wliic-h I sent to Bishop, at the time I was preparing the opera of 
'Clari' for Mr. Kemble. Bishop happened to know the air perfectly well, and 
adapted the music to the Avords.""' 



'Mid plc'rtsures and palaces thuuii-li wv may roam, 

Be it ever 80 humble, there's uo place like home! 

A charm from the skies seems to hallow us there, 

Which, seek through the world, is ne'er met with elsewhere. 

Home, home! sweet, sweet home! 

There's no place like home — there's no place like home. 



An exile from home, splendor dazzles in vain ! 

Oh, give me my lowly thatched cottage again. 

The birds singing gaily, that came at my call, 

Give me them, and the peace of miud dearer than all. 

Home, home ! sweet, sweet home I 

There's uo place like home — there's no place like home. 



*" Songs of the Nations." C. M. Cady, New York, 187(5. 



PART II. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAE EXERCISES. 



I.— CELEBRATION OF THE EARLIER EVENTS. 

EXERCISES commeiuorating the principal events preceding and leading to 
the adoption of the Declaration, have been held in various places, and at 
various times prior to the present year. These, although lucal in their character, 
have yet a national interest, and are given first under this head, as being 
fii-st in chronological order. 

THE BOSTON TEA PAMTY. 

The fii-st of the Centennial celel)rations which have preluded and heralded 
the Centennial year, was that of the Boston Tea Party, which occurred in Boston 
on the evening of December Kith, 1873, under the management of the ladies 
of Boston. The commemoration was social lather than popular in its character, 
being a veritable tea party, at which tea was served by the ladies, although a 
number of appropiiate addresses were made. 

lexin<;ton and concord. 

The first conuuemoi-ation of the battles of Lexington and Concord ^vas the 
erection and dedication of a small monument at Lexington, in 17l>'.>, to mark 
the spot where the first blood was shed in the struggle for independence. 

The sixty-fii-st anniversai-y of the figlit at Concord was celebrated on April 
liUh, 1836, by the dedication of a monument at that place, with suitable 
exercises, of which the most iiicnKnalile was the following hynui, by Ralph 
Waldo Emersftn : 

By the rude Vjridgo tliat span.s tin' ilnoil, 

Their flag to Ajji-il'-s breeze uuiiirliil, 
Here <iiice the embattled farmers stood, 

And fired the Rhot hoard round the world. 
10 



70 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

The toe loiii; siiu'o iu .-iUnco slept : 

Alike the eoiuiueior sileut sleejis; 
And Time the ruined l)rid<jo has swept 

IXiwn tlie ilavk stream that seaward eree[>s. 

Oi> this irreeii hank. Kv this soft stream. 

We set to-day a votive stone: 
That memory may their deed redeem, 

Wiien, like our sires, our sons are gone. , 

Spirit, that made these heroes dare 

To tlie. or leave their children free. 
Bid Time and Nature gently sjiare 

The sliaft we raise to them ami thee. 

The tiolit of Le.xiiiirtoii .-iinl Coiioofd was (•oiitmeiinM-aretl witli remafkable 
eutliussiaj^m oil its Imndretlth amiiveisai-\ , Ajnil li'tli, lS7."i. At tlif celebration 
at Couoord upwards of 3(>,000 people were estimated to be present. Among 
tlie distingxiisbed guests were President (rrant, Vioe President Wilson, Secre- 
taries Fish, Belknap and Delano, and Postmaster-(iciieral Jewell, of the national 
cabinet, Speaker Plaine. General J. 1\. llawley, the (lovernor and State officei-s 
of ^lassachusetts, ami the governors of most of the New England states. A 
brilliant procession in live divisions paratletl the streets. The exercises were 
held in a mammoth tent upiui the (."oncord connnon, and consisted of an 
address by Ealph AN'aldo Emei-son, a poem by James l\ns.sell Lowell, and an 
oration by George AVilliam Curtis. To these followed a series of toasts and 
impromptu addresses by Seiuitor Boutwcll, (lovernois Ingei-soll of Connecticut, 
Peck of New Hampshire, aud Dingley of Maine, and others. Mr. Lowell's 
poem was one of remarkable spirit and force. We give one or two of its 
most suggestive passages : 

Who cometh over the hills. 

Her garments with morning swwt. 

The dauee of a thousand rills 

^Making music before her tlvt? 

Her presence freshens the air. 

Sunshine steals light fnun her face. 

The leadeji footstep of Care 

Leaps to tlie tune of her pace. 

Fairness of all that is fair, 

Grace at the heart of all grace I 

Sweetener of hut and of hall, 

Bringer of life out of nought I 

Freetlom, oh, fairest of all 

The dauffhtei-s of Time and of Thouirht ! 



COMMEMoltATIN'K CKXTKNNIAL EXERCISES. 71 



Whiter thai] iiininislniir \\]>n\i >ii(iw 

Her raiiiii-iit is: Imt iiuiinl ilic in'iii 

Crimson-stained; and, as to and iVo 

Her sandals flasii, we see nn lliciii, 

And iiM lici- iii.ste]) veined uilii lihie, 

FIcclis of erimson — on tliosr lair f'ict, 

High-arched, Diana-like and Heet, 

Fit for no grosser stain tiian dew: 

Oh, <ali them rather chrisms than stains, 

Sacred, and from lieroic veins! 

For, in the ghiry-guarded i)a.«s, 

Her haughty and far-shining head 

Slie bowed to shrive Leoiddas 

With his imperisliable dead. 

Her, too, Morgarten saw, 

Where the Swiss lion flashed his icy paw; 

She followed Cromwell's (juenchless star 

Where th(! grim Puritan tread 

Shook Marston, Naseby aiifl Dunbar; 

Yea, on her feet arc dearer dyes 

Yet fresh, nor looked on with iintearful eyes. 

Our fathers found her in the woods, 

Where nature meditates and broods 

The .«eefls of unexampled things 

Which Time to consummation brings, 

Through life and death, and man's unstable moods; 

They met her here, not recognized, 

A sylvan huntress clothed in furs, 

To whose chaste wants her bow sufficed. 

Nor dreamed what destinies were hers; 

She taught them belike to create 

Their simjjler forms of Church and State, 

She taught them to endue 

The past with other functions than it knew, 

And turn in channels strange the uncertain stream of Fate; 

Better than all, she fenced them in their need 

With iron-handed Duty's sternest creed, 

'Gain.st Self's lean wolf that ravens word and deed. 

Why conieth she hither to-day. 
To this low village of the plain. 
Far from the Present's loud highway, 
From Trade's cool heart and seething brain? 
Why conieth she? * * * * 
'Tis licre her fondest memories stay; 
She loves yon pine-bemurmured ridge 
Wliere now our liroad-browed poet sleeps. 



72 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Dear to both Englands; near him he 
AVho wore the ring of Canace; 
But most her heart to rapture leaps 
Where stood that era-partiug bridge, 
O'er which, with foot-fall still as dew. 
The Old Time passed into the New; 
Where, as yon stealthy river creeps, 
He whispers to his listening weeds 
"Tales of sublimest homespun deeds; 
Here English law and English thought 
Against the might of England fought. 
And here were men (co-equal with their fate) 
Who did great things unconscious they were great. 
They dreamed not what a die was cast 
With that first answering shot: what then? 
There was their duty; they were men 
Long schooled the inward gospel to obey, 
Though leading to the lions' den; 
They felt the habit-hallowed world give way. 
Beneath their lives, and on went they. 
Unhappy who was last: 
When Buttriek gave the word 
That awful idol of the hallowed Past, 
Strong in their love and in their lineage strong. 
Fell crashing; if they heard it not. 
Yet the earth heard. 
Nor ever hath forgot. 
As on from startled throne to throne. 
Where Superstition sate or conscious Wrong, 
A shudder ran of some dread birth unknown. 
Thrice-venerable spot ! 
River more fearful than the Rubicon ! 
O'er those red jilanks, to snatch her diadem, 
Man's Hope, star-girdled, sprang with them. 
And over ways untried the feet of Doom strode on. 

Think you these felt no charms 

In their gray homesteads and embowered farms? 

In household faces waiting at the door 

Their evening step should lighten up no more? 

In fields their boyish steps had known? 

In trees their fathers' hands had set 

And which with them had grown, 

Widening each year their leafy coronet? 

Felt they no paug of passionate regret 

For those unsolid goods that seem so much our own? 

These things are dear to every man that lives. 

And life \mzed more for what it lends than gives; 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 73 

Yea, many a tic, by iteration sweet, 

Strove to ilrtaiii tlicir fatal feet; 

And yet I lie nulurinf;- half they ehose, 

Whose elioice deeidcs a mau life's slave or kintc, — 

The invisible things of (iod before the seen and known ; 

Therefore their memory inspiration blows 

With echoes gathering on from zone to zone. 

For manhood is the one immoi'tal thing 

Beneath Time's ehangoful sky, 

And where it lightened once, from age to age 

Men come to learn, in grateful pilgrimage. 

That lonsi'th of davs is knowinij; when to die. 



The celebration at Lexington, on the same day, was attended by even a 
greater number, it being estimated tliat between forty and fifty thousand people 
were present. The lirilliant jn-ooession was three miles in length. The exer- 
cises, over whic-li Hon. T. M. Stetson ])resided, consisted of the unveiling of the 
statues, dedicated on that day, by Hon. Charles Hudson, and an oration by 
Richard H. Dana, .Jr. Speeches were also made by Governors Chamberlain, of 
South Carolina, and Gaston, of Massachusetts, Chief Justice Gray, Ex-Governor 
Chamberlain, of Maine, Elliot C. Cowdin, William F. Bartlett, Edward Everett 
Hale, and others. A lettei- was read from AMlliam E. Gladstone, the great 
liberal leader of England, in response to an invitation to attend the celel»rati()n, 
in which he uses the following suggestive language: 

As regards the lathers of the American constitution themselves, we [the English people] do 
now contemplate their great qualities and achievements with an admiration as pure as do the 
American citizens themselves, and can rejoice no less heartily that, in the councils of Providence, 
they were made the instruments of a purpose most beneficial to the world. The circumstances 
under which the United States began their national existence, and their unexampled rapidity of 
advance in wealth and population, enterprise and power, have imposed on their people an enor- 
mous responsibility. They will be tried, a-s we shall, at the bar of history, but on a greater scale. 
They will be compared with men, not only of other countrie-s, but of other times. They cannot 
escape from the liabilities and burdens which their greatness imposes upon them. No one desires 
more fervently than I do that they may be enabled to realize the highest hopes and anticipations 
that belong to their great position in tiic family uf men. 

The day «>f Lexington and Concord was also widely celebrated elsewhere, 
and especially throughout Massachusetts. To the literature <.f this cominemo- 
ratiou John G. Whittiei- contrilmted a fine poem, of wlilch the ^I'catcr portion 
is triven : 



74 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



LEXINGTON 1775. 

No miiddeniufz: thirst toi' lilimd hail they, 

No battle-jo}' was thuirs who set 

Against the alien l);iyoiu't 
Tlu'ii' homespun breasts, in that old day. 

No seers were thev, Init siiiiplc men : 

Its vast residts the future hi<l ; 

Tiie ineauiua: of the work thev did 
Was strange, and dark, and doulitful then. 

Swift as the summons canu', thev left 

The plow, raid-furrow, .standing still, 

The half-ground corn-gri.st in the mill, 
The spade in earth, the axe in cleiY. 

Thev Went whei-e duty seemed to call ; 

The\- scarcely asked th<' reason wdiy ; 

They only knew they could Init die. 
And death was not the worst of all. 

Their death-shot shook the feudal tower. 

And shattered slavery's chain as well ; 

On the sky's dome, as on a bell, 
Its echo struck the world's great hour. 

The fateful echo is not dumb ; 

The nations, listening to its sound, 

Wait, from a century's vantage-ground. 
The holier triumj)hs yet to come; 

The bridal-time of Law and Love, 

The gladness of the world's release, 

When, war-sick, at the feet of Peace, 
The hawk shall nestle with the dove. 

Oa April 19, 1875, tlie Hon. John M. Osboi-n, Senator from tlie Ninth 
senatorial district (HilLsdale county), offered tlie following preamble and reso- 
lutions, which were adojHed by a unanimous rising vote : 

Whereas, This nineteenth day of April, 1875, is the one hundredth anniversary of the battles 
of Lexington and Concord, the first engagements of the Anjericau Revolution, vtfhere our patriot 
fathers, in behalf of liberty, first oifered armed resistance to royal tyranny, it is fitting that all 
patriotic citizens of the re])ublic, to found which our sires, a hundred years ago to-day, shed their 
blood, should appropriately recognize their gratitude to the nation's first martyrs, and join in 
honoring their hallowed memory ; therefore. 

Resolved, by the Senate, in behalf of the people of Michigan, That we reverently record our 
transcendent admiration for the true nobility of character, sublime, self-sacrificing patriotism, and 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCI8E.S. 



exalted aad uuselfish heroism whicli tlmse patriots evinced oil that meinorahh; day, and thankfully 
acknowledged the niaguitiide of the uiu('i[iiitod obligations resting upon those whose fortune it has 
been to enjoy the fruit.s of the triumph of the struggle for independence, at the commenceraeut of 
■which the valiant yeomen of Lexington and Concord gave their lives in testimony to the rights 
of mankind. 

Resolved, That we appreciate the inestimable privileges and grave responsibilities bequeathed 
to us as a part of that rich inheritance, sealed by the blood of those patriots who died in the 
name of liberty, and we rejoice that the shield of this republic, which hivs endured for a century, 
gives protection t() the oppressed of every laud, ;iiid its flag floats over forty millions of freemen, 
but not one slave; that at last American citizenship means e(iuality before the law. 

Resolved, That, enndating the glorious example of our revolutionary sires, the people of 
Michigan renew again their pledge of loyalty to the republic, and devotion to freedom. 

Re-solved, That, as a mark of res])ect to the honored deail of Lexington and Concord, the 
Senate do now adjourn.* 

Following the resolutions is :i inciiioi-i.-il tablet, appro] iriately inseri])ed to 
the meiuorv of the Conemd and Le.\iiii;toii niartyfs. 

m^NKKli iriLL. 

The tiftietli Miiiii\crsai'y <>\' the battle of Bunker Hill was appropriately 
commemorated iiy tli<' laying' <if the corner stone of tlie Bunker Hill monu- 
ment, a memorial obelisk, ereete(i by private suliscription and dedicated to the 
heroes of the first revolutionary battle. The corner-stone was laid by General 
Lafayette, then the nation's yuest, and the oration was ])l^)nounced by Daniel 
Webster, to an immense coneourst' of jx'oplc. This address is one of the finest 
specimens of Mr. ^\'ebster's oratory, and its [)erorati<m, addressed to the vete- 
rans of the battle, who stood ])efore him, reaches the hei<i"ht of ehxpience. 

The nionnnicnt was com])lete(| in 1S4l'. It is a s(juare shaft of (^uincy 
granite, two hundred and twenty-one feet high, thirty-one feet stpiare at the 
base, and fifteen at the to|.. Its cost was about .«;ir)(t,(iOO. On June 17th, 
1848, the sixty-eighth anni\ersary of the lialtle, it was dedicated. Mr. Webster 
was again tiie orator, and his sei-ond oration was not inferior to the first. 

The most imposing and magnificent of the ])reliminary Centennial celebra- 
tions was that of the battle of I'unkei' Hill, which occurred in I>oston, on 
June 17th, lN7r). It was estimated at the time that, besides the citizens of 
Boston themselves, not less than ;{(i(i,nO(i ])eople from aliroad were j)resent to 
witness the commemoration. Tlie day was opened with the clangor of bells, 
the thunder of cannon, and sti'ains of patriotic nuisic. The city was brilliantly 
decf>rated, in every (piarter, Avith banners, iuscripticms and devices. In the 
fort'iioon, (lovernor Gaston and staff reviewed the State militia, under the 
command of Major-(reneral I>. K. liutler. Nearly -JO.OOO troops were in line. 

* Miclilgiin Seiiale .Jouriml. Is?."), |)iiiri- '.M)!t. 



76 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Among the distinguished visitors were ^'ice President Wilson, (jeuerals 
Sherman, Burnside and Ha^Yley, Speaker Blaine, Senators Boutwell and Ferry, 
and the governors of nine states, incduding (lovernor Baglej^, of Michigan. In 
the afternoon, a procession was formed and marched to tlie site of the battle 
of Bunker Hill, in Charlestown. It was over ten miles in length, and one of 
its most striking features was the presence in it of two companies of militia 
from the states lately in rebellion — the Washington Light Infantry, from 
Charleston, South Carolina, bearing the famous "Eutaw banner," and the Norfolk 
Blues, from Norfolk, Virginia. These companies were received at Boston \Aith 
a specially coi'dial hos])itality, which signified the general desire to forget the 
dissensions caused by the late rebellion. The Fifth Regiment of Maryland 
infantry, and many companies and regiments fi'om the Northern States, were 
also honored guests, and took a prominent part in the procession. The presi- 
dent of the day was George Washington Warren, a lineal descendant of the 
gallant general who fell at Bunker Hill. The orator of the day was General 
Charles Devens, Jr., and Oliver Wendell Holmes read the poem, a l)allad of 
Bunker Hill. Informal speeches by General Sherman, Vice President Wilson, 
Govei'uors Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, Bedle, of New Jersey, Ingersoll of Con- 
necticut, and Dingley, of Maine, concluded the exercises. 

THE MECKLENBURG UECLAliATION. 

The details of the celebration of this event are not at hand, but in the 
proceedings of the United States Centennial Commission of May 20, 1875, 
occurs the following: 

Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, offered the following resolution : 

Whereas, The people of the states of North Carolina and Tennessee are engaged this day in 
celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, the 
day having been set apart thereto by gubernatorial proclamation ; and, 

Whereas, This Centennial Commission is in hearty sympathy witli the people of those States, 
in the celebration of this memorable event ; therefore. 

Resolved, That this Commission send greeting to the citizens of North Carolina and Tennessee, 
and cordially join with them in doing honor to the memory of the patriotic citizens of the former 
State, who, one hundred years ago, put forth the declaration above referred to, and thus placed 
themselves in the vanguard of a movement designed to bring about and establish a nationality 
consecrated to liberal ideas of humanity, to a republican form of government, and to the doctrine 
that governments should be organized by the people, and for the general welfare. 

In accordance with the above resolution, the following telegram was sent : 
To our fellow citizens celebrating the Mecklenburg Declaration at Charlotte, North Carolina: 

The United States Centennial Commission, in annual meeting, near Indejjendence Hall, send 
most cordial and fraternal greetings, with the warmest wishes for your success and happiness. Pray 
come up, as your fathers did, to meet your brothers and finish the work, next year, at Philadelphia. 

For the Commission: JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, President. 

JOHN L. CAMPBELL, Secretary. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 77 



II.— THE CENTENNIAL FOrKTlI. 

"VTEVER before, in tlie history of the worhl, were the people of a continent 
I 1 so moved 1>\ ;i eoninion iinj)ulse mid at the same time, as were the ])eo]de 
t>f the I iiited States on tlie Foiirtii of .Inly, ISTC ^\'e have seen ju'rsons hehl 
in rapt wondei-, admiration, or awe, or hieaking forth in s])ontaneons expres- 
sions of enthnsiasm, as the sentiments oi' emotions were stronsly ajipealed to. 
We have seen audiences liehl spell-lxiuud, nr joining' their voices in hnid acclaim, 
by the ])ower of ehxpience, or the achievements of valor. Cities have moved 
en masse in testifying their homage to some great principle, or to some person 
either feai'ed or lieloNcd bv them. The people of ancient Kmne assendjled at 
given times in their capital city to hold high carnival through the mistaken 
agencies of brutality and vice, and from the Coliseum* three hundred thou- 
sand voices were hushed in suspense, or raised in horror or applause, at the 
brutal exhibitions of the arena. 

Whether as afFecting single indivi(hia!s or congregations of pei'sons, the 
things which in the ]iast have evoked manifestations of human feeling have 
been addressed more innnediately to the senses. The individual is a single 
body, as masses of persons moved by a common impidse, become one ])ody. 
Rome, fiom her seat of power, possessed no magic agency l)y which she could 
inspire her extremities; hence she called her representative agents from the 
body of her empii-e that they might gloat their brutal tastes on the tortures 
of the innocent victims of shameless ti'iuiu[>hs, and receive the inspiration that 
should stimidate them to new compiests, spoliation and rapine. 



*Tlie Coliseum was commenced by Vespasian, and completed l)y his son Titus, two years and nine 
months being occupied in its construction, employing the enforced labor of many thousands of captives. 
Its maximum cap.icity is generally put at about 110,000, but additions are said to have increased it to 
more than 300,000. "I went to see the Coliseum by moonliglit. It is the monarch, the majesty of all 
ruins; there is nothing like it. All the associations of the place, too, give it the most impressive character. 
When you enter within this stupendous circle of ruinous walls and arches, and grand terraces of masonry, 
rising one above another, you stand upon tlie arena of the old gladiatorial combats and Christian martyr- 
doms; and as you lift your eyes to the vast amphithealer, you meet, in inuigination, the eyes of a hundred 
thousand Romans, assembled to witncs these bloody spectacles. What a multitude and mighty array of 
human beiiigsl and how Ijtile do we know in modern limes of great assemblies! One, two, and three, and 
at its last enlargement by Conslantine, more than three hundred thousand persons, could be seated in the 
Circus Muximus!" — llec. Oicille Deitey. 
11 



78 MK'llKiAN AM) TlllO CKNTKNNIA L. 



Tlie oocasidii of (lie ('ciitciinial l-'oiirth i;:ivc the wiuM to rf.-ilizc nioiv sen- 
silixclv llif .-iLiciicy of llic uiiitizinu' foi'ccs lli.-il llic rciiliii'v lias (Icxcloiicd. 
Tlic lclcura|ili, llic rail\\a\, and otlici- ai:('iits of intci-coimiiuirK-alioii, l)^()ll^■llt tlie 
l>(M.|ilc of the whole couiitrN into sndi s\ inpallicl ic faitjioii thai the jiihilant 
iniimlsc, llaslicd from |Hiiiil to point, aw akcncd the sininltancoiis ac(daini tliron-i'li- 
ont the land, aii<l in s\ nipiit lii/.inu' ln'casls in otlici- lands. Tlic ainpliitlicatrt' is 
olisolctc, for we lia\(' no need to snnnnon the noMcs and 'grandees |o llie 
caiiit.al citN to rcrcixc ;i li.-isc insjiiration and dilVnsc it t lii'onLi'liont the cniiiirc, 
1mi( the inspiration of (he iiour tlirills magnetically tlirouii'ii tlie vast nerve 
siriictnre (hat |iernie;ites the remotest ]t;irt of onr im])evial He]iultlie. 

The ('ent(>iinial l-'onrlh w.-is oreet<'d at midniii'ht. At a- i;'iveii hour, could an 
Ohsi'rver liaxc l>een placed ;it ;i sutHcieiit altitude, with senses sullicieul ly acute, 
lie would h;i\('seeu a line of rockets sliootiui;' ii|i from t he e;islerii and southern 
seahoai'd, ;ind would haxc heard the simultaneous lioomini;' of cannon and 
riun'iiii;' of hells alont;- the same line, .and seen the people ;istir like liees in a 
distui'lu'd liixc. A few minutes lati'r, as time ad\;uices hy the law of the sun, 
.•mil a north ami south line ou the meridi.an of Alliany would li.ave shown 
similar animation, and successively HulValo, ('le\ fl.ind, Detroit, C'liii-anc*, < hnalia, 
Deiixer, San Francisco, would have ;iw;ikeiied to the .•id\ .-inciiiu- blaze and peal, 
and hooiii ••nid tdu'cr. And these demonstr.atioiis were not conline<l to the 
land, hut distant seas wei'e lieiited up ami m.ade tremulous as hy the throat 
of Tliunderinii- Jujnter, from thousands of \essels llo.atimi' undei' the stripes 
iiud st.'irs. 

Willi such ureetiuii' wjis the tirst hour of the Centemiial Fourth ushered 
in: and such summary hut imperfect ]>icture of (he ^r.and ceremoiii.al nuist 
sutHce under this immediate head. C'ommemor.-itixc exercises duiiui;' the day 
wei'e as unixcrsal .as was the greeting with whiih it w.as received, hut (Uitside 
of our own State, only the nation.al eeleliration .it riiiladelphia, .-ind other e.ver- 
cises eonteinporaneous therewith, will he noticed. 

THE <;ki:at \atio\al celkrkation at riiiLADELriiiA. 

'Idle comineniorative e.xereises at Philadelphia on the fourth of July, lS7t>, 
\\cre m.iiidy under the charge of the Centennial Commission and the .authorities 
of l'hil;idelphi;i. l.ut were national in their (di;ir;ictcr. The formal exercises 
were held in lnde]U'ndence S(pnire, fronting indeiicndence ll;dl, where the 
IVolaratioii of liideju'ndence was adopted .and signed. These are located on 
Chestnut street, lietwcen l-'ifdi .-ind Sixth streets. Independence Hall is well 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 



79 




IndupciulciKM' I hill. I'liil:i<lel|>lii:i 



represented by the cut. It is in an excellent state of |)reservation, and has as 
fresli a lonk almost as if built but yestenlay. Other structures have been 
added ou each end of the building, the whoh' being used for court and other 
public purposes, but the additions ai"e 
to be removed and tlie original status 
restored, when tlie public Ijuildings now 
in course of erection are completed. 

A grand military [)arade pi'eeeded the 
civic, exeirises. The military formed in 
line on I'road street, and commenced to 
move at half-past eight. The troops were 
enthusiastically cheered at diffei'ent points 
on the route. A stand hail been erected 
in front of Indepeiulence Hall from which 
the troojts were reviewed by General 
Sherman. Mr. Cameron, Secretary of War, 
with many distinguished military men of 
our own and foreign countries, occupied 

seats on the platform. Among the features of the ])arade was the C'enlennial 
Legion, which was originated especially for the occasion, and comjxised of a 
company from each of the original States. 

Before the civic exercises began, every s[)ot in the streets in the vicinity 
was crowded with people. A stand of seats for 4,()()() invited guests had been 
erected, and when the ceremonies commenced, was entirely tilled. Among the 
distinguished persons present were Governor Hayes, of Ohio, (ieneral Sherman 
jind Lieutenant-General Sheridan, Governor Bagley, of Michigan, Rev. Dr. 
Somerville Scott and Governor Lippitt, of Rhode Island, Governor Axtell, of 
New .Mexico, Bishops Howe and Simpson, meml)ers of the Japanese Centennial 
CoinniissicMi, and the Brazilian empei-or I)om Pedro, togethei' with the gentle- 
men who ))articipate(l directly in the proceedings of the day. At Id. IT) a. m., 
(ieneial llawley called the immense assemblage to order, and an orchestia of 
two hundred and fifty musicians, undei' the leadership of Professoi- (iilmore, 
opened with a grand overture, "The Great Republic," ari'anged for the occasion 
by the composer, George F. Bristow, of New York. At tlie conclusion of ihc 
music. General llawley, president of the Centennial Conniiission, advanced to 
the stand and made the followinir addi'ess : 



Fi;i,i,o\v CiriZKNs and Fkiionds oi' ai.i, Nations: One liundrcd years •a<xi> Ihc Rc|)iil)lic 
was ]irip(lairii(il im this spot, anil \vc have conic t<)i.'c(lici- to cdchratc, lo-<lay. liy a sini|)li' and 



80 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

peaceful observance, our wonder, our pride, and our gratitude. Tliese presences to-day prove the 
good will existing among all nations. To the strangers among us, a thousand welcomes — to the- 
land we love, liberty, peace, justice, prosperity, and the blessing of God tu all time. By direction 
of the Commission I have the honor to announce as presiding officer of the day, Hon. Thomas 
W. Ferry, Vice President of the United States. 

MR. ferry's address. 

Citizens of our Centennial: The regretful absence of the President of the United States 
casts on me the honor of presiding on this eventful occasion. Much as I value the official dis- 
tinction, I prize much more the fact, that severally we hold, and successfully we maintain, the 
right to the prouder title of American citizen. It ranks all others. It makes office, unmakes 
officers, and creates States. One hundred years ago, in yonder historic structure, heroic statesmen 
sat, and gravely chose between royal rule and popular sovereignty. Inspired with the spirit which 
animated the Roman sage, who on Mars Hill declared that of one blood were made all nations 
of men. Continental sages echoed in Independence Hall their immortal Declaration that all men 
are created equal. Appealing to the God of justice and of battle for the rectitude and firmness 
of their pur])ose, they jjledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor to the principle 
of freedom and equality of the human race. To-day, in this rounding hour of a century, appeal- 
ing to the same God of justice and of peace, we praise Him for, and pledge our lives, our 
fortunes, and our sacred honor to maintain, the spirit of that declaration now made universal by 
the fundamental law of the land. [At this stage of the Vice President's speech the sudden tolling 
of the bell of Independence Hall reverberating through the vicinity roused those present to the 
greatest enthusiasm and resulted in a series of prolonged cheers.] 

We, the people of the United States, in this Centennial memorial, pay a double tribute to 
the Most High — one of grateful acknowledgment of the fulfilled pledge of our fathers to over- 
throw royalism, the other of joyful assurance of the fulfilling pledge of their sons to uphold 
republicanism. The great powers of the earth honor the spirit of American fidelity to the cause 
of human freedom, by the display of their arts and by the presence of their titled peers, to grace 
and dignify the world's homage paid to the Centennial genius of American liberty. Three millions 
of peofile grown to forty-three millions, and thirteen colonies enlarged to a nation of thirty-seven 
States, with the thirty-eighth — the Centennial State — forsaking eight territories and standing on 
the threshold of the Union, abiding executive admission ; these attest the forecast and majesty of 
the Declaration of 1776. It was nothing short of the utterance of the sovereignty of manhood 
and the worth of American citizenship. Its force is fast supplanting the assumption of the divine 
right of Kings, by virtue of the supreme law of the nation, that the people alone hold the soh^ 
power to rule. Nations succeed each other in following the examjjle of this republic, and the 
force of American Institutions bids fair to bring about a general reversal of the source of political 
power. Whenever that period shall come, Great Britain, so magnanimous in presence in this 
auspicious era, will then, if not before, praise the events, when American Independence was won 
under Washington, and wlicn freedom and equality of races were achieved under Lincoln and 
Grant. 

The Vice President tiiiiied to the Riglit Rev. William Bacon Stevens, D. D., 
Bishop of Pennsylvania, and introduced him as the ecclesiastical successor of 
the first chaplain of the Continental Congress. The Bishop was in his canonical 
robes, appearing after the manner of his denomination, book in hand, and 
speaking in a low, but clear tone. The invocation embodied many passages 
from tlie Prayer-Book appropriately woven together. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 81 



The next announcement was: Hymn, "Welcome to all Nations," words by 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, of Massachusetts; music, "Kellei-'s Hymn." 

WELCOJIE TO ALL NATIONS. 
I. 
Bright on the bainiors of lily and rose, 

Lo, the last sun of our century sets ! 
Wreath tlie black cannon that scowled on our foes — 

All hut her friendships the Nation forgets! 

All but her friends and their welcome forgets! 
These are around her: But where are her foes? 

Lo, while the sun of her century sets 
Peace twines her garlands of lily and rose ! 



Welcome! a shout like the war-trumpet swell 

Wakes the wild echoes that slumber aroused ! 
Welcome ! it quivers from Liberty's bell ; 

Welcome ! the walls of her temple resound ! 

Hark ! the gray walls of her temple resound ! 
Fade the far voices o'er hill-side and dell ; 

Welcome ! still whisper the echoes around ; 
Welcome ! still trembles on Liberty's bell ! 



Thrones of the Continents ! Isles of the Sea ! 

Yours are the garlands of peace we entwine ; 
Welcome, once more, to the land of the free ; 

Shadowed alike by the palm and the pine. 

Softly they murmur, the palm and the pine, 
" Hushed is our strife, in the laud of the free ; " 

Over your children their branches entwine, 
Thrones of the Continents ! Isles of the Sea ! 

The next scene was fraught with sionificaiice. The Vice-President announced 
that the grandson of Richard Heniy Lee would read the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence from the oi-igiiial nianiiscrii)t, which tlie President had intrasted to 
the Mayor of Philadelphia. The faded and crumbling manuscript, held together 
by a simple frame, was then shown to the vast throng below the [)latform, 
cheer following cheer. Mr. Lee read the Declaration in a clear, ringing voice. 
The reading was fretpiently interrupted by cheers, as some ])atriotic sentiment 
would be heard. 

Following the reading of the Declaration came the greeting from Brazil, a 
hymn for the first Centennial of American independence, composed by A. Carter 



82 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Gomez, of Brazil, at tlie i-equest of liis Majesty, Doiu Pedro, second Emperor 
of Brazil. The aimouncemeut of this portion of the programme was received 
by the assemblage with every manifestation of favor. The Emperor rose to 
his feet with the rest of the distinguished personages present, and listened 
with ffreat attention. 



THE NATIONAL ODE, JULY 4, ISTO. 

Bayard Taylor was then introduced, and recited the following ode, written 
by him for the occasion: 



Sun of tlie stately Day, 

Let Asia into the shadow drift, 

Let Europe bask in thy ripened ray. 
And over the severing ocean lift 

A brow of broader splendor. 
Give light to the eager eyes 
Of the laud that waits to behold thee rise : 
The gladness of morning lend her. 
With the triumph of noon attend her, 

And the peaee of the vesper skies ! 
For, lo ! she cometh now. 

With hope on the lip and ]>ride on the brow, 
Stronger and dearer and fairer. 
To smile on the love we bear her, 
To live, as we dreamed her and sought iier, 
Liberty's latest daughter! 

In the clefts of the rocks, in the secret places, 
We found her traces ; 

On the hills, in the crash of woods thai fall. 
We heard her call ; 
When the lines of battle broke, 
We saw her face in the fiery smoke ; 

Through toll, and anguish, and desolation. 
We followed and found her, 

With the grace of a virgin nation. 
As a sacred zone around her! 
Who shall rejoice 
With a righteous voice 

Far heard through the ages, if not she? 
For the menace is dumb that defied her, 
The doubt is dead that denied her. 

And she stands acknowledged, and strong, and free ! 



COMMEMOKATIXK CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 83 



II.— I. 
All, hark 1 lli • soU'imi iindcrtoue 
On every wind of luiiiiaii story Idowu. 

A large, iliviiicly-iiioiildcd Fate 
Quc-stious the rigiit and purpose of a State, 
And in it.< plan sublime 
Our eras are the dust of Time. 
The far-off Ye.sterday of power 

Creeps baek with stealthy feet, 
Invade.s the lordship of the hour, 
And at our banquet takes the unbidden .seat. 
From all unehronieled and silent ages 
Before the Future fir.st begot the Past, 

Till History dared at last, 
To write eternal words on granite pages ; 
From Egypt's tawny drift, and Assur's mound, 
And where, uplifted white and far. 
Earth highe.st yearns to meet a star, 
And Man his manhood by the Gange.s found,— 
Imperial heads, of old millenial sway. 

And still by some pale splendor crowned. 
Chill a.s a corpse-light in our full-orbeil day. 

In ghostly grandeur rise 
And say, through stony lips and vacant eyes: 
'Thou that assei-te.«t freedom, power and fame, 
Declare to us thv claim !" 



On the shores of a Continent cast, 
8he won the inviolate soil 

By loss of heirdom of all the Past, 

And faith in the royal right of toil ! 

She planted homes on the .«avage sod — 
Into the wilderness lone 
She walked with fearless feet. 
In her hand tlie divining-rod, 
Till the veins of the mountains beat 

With fire of metal and force of stone! 

She set the sjieed of the river-head 

To turn the mills of her bread; 
She drove her plowshare deep 

Through the prairie's thousand-eenturied sleep ; 
To the South and West and North, 
She called ]>ath-finder forth, 
Her faitliful and sole companion. 

Where the flushed Sierra, snowy-starred, 
Her way to the sunset I)arred, 



84 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



And the nameless rivers in thunder and foam 

Channeled the terrible canyon ! 

Nor paused, till her uttermost home 
Was built, in the smile of a softer sky 

And the glory of beauty still to be, 
Where the haunted waves of Asia die 

On the strand of the world-wide sea ! 

II— 2. 

The race, in conquering. 
Some fierce Titanic joy of conquest knows, 

Whether in veins of serf or king, 
Our ancient blood beats restless in repose. 

Challenge of Nature unsubdued 
Awaits not man's defiant answer long ; 
For hardship, even as wrong, 
Provokes the level-eyed, heroic mood. 
This for herself she did ; but that which lies, 

As over earth the skies, 
Blending all forms in one benignant glow, — 

Crowned conscience, tender care, 
Justice that answer's every bondsman's prayer, 
Freedom where Faith may lead or Thought may dare, 
The power of minds that know. 
Passion of hearts that feel. 
Purchased by blood and woe, 
Guarded by fire and steel, — 
Hath she secured? What blazon on her shield, 
In the Clear Century's light 
Shines to the world revealed. 
Declaring nobler triumph, born of Right/? 

1—8. 
Foreseen in the vision of sages. 

Foretold when martyrs bled. 
She was born of the longing of ages, 
By the truth of the noble dead, 
And the faith of the living, fed ! 
No blood in her lightest veins 
Frets at remembered chains. 
Nor shame of bondage has bowed her head. 
In her form and features still 
The unblenching Puritan will, 
Cavalier honor, Hugenot grace, 
The Quaker truth and sweetness. 
And the strength of the danger-girdled race 
Of Holland, blend in a proud completeness. 
From the homes of all, where her being began. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL' EXERCISES. 



She todk wluit sill' u'avc In iiiuii — 
Justice that knew lit) station, 

Beli 'f as soul-decreed, 
Free air for asjiiratiou, 

Free force for iiiilc|)riiilciit deed! 

She takes but to give airaiii. 

As the sea returns the rivcis in lain ; 

And gathers the chosen of her seed 

From the iiunted of every crown and creed. 

Her Germany dwells by a gentle Rhine; 

Her Irelaixl sees the old sunburst shine ; 

Her France pursues some dream divine; 

Her Norway keeps his mountain ])ine ; 

Her Italy waits by the Western brine ; 

And, broad-based, under all, 
Is planted England's oakcu-hcartcd mood, 

As rich in fortitude 
As e'er went worUhvard from tlic island wall! 

Fused in her candid light. 
To one strong race all races here unite; 
Tongues melt in hers; hereditary focmen 
Forget their swmd ami slogan, kith and elan. 

'Twas glory, once, to be a Roman ; 
She makes it glm-y, now, to Uv a man I 

II— 3. 
Bow down! 
Doff thine ^Konian crown! 

One hour forget 
The glory, and recall the debt. 
Make expiation. 
Of humbler mood. 
For the pride of thine exaltation 
O'er peril conquered and strife subdued ! 
But half the i-ight is wrested 

When victoi-y yields her prize, 
And half the marrow tested 

Wiien old endurance dies. 
In the sight of them that love thee, 
Bow to the (Jreater above thee! 

He failcth not to smite 
The idle ownership of Right, 
Nor spares to sinews fresh from trial 
And virtue, schooled in long denial, 
The tests that wait for thee 
In larger perils of prosperity. 

Here, at the C'entury's awful shrine. 
Bow to thv fathers' God — and thine! 



12 



86 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



1—4. 

Behold! s^he l)rii(k'tli now, 
Humbliug the chaplet of hiT hundred years: 
There is a solemn sweetn2.>s on her brow, 
And in her eyes are saered tears. 
Can .she forget. 
In present joy, the burden of her debt, 
When for a captive race 
She grandly staked and won 
The total promise of her power begnn, 

And bared her bosom's grace 
To the sharp wound that inly tortures yet? 

Can she forget 
The million graves her young devotion set, 

The hands that clasp above 

From either side, in sad, returning love ? 

C'au she forget. 

Here, where the Ruler of to-day, 

The Citizen of to-morrow, 

And equal thousands to rejoice and ])ray 

Beside these holy walls are met, 
Her birth-cry, mixed of keenest bliss and sorrow ? 
Where, on July's immortal morn, 
Held forth, the People saw her head. 
And shouted to the world : " The King is dead. 

But lo ! the Heir is born ! " 
When fire of Youth, and sober trust of Age, 
In Farmer, Soldier, Priest and Sage, 
Arose and cast upon her 
Baptismal garments, — never robes so fair 
Clad prince in Old-world air, — 
Their lives, their fortunes and their .sacred honor! 



Arise! Recrown thy head, 
Radiant with blessing of the Dead ! 
Bear from this hallow'ed place 
The prayer that purifies thy lips. 
The light of courage that defies eclipse, 
The rose of Man's new morning on thy face ! 

Let no iconoclast 
Invade thy rising Pantheon of the Past, 

To make a blank where Adams stood. 
To touch the Father's sheathed and sacred blade, 
Spoil crowns on Jefferson, and Franklin laid. 
Or wash from Freedom's feet the stain of Lincoln's blood ! 
Hearken, as from that haunted hall 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 87 



Tlu'ir voices call: 
"Wc live! and (lid for thue: 
We greatly (hired that iIkui miglit'st be; 
So, t'niiu ihy ciiildren still 
We claim denials wiiicli at last fultill, 
And freedom yielded to preserve thee free! 
Beside clear-hearted Right, 
That smiles at Power's uplifted rod, 
riant Duties that re(|uite, 
And Order that sustains, upon thy sod, 

And stand in stainless might 
Above all self, and only less than (!odl" 

ill — 1. 
Here may thy solemn challenge end. 
All-proving i)ast, and eacii discordance die 

Of (i(iid)tfid augury, 
Or in one choral with the Present blend, 
And that half-heard, sweet harmony 
Of something nobler that our sons nuiy see! 

Though poignant memories burn 
Of days that were, and may again return. 
When thy fleet foot, (), Huntress of the Woods, 
The slippery brinks of danger knew. 
And dim tiie eyesight grew 
That was so sure in thine own solitudes — 

Yet stays some richer sense, 
Won I'rom the mixture of thine elements. 

To guide the vagrant scheme. 
And winnow Truth from each conflicting dream ! 

Yet in thy blood shall live 

Some force unspent, some essence primitive, 

To seize the highest use of things ; 

For Fate, to mold thee to her plan. 

Denied thee food of kings, 

Withheld the udder and the orchard fruits. 

Fed thee wilii savage roots, 
And forced thy harsher milk from barren breasts of man! 

Ill — 3. 

O, sacred Woman-form, 
Of tlie first People's need and jja.ssion wrought — 

No thin, i)ale ghost of Thought, 
But fair as Jlorning, and as heart's lilood warm — ■ 
AV earing thy ])rie.stly tiar on .ludaii's hills; 
Clear-eyed beneath Athene's iielm of gold ; 

• Or from Home's central seat 
Hearing the pulses of the C\)ntinents beat 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



In tliiUKk'i' where licr Iciiiniis rolled; 
Compact of liigh heroic liearls anil wills, 

Whose being circles all 
The selfless aims of meu, and all fulKlIs ; 
Thyself not free, so long as one is thrall; 
Goddess, that as a Nation lives, 
And as a Nation dies, 
That for her children as a man defies. 
And to her children as a mother gives — 

Take our fresh fealty now ! 
No more a Chieftainess, with wampiim-zone 
And feather-cinctured Ijrow — 
No more a new Britannia, grown 
To spread an equal banner to the breeze. 
And lift thy trident o'er the double seas ; 
But with unborrowed crest, 
In thine own native beauty dressed — 
The front of pure command, the unflinching eye, thine own! 

Ill — :!. 

Look up, look forth and cm ! 

There's light in the dawning sky : 
The clouds arc parting, the night is gone: 

Prepare for the work of the day ! 

Fallow thy pastures lie, 

And far thy shepherds stray, 
And the fields of thy vast domain 

Are waiting for purer seed 

Of knowledge, desire and deed. 
For keener sunshine and mellower rain! 

But keep thy garments pure: 
Pluck them back, with the old disdain. 

From touch of the hands that stain ! 

So shall thy strength endure. 
Transmute into good the gold of Gain, 
Compel to beauty thy ruder powers, 

Till the bounty of coming hours 

Shall plant, on thy fields apart, 
"With the oak of Toil, the rose of Art ! 

Be watchful, and keep us so : 

Be strong, and fear no foe: 

Be just, and the world shall know ! 
With the same love love us, as we give ; 

And the day shall never come, 

That finds us weak or dumb 

To join and smite and cry 
In the great task, for thee to die, • 

And the greater task, for tlicc to live! 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 



on? WATIdXAI. HANNER. 



TIn' following, t'litltU'd "<>iir National IJaimcr," wi'itlcn by Dexter Siuitli, 
of Massachusetts, was rcnilfreij liy the orchestra ami chnius: 



O'er tlip high and o'er the Inwly 
Floats tliat banner bright and holy 

In the rays of Freedom's sun; 
In the Nation's lieart imbedded, 
O'er our Union newly wedded. 

One in all, and all in one. 



Let the banner wave forever. 
May its lustrous stars fade never. 

Till the stars shall pale on high; 
While there's right the wrong defeating, 
While there's hope in true heart beating, 

Truth and Freedom sliall not die. 



As it floated long before us. 
Be it ever floating o'er us — 

O'er our land from shore to shore; 
There are freemen yet to wave it, 
Millions who would die to save it, — 

Wave it, save it, evermore. 



GREETINGS FROM ABROAD. 

The followiiiLT aiitooTa]ili letter from the Eniperoi' of (leruiaiiy was j>re- 
sented to the Presi(h'iit on I he Fonrth hy the (Teriiiau minister, Mr. Sehh)zer : 

William, by the grace of God, Emperor of Germany. Kini^ of Prussia, etc., to llie President of the United 
States: 

Great and Good Fuiesd: It has bcfu vouchsafed to yon to celebrate the Centennial 
festival of the day upon which the great Rjpublic over which you preside entered the rank of 
independent nations. The purposes of it.s founders have, by a wise application of the teachings 
of the history of the foundation of nations, and with insight into the distant future, been realized 
by a development without a parallel. To congratulate you and the American people upon the 
occlusion affords mo so much the greater pleasure, because, since the treaty of friendship, which my 
auce.stor of glorious memory, King Frederic II, who now rests with God, concluded with the 
United States, undistnrbcil friendship has rontiiniiillv existed i)et\veen (Ternuiny and Auu^rica, and 



90 Mll'llKIAN AND I'llK I'KNTKNN lAL. 

has ln'i'ii iK\rlii|iiil ami slrcnutlu-iu'cl liv iIk' I'vcr-im rcasiiii; iiupmiiuici' of llicir ri'lntinns, and l>y 
an inlt'i'ciMirsi', ln'coMiinj;- nioro and nimr rruiHul, in i'\cry dduiain ul' cciiunuicr ami sciiniT. Thai 
tlu- wi'Hiiri' <it' the I'niti'il States, and ihc l'i'i>'ndslii|i of the luo cimndics, may cnuliuuc to incri-asc, 
is my siiu'crc desire and mulidenl li(i|ir. Aeeepl ihe renewi'd assiu'anee nl' mv um|Ualiru'd esteem. 

WII.I.IAM, 
liKliiiN, .luue 1). lf<;ti. Comileisii;!!!'!!: VoN IJISMAKCK. 

( >ii lilt- Istli of .liilv tilt' following ifspoust' of llic I'li'sidrul was Jiaiulctl 
to tlif (Jciniaii iiiiiiistt'i': 

Ulysses S, GlwU, I'lesidciil el' Ihe rnilcil Sliiles cit' AmiTieii, U> William 1, Kiiiperoi- of (Jerniiiny, Kin.n' of 
Prussin, ete., tie. : 

OkEAT AN1> (itHMi Fkuonh: Ytiuf letter nf June !>lli, in whieli you were pleased to otter 
YtUir cordial ctnigratiUations upon the tteeasion of the Cenlennial anniversary wliieh we have recently 
celel)ratcil, was placeil in my hands tm tlie I'ourlh of dulv, and its eonlenis were pern>ed with 
tmteig'ued satistiiction. Such exprcssitms tif sympathy lor (he [last [irogress of this eonutry, ami ot' 
good wishes tor iis lulnre welt'are, as are containeil in thai coninuinication, are nuuv jiratitying' 
because tlicv prticcctl t'rt)ni tlie lieati t)t' a great empire with which this if|iuhlic, tluring the 
whole century i>t' its existence, has maintained relations of peace and iVicmlship, which have been 
ctmspicmius alike in prosperity and atlversity, ami have become conlinnally lirmer with the 
increasing prtigrcss anti prosperity of both ctnnitrics. ll is my sincere desire ihal this nnitual 
cortliality, ami this prosperity, which have been the lot of ihe two eountiies tluring the tii-st 
century of our imlependeiiee, may be vi>uchsafetl to them tluring Ihe century which is to come. 
Wishing you a hmg reign of heallli and liappiness, I pray (iod thai lie may liave your Majesty 
in His safe and holy keeping. 

l$y tl>o Presitlent: (SigntHb U. S. liKANT. 

llAMii.'rt>N Fisu, Secrctnrv of State. 



MISCKLLANKOIS KXKIU'ISKS. 

Tlif city of l*liilaiK'l|>liia has lifcii, tliiiiiio- tin- siinmuT, a favt>fitt' ct'iiter ft>f 
holtling meetings ami eouveutions repi-eseiitiiio- vafious soeietary aiKl ]>nl)lie 
iitteiests, hut in this et>iiiiet'tion will be iiieiitit>ue(l i>iily those oeeurring on, ov 
iiuiiit'tliately et>nnectetl with, tlie Centennial Fotiith. 

line At lllOi;s' rt;it!l IK l't> IllK SttiNKttS. 

ConuneniovatiYe exeivises nnetinneeted with the CVnteunial Exhibition, were 
begun in Pliilailelphia July titst, by a gt;iml demonstration in Independenee 
Hall antl lndej>endenee Square. The t^pening exereises oi the day were held in 
Indej)endenee Hall, conunencing at half-past eleven tAlock. iituhf the direction 
(vf the eommittee t>n restoratit>n. At the hour named, about i>ne hundred and 
thirty autht>rs and prominent literary gentlemen assembled in the hlstorie room, 
eaeh dept>siting a sht>rt bit>gta[>hit'al sketch t>f one t>t" the signers i>r other 



C()M.MKM(I|;ATIVK ckntknmai^ kxkkcisks. 91 

proiiiiiiciil rc\ nliitiiiii;ii-y |>;ilri<)t. Tlic u'ciil Iciin'ii iii\ilc(l In |iaiiici|i,-itc in lliis 
interesting atVair lunl f.niif IduciluT in ilic niiisciiiii, iiniiiciliatcl\ ii|i|i,,silc Inde- 
peiidencf Hall, at eleven o'cldck. Tlii'i-c llif_\ were r<-cci\ imI Ky the lailics of 
the ccininiitrcf in cliarn'c <il' the nnisciiin, and were llicncc escorted to the hall, 
when tln'v were wclcouicil li\ liis Imnur Mayoi' Stoklrv, in a sIkh'I aii<l apiu'o- 
jiii.ilc address. 'Idle asscnd)la^c w a^ next addressed Ky (Hi. i''raid< .M. I'ltting, 
(di.iiinian uf tln' edniniittee on the restoi'ation of lnde|ifn(h'nce Il.-dl. I'rayer 
was otfeivd l>y Rev. Wliite Hinnson. At the cdncln-icin of the l!c\. .Mr. i^ronson's 
prayer, A\'liittier's Centennial hynni, as snng on the o[)eninL;' of the Centennial 
IC.xliiliitiiiii. May tenth, was sung l>y a tdioriis of lifty voices. 'Idie names of the 
authors were then eaUed, wlien eac-li one stepped to the talile and (h'posited 
liis sketch, after which tlie as.seinhlage were escorted to seats on the phatforni 
in the sipiare. AnionLi" the anthoi's eontrilmting sketclies were ex-Govei'iior .Iithn 
A. l)i\, Thomas W . Iligginson, John l'>sten Ct)ok, Benson .1. I^ossing, Roljert 
C. W'intliro)!. .Inhn W. l''i>rney, and Charles Francis Adams. 

iiii; NAiioNAi. i;i:ioi;\i associ.x rio\. 

The movi-meiit of which this association is the e.xponeiil dates hack to aliout 
186."{, wlien it first assumeil form at a meeting somewhat local and infui'mal in 
its cliaracter, at Xenia, Olno. 'I'he national association was formed in 18(17. 
The object of tlie organization is, in Kriei', to seeuic a religious amendment to 
the Constitution of the United States. The movement emhi-aces the iniiaes of 
many jud'jcs, politicians, clergymen, teachers, and olhei's, in tlie several states 
and leiiitories. The association held its si.vtli annu.il meeting in l*hiladel])hia, 
on .lune l'n, 1n7(;, and adopted i-esolutions as follows: 

1. That tin.-; ciaiVL'UtiDii i.s pursuaded, witli thu C()ugri',s.s of 1778, in the words of their r&so- 
hitioii (if October twelve;, suhstantially re])eatc(l ia the ordinance of 17H7, for the government of 
the Territory of the Northwe.st, and incorporated in the constitutions of states organized within 
that territory, that "true religion and good nioral.« are the only .solid foundation.s of puhlic liberty 
and iia|)[iin(ss." 

It lirndy belicvc.-i, with (j<'orge WasliiMirton, who solcriitdy i-cc(irdi'(l lln" ti'utli in hi.-^ farewell 
address*, that "of all tin- dispositions and haliits which lead to puiitical prosperity, religion and 
morality are indispensable supports;" anil again, that " nasoii and experience both forbid us to 
expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious princi])Ie.s." 

It cberislics the spirit of John Adams' first message to Congress— "a calm but steady deter- 
mination t<i support our .sovereignty, as well as oui- ni<iral and religi<ius principles, against all 
open and secret attacks." 

■J. That we recognize the need of impics-inir u|i<jm iIm' pulilii' Miiud, lliis C'etileniiial vear, the 
truth of our national accountability to ( iod. Owing its indepi'iidcni'c and existence to Jlim, and 
exercising authority derived from Him, the nation is under sui)reme obligation to acknowledge 
and obev Ilim. 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



3. That in tlu' midsl ol' tlio cciimncnKiratiiiiis (if tliis \v:\r, we i-ccall willi iiratitiiilu tliu iiuiiiy 
note of govcruiiu'iital aeknowli'dgiueut nf (Idil wliicli staml nut pioiuiufiitly in our history. We 
rejoice that, iu repeated ins-tauceii, the authorily nf (Joil, am! (if Jesus (jhrist, our Lord, has been 
aeknowledged by ('ongress, by presidents and governors, iu re.sohitions and prochiniations, and that 
to-day, in the iSabbath laws of our states, in the use of tlie BibU' in the jtublie schools, and in 
the religious aeknowledgnicnis of dui' state ('(iMstitulidus, our governnieiit maintains a eoiineetiou, 
not with any establislied cluii'cii, iuit witii tiie vital principles (if the Christian religion. 

4. That, with a Idiin line ni' lidUdrcd witnesses, we dcpldic the religioas defect of our national 
Constitution. We ]iainfully vccdgni/.e the omission from it of all suitable acknowledgment of God, 
Jesus Christ, our Lmd, and the Bible, as a dislinndr done td ILiin in whdse hand the nations are 
but as the drop of a bucket, and therefore as a sdurcc (if untold evil t(i the nation itself. 

5. That the IcgitiiiKitc inllucncc (if this oniissidn froiii our fundamental law of any expression 
or auflK'utication of the connection of our government with Christianity, has been to sever that 
connection; and the ])ersistent demand now made, on the basis of our Constitution, to banish the 
Bible from our schools, blot dut dur Sabbath laws, and utterly de-Christianize our government, 
should constrain every friend (if (lur Christian civil in.stitutions to labor for a religit)us amend- 
ment to the Constitution, as an undeniable constitutional basis for Christian education, laws 
against the desecration of the Sabbath, and every other similar feature of the nation's life. 

(). That we discern in the vital public questions, now pressing for solution, the one all- 
important issue between a secular or ( iodless government and a Christian government; and we 
arc fnllv convinced that we cannot rcTuain half one and half the other. Christian in many parts 
of our laws and adniinistratioii, and secular in our national written Constitution. We must 
harmonize our national Con.stitutiou with the Christian institutions of oui' gdverninent, (ir these 
nuist become as destitute of Christian character as that instrument itself. 

7. That we ]iledge (inrselves anew, td ( iod and to each other, to labor in this patriotic and 
glorious cause, amid discouragement and unpopularity, if need be, in the hope that in answer to 
prayer and devoted effort, our beloved nation will, before long, solve the problem of this opening 
century of its indejicndcnce, by recognizing explicitly the authority of God and of His Christ. 

The Hon. Felix R. Briiiiot, of Pittsburg, Peiiiisy]v;iiii;i, is president of the 
associatiou, and Prof. Jose])]i W. Ewiiio;, of Michigan, is one of the vice-presi- 
dents. The "Christian Statesiiiaii," a weekly (Hiarto of sixteen pages, published 
ill Philadelphia, is the organ of the assdciation. 



CKNTENNIAL CONGttKSS OF l.lHEItALS. 

Antagonizing the object sought by the movement last aitove mentioned, was 
the " Centennial Congress of Liberals," composed of delegates from liberal 
leagues throughout the connti-}-, and others sympathizing with its objects, which 
met in Philadelphia on the iirst day of -July, and continued in session to and 
including the fourth. Tliei'e were one lumdred and sixty-seven delegates present, 
repiresenting twenty -se\en states, and some eight hundred persons who were 
not present sent their names as memliers. The aim and objects of the organi- 
zation are siimmarih set forth in two of the articles of its constitution: 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 93 



1. The j^wioral (ihjoct of the Xationiil Liliiral Lcajfiu' shall ho tci accomplish the Total 
SEPAKATroN oi' ('iUKcn AND Statk: to the (11(1 that e(|ual riijhts in i-elijrion, (rcuiiiiie morality 
in politics, an(i freedom, virtue and hrotherhood in all luinian life, may be established, protected 
and perpetuated. ****** ******** 

'1. To advocate the c(iuitable taxation of cluu-ch property ; the total discontinuance of I'cligious 
instruction and worship in the public schools; the rei)eal of all laws enforcing the observance of 
Sunday as the Sabbath; the cessation of all approjjriations of public funds for religious institutions 
or purposes of any kind; the abolition of state-paid chaplaincies; the substitution of simple affirma- 
tion, under the pains and penalties of perjury, for the judicial oath ; the n(ju-appointment of 
religious tasfc;, festivals and holidays by public authority; the practical establishment of simple 
morality and intelligence as the basis of purely secular government, and the ade(piate guarantee 
of ])ublic order, pro»iJerity, and righteousness; and whatever other measures or jirinciph's may be 
nec(^sary to the t(jtal sejiaration of Church and Stat(>. 

F(if llu'se ami like objects, local leagues are to Ije foriued. An address was 
adopted, entitled a "Patriotic Address to the People of the United States," 
and among tlie addresses presented at the meeting was one from the Michigan 
State Associaticm of Spiritualists, sympathizing with its objects. Francis E. 
Abbot, of Boston, is president of tlie organization, and E. AV. Meddaugh, of 
DetiT)it, is the vice-president for Michigan. "The Index," a twelve page (piarto, 
published in Boston, of which Mr. Abbot is editor, is the organ of the 
movement. 

WOMAN SrFFl{A(;K CENTENNIAL MEETINGS. 

On Monday, July tliii-d. tlic American Woman Suffrage Association held a 
meeting at Horticultural Hall, to celebrate the adoption of a constitution for 
that State by the provincial congress of New Jersey, July 2d, 1776, under 
which, for many years, women had equal rights to the ballot ^vith men, and 
often exercised tlie right. Lucy Stone presided; Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, 
Matilda J. Hindman, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Mrs. Elizabeth K. ChiU'chill, 
of Rhode Island ; Mrs. Antoinette Brown Blackwell, of New Jersey ; Rev. C G. 
Ames, of Pennsylvania ; Mr. Roper, of England ; IT. B. Blackwell, of Massa- 
chusetts, and the president, spoke. The attendance was good and the meeting 
valualde and interesting. 

The officers of the National Woman Surt'rage Association had asked the 
prixilege of presenting a protest and declaration of rights to the great Centen- 
nial meeting in Independence S(jiiare, on the morning of July fourth, and the 
recjuest was refused on the ground that the [irogranune of exercises, ali'eady 
complete, could not be changed. 

.\t the oi)ening of the meeting, Susan \^. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, 
Lauia A. Spencer, Lillic I). Mlake, and l'liel)e W. Cozzens, found room on the 
18 



94 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



platfoi-m, being admitted by tickets, and at the close of the reading of the 
Declaration of Independence Miss Anthony stepped forward and said to the 
president, Hon. T. W. Ferry, of Michigan, acting Vice President of the United 
States: "Mr. President, we present this declaration of rights of tlie women 
citizens of the United States." He bowed and received it silently, and the 
ladies tpiietly left. On Chestnnt street, in front of Independence Hall, was a 
platform not in use, and Miss Antliony read from it the declaration just pre- 
sented, at the request of many ■\\'ho wished to hear it. 

At noon the First Unitarian Cluu'ch was filled with a large audience who 
remained five hours to hear the reading of the declaration by Elizabeth Cady 
Stanton, and addresses by various persons. Liicretia Mott, eighty-four years of 
age, presided, and spoke with her usual earnest elocpience. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 95 



III.— THE CENTENNIAL FOURTH IN MICHIGAN. 

THE Centennial Fourtli was welronu'd with pati-iotic demonstrations tliroughout 
Michigan. As the niidiiiglit liells I'ang out the ohl year and rang in the new, 
in nearly all the cities and larger vilhiges in the State cannon were fired, fire- 
works were dis2>layed, flags were flung to the l)reeze, and the ]ieople declared, 
in a vai'iety of ^\'ays, tlieir joy at tlie advent of the one hundredth year of the 
nation's indei)en<lence. These midnight demonstrations were kept up for nearly 
an hour. Though tliey were informal, they were qixite generally participated 
in, friends and neiglibors apparent!}- \ieing with each other in giving expres- 
sion to the patriotic emotions which the event a\vakened. The fact is worthy 
of record here, because of the spirit which it ilhistrated. There was no prep- 
aration for a foiinal demonstration; no programme was laid down; no previous 
ap])eals had stirred the public mind, yet as the clocks struck the horn' of 
midnight, and told that a new year was born, everybody seemed prompted, as 
by one impulse, to sliow in some way appreciation of the significance of tlie 
event. The Centennial Foui'tli was, of course, the great day of the year. It had 
long been looked forward to Avith lively anticipations, and preparations for its 
due observance were early begun. The whole people, as l)y one consent, joined 
in the preparations, and when tlie day arrived, turned out to honor the memory 
of the foimders of the republic, and to testify anew their fealty to its funda- 
mental principles. In this chapter the reader will find chronicled somewhat 
fully the Fourth of July doings at fifty places in the State of Michigan.* 



•This chapter is made up entirely from newspaper reports of celebrations in the various towns in the 
State. The newspapers wliose columns have been so freelj' drawn from are the Adrian Times, Allegan 
Journal, Peninsular Courier (Ann Arbor), Battle Creek .Journal, Bay City Tribune, Big Rapids Magnet, 
Tuscola Advertiser, Charlotte Republican, Coldwater Republican, the daily press of Detroit, Dexter 
Leader, Dundee Enterprise, Wolverine Citizen (Flint), Fowlerville Review, Grand Ledge Independent, Grand 
Haven Herald, Grand Rapids Eagle, Greenville Independent, Portage Lake Mining Ga/.cltc, Ionia Sentinel, 
Gratiot County .Journal, .lackson Citizen, .Jonesville Independent, Kalamazoo Telegraph, Lansing Republican, 
Marquette Mining .Journal, S:inilac .Icffersonlaii, Ingham County News (Mason), Isabella County Enterprise, 
Muskegon Chronicle, Milford Times, Niles Republican, Northville Ii<.'cor(i, Ontonagon Miner, Otsego County 
Herald, Port Huron Times, Saginawian (Saginaw City), Clinton Republican (St. .Johns), Ypsilanti Com- 
mercial, St. .Joseph Republican, Sturgis .Journal and. Times, Iosco County Gazette, Grand Traverse Herald, 
Tuscola Coiinlj- Pioneer, and Saginaw Courier. 



96 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

ADKIAN. 

Tlu' Aveatlifi', from early iiiorniiiL;' until iioou, was very unpropitiout*. The 
rain fell ^steadily and with greater or less se\^erity all the time. Nevertheless, 
tlie streets A\ere thri)n>;ecl with })eople. Kvery train of ears, from every direc- 
tion, eoiniiii;' into town, A\as crowded, and the country thoroughfares were lined 
with vehicles. According to the programme, the procession was to have started 
at ten o'clock, Imt it was delayed, in the hope of more ]iropitious weather. 
The immense crowd of people which thronged the streets in the central part of 
the city bore the delay jiatieutly, though they stood out in the rain and mud, 
with no shelter but di-i])ping umbrellas. Shortly after eleven o'clock the clouds 
showed signs of t>rcaking away, and immediately the various divisions of the 
procession, which had already taken up the positions assigned them, were notified 
to fall in, and the procession mo\ cd in the following order: 

FiKsT Division. — Platoon of police; grand inarshal, S. B. Sniitli; aids, ('. E. Rollers, R. H. 
Baker, William Todd, H. C. Hart, W. H. Smith ; carriages, with prcsitlent of the day, vice-presi- 
dents, orator, chaplain, reader of Declaration, and quartet club ; Gen. W. H. Withington, colonel 
commanding first regimeut State militia, with field and staff; Manchester hand; Adrian Light 
Guard band ; the Saginaw Light Guard ; the Ann Arbor Light Guard ; the Ypsilanti Light 
Guard; the Hudson Light Guard; the Tecumseh Light Guard; the Adrian Light Guard; drum 
corps ; Lenawee county soldiers and sailors. 

Second Division. — Assistant marshals, O. L. Teachout, H. J. Trupp, Clark Decker, Henry 
Bowen ; Knights Templar band ; Adrian eommandery. No. 4, Knights Ti'inplar ; Adrian Lodge, 
No. 8, I. O. O. F.; Hudson lodge, I. O. O. F.; Tecumseh lodge, I. O. (). F. ; Deerfield lodge, 
I. O. O. F.; Fairfield lodge, I. 0. O. F. 

TiiiKD Division. — Assistant marshals, A. K. Whitmore, T. J. Naviu, John Rapp, Thomas 
Camburn; Tecumseh brass band; German Wurkiugmen's Association; St. Patrick's Benevolent 
Association; German St. Joseph's society, with St. Joseph's band; Social Turn-Vereiu. 

Fourth Division. — Mayor and common council, city of Adrian ; Chief R. J. Bradley and 
assistants, in charge of fire department ; assistant marshals, L. M. Sayles and M. Graves, in charge 
of Lenawee Junction Farmers' Club ; Blissfield brass band ; the Lenawee Junction Farmers' Cltib, 
bearing farm implements of 1776 and 187(i. 

Fifth Division. — Officers in command of Sledge Hammer brigade; Sledge Hammer band; 
Sledge Hammer Guards. 

Although in some jilaces the mud was ankle deep, still the soldiery and 
organizations on foot marched patriotically on, and never seemed to Hag an 
instant. And when the long line came down TNIaumee street, about half-past 
twelve, on its way to the fair ground, the boys in blue, many of them plastered 
to the knees with nuid, peii'ormed their evolutions with the promptness and 
correctness which always cliaracterizes ]Micliigan militia. The line was estimated 
to be a mile in length, and was twenty minutes ]>ussing a given point. 



COMMEMOKA'llNi; CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 97 



The featiires of the procession were the Saginaw Rifles, Capt. D. D. Keeler, 
forty muskets; Aim Ailmi- I/i^lit (iiiard, Capt. S. li. l{;i\ciiaiiuli, lliiity-five 
musk(.4s ; Ypsilaiiti Lii:;ht (riiani, (."apt. C. Newell, tliirty-oiie muskets, with hand 
of twelve pieces; Hudson Liirht Guaril, ('apt. C Bush, thirty muskets; Tecum- 
seh Litiht (Juard, ('a|>t. A. I). Lawrence, tliirty-six muskets; Adi-ian Light 
Guard, Ca2)t. B. K. Wlieeler, forty-eight muskets; Adrian Knights Templar, and 
the Adrian, Hudson, Tecumseh and other lodges of Odd Fellows, to the number 
of several hundrfd; rlie (icniiaii Workiiigmen's Association, to the numlxT of 
seventy-four, and about an e(pial numljer of the mendjers of the 8t. Patrick's 
Society. The Adrian fire department was a noted feature of the display. Engine 
"A. J. Comstock," No. 1, A. K. Aldridi, engineer; the " \V. H. \Valdl)y," No. 
2, J. Kells, engineer; the chemical engine, E. P. Crittenden, engineer; tlie hook 
and ladder apjiaratus, John Saviers, foreman; and the hose carts, were all 
elaboi'ately decorated with floAvers, evergreens and beautiful emblematic devices. 
The Lena\vee Farmei's' Club showed the farming implements of 1776, contrasted 
with those of 1)S7<>, and made a display which attracted attention. The 
"Sledge Hammer Brigade," which bi'ought up the rear, was a bni'les(iue affair 
Avliich was uni<iue and elaborate, and provoked a great deal of merriment, as 
it was designed to do. Almost eveiy store, hotel and dwelling along the line 
of march was decorated with flags, bunting, mottoes, inscriptions, pictures, ever- 
greens, flowers, wreaths, arches, and patriotic devices of great variety. Among 
those who decorated their buildings or premises Avere Kelly Beals, Dr. Finch, 
R. Meriick, ex- Alderman I). E. Benedict, ex-Gov^ernor W. L. Greenly, Buiton 
Kent, J. J. Newell, ex-Alderman E. W. Mixer, Ira Metcalf, Asa AV. Aldrich, 
Fred Hart, E. L. Webb, J. McKenzie, P. L. Sword, Austin, Treat <fe Goodsell, 
Charles Nash, W. J. Coi-dley, Charles Young, S. K. Norton, A\'. H. Cook, 

F. J. Wing, L. J. Judd, W. H. Cleveland, P. Miller, G. L. Bidwell, Mrs. Gue, 
D. Gei-main, H. Coibus, F. (laylord, H. A. Cohan, G. F. Payne, A. L. Millard, 

G. M. Ciane, C. F. Smith, S. A. Angell, A. Wing, T. J. Goodsell, ex-Mayor 
Angell, J. A. Eaton, N. Hei-man, F. Bennett, D. Patterson, J. Helrigel, C. Bow- 
ei-find, E. L. Clark, C. B. Johnson, F. J. Buck, Mayor Waldby, J. E. Faiiar, 
L. R. Damon, Chai-les Bidwell, W. A. Whitney, A. Howell, C. AVolcott, 
F. J. Hough, John Mason, M. N. Ilalsey, IL H. Seaver, J. Mitchell, J. Auch- 
enipaugh, W. S. Carey, C. B. Backus, Dr. Jiaker, Mrs. Barnuni, Dr. Tripp, 
Henry Ilait, C. B. Ackley, Dr. Jewctt, G. W. Larwill, AV. S. AVilcox, F. J. 
Green, L. Auchempaugh, J. K. Px iiiictt, .lames Berry. ex-Mayoi- Luck, E. P. 
Andi-ews, and many others. 

A speakers' platform had l»een erected in front of the grand stand at the 



98 MICHIG-AN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



fair ground, and about one o'clock tlie exercises were commenced. E,ev. Mr. 
Merrill littered a brief but eloi|\ient pi'ayer, and "Aniei'ica" was .siinj;' by tlie 
quartet and tliirty-Uve ])o}'s in cliorus, ^\■lao bad been trained by Mr. Everiss. 
The president of the day, Hon. Henry Hart, then introduced Mi's. Alida Van 
Loon Cole, as the reader of the Declaration of Inde]>endence. The lady read 
the ancient document ^^'ith considei'able spirit, and was accordetl three cheers 
at the close. At half-past one the orator of the day, Hon. A. L. Millard, was 
announced. He s])()ke for tifty-tive minutes. After the oration, the chorus, led 
by Messrs. Bliss, Everiss and Johnson, sang the " Star-Spaugled Banner," and 
the Rev. St. John Dillon-Lee pronounced the benediction, the bands played 
" Red, White and Blue," and the ci-owd dis])ersed. 

At the conclusion of the exercises at the stand, the Lenawee County Soldiers 
and Sailors' Association, wliich had formed a conspicuous feature in the pro- 
cession, marched to Dean's Opera House, where by the liberality of the ladies 
of Adrian a bounteous dinner had lieen provided. The i-oom in Avhich the 
tables were spread liad been appropriately decorated, and suitable mottoes were 
displayed upon the walls. Veteran soldiers to the niunber of two hundred sat 
down to dinner and were pro\dded with abundance and variety of food. After 
dinner the association held a meeting, at which short addresses were made by 
Colonels N. B. Eldridge and R. B. Rol)bins, and Major S. E. Graves. A resolu- 
tion was unanimously adopted of thanks to the ladies of Adrian for the 
bountiful repast furnished by theii- hands, and to A. J. Dean for the free use 
of his opera house. 

At four o'clock in the afternoon the crowd assembled to the number of 
thousands on the fair grounds to witness the games from which much amuse- 
ment was expected. The first was a wheelbarrow race, the contestants being 
blindfolded. S. T. Jones, W. S. Johnson, G. W. Miller, R. H. Hastings, J. Horn 
and A. W. Taylor entered the race. The prize, six silver half dollars, wtis 
awarded to Hastings. The contestants in the sack race weve J. S. Benjamin, 
R. H. Hastings, John Oliver, Thomas Wise, J. Stuart and G. W. Miller. The 
prize was awarded to Stuart. Several young persons tried in vain to climb the 
greased })ole, but Robert Hastings alone was successful, and he also succeeded 
in catching the greased pig. 

After the games, a dress parade of all the military companies took place on 
the grounds, under the command of Colonel Withington. After the parade had 
been dismissed the vast crowd dispersed to assemble again, after dark, tt) witness 
the fireworks display. R. A. Bury had charge of this portion of the celebration. 
Instead of having all of the display in one ])lace lie divided his stock of 



COMMEMORATn'i: CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 99 

jiyroti'oluiifs ;iimI Ii.hI tliciii tiicil in t\\<i i>v three different Idculities, where the 
coiivenieuoe of tlie |iiililic would Ite best subserved. The pieces consisted 
mainly of rockets, Rdiuaii candles, colored fires, etc., and were satisfactorily 
given. Thus was i-oiicIikK'iI the celel)ratioii of tlie ilav. 



ALLECAN. 

Tlie exercises in connection witli tlie celebi'ation of the Centennial Foiirtli 
were l)eii'un at niidniiiht 1)y tlie firin>i' of several yiins and ringing of all the 
bells in tlie town. Shortly after came the procession of "horribles, or kuklux'." 
Tin horns, guns, horse-fiddles, saws, and other indescribable instruments of 
auricuhii' toi'ture, \\\{\\ tlie ])ei-formei's in grotes(|ne costume, were mounted on 
a number of wagons, lighted b)' toirhes, and drawn through the principal 
streets. Their din resend)led what may be supposed to be the noise of pande- 
monium, anil there was no such thing as sleeping in their vicinity. 

At suiu'ise the salute of one huntlred guns was fired. The morning was 
not })romising, being rainy and giving prospect for a damp day. This, how- 
ever, did not inteiTujit preparations, and when, at about eight o'clock, the sun 
shone forth, the buildings on the main streets were handsomely decorated with 
evergreens, fiags, etc., as were many pi'ivate residences and piiblic buildings. 
The day was all that could have been wished for, as it was comfortable in 
temperature, with little sun, and the roads were dustless. Across the junction 
of Locust, Hubbard and Brady streets were stretched two streamers bearing 
the mottoes, "A\'elc<ime," and "1776 — Centennial — LS76." 

The procession Mas delayed somewhat in its formation by the inclement 
weather of the morning. When finally made u]) it was nearly a mile in length, 
and was led by the Eiicani])ment cornet band. Following them was a company 
of boy cadets recently oi'ganized and drilled by Captain Girai'd, conunanded by 
John Bassett. They were neatly dressed in blue and white, and marclied off 
in fine style. The village council and the oflicers of the day followed in 
can-iages, while after them were the fire companies. They were in full ranks 
and uniform; and the trucks and carts were elegantly trimmed. The liook-and- 
ladder truck was a ]iretty sight, being ornamented with evergreens and pond 
lilies, tiags and knots of the national colors. In an elevated bower on the 
track was seated a little girl in fairy-like costume, adding nuich to the attract- 
iveness of the whole. Another wagon carried a company of boys in a uniform 
of orange and blue, with fife and drum. Next came an em])lenuitic car 



100 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



c"iiT\ iiig- tliirtoen iiuitrous dressed in eostumes of 1770 or sometliiiii:' still more 
aiu-ioiit, representing the original colonies whose i-epresentatives signed the 
Declaration of Inde])endence. 

Pineplains township sent a delegation of seventy-fonr teams in all. led by 
Abner Estabrook as marshal. One of six horses drew a large wagon contain- 
ing ^lanwarinu's class of sixty-three singers, and a second one, drawn by fonr 
horses, contained a tine town banner and was neatly trimmed. < >n the front 
of the banner were the words "Pineplains — 1770," with an Indian's head and 
a pine forest, while the reverse bore the words "Pineplains — 1870,'' f^n^l^ ^^ I'^P' 
resentation of a harvest tield of to-day, the whole design being extremely neat. 
Followinu" Pineplains were a hnndred teams from sevei'al towns having no 
organization. 

Cheshire was represented by one hnndred wagons in line, with a martial 
band, ]\[r. John INLockleucate acting as marshal. Three banners were displayed, 
bearing respectively the legends: "Union and liberty, one and inseparable, now 
and forever," "He who bv the plow wonld thrive mnst himself either hold or 
drive." and "God bless our schools, our country's hope." These were neatly 
printed and ornamented, and many of the wagons were trimmed with e^-er- 
siTeens and tlowei-s. One of the wagons carried thirteen young ladies as repre- 
sentatives of the original colonies, with Miss O'Brien seated in the center as 
the goddess of liberty. Nine of the wagons were drawn by double teams, and 
the cohn-ed popidation of the town were well represented in the procession. 

The oaly representations of the trades Avere made by E. B. Born, of 
Allegan, and J. E. Noble, of Mill Grove. Mr. Born made a fine show of light 
and heavv wagon work of his own manufacture, and ^[r. Noble had a 
miniature cooper shop, on wheels, and showed in all stages the process of 
manufacturing barrels. 

The procession marched to the fair grounds, where the exercises of the day 
were held. It was estimated that 8,000 to 10,000 people were assembled there. 
The exercises began with music by the band, after which the Rev. J. Anderson, 
of 3Iartin, offered prayer. The choir then sang Whittier's Centennial hymn, 
after which H. B. Hudson read the Declaration of Independence. The band 
then played "Red, AVhite and Blue," when Colonel Joseph Fisk. tlie president 
of the day, introduced A. H. Fenn, of Allegan, who ilelivered the oi-ation. At 
its close the band played "Hail Columbia," Manwarings chorus sang the 
" Star-8pangled Banner," and the audience dispersed. 

The people who had come in from the country had l)ri>ught their own 
dimiers, and grouped themselves in the shade of trees about the grounds in 
pleasant pic-uic parties. 



COMMEMOKATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 101 

At four o'cliick the Hffiiifiis t<iuiiiaiiii-nt took ]il.icc in Huhbard street. 
Only the AUei^aii coiuiianies t-oiitestcil, tlif liuse company and tlie liook-and- 
ladder foni])any niakin<^ time tests in llir nhittei' of runninL;- forty I'ods, laying 
two Iimnlrcd feet of liose, oi- raisiiiu' a t\\ cnty-live-fixit ladder and numnting it. 

At six o'clock tlic " Faiitastics " isnxe tlieir procession through the streets, 
and ])i-ovoked a liicat deal of merriment. They were headed by a " Know- 
thumpioii liaiid," whiili made uhu'c noise than music. Tlic " oratoi' " made an 
a-stonishing s])eech in fiont i>\' (he IVck Mock, the wlmlc alTair being, of course, 
a laiiglnible burlesipic. 

The day's entertainment closed witli tireworks at nine o'clock in the evening, 
disi)Layed from Seminal'}' Hill. They \\ere witnessed by a very great concourse 
of peo})le, and were well arranged and higldy successful in every respect. 

ANN ARBOR. 

Tliere was no formal celel (ration of the day at Ann Ai'boi-. Morning services 
were held in .St. Andivw's (Episcopal) church. The services were those 
recommended by the l)isliops, and were a])propriate to the occasion, consisting 
largely of patriotic music, songs, anthem.s, etc. Prof. Fi'ieze presided at the 
organ, and Ins oj)eniug \uluntary, "The Star-Spangled Banner," with variations, 
was soul-inspiring. "America" was also sung. 

Union sei'vices were held at the Presbyterian church, the Rev. Dr. Brown 
presiding. The audience room had Ijeen decorated with flower wreaths and 
flags, under the directi()n of Prof. Pi-escott. The sci-ipture lesson was I'ead l)y 
Rev. Dr. Haskell; Prof. D'Ooge offered prayer; Prof. Tyler read the Declaration 
of Independence, and read it in a manmM' to make his hearers feel its noble 
sentiments. National hymns were sung, the organist of the church, John Chase, 
playing the accompaniments and voluntary. "My Country, 'tis of Thee," was the 
clo.sing piece, the large congregation joining, and the benediction was pronounced 
by Rev. S. Reed. 

Appropiiate services were also held in St. Thomas' (Catholic) church at 
half-past seven o'clock in the moining. 

Tlie Turn-Verein had advei-tised a ])icnic at the park, but had to abandon 
it on account of the rain. The Fifth Avaid firemen and theii- friends were also 
compelled to give up their island picinc, dinner and dance. 

Seven hundred and twenty-eiglit excursion tickets to Detroit and other 
celebrating points were sold. A huge nvim})er of citizens also went to Whit- 
more Lake, Saline, De.vter, etc., by their own conveyances, but the gieat majority 
made a <|uiet da\' "at lioine." 



102 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



BATTLE CREEK. 

Tlic C'cutenuial Fouvtli was iislieved in hy the tiring of cannon and ringing 
of all the Ih'IIs in tlie city. The morning ojiened wet and loAvering, and the 
copious rains had left the streets and roads in Itad eondition. About nine 
o'clock, however, the clouds parted, and the sun shone forth auspiciously. The 
people began to asseud)le at an early hour, coming in IVom all the surrounding 
couuti'v. The incoming railroad trains were loaded down with people. The 
cit\" Avas gay with flags anil bunting. Every public and almost every private 
l)uilding Avas decoi'ated witli greater or less elaboration. About noon a proces- 
sion was formed of military and civic organizations, the fii'e departments of 
Battle Creek and neighboring t(-)wus, etc. It made an imposing display, and 
marched through the principal streets to a beautiful grove, a short distance 
out of town. It was estimated that ten thousand people were assembled at 
the grove. The exercises consisted of the reading of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence l)y E. C. Nichols, an oration by the Hon. L. D. Dibble, and vocal music 
by a trained clioii' of one hundred voices. 

In the afternoon there was a contest between Kescue hook and ladder 
company, of Marshall, and Goguac hook and ladder com]iany, for a prize of 
Mt\ dollars. The proposition was to run forty rods, raise a ladder, and touch 
the topmost round, in the ([uickest time. The Goguacs accomplishetl the feat 
in thirtv-nine and one-foiu'th seconds, the Rescues in forty-two and one-half. 
This was followed by a contest between the Juniors, of Battle Creek, and 
and Rescue, No. 2, of Marshall, for a purse of ten dollars. The Rescues, with a 
lighter cart, made the time in thirty-nine seconds, and the Juniors in forty-one. 

In the evening an immense cro\vd of people assembled to witness the 
pyrotechnic dis]>lay. Some of the pieces had been damaged by the wet 
weather, and failed to go off. Otherwise the display w-as a success and quite 
satisfactory to the spectators. At eleven o'clock p. .^i. the "Birds of Pande- 
monium" tui-ned out, and gave a burlesque street procession, which created a 
great deal of amusement. 

On account of the Avet Aveather, the dinner, which it had been contem- 
plated to give in the grove, was al)andoned. Instead, the oflicers of the day 
and invited guests sat doA\-n to dinner at the Briley House. Afterward they 
had speeches and toasts, among which were the following : 

Our Country: The Pilgrim Fatlu-rs fouudod the nation, their sons saved it, and it is ours to 
preserve and protect. 

Our State : Its birth, growth, resources and institutions are the boast and pride of the people. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 103 



Our City: A living mouiinioiit, fouiuli'd in the wisdom of the ohl pioueers. Behold tiiera 
now, present. 

The day we eelelii-ate: Our first ("eiiteniiial liirthday — a joy to liic wcji-Jd and lilessing to the 
millions. On this day. l)eini;- at peace with all the nations of the east, and all the re.st of man- 
kind, every man has a liahl to lie independent, and celebrate as he j)leases, subject only to the 
laws of the country, the dictations of his wife, and re(|uests of hi.s sweetheart. 

George Washington: The Father of his Country. He still live.* in the hearts of the peo])le, 
and will, through all generations to come. 

Adams and Jeftei-sou : Noble old heroes, j)atriots, signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
Both called to celebrate on high just fifty yeai-s ago to-day. 

Abraham Lincoln: The great emancipator, whose death was mourned hv all nations, and whose 
lame will he lisped by future generations, to the end of time. 

The American Ladies: God bless them for their hard work and |)olitical zeal. Endowed with 
greater jirivileges than those of any other nation, and destined to dictate to the great political 
j)arties, like .Foshua of old, who commanded the sun and moon to stand still, and they obeyed. 

The Pre.ss : The tyrant's foe, the people's friend. When it is free, despotism and slavery must 
])erish. 

Our National Flag: Behold the Stars and Stripes, sacred standard of the republic, sacred, 
because no human being can stand beneath its folds without becoming and without remaining, free. 

The American Clergymen : A body which, for devotedness to their sacred calling, for purity of 
life and character, for learning, intelligence, piety, and wisdom from above, are inferior to none 
and superior to most others. 

"The President of tlie United States" and the "Governor of Micliigan " 
were remembered in the sentiments of the day, as also the officers and associ- 
ations partic-ipatin<>: in the celebration. The sentiment, "The American Ladies," 
\vas responded to by ^Irs. B. F. (rraves, as follows : 

Mr. Phe.sident: To ray mind, the crowning glory of the century just buried, is what it has 
done for woman. Barbarism and their degradation, through all the ages, have gone hand in hand. 
The exactness of chemical Science is such that each ingredient is necessary to the perfect compound, 
and its absence can always be detected by careflil analysis. Since the completion of the work of 
the sixth daj', which God pronounced good, the highest civilization ha.s l)een reached when woman 
ha.s most fully developed, and her work been wrought into the general fabric. The hands should 
be educated to do carefully, industriously, and well, whatever work life brings to the individual ; 
the heart taught to look, with tender sympathy, upon all humanity as the work of the Father's 
hand ; the head trained to weigh ju.stly and accurately all the relations of life. Then will woman 
be no longer a slave, a-s she ha,s been in the East since Egyptian civilization passed away ; neither 
a toy, who.se only use seems to be to exhibit the fruit of others' industries (thus dwarfing both 
soul and body) ; but a being developing the faculties given by the All-Father, until she shall 
stand by the side of man in all the relations of life, helping and being helped into that grand 
type of noblest \vomaidioo<l. 

B.W ( ITV. 

The early part of the day was rainy, but this did not prevent the assembling 
of a great ntiml)cr of peo|)le. Tlie city was gaily decorateil with Hiilis and 



104 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



streamers, ami presented a gala day aspect. The ])nieessi(in moved from the 
corner of (Vnti'r and Washington streets at eleven o'clock, in the following order: 

Thk Pkocessiux. — Cliief ISIarshal, Colonel McDirmott ; Aids, Muliatl KilKv, Win. O'lhieii, 
O. Grandon, Wni. Murray, K. >^alaska, F. C'lezuo ; City Marshal and polici' ; Knights Tiinplar 
band in fn 11 dress uuilbrm; 8ir Knights Templar, Bay City; civic societies in regalia; St. Patrick's 
Mutual Benevolent Association; St. James Temperance Society; St. James Cadet.s ; St. JoscjA Society; 
Lafayette Society; St. Stanislaus Kotska Society ; St. John's Society; carriage containing J. B. Camp- 
bell, Esq., president of the day, Hon. Isaac Maretou, orator, Judge Albert JMiller, reader of the history 
of Bay City ; Kanonda Encanipnieut baud, in lull unitorni : ciiiof engineer and fire department of Bay 
City; chief engineer and fire department of Wenona ; a brass field piece from Fort Gratiot ; mayor, 
common council and ofiicei's of Bay City, in carriages; president and incnibrrs of the school board 
of Bay City, in carriages; president and membei-s of the board «t' water works, in carriages; county 
officers, in a car drawn by three yoke of oxeu ; grand floral car with ladies, representing the God- 
dess of Lilierty and ti\e several states; car representing D. A. Root & Co.'s pad-lock factory, with 
men at wm-k ; car representing the Eagle brewery, loaded with beer kegs; car representing Albert 
]\Iillcr's cooper shoji, with men at work : car representing A. C. Braddock & Co.'s oar factory, 
with men at work ; citizens on horseback ; citizens on foot. 

The procession moved down Center street, and a great concourse of citizens 
thronged the streets along the line of march, and when on Center street at 
tlie coi'ner of Washington street a halt was made foi' tlic jiur|iose of having it 
pliotogra[ihed, which was successfully done. 

The exercises at the stand were opened by the singing of a national 
hvnm l)v tlie young ladies representing the States. The Declaration of Inde- 
pendence was read by i\layor ]\rcDonell. The president of the day, Mr. J. B. 
Campbell, then introduced the orator, Judge Isaac Marston, of the Supreme 
Court. Judge Albert JMiller, the reader of the historical sketch of the city and 
comitv, feeling that the time was passing too rapidly, briefly alhided to the 
day and its associations. After the close of these remarks. Mayor ]\IcDonell, in 
a few appropriate remarks, distnissed the audience. 

The games of the day then took place on the grounds. The prizes were 
awarded as follows: Foot-race, Fraidv Williams; sack race, Oliver Burk ; back- 
ward foot-race, Frank Williams ; Irish jig, John Lynch ; boys' foot-race, Willis 
Edmunds. The Bay City and Deep Eiver clid)s played a base-ball match, the 
former being victorious. The contest between the tire hose companies in run- 
ning and laying hose resulted in favor of Rescue hose company, which ran two 
blocks, laid two hundred feet of hose, and got a stream through it in forty- 
two and a half seconds. 

The ladies of the Methodist church had a lawn festival in the afternoon, at 
the residence of L. A. Barber, and the (-rermans had a i)icnic at Arbeiter HalL 
There were numerous excursions on the river and bay, and altogether the day 
passed oif pleasantly without accident or incident to mar the general enjoyment. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 105 



hHt rapids. 

Tlif I'^oiiitli \\;is iislicitMl ill at inidiii^iit li\ the riiiiiiiii;- of Iiells, fii-iiio; of 
caiiiicii, scivaiiiiiio- of wliistlcs .uid .shouting of men and bojs, wliicli lasted 
nearly or unite an lioui-. The appearance of dayliglit was welcoine<l with more 
cannonading. In eai'ly morning, the weather threatened rain; Init as the sun 
mounted into the heavens, the clouds disajjpeared, and the day was deliglitfuUy 
pleasant. Crowds of jieople commenced to arrive (juite earl\, and by ten 
o'clock A. .M. the streets were thronged. Soon after ten, the procession was 
formed by Colonel Vincent and his assistants, and marched to Rose's gi-ove, 
where the exercises took place, the following order being oKserved : 1, nmsic 
by the band; 2, prayer by ICldcr Henderson; 3, singing by the Glee Club; 
4, reading of the Declaration of Independence, by J. H. Palmer; 5, music by 
the little girls repi'esenting the states ; 6, an original jwem, by Colonel J. O. 
Hudnutt; 7, singing, by Messrs. Hills, Ilobart and Gi'iswold ; S, oration, by 
J. B, Upton; y, music; lo, reading of the history of Mecosta county, by G. W. 
Warren and E. O. Rose. 

Tlic ]iroccssion was headed liy the Big Bapiids coinet band, which discoursed 
nuisic appropriate to the occasion. Next came the aitillery conn)any, duly 
equipped and mounted; then the Big Rajnds light guai'<l in full uniform. 
They wei-e followed by the scvcial tire coiujianies, all in uniform, ami l)ehind 
them came the president and other otticers of the day, followed by city officers 
and other ])eople in can-iages. Actual count as the throng passed a siven 
point, disclosed the fact that between two and tlii'ee thousand people were in 
the procession. 

In the afternoon, the several companies of the fire depai-tment coni[)eted for 
the prizes ofl'ered by the conmion council. The distance run was forty rods — 
the hook and laddei- company to make the run, elevate a ladder, and a man 
clind) it; and the hose companies to run that distance, lay four sections of 
hose, and attach two of them to a hydrant. The fii'st prize, forty dollars, was 
awai-ded to Alert hose compan\', which made the run in forty-one and one- 
fourth seconds; the second prize, thirty dollars, to Defiance hose companj'-; 
the third j)rize, twenty dollars, to the hook and ladder conipany ; and the 
fourth pi-ize, ten dollars, to Pi'otection hose. A prize belt, worth twenty-five 
dollars, offei-ed l)y 31ayor Phelps, was won by Alert hose. A citizens' purse 
of forty-six dollars, in addition to the pii/es already mentioned, was evenly 
divided between the coin[)anies. I'l'ominent among the attractions of the day 



i»u'. jmu'uigan and the centennial. 



were a hose company of little boys, tastily unil'ornu'd, aiid a l>iirli'M|iif hook 
and ladder coiiiiiany. 

In the cxcninu- a luilliant tlisplay of liivworks li^lncd up the licaNciis for 
an liDiir oi- ninrc. Tlit' festivities closed witli l)alls at ()|HTa Hall and at the 
Aiinoiy. 

The i'i>lli'\vin>i- is the eoneludini;' [larai^rapli of the \ ery full and interest iag 
liistoiN of ^leeosta eoiinty, prei>ared for the oeeasion, In (J. W. \\arren aiul 
E. O. Hose, and read l>y the Latter: 

t'lMiii this JKisly ami iiil|H'rti'ct ski'Icli nf the scltlcnifnl ami iinpiMN rnuail of our i-ounly, it 
will he seen thai, in llic short !ii)ai'e of a quarter of a (.'(.'utiiry, a iloiiso auil uulirokru wilderness 
hiu? been trausfonued into u cultivated region of thrift and prosperity, l>y the untiring zeal and 
energy of au enterprising people. The trails of hunters and trappei"s liave given jjlaee to railroads 
and thoroughfares for vehicles of every description ; the cabins and garden jiatehes of pioneers 
have been succeeded by comfortable homes and broad fields, of waving grain, witli school houses, 
churches, mills, post-ofHees, and other institutions of convenience, for earh eoninnuiiiy. Add to 
these a city of several thousand inhabitants, ami numerous thriving villages, with extensive manu- 
facturing interests, and we have a work of which our jieople may well feel proud. But the 
development of the i-esources of our county has now only begun. Those wlio may live to see the 
close of the next quarter of a century will witness improvements not now anticipated except by 
unusually fertile imaginations. Let us see to it that our part in the wcnk ot' the future, whatever 
it may be, .shall reflect credit upon ourselves, and be of service ami ailvanlage to those who come 
after >is. 



BKONS(>N. 

Althoiigli it eontinueil to rain nntil nearly ten o\doek in the i'ort'noon. with 
fair j^rospects of ;in oeeasional shower diirinji' the day, yet at eleven oVlook 
there were over three thousand people in town. As soon as it was deeided 
to go to the ojrove, tlie marshals formed the procession, and at a little before 
twelve o'clock the crowd \vere nicely stowed jiway in the grove, after wliieh 
the servii-es were commenced by the exercises of the Hope b.and, under the 
direction of the Rev. James E. White. The natioinil ;inthem sung by thirty- 
eight young ladies, under the direction of Miss Mary Ide, Avas appropriate to 
the occasion, and was well executed. The oration, by A. J. .Mdiieh. of the 
"Coldwater Republican." was listened to with earnest attention. 

At five o'clock the fantastics came out, seventy-two strong. This j)art of 
the programme was spoken of as being one of the best displays of the kind 
ever witnessed in Branch county. The display of the tireworks in the evening, 
under the direction of ^l. Clark and A. J. Ilorton, closed tlie progr.annne of 
the dav. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 107 



CARO. 

The celel^ratioii at Caro, Tuscola rouiitv, was a success, liotli in jioiut of 
interest and attendance. Kain fell steadily from seven to ten o'clock a. m., yet 
the people poured in fioni the country in great numbers, and when the weather 
finally cleared up, the streets were thi'onged. A salute of thirteen guns was 
fired at sunrise. The ])rocession was formed shortly before noon. The Caro 
C()rnet band Icil, follo\vc(| liy caiTiages, Avith president of the (hiT and speakers, 
the Caro choral clul), a four-ox team, with cai- of '76, containing thirteen 
ladies dressed in ancient costume; the car of liberty, with thirty-eight young 
ladies representing the states, each cai-rying flags bearing the name of the state 
re})resented, each car bearing a large flag supported by a goddess of li))erty; 
followed l)y citizens on foot and in carriages. 

The pi'ogramme exercises were as follows: Music by tlie band; prayei' by 
Rev. J. \\ . ('aiiipl>ell ; music liy Caro clioi'al cluh and martial l)and; oration 
by Hon. J. I). Lewis; music by choi'al club and band. The reader expected 
did not ari'ive, and the I'eading was omitted. 

At thi'ee o'clock in the afternoon, the "Ragged Brigade," mounte<l, appeared 
in the streets, and created a great deal of amusement. Afterward they formed 
in the pulilic s(|uare, where a "centennial speech" was delivered, and a prize of 
two dollars was awarded to the best burlesque make-up. After this followed 
rtices at the Caro di'iving park, which, together with some gymnastic j^jcrt'orm- 
ances, lilled up the afternoon. Thei'e was a fine <lisp]ay of fireworks, for an 
hour, duiing the evening. 

CHARLOTTE. 

The suggestions of patriotic citizens, for a general celebi-ation of tlie Cen- 
tennial Foui'th of July, met Avith a hearty response, and on the t\velftli day of 
May delegates froni the various townships in the county assembled in convention, 
to take the matter into consideration, and to make the necessary arrangements. 
The projK.sitioii to celel)rate was unanimously assented to, and the first action 
was to aj)point a committee to recommend a programme, which committee, 
among other things, reconmiended that the celebration take [>lace in Charlotte, 
on July foui'th and fifth, and be partici]iated in by all the towns in the 
county. To cany out the above recommen<lations, connnittees w'ere ajjpointed 
in the various townships, to see to the matter of organizing and making the 
necessary arrangements in their lespective towns. A committee of airangements 



108 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



was also constitutfd. t»nsistni<;- of the iii.-iyor juul coiiuiioii ((luiuil of I'li.irlotte, 
to take general rluirge of tlie celeltration. ami tlo all tliiii<i's iit'ccssai-y tn t-any 
out the views of the coiiveiitioii. 

The eitizens resjioiulcd liliei-aliv to the eall of the eoinmittee foi- funds, and 
$2,100 was contributed, in addition to wliieh amouut the coninion council uiade 
ail apjn-opriation from tlie general fund of the city, of ^150, w itii which to 
provide for the eutertainineut of the various village hoards and the hoard of 
supervisors of the county. The Eaton Couut\- Agi-icultural Society also donated 
the use and avails of the fair ground, for the pur])oses of the celebration, on \vhich 
a large amouut of work was laid out in ananging tables and necessary fixtures. 

A salute was tired from twelve to one o'clock on the morniug of the Fourth, 
and aii'aiu at sunrise. Kaiu fell hea\"ily from seven to uiue o'clock, but, iu spite 
of it, people came in from the country in great numbers. By eleven o'clock, 
the hour at which the procession started, the streets were literally packed with 
people. The j)rocession moved in the following order: Charlotte cornet band; 
officers of the day, in carriages; mayor and common council, in carriages; 
invited guests, in carriages ; Eaton Rapids fire department ; Charlotte fire 
department ; martial music ; civic societies : cavalry, artillery and infantry ; 
citizens, in carnages; township delegations, with their respective bands. It 
Avas twelve o'clock when the procession arrived at the fair ground, and at 
this time the crowd was variouslT estimated at from fifteen to twenty thousand 
on the fair ground and scattered • in various parts of the city, while others 
were constantly coming in, including the Benton delegation, which did not 
arrive in time to take part in the pi'ocession. 

The taldes which were erected in the grove, for the use of the different 
towns, were in a cii-cular form, surrounding a space about twenty rods in 
diameter, and sepai'ated into sections to correspond with the respective town- 
ships, which were designated by banners. In the center of these was the table, 
built iu the form of a square, which was provided for the invited guests and 
celebrities of the occasion. To the east, between this and the township tables, 
was erected a sort of open shanty, under which was a brick aich, for cooking 
purposes. 

The exercises of the day at the grove consisted of instrumental music, by 
the Charlotte, Sunfield and Potterville cornet bands; prayer, by Eev. W. B. 
Williams ; vocal music, by the choir, under the leadership of Prof. E. II. Bailey ; 
reading the Declaration of Independence, by Rev. C. S. Fox; and an oration, 
by Hon. George W. AVilson, of East' Saginaw, who was introduced by the 
president of the day, Hon. Wells R. Martin, of Vermoutville. 



COM.Mi:.M(»RATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 109 



After the aiMres> the Iiiiii;:iv iiiiiltitiiih's appeiised their appetites in a basket 
])iciil<-. whicli \va< t'ollnw ,■! liy the Ka-^e liall tournament, and a review of tlie 
nulitarv, iimler thf coiuiiiiuiilersliip of (fc-ii"i-al (reorge W. Mead. The review 
was skillfully coiuliu-teil, hut the niimliers who participated in it were too 
limited to make it \ ery impisiu"-. .Vt six o'clock there was a review of tlie 
tii-e departments of Ivitoii Rapids and Charlotte, in front of the court house. 
l>i>th departraent-4 looked well in thcii- h mdsome uniforms. Their engines were 
heautifully decorated with tlai^s and tlowers, and everything was clean and 
bright. 

The tiiework-, beginning at half-past eight in the evening, and lasting 
over two hours, were very tine, and afforded the grandest di.splav ever 
witnessed in the vicinity. Tliey consisted of thirty-seven different representa- 
tions, prepaied at a i-ost of ovei- seven hundred dollars. Some of the principal 
])ieces wei-e : Flight of rockets, stars, serpents, and gold rain; American shield, 
with eagle; spiral sun; double pas.sion flower; Washington on horseback; 
colored batteries; united diamonds; silver cascade ; morning glorv : illumination 
of Bengola; set piece, in words of fire — "Peace, prosperity, freedom, the result 
of one hundred yeai-s;"' peacock feathers; Sa.Kon ([uadrille ; monitor battery; 
e.\pl(»sioii of large bomb-shelLs ; Yankee Doodle; illuminated battery; flight of 
pai-ai-liute rockets; Iving (Tainbrinus ; cross of honor; goddess of liberty; illu- 
mination of colored Bengola lights. 

The celebration was continued on the fifth. The weather was exceedingly 
unfavorable, and interfered materially with the success of the affair. There 
was a ]irocession and exercises at the gro\e. The Hon. David B. Hale, of 
Hamlin, I (resided over the latter. A historical address was delivered by Edward 
A. Foote, aftei- which all present participated in a grand banquet, spread in 
the grove. The dinnei- was supplemented by toasts and response.s, the Hon. 
P. T. Van Zile acting as toast-master. The toasts were given and responded 
to in the following oi-der : 

The To.vsts. — 1, Our Xatiou — Ru.spi>a.-ie by Well:- R. Martin, of Vernioiitville. 2, Michigau — 
Rsspunse by the Hon. Isaac D. McCutcheon, of Charlotte. '■>, Eaton county and her pioneers — 
Response by the Hon. Hjnry A. Sha'^v, of Eitou RapicU. 4, Oar Centennial year — Re.spou,se by 
J. L. McPi-aok, of Grand Lsdge. 5, Charlotte and her invited gu&sts — Response by John Jlorris, 
of Jackson. 6, Th' Bur of Eaton county — Re.sponse by the Hon. Martin V. Montgomery, of 
I/ansing. 7, The xVriuy and Navy — Response by Rnv. W. B. Williams, of Charlotte. H, The 
llcroi's of '7<i — Response by Charles K. Latham, of EaUm Rapids. 

After these pioceedings, the e.vercises of the day were concluded with a 
sham battle, which proved entertaiiiiuLf and satisfactorv to spectators irenerallv. 



110 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



COLD WATER. 

There w .-is no iivueral celeKi-.-itioii of the (h-i\ ;it Coldw ater, most of tlie 
eitizens <ioin<;- elsew here. A sahite was tired at sunrise, and at iiiterxals dui'iiig 
tlie dav. Ill tlie eveiiiim' the Catholic soeiety liehl a ])ienie in the i:rounds 
adjoininu- theii- ciuireli. .\lthoim-li there was no ])uLlie deniunstr.ition in lionor 
of tlie da\, the various flnuvhes made speeial ol)sei-\anee of it. (^)uite a eon- 
course assembled at the Presbyterian ehureh, al>out noon. ()\\in<:- to the illness 
of the Kev. I. C'ou'ijshall, N. P. Loverid>re, Ksi].. acted as picsident. The exercises 
were oi)ened with musir, b\ a well-known trio, under direction of Dr. \V . L. 
Andrews. Kev. ,1. (t. Jimes ottered prayei'. The "Star-Spangled Bannei'" was 
then flunu' to the breeze from the trallerv, Mr. Lewis having decorated the 
puljut and its surroundings most beautifully. Some of the gilt and satin 
banners were particularly tasteful in design and construction. The president 
made the address of welcome, combining [iatriotism, honor and good sen.se in a. 
wav calculated to awaken the enthusiasm of those j)resent. The Declaration of 
Independence was then read by Dr. F. D. _Newberry. 

Kev. W. T. Lowrv made an address, dwelling upon Christianity and jiatri- 
otism as the main part of his theme. Mi'. Lowry was followed by Albert 
Chandler, Esi|., who lead a \ ery interesting historical sketch of the ditt'erent 
church oro-anizatious in the county. lie was followed by Hon. J. H. McGowan, 
in an ett'ective and wfll written production, concentrating into a brief space 
much sound thought and genuine patriotism. 

The last speaker was Rev. H. J. Cook, lie spoke for a tVw moments u^'on 
the proprietv of a ■■ivligious celebration."" ami congratulating all pi-esent upon 
a "o-oodlv hei-itage,"" and called attention to the caution contained in the recent 
developments among oiu- public men. He closed with the following sentiment, 
suggested by one of the banners: "The ^'ation's birthday — May our native 
land repeat her glad anniversaries from year to year, in ceaseless conise : may 
the bell of liberty still ring on, until the years l)econie centuries, and the 
centuries o-lide into a ghu'ious millenniinn of light, love and liberty I"" After the 
doxoloo-v, ^Ir. Cook |ironounced the benediction. 

DETROIT. 

The first movement for a celebration in Detioit was made early in May, 

in the common council, by the ado]>tion of a resolution declaring that such 

celebration should be had, and the ai)pointment of a special committee of 

aldermen .-ind a lars^v number of i-itizens. to make the necessary arrangements. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. Ill 



This coiiiiiiittfc \\:ts |iri.iii|)i 1\ i>i'i:;iiii/.<'il li\ the selection of M;i\ni- Alcxaiidei' 
Lewis ;is cliairiiiaii, and Citv Clcik ( 'liarlcs II. Hurii'iiiaii as secretarv. The 
<i;eiieral <'<iiimiittee was (li\i(le(l into siili-cniniiiittees, as follows: 

(ii:M:i;M. Committi:!': ok Ai:i:AN<n:Mi;NTs. — II. I'. Haklwiii, Jaiiifs V. .Joy, ('liauiicy Hurll)ut, 
M. I. Mills, John .1. Bairl. y, R. VV. Oillett, F. Wciiiiniv, Jaiucs E. Pittiuan. .James Daiy, William 
Doelt/., Kniory Wendell, M. Biitzel, Alexander (JliajjotDU, William 15. Moian, William Bienuau, 
William Fdxen, William I'uivell, II. P. Bridj^e, Ilufrli Moffat, (Jeueral J. S. Stanley, D. V.Bell, 
.1. H. Ka|)l.'. .lames Beatty, on the part < if the eiti/.ens at large; and on the part of the council. 
Mayor Alexander Lewis, CoiUi-oller K. 1. Garfield, and Aldermen George W. Herriek, Henry 
Ileames. M. P. Chri.'itian, Lewis B. Clark, William A. Owen, Seymour Finnev, (ieorge Dorr, and 
.lames I. Mitchell. 

On Fix.vxci:. — laeol. S. Farnuid, M. S. Smith, Walter Buhl, T. P. Hall, H. H. Hall, .J<ihn 
Owen, H. H. Fyfe, Peter Henkel, Sigmund Rothschild, F:dward Kanter, D. M. Ferry, P. Fitz- 
sinions, .John H. Wendell, Allan Shelden, .Joseph Nicholson, H. Freedraau, Fred La.sier, James 
McMillan, W. C. Colburn, B. Youugblood, Robert McMillan, C. H. Buhl, C. R. Mabley, William 
n. We.s.son, William J. Chittenden, A. H. Dey, J. Toynton, F. Buhl, W. E. Endicott, William A. 
IJutler, C. T. Fletcher. 

On Re<jeptk)n — L. S. Trowbridge, J. B. H. l}rat,shaw, A. Sheley, Walter Bourke, C. A. 
Sheldon, C. Van Hu.sau, B. Vernor, Theodore H. Hinchman, William A. Moore, D. B. Duffield, 
(;. V. N. Lothroi), W. N. (Jarpeuter, L. T. Griffin, .1. [.. Chipnian, C. J. O'Flynn, Henry Miller, 
Vj. Lieberman, I. KaufTman, .J. B. Wilson, Robert Liiiii, William E. Qulnby, James W. Roracyn, 
I'idward Lyou. 

0\ IxviT.VTiONs. — C. (J. Trowbridge, A. C. McCxraw, Theodore Komeyn, A. Marxhausen, P. 
J. D. Van Dyke, Herman Kiefer, A. G. Boynton, ('. K. Jiaekus, E. (J. Hohh-n, Math. Kramer, 
Hobert McClelland, Daniel .1. Canijiau. 

On Ti:.\xsi'oktatio.n.— H. B. Lrlyanl, W. K. .Muir, Alfred White. JCdward Reidy, J. D. 
l-'..ster, W. W. Langdon. 

Tile coimiioii coiiiicil aj)|iro|iriate(l !J>-J,r)()i) fi<»iii a I'ltiKl set apail l>v the 
chartef fof such purposes, and the finance conmiittee collected about §4,000 
voluntai'ily coiitfibuted by citizens. The sum thus placed at the dis])osa1 of 
the coniniittee of arrangements was divided equitably among the vaiioiis sub- 
committees, with which to carry out the details assigned to them. To the 
(■ominittee on fireworks was given §.'5, 500, for which sutn they entered into a 
contract with (Iray, Toynton <fe Fox, of Detroit, to provide the disjday of 
pyrotechnics, 'i'he boar<l of ptddic works erected two platforms, one on Fort 
street, faciiiL: W'oodwaril a\enue, and one in the city hall grounds. These 
were pioviiled with seats for about three thousand people, and tickets to them, 
both for the literary exercises of tlie day and for the lirewoiks in the evening, 
were issued to those specially invited by the roiiiinittee of arrangements. Tlie 
committee on mu.sic engaged fourteen bands <>]' iiiiisic. and the committee on 
carriages pi-ovided ii suitable iiiiiiil»ei- of carriages for the otlicers of the dav 
and iiivite(l truests. 



112 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

■rill-: \)\\ AMI IIS cici.isHiiA riox. 

The c-elel)i-;iti(iii ()|k'1U'(I ;it twelvf (i"cl(>ck of the luoniiui;' of tlie Fourtli ])y 
tlie ringing of .-ill tlie hells of tlie city, the firing of a national salnte, and a 
(lisphiy of firewoi-kn from the city Inill tower. Shoi-tly before twelve o'clock 
tlie city hall, and the ]»rinci])al business places suirounding the Cani])us Martins, 
were illuminated, lighting up the entiiv Campus and the diverging avenues. 
As the first stroke of the midnight bell soiuided from the city hall tower, 
wdth it went a dozen rockets, while from the street lielow came the roar of 
the first l)ig gun, the cheers of the multitude ami the lesser noises of the tor- 
pedoes, bombs and crackers. This, with the clanging of a score fif bells m 
various parts of the elf's-, o])ened a clamor such as had not l)een heard since 
the first night of the Centennial yeai'. Following the flight of the rockets was 
the firing of battei'ies of beautifully-coloivd lights. Woodward avenue below 
tlie city hall was l)rilliant with red and blue lights. Up Monroe avenue were 
displayed nian\-colored fires, an<l in almost every direction could be seen the 
brilliant lights of IJoman caudles, rockets and ser})ents. For half an hour this 
dis[)lay and racket continued, the populace shouted themselves hoarse over 
"1776," "1876," "Fourth of July," "The City of the Straits," and numerous 
other occasions and subjects. Tin horns, cow bells, drums and rattles were in 
demand, and everything and everybody that could aid in increasing the din 
did their work faithfully. At last, shortly before one, the disjilay of fireworks 
ceased, the people began to separate and start homeward, the bells were silent, 
and in a short time all was comparati\elv ([uiet. 

The early morning was bv no means aus])icious. There were heavy showers 
during the preceding night, an<l when day broke the sky was hid behind dull, 
leaden clouds that fioated just above the I'oofs and filled all the air with 
moisture. The humidity grew more dense, and by and by there was a fine 
mist which gradually changed to I'ain. Sometimes, as the newspaper re])ort 
says, it came down in the shape of a good smart shower, and again it subsided 
in a degree as though it was more than half ashamed of itself for spoiling the 
great Centennial i-eleln-ation ; then it Avoiild pluck up courage and go at it 
again with s])irit as if determined to make uj) lost time. Yet the clouds liroke 
awav about noon, and a more ]>leasant afterno<in and evening could not liave 
been desired. In spite of the rain and mud the streets were thi-onged with 
people from early moi-ning, very many of whom \vandered about ivgardless of 
the falling rain, with their clothing completely saturated and apiiarently caring 
little for that. They were ])atriotic and happy, and (piite oblivious to any 



COMMEIMORATIVK CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 113 

per!<i)ii;il (lisi'diiifdits fViiiii >ii liitliiiL:" :i (•ircumstiincc ;is a litrlc warm lain-water 
on the (lutsidf. 

Sjifrial excursion traiii> wci'c riiii mi sipinc of the railroads, ami otlici- roads 
Avliose trains run couvtMiicntly as to time put on extra coaches and liroiiu'lit tlie 
crowds at lialf fare. The surroiindinii- couiitrv came in 1)\ |iri\'ate conv cn aii<-e. 
Detroit lias stdchnu seen so many visitors from the interior towns and rural 
districts. All aimut the cential Kusiuess part of the cit\- the sidewalks were, 
so crowded thidUoln)iit tlie whole day that gettiuii' about was a matter of no 
little diffii-ully. Business was (^usjiended, and all seemed to uive the.ms<dves to 
the enjoyment of the occasion. 

Jii the matter of decorations, the city iiidee<| presented a holiila\ aspect. 
Flairs floated from every staff, and he was jiooi' indeed who could not afford 
some sort of a syndi<i| of the ^\merii'an Hai;' to iiani;' out of his window or raise 
over his roof. At the corner of ^^ Oodwafd and Jefferson avenues four columns 
had been erected, each forty feet in heiii'ht. These were literallv covered 
with little t1aL:> to the \ery top, formin<:' c<)lumns of flau's which, as they 
waved in tlie breexe, presented a most picturesque appearance. Banners were 
suspended across eacli avenue. I'pon one was the spirited ]>icture of "Yankee 
Doodle," which re|iresents an old, <:i-ay-haired vetei'.-in playiiiL:' upon his fife, 
A\ ith a ilrumnier upon one side, while ujioii the other is a \ ouny lad who seems 
to catch tlie spii-it <)f the old man as he L:i\es forth the insjtiriiiL!: sti-ains of 
the national air. .Vcmss Woodward avenue was a l)anner beariiiu' a portrait of 
A\ ashington, with the iiiscrij)tioii, "The defender of our country, the founder 
of liberty: Xatuie made him great : he made himself virtuous." U])oii the east 
sitje of Woodward axcnuethe banner bore a |iictureof a sprt'ad eaii'le, and the 
border of the picture was a (hain. each link bearing the name of a State. 
Between Jeft'er.son avenue and the city hall every building on Woodward 
avenue was decoi-ated with Hags and patriotic devices. The gi-and -t.-ind. occu- 
])ied by the speakers and invited guests, bore across the west side the cpiotatiou 
from Washington, "I'ostenty will huzza for lis;" and across the east end the 
last Words of .bihn .\dam^. "(ilorioiis Fourth of July, (iod l)less it." Across 
the front of the speakers" ])latform was the inscrij)tion, "The voice of the 
People is the voice of trod." The city hall presented a gay ap])earance. IA)ur 
flags were displayeil at every window of the liuildliig. The handsome new 
American flag and streamer floated from the flag-staff' on the tower for the 
first time. I.,ines were stretched from the flag-staff" to each of the corner 
towers, from which were -uspenile(l the flags of all nations. The Soldiei-s' 
^bihuinent was piofusely di.-iped with flowers, w reatlis of evergreens and flags. 



114 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Evev\- ImiMiiiL;' fruiitiii^' on tlie Caiiiims was j^-ay w itli flags and haimei's, ami 
the sauif is relatively tiiie of every street in the city. In fact, to mention all 
who decorated their Imildino-s or stores would l)e to iiive a catalouue of the 
citizens of Detroit. it may be said of the decorations that the\ were never 
so universal ; tlie\ lacked somewhat in variety, hut excelled in l)eauty. 

The order of tlie grand procession, as designated by the marshal of the 
day, with the officers, was as follows — the ]>oints of rendezvous and line of 
march being omitted : 

Chief Officeus. — Colonel Jerome Croul, Chief Marshal ; Colonel Samuel E). Pittmau, Chief 
of staff; Frank H. Croul, Adjutant; Assistant Mar.shals: Don M. Dickinson, George W. Hough, 
H. P. Baldwin, 2d, Captain Charles Dupont, F. C. D. Hineliman, Colonel H. A. Lacey, Hugh 
McMillan, John H. Bissell, Colonel William Phelps, Walter H. Coots August Goebel, C. S. Fall, 
William Livingstone, Jr., Captain Hal. E. McNeil, George Campau, John V. Moran, Barney 
Youngblood, Colonel William O'Callaghan, W. S. Green, John Carroll, Fred. H. Seymour, F. X. 
Demay, J. T. Lowry, F. Reblin, Joseph Shnlte, Joseph Denk, Walter Y. Clark, Charles Kull, 
Colonel H. M. Dtiffield, Frank G. Smith, Captain William Hull, Butler Ives, Colonel L. Dillmann, 
Thomas Barium, C. B. Hull, James Daley, George C. Codd, J. B. Stoutenbergh, W. D. Hooper, 
L. Depew, Frank P. Mitnn, James V. D. Wilcox, C. E. Mason, Frank Folsom, Paul Gies, A. K. 
Sweet, George V. Lincoln, James Battle, A. M. Seymour, Simon ('. Karrar, M. F. Hogau, John 
Kocher, Peter Youngblood, Charles Zimmer, Max Broeg. 

First Division. — Twenty-Second United States Infantry Band ; Twenty-Secoml United States 
Infantry, Brevet Major-Gcneral D. S. Stanley, commanding; Detroit Light Guard, Captain Lewis 
Cass Twombly ; Coldwater Light Guard, Captain Clarence L. Hunter ; Detroit City Guard, Captain 
B. N. Burkhardt; Detroit Scottish Guard, Captain Alexander Witherspoon. 

Second Division. — W. S. Green, Marshal ; Bishop's Opera House Band ; Detroit Comniamlery, 
No. 1, Knights Templar, J. E. Saxton, E. C: F. X. Demay, Marshal; The Society " Lafayette ;" 
The St. Jean Baptiste Society. 

Third Division. — A. K. Sweet, F. Reblin, Marshals; Great Western Band; Company A, 
Detroit Patriarchs, I. ()'. O. F. ; Michigan Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F. ; Ingersoll Encampment, No. 29, 
I. O. O. F. ; Olive Branch Lodge, No. 38, I. O. O. F. ; Washington Lodge, No. 54, I. O. O. F. ; 
Detroit Lodge, No. 128, I. O. O. F. ; The First French Lodge of the West, No. 147, I. O. O. F. ; 
Sides Lodge, No. 155, I. 0. O. F. ; Columbus Lodge, No. 215, I. O. O. F. 

Fourth Division. — Colonel William O'Callaghan, James Daly, M. F. Hogan, John Carroll, 
James F. Maloney, John Hurley, John Monaghan, T. J. Griffin, Marshals; Hibernian Band; 
Hibernian Benevolent Society ; St. Patrick's Benevolent Society ; Guilds of St. Peter and St. Paul ; 
Father Matthew T. A. B. Society, No. 1 ; Father Matthew T. A. B. Society, No. 2 ; Christian Doctrine 
Society of Trinity Church ; St. Aloysius Society of Trinity Church ; Catholic League of Trinity 
C!hurch ; St. Patrick's Society of St. Patrick's Church ; Christian Doctrine Society of St. Vincent's 
Church ; Christian Doctrine School Society of St. Vincent's Church ; Christian Doctrine Society of 
Our Lady of Help ; Sodality Society of Our Lady of Help. 

Fifth Division. — Paul Gies, Joseph Schulte, John Kocher, Josej)li Denk, Peter Young- 
blood, Marshals ; Germania Band ; Westphalian Schuetzen Verein ; Young Men's Sodality, St. 
Mary's Parish ; St. Joseph's Benevolent Society, St. Mary's Parish ; St. Alphonsus Benevolent 
Society, St. Mary's Parish ; Jesus, Mary and Joseph Society, St. Mary's Parish ; St. Michael's 
Society, St. Mary's Parish ; St. Josejjh's Liebsbund, of St. Joseph's Parish ; St. Bonifacius, of St. 



COMMK-MOKATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 115 



J?(>iiit:uiu> Parish; Sacred Heart Society of Sacred Heart Parisli; St. Vincent de Paul (Niederland); 
St. Stanislaus Koska, St. AUiertV I'arisii : llohemian Society. 

Sixth Division— Charles Zininicr, Marshal; Light (iiianl Haml : nlyinjiir i.oiluc. No. 1, 
KiiiL'hts of I'ytliias; Damon Lodjrc, No. 3, Knight.s of Pythia.s; St. Johannes Society I Protestant 1 ; 
M. Hilton Williams, Jlarshal; the Sons of Temperance; the Cadets of Tem])erancc. 

Skvkstif Division.— George V. Lincoln, Simon (!. Karrar, Marshals; Lafayette Band; Poca- 
hontas Tribe, No. 1, I. O. R. M. (Independent Order of Red Men); Tecumseh Tribe, No. 8, I. (). 
R. M.: Chipprwa Trilu. No. 4. 1. O. H. M. : l!e<l Cloud Tribe, No. 5, 1. O. R. M. ; Metamora 
Tribe, No. 7. 1. (». K. M.; llavlieck Lod-e, N.>. (i, C. S. P. S. ; Harmonic Society; the Singing 
Society, "Concordia;" the Freundschafts Hund ( Ix'ague of Amity); the Cechie Bohemian Singing 
Society; .Foseph Lutzclschwab, Marslial : the Ainicitia Society; Arbeiter Untersteut/.nngs Verein 
(Workingmen's Aid Society) : (uiutli Swiss National Society; the Social Turnei-s' Society ; the 
Turner Society Sokel ; Slovanski Lipa ; Budivoy; Bohemian Singing Society; the Italian Benevo- 
lent Society ; the Ma,sons and Bricklayers' Society. 

Ekjhth Divi.sign. — Walter Y. Clark, Marshal; band: Eureka ('(imniandery. No 4, Knights 
Templar; Blount Paven Lodge, No. 2, F. & A. M. : \'eterans of One Ihmdnil and Scccnul Col- 
ored Regiment ITnitcd States N'^olunteers. 

Ninth Division. — Escort, the Centennial Munntcil (luar-d. ('a]itain Chai-lcs N. {''lattery, eom- 
maiuling : band; (Jeorgc W. Hough. ^larshal : the llniiorable the CumiiioM Coiiiiiil, city and county 
otticials. ill carriages. 

Tknth Division.— Cliailcs Kull, Marshal ; the Butchers and Drovers' Association, mounted. 

Eleventh Division — .V. Kuoir, E. W. Voigt, Mai-shals ; Centennial Veteran Band; the 
Detroit Shari)shooters' .\ssociation ; the Brewers and ^falsteis of Detroit. 

Twelfth Division.— Mai-shal, J. T. Lowry ; As.si.stant Marshals; Major K. \V. Sho.,k, W. II. 
Hender.son, P. Laflerty, H. F. Ro.se, A. B. Stevens; band. [This division comprised the vehicles 
and turn-outs of the express companies, and of over forty private iiianufacturers and dealei-s.] 

TiiiUTEENTii Division. — James Battle, Marshal; Huron Valley Baud, in wagon; membei-s of 
the Old Fire Deiiartmeiit. in carriages, with hand-engine on truck ; the Fire Department of Wind- 
sor, Ontario; l-'irc ( 'oiiiniissioiiers, in carriages; the Fire Dc|iartiiiciit i>f the cit\ of Dclroit, 

Tlic procession, which was (■(iiii|)titc<l to lie iieai'ly i\\v miles in h'lio'fli, ninl 
occupied alxMit eighty iiiimites in passiiig a given point, formed pi-omptly in 
the places assigned to the sevei-al divisions. The ari'angements were well per- 
fected in ;id\;incc. anil there was far h'ss tlian the usual coid'usion iiK'ideiil 
to handling so large a liody. I'robaiily never in the history of Detroit diil so 
enthusiastic a procession unfurl its lianners. The \arious de)iartments of gov- 
ernment and all luanches of industrx were rejireseiited, while tlii' prep;iiation> 
weiv l>oth minute, appropriate and expensive. Nothing ajijieared lo lie left 
undone to make the })ageaut one of satisfaction to those taking pari iti it and 
to give pleasure to lieholders. 

When the hea<l of the procession reachei! the grand stand, the 'I'wenty- 
second United States Infantry Band, which lc<l it, took iheir |ilai-e on the 
stand erected for them near the city hall, an<l the ojlicers of the d.ix presented 
themselves on the platform, '{'he clouds hroke away .iiid the suii shone out 



116 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



brightly for tlif first time on that day, and everybody took fresh courage and 
was glad. Every a\ailable seat on the platforms was soon occupied, and all 
tlie streets and public places in the \icinity were thronged Avitli spectators. 
The programme was as follows: 

Order of Exercises. — Music; opeiiiug pravtr by tlie Rt. Rev. Bishop Mc-Coskry ; intro- 
ductory address by the pr(!sideut of the day, His Honor, Mayor Lewis ; reading of the Declaration 
of Independence, by William B. Moran, Esq.; music; poem, by D. Bethune Duffield, Esq.; music; 
oration, by Theodore Romeyn, Es(|. ; music; benediction, by the Rev. Dr. Z. Eddy. 

The oration bv Mr. Romeyn is gi\en in another place. Below is Mr. 
Duffield's poem. 

N'A'l'lONAL CEN'rKXNlAI. I'OEM. 



Come men, and fair women, fling afar as ye pray 
The Nation's glad ensign, and make holy the day; 
Let it flush all the sky as its splendors unfold, 
On this day when its story and glory are told ; 
For the hand that has woven those colors of light. 

And sent it aflame thro' the World's every zone. 
That has led, and has kept it thro' storm and thro' night, 

Is the hand that has blest us, sweet Liberty's own ! 



From the Old World's dark concourse of nations at war. 
With their blood-dripping banners 'round Monarchy's car, 
From the lands where the masses lay panting and bleeding, 
And Humanity's prayer so long had been^ pleading. 

She turned her brave heart and fair face to the Wast, 
And pointing o'er Ocean to a blue land afar. 

Where Peace had her home, and the Eagle its nest. 
She called on her heroes to follow her Star. 



Then snatching her trophies from the flags she had blest, 
A new .standard she weaves for her realms in the West, 
Sets flashing in glory 'mid the colors she plaits, 
That bright cluster of stars for her Union of State.s, 

And casting it forth while she rises fi>r flinht 
As the flag of the people, the flag of the free. 

She bids them all welcome her pennant of light, 
And flies as their pilot across the wild sea. 



COMMKMOItATIVK CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 117 



li; 



Here, away f'nnii llic oImiv aiiil Iraditious of power, 
The caudiis of Clunvli, :iii,l ihr cMmiou:* of tower. 
In silence of Xatinv, and on virginal sod, 
She threw hi>rh her grand altar to Freedom and (iod: 
And along it,s rude stones in inseriijtion of gold. 

For the ages to nnuc a rreed she iuwronght, 
Here hencefiirtli and ever, lill the age* grow nhl. 

Shall he frcrdoni i.f wni-slii]), free speech and free thdught. 



'I'hen in strain high-inspired, like a priestess of old, 
Thns she spake of the glories so soon to unfold : 
"Here in peace shall arise as the black forests fall, 
A race who (Jo<l mdy a sovereign will call; 
Who with the swift years soou to earth shall disclose 
A cluster of States, like the buds on the rose, 

Each vicing in beauty with the one at its side, 
Each boasting of graces self-existent and free, 

\et all in the one eoinnidii stalk taking pride. 

In its roek-plantcd rodt still cdntent td abide. 
Strong graftings, each one, dii fair Libcrlv's tree." 

VI. 

'And far o'er the land, and afar on the seas, 
My rainbow-hiied cusigu shall kiss every breeze, 
While round the vast world the nations shall cry. 
As they see its bright promise adorning the sk\- : 
'Away in the West where yon flag claims its birth. 

And the sky o'er a Continent spreads its blue dome, 
There in peace sits enthroned the Queen of the Earth, 
For there only hath Liberty built her a home.' " 



So, to-day, as we stand 'ncath yon flag, wc bi-lidld 
At the hundred years' dose the fulfillment unrdllcd. 
While stranger than fiction is the story we read 
(Jf trial, and triumph, brave word and brave deed. 
A cluster of State.-, see all welded in one. 

And founded on rocks firm as Ocean's strong bed. 
An Em]>ire of Empires here to grcatiu^ss full grown, 

lint an Eiiiiiirc where Liberty sits crowned as the Head. 

\ 1 1 1 . 
Let Tyranny build thro' long years as she will. 
E'en thro' thou.sauds of years, .she is building oir still, 
For the heart< of brave men assailinir the tliroiii' 



118 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Will Dover consent tliat lier triumphs be won, 

And they drag it to dust 'ere the work be half done. 

But let Liberty rise, and with God on her side, 

And a land broad enough to give Liberty room. 
And she'll found in a lifetime a dominion so wide 

Tliat the round world shall tremble at nod of her plume. 



She'll rear high her white spires over hillside and lea. 
And fill every deep valley with schools of the Free, 
Till the chimes of their bells, as they fill the glad air, 
Shall tell how her people rejoice in her care ; 
While she plants in all hearts of her children that rise. 

Such faith in their Country, such respect for its laws. 
Such love of the right, and such noble emprise. 

That not one can prove faithless to Liberty's cause. 



And she calls to all lands where men's hearts are bowed down, 
By stroke of the sceptre, or flash of the crown, 
Inviting their flight to the State she has blest. 
The land lying midway the world's east and west, 
Where her childi-en have all, with a cry of good cheer, 

Planted standard and torchlight on mountain and shore. 
That they who would come may come without fear. 

And 'mid fiseans to Liberty crowd her broad door — 



Then, men and fair women, fling afar as ye pray 
Yon star-clustered banner that o'erspreads us to-day ; 
Render thanks for the hand by whose grace 'twas unfurled, 
And the band who first made it the flag of the world. 
Render thanks for the men, who so bravely again 

Held fast to the standard when Treason grew bold, 
Who erased with their blood its only dark stain, 

And gave back to the Nation, purged of slavery's mould, 
Her old charter of Freedom, now written in gold. 

XII. 

Yes, praise to the men who the Nation to save, 
Put counti-y o'er party, and all creeds in the grave. 
As they heard the loud cry of the People, who swore 
That their Union should last long as ocean or shore; 
That better, far better all their armies be lost. 

And the battle rage on till their boys become men. 
Than the Ark of all Liberty, broken and lost. 

Be flung high on the shores of old England again, 
'Mid the jeers of her nobles, and their hearty Amen ! 



COMMf:JM()KATIVJ': CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 119 



Xlll. 

Ami ])niy yet iigain ori' the gliul ilay be passed, 
That this first of her jul)ik>es ])rove not the last; 

But wlu'ii we anil our ciiiidrrn sliall have long ilcd away, 

The whoK' Naliim as One, in vii nolilcr array. 

May still hail yonder tt-A'S. and kcvp t'rstival day; 

Still liurnish the shield IVoni corruption's tbnl rust, 

And keep l)right its grand legend, "In (loD IS oiiit Trust." 

The oelebfatioii |>iiipfi- ended with a L;i'aiid disphay (if lii'eworks, on the 
Campus Martins, in the excniiiL;'. 

Pkogk.vmme 01'' FiKEWORKs. — 1, Graud illuniination of brilliant fire. 2, Representation of 'the 
Detroit block house in 11)70, .showing all there was of Detroit at that date, and how our fore- 
fathers defended themselves tVoiii the attacks of the savages. 3, Pyramid caprice. 4, Revolving 
sun. 5, Discharge of silver l)atteries. (5, Flight of rockets, stars, serpents and gokl rain. 
7, Union star. 8, Polonaise. 9, "Our fathers' bell of liberty," representing, in much larger than 
original size, old Independence bell, with national emblems on either side. 10, Firing of colored 
shells. 11, Brilliant display of (tolored fires. 12, Revolving globe. lo, Yankee windmill. 
14, Brother Jonathan. 15, Eruption of mines. l(j, Grand flight of colored rockets. 17, Display 
of colored batteries. 18, Saturn and satellites. 19, Kaleidoscope. 20, Ladies' whim. 21, Army 
and navy emblems, representing the cannon of the army, the ant^hor of the navy, and the eagle 
of our country. 22, Dis<'harge of colored shells. 2;^, Flight of colored parachute rockets. 
24, Firing of meteor batteries. 25, Saxon cross. 26, Yankee Doodle. 27, Union emblems. 
28, Gothic diamond cross. 29, Flock of pigeons. 30, Ascension of floral shells. 31, Tri-colored 
illumination. 32, Double passion-flower. 33, Jeweled star. 34, Double thunder wheel. 85, Cen- 
tennial motto: "Peace, ])rospcrity, freedom — the result of one hundred years;" a beautiful tribute 
to the success of our country. 36, Discharge of union tri-colored batteries. .37, Flight of pearl 
rockets. 88, Cupid's triumph. 39, Centennial windmill. 40, Spirit of the age. 41, Explosion of 
colored mines and shells. 42, Flight of ship signal rockets. 43, Discharge of silver shower 
batteries. 44, Bee hive. 45, Silver cascade. 46, Jeweled Maltese cross. 47, Explosion of shells. 
48, Flight of colored rix'kets. 49, Cross of honor. 50, United diamonds. 51, Star of empire. 
52, Ascent of parachute rockets. 53, Display of colored shells. 54, Illumination of colored fires. 
55, Grand temple display — the finest piece of the evening. 56, Detroit's good night piece — a 
brilliant display in words of fire of the sentiment expressed with the emblems of our country. 

The rt)i/p (To'il presented from tlie I'oof of the nortli tower of the city hall 
dnrinir tlie <lisplay of the fireworks, was o-randly iin])ressive. From twenty-live 
to thirty tlionsand spectators had assembled in the Campus Martins and the 
entrances of adjoining streets, and when tlie livid liglit of blue lire, or the 
roseate radiance nf a red one, was reHecte(l n[inn tlie .sea of upturned faces, it 
seemed to impart wonderful and chanoing ex2)re.ssions to them. Around as far 
as the eye could reacli brilliant stiearns of fire sliot out ao-ainst the sky, as the 
ascending rockets ni<)unte<l in distant places, testifying to the nnanimons and 
hearty good will with \\hi<li the ila\ was celebrateil. 



120 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Oil the whole, tlie ])yr()teeliiiic disphiy was a success. Tlie heavy weather 
damjieiied some of tlie jiieces, and prevented tlieir huiiiing as freely as they 
othermse would ha\e done. Kevei+heless, everybody was satisfied. There were 
no accidents of any note to mai- tlie pleasures of the occasion, and the eveiiinii' 
w\as as pleasant and cund'oi'tahle as could have been desii-ed. 

Not the least enjoyable feature t>f the cveuiuu's entertaiiniieut was the nnisic 
furnished b\ the Twenty-second Ignited States infantiT band. They occu])ie(l 
a ]>latforni erectecl for them at the southeast corner of the city hall. At 
intervals tluriug the e\enini> they ilisc(tursed excellent nuisic. 

KXKKnSKS IN Till. ( H T IH'H KS. 

The evangelical I'l-otestant denominations held a union prayer meeting at 
Whitney's opera lionse, oommencing at nine o'clock. The exercises were con- 
ducted by Kev. Dr. Aikman, of the Westminster Presbyterian church. They 
were opened by the singing of the familiar hymn. " Before Jeliovah's Awful 
Throne," and the 14<sth ])salm was next read, when I>i-. .\iknian made the 
opening address, as follo\vs : 

Frcends \ni) I-'i.i.i.ow CrnzENs. — With me. yon rcc(i<;iii/,f the rxc'ciding fitness of otn- 
gathering, on the e;iilv iiioi-ning of this Foin-lh of .luly. (hw heiU'ts wouhl lie wi'onged were we 
not publicly ;ind togetiier, ;is citizens, looking up to (iofl, as this great <hiy opens benignly upon 
us. It is a day which He, tiie Infinite God, has made for us. We may safely say that no nation 
but one lias had a history so marked by the superintending providence of God. He hid this 
Western continent until the ages were ripe for its discovery. He kept oui- portion of it safe and 
held it till His people, chosen out of three nations, were ready to take it. He made them ready 
by His .strange proces.ses of oppression, persecution and impending death. They went, under His 
guidance, these mighty men and angelic women, the greatest and tlie best of earth, from England, 
from Holland, from France. When in all the ages came .such men and such women into a new- 
land? God brought them here. They were as truly called, and tliey w(nt as truly at God's 
command, as once the Patriarch was called out of Ur of the Chaldees. Tiiey went like him, not 
knowing wliitiiei- they went, liut tliey went in faith, and they fomid a land of whose glories 
Canaan was but an epitome and a tyjie. God gave it to them. 

What was not so clear at the beginning has been cleared as the years have gone on. ^\'llo 
can read the story of the Kevolution and not see God's hand <ui every page? Lord Chatham 
said: "For my.self, I must avow that in all my readings— and I have read Thueydides and the 
master-states of the world — for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity and wisdom under a compli- 
cation of difficult circumstances, no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the general 
Congress of Philadelphia. The history of Greece and Eome gives us nothing equal to it." Never, 
we may add, in this world, before or since, were so many men of transcendent ability arrayed, at 
one time, around a common cause. They were God's master works, made for the hour. God was 
at the birth of the nation. Think how, in spite of human contrivance, and against human desire 
and ancestral prejudice, the bonds Avhich held so strongly the colonies to the parent state wen- 
broken by that Declaration which we celebrate to-day ! By what combinations above and beyond 
human forecast it was brought about I God was in it. He gave tliis people Washington. Among 



CO.MMEMOKATIVK CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 1 iM 

the iiiiirvollims creations of ( iod, where will we find a more WDiuUriiil tiiaii he? Ilis character 
srrows more sublime in each succeeding year, and iiis name, as that of no other man, has gone 
out over the earth, ami lioMs the increasing admiration of the peoj)le of every land and tongue. 
NVIici can fail to see God's hand in the marvelous oecnrrences of the wai- of the Revolution, when 
out of more defeats than viitcuie.- a triumph was won, and the power of the foremost nation of 
the world was thrown off? There were hours when no human eye could see a ray of hope, but 
God kept hoi)e alive in those undainited hearts, and again and again, above the agency of men, 
foiled the malice of traitors, broke the power of foes, inspireil the courage of friends, and at the 
hour of rayless darkness gave light and deliverance. Shall we fail to recognize the hand of God 
in the formation of our government? Our Constitution has stood the test of nearly niuetv yeai-s, 
and each one of them has spread its j)Ower wider and more beneficently abroad. It luis stood 
strain and shock such as never tried government before. God made it strong. Who will not see 
the Almighty hand in the preservation of this nation? That \ve arc not to-day wee|)ing while we 
walk among the awful ruins of our country; that wc are ui>t hanging our heads in shame and 
mourning; that we have not blushes and groans on this anniveisary, instead of smiles and cxultani 
songs; that we celebrate the day at all, is of God. It was an inspiration of the Ainiigiitv thai 
awakened the people, that gave them the courage to i)car the toil, endure the .sorrow, accept the 
bereavement of tho.se days when brother struck at brother's life, and countrymen sought to de.stroy 
the state. It Wiis ( lod that gave us Lincoln. (Jod made him the calm, patient, enduring, loving 
man that he was. (iod gave him his undying courage, his unfiiltering faith, his far-reaching 
wi.sdom. (iod gave us those nuMi who fought and suHered, those who live and rejoice with us 
to-day, or who sleep in their glory and our love as we enshrine them in our hearts. They were 
(iod's gift. Who that looks at tliis flag, and knows that it waves over a land without a slave, 
will ncjt .see in its starry folds the goodness of (Jod? We wished, and we laixired, and we prayed 
that some time it might tell only of freedom, but we dared not ho|)c' to see the day. Now for 
these thirteen years we have been exulting; with dinnned eyes we watch its wavv rise and fall. 
It Hoats on this summer air — the flag of the free. God made it pure. 

Thus we look over the solemn days of war, over the sweet days of |)eace, over the long-drawn 
years of prosperity, of religious liberty, so like this ambiant air that we forget that we breatiie it, 
and with hearts too full f(u- utterance, we bow and worshi]) ami praise Iliiii. our < ind and our 
fathers' God. 

Tilt' follow ill-- fiirtlici- ;ilistr;ict of tlu; e.xeivises is copied from reports in the 
eit \ |i;nicr> : 

The Rev. L. i;. Fiske (Methodist) then addressed the audience ujKjn the subject of " The 
foundation of the State ivpou ChrLstianity." He said we all hold that there should be no direct 
connection between church and state; that the state should not be taxed for the church; tluit the 
.state should not decide what religion is right, whether Protestant or Catholic; that the state should 
not endow any church. Yet he believed that all would agree that the Christian religion in its 
spirit underlies our whole national fiibrie. We have no Fourth of July celebration without a 
chaplain to open the exerei.ses with prayer. All our legislatures have chaplains, and our army 
regiments have chaplains. The state everywhere recognizes the Christian religion. If we believe 
that Christianity is the only true and pure religion, then we must believe that that which strengthens 
and extends Christianity tends also to strengthen the governnu-nt. The country is far stronger and 
the government .stronger now, on account of the revivals of the past twelve months, although the 
state hail nothing to do with them. Dr. Fiske then enlarged upon the idea that as individuals we 
lan ilii most to strengthen liie govc'rnmeiit liy doing most for the Christian religion; that ministei-s 



122 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



could (Iti iiKist to strengthpn the government by keeping; up the spirituality of the members of their 
churches. He believed that Ilie clnirch truly uplirlil llir state, as it was itself indiui-d with the 
principles iif Christianity. 

Kev. Dr. Alfred Owen (Baptist) said that all goverunieuts are ordained of God, and under 
any governmeut he should be a loyal citizen, as a poor government was better than none. Gov- 
ernment was providential, especially our own. (mmI's hand was manifest in our early and subsequent 
history. He revealed to our forefathers the ideas and j)rinciplfts upon which our political institu- 
tions are based, and since then the same guiding Providence had been manifest. The meeting 
house and the school had hand in hand crossed the continent. Free religious institutions and a 
free conscience were marked and \alual)le ])rivileges in our country. We were not thankful 
enough for the blessings conferred upon us by an overruling Providence. 

Hon. Charles I. Walker quoted the language of David in his prayer and thanksgiving before 
the representatives of his people, recorded in 1 Chronicles, xxix : 12, viz: "Both riches and honor 
come of Thee, and Thou reignest over all; and in Thy right hand Is power and might; and in 
Thine hand it is to make great, and to give strength unto all." He commenced by stating that 
God in His providences prepares the way for the advance of nations. This was manifest in the 
early history of the northwest. For one liundred years it was French and Catholic, but the victory 
of Wolfe upon the plains of Abraham gave it to the English-speaking race. After mentioning 
one or two potent political movements in the early history of our country, whereby the advance 
of the Protestant religion was secured, he passed to matters of much local interest, viz: the 
(Stablishment of missions ami churches in our state and city. -The first Protestant church in 
the northwest was organized i)y the Moravians, in Mt. Clemens, and in 1782 the first Protestant 
chapel was there dedicated. In the year 1800, the father of Dr. Leonard Bacon came to Detroit, 
and preached in the old council house. Then followed the early Methodist ministers, preaching 
in their circuits. In about 1810, the first church was organized by them, at the River Rouge, a 
little below Detroit, and in 1818 the fir.st church building was there erected. In 1816, the First 
Protestant Society was organized in Detroit, and at th : request of Gjveruor Cass and others, a 
young man, the Rev. John Montoith, was sent here from Princeton Academy, to take charge of 
the church. His work was followed by a marked development of intellectual power and influence 
in our midst, the foundation then being laid for our State University. 

Rev. George D. Baker, of the Fii-st Presbyterian church, was the last speaker. He referred 
to a pregnant fact in Jewish history, which he thought was not without its moral and parallel in 
our own. When that favored |ii-o|)le had at length been brought to the borders of the Promised 
Land, after long marches, groat privations, and tedious delays, God spoke to them of what was 
before them. He pointed out the goodly land which they were to inhabit, "a land flowing with 
milk and honey," a land abounding in all material wealth, and cursed only in it,s idolatrous and 
wicked population. He reminded them that they would dwell in cities which they had not built, 
and till fields already brought to the highest state of cultivation by alien hands. All this He gave 
them, and only required that they should serve and worship Him, keeping His commands, and 
walking in all the way of His precepts. That people did not heed the words of God, but fi)llowed 
their own way, and the predicted ruin came, after long years of waiting and entreaty. He thought 
that we of this land and Centennial year had come to a similar point in our liistory. A goodly 
land is before us. We are entered into other men's labors. We are enjoying the blessings acquired 
by the toils and sacrifices of others. God asks of us, as He did of His people of old, that we 
obey and honor Him. If we do, all will be well ; but if we forsake Him, we shall be forsaken 
of Him, and disaster will be our portion. At the beginning of a second century of the nation's 
life and a new epoch in our history, it becomes us to ponder well the lessons of the past, and to 
take earnest heed to what they so impressively teach. 



COMMEJM()I{A'n\K CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 123 



He had tiiif other thought: He had been impressed with one remarkable fact iu couuection 
with our Aiuericau history. If he were to ask any one present the date when the Con.stitution 
was adopted, when the colonies dcclanil them.selve.s absolved from further allegiance to Great 
Britain, or when the Declaration of Independence wa,s made, a ready answer could be given to 
the questions ; but if he were to inquire when the American Union was formed, what was the 
(late of its beginning, no answer could he furnished. It was not made save as (lod made it. It 
urew — it developed. As God creates other things, so he had given life and form to tliis Union of 
Free States. His hand was in it. It behooves iis to take Iiee<l (o this significant fact of our 
history, and to lay its le.sson to lieart. 

With i)rayer by Rev. Dr. J. P. Scott, of the United Presbyterian church, the singing of the. 
doxology, and the benediction by Rev. Supply Cha.se, the large audience was dismissed 

Tlir K|)isru|iMl cliiiiclics (jf the city held a imidii service at St. I'atirs (•liiifch, 
wliicli \\as heaiitifiiUy and appfojiriately ti-iiiiiiied witli Hair's, ilowers and ever- 
greens, and of wliicli a press report says: 

The foiil was drapetl with the national flag, over whicli trailed vines, the white stars showing 
like flowers among the green leaves. The bowl of the font was filled with flowers, from which 
rose a large-leaved plant. The altar, reading desk and pulpit were all ornamented with flags and 
flowers, among which were a profusion of beautiful water lilies. There were also a quantity of 
potted plants and evergreen trees, all together blending beautifully in color with the painted window 
and rich ornamentation about the altar. The choir gallery was draped with the national colors 
and trimmed with evergreens. The service, which was partly choral, was especially appropriate to 
the expression of patriotic and devotional feeling. The opening hymn and sentences were read by 
the Rev. i\[r. Flower, of the ^lariiiers' cliiirch ; the exhortation by the Rev. Mr. Watts, of St. 
Peter's; the confe.-^sion, Lord's prayer and versifies by the Rev. Mr. Charles, of St. James'; the 
lesson by the Rev. Dr. Stocking, of Grace church ; the creed by the Rev. Dr. Pitkin, of St. Paul's; 
the collects by the Rev. Dr. Worthington, of St. John's ; the concluding hymn by the Rev. Dr. 
Magee, of St. Mark's ; and the benediction was |)ronounced by the Bishop. 

.\t all the ('atlmlic clinrcdies in the city, mass was said in the morning, 
;ind at some of the ehnrelies pati'iotie e.xhortations were made by the officiating 
priests. Tile services were in accordance Avitli the following pastoral letter, 
issned l)y the i'lishoji, l\t. luv. Ctispar II. IV^rges : 

On the Fourth of July our couutry will celebrate its first Centennial liirtliday, a National 
jubilee ; a day of joy and gratitude tor every citizen and patriot iu the Union. On this day tlie 
love and devotion for our country will swell the hearts of all to enthusiasm, for its honor is our 
honor, its glory is our glory, and its future is our future. 

Not actuated by the impulse of the moment, nor by purely hutnaii iiuitives, hut liv tiie divine 
law, on that day we will array ourselves under our glorious banner, renewing our fidelity to our 
couutry, vowing the perseverance of our loyalty in the face of friend and foe, and pledging the 
.sacrifice of our heart's blood in the hour of need, standing in the iiiliire, as in the pa.«t, in the 
front ranks, defending our natioiuil honor and life. 

Therefore, we beg to suggest the propriety, not only of joining heart and soul in the proper 
and worthy festivities of the day, but of a.ssembling the faithful at a suitable hour on the morning 
of the Fourth of July next, in tiieir respective churches, for divine .service, for the purpose of 



124 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



offering their devout and fervent prayere to Almighty God, that He may be pleased to bless our 
couiiti-y in the future as He has done in the jiast ; that we may iKjt be visited with the seourges 
of war, pestilence and famine; but that His band of protection may c<intinue extended in blessings 
for union, peace and happiness among all its citizens. 

We de.sire the faithful to celebrate the Nation's holy-day as true Cutiiolics ami xvw patriots; 
but beg to warn them against everything that niinht in the least mar the universal joy; again.st 
the temptation of intemperance, and every conduct uiiwoithy of law-abiding citizens. 

Ac^A'llc si'oiris. 

Aiiioiiii tlic attractimis <d" tlu- day was the ivgatta, w liiclt was liy far the 
most e.vtensive a(Hiatic (Ifiiioiisti'atioii attempted upon tlie Detroit I'iver since 
the regatta of the Northwestern Amateur Boating Association, in 1870. By 
three o'clock tlie scene was one of remarkable activity and beanty. The gaily 
decorated boat houses of the Excelsior and Detroit clubs were ci'owded to their 
utmost capacit\', the ri\ei- was alive with sail craft and pleasure boats, and 
people settled down ujion the docks and lumber piles along the river side like 
bees upon a hive. The e.xcui'siou boats all reaped a harvest, nine steamers of 
large capacity, and all packed Avith sight-seers, plying on the river. 

U])on the tui;' "Winslow" were assembled Vice Commodore Allen, the 
regatta committee, a few invited guests and the press representati\'es. The 
steam \ aclit "Glance" and the yacht " Adele " accommodated the judges, 
umpii'e and timers, and signal officer Talmaii. Mr. Samuel E. Pittman was 
umpire, C. M. Davison, Captain John Oades and John Pridgeon, Jr., wei-e judges, 
and (/. H. Wetmore and S. K. Kirb}- officiated as timers. 

The barge race was called at .-5.15 o'clock. For this race thei'e were eight 
entries, com]^)rising the barges ()f the Wyandotte, Grand River, Centennial, 
Restless, Wataitga, Plnenix, Chattanooga and Zephyr clubs, which W'ere assigned 
positions in the order named. Of these, the boat entered 1)y the Grand River 
club, of Lansing, alone pulled eight oars ; the other seven were ten-oared barges. 
The discrepancy in numbers of the Lansing crew was compensated by a time 
allowance of fifteen seconds. The race was three-fourths of a mile and back, 
the ^\'yaiidottes coming in in 11. 'J2, but with the (irainl River only five seconds 
behind, and w ith their time allowance taking the race by ten seconds, with the 
following civw: Stroke, R. J. Shank; No. 2, A. H. Whitehead; No. 3, A. H. 
Dane; No. 4, William Logic; No. 5, W. E. Crossett; No. (i, \\. W. Staley ; No. 7, 
E. K. CJooley; bow, M. J. Buck; coxswain, H. T. ('arpenter. 

A fotu'-oared I'ace follo\ved, which was won by the Excelsiors, of Detroit, 
in 14.;5U, by the following crew: Stroke, L. H. Baldwin ; No. "J. K. K. Armstrong- 
No. :'., Kdward Telfer; Low, F. D. Standish. 



COM.MK.MoKAriVK CKNTIONNIAL EXERCISES. 125 

111 tlir sl.\-ii;iri'<l shell i-;u-c tlici't' w t'i'f t'liiir coutcstaiits, ui.-ikiii^' time as 
follows: Zc|ili\rs, i."..17: W'al.-iiiuas, I ."i.aS ; Excelsioi's, 11 niliiiitcs. Tlic Detroit 
drew off, lia\ iiiu' Kiokeii ilieii- nulder. The Ze])liyr winuiiiii' ei'cw was; Stroke, 
Will Crai-: No. l>, K. A. Hour; Xo. ;!. ('. K. Heyiiol.ls; \o. 4, I). Linn; No. 5, 
K. Slitter; Kow. A. 1. MeL.'o.l. 

Ill a siiii;le seiill race, i'^rauk Wood and ('. I"'. Lattiiiiei', of .M iiskej^ou, and (x. 
I-". Siiiiiiier and K. I). Staiidisli, of Detroit, were contestants, Standish being 
Aviiiner in li').;', 1. 

A tiili race was jirolitic of no little aiiiiiseineut. Tliere were some fifteen 
or sixtei^n entries, ;iiid nearly all tlie contestants cajisi/.ed, to the intense grati- 
tic.'itioii of the spectators. Tlie winiiei' was F. 8. ('ani]iliell. of the K.voelsiors. 



DEXTEK. 

The day was wtdcoined liy the rinn-iiiL:' of Kells .-iiid the )ironiisciioiis dis- 
charge of guns, ])istols and fire-cracker.s. The morning lnoke witii a dull, leaden 
sky, and rain fell nearly all the forenoon, the weather hecoming tdear, Jiowever, 
alioiit noon. Nevertheless great crowds of peojde came in to participate in tlie 
eelel)rati(ni. 

The various paits of the procession had been gathering on Haker street, and 
at half-past eleven they were got in line, and the whole started for a inarch 
throiigli the streets of the village, the plan of u-oiiig to the grove lia\ ing l)eeii 
aban<loiied. 

At the head of the procession mandied the i)e\ter ( 'oiiiet Hand in tlieir 
handsome uniforms. Xe\t came a decked wagon drawn by four horses, and 
bearing the fair representatives of the thirteen origiii.il states, presided over 
by the Goddess of Liberty sustaining the starry Hag. Then came the wagon, 
drawn also l)y four horses, bearing the representatives of the additional States, 
in the persons of twenty-seven young girls, arrayed in white, with lilue sashes 
ami \->'i\ bow-, .ind bearing flags with the names of the states on them. Hehind 
was the tal)leaii of the surrender of Jiord Cornwallis at Vorktown. Next came 
a wagon loa<l of Ijoys bearing Hags and banners commemorating the past, 
'liieii a mounted cavalcade representing continentals and various nationalities. 

The i*ioneer Cabin came next, and gave a not exaggerated picture of the 
home of the old settlers, with the good wife busy at her spinning wheel, while 
the crouching Indian (dinging behind with his gun, was suggestive of the 
dangers to whi(di the jiioiieers were exposed. Last l)iit not least was "dot 



126 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



liddle C'lifi'in.-iii haiit,"'"" tlie most iiimisiiig- j)art of the parade, and one that 
excited a good deal of niirtli. 

The Marshals were A. McMillan and Russell J'arkei'. 

The procession, taken as a whole, was a very fine one. With the committee 
of arrangements, Mrs. Moore is entitled to the credit of the beautiful wagon 
loads representing the states. The credit for the tableau of the surrender of 
Cornwallis is due tf> J. W. Pierce and Charley Danielsou. Mr. L. Palmer gave 
the cabin to the procession, and Emanuel Viidcle and his comrades brought 
out the German band. 

After marching through the principal streets of the village, the parade was 
dismissed on D street, and an adjournment of the exercises taken until half- 
past one o'clock. Then tAVO of the decked wagons were placed together on the 
corner of IMaiu and B streets. Upon one was ]^)laced the organ, and the other 
was arranged for the speakers and the officers of the day. The order of 
exercises was then proceeded with, John Costello, Esq., presiding. 

The band })layed a stirring piece of music, and the Glee CI id), composed 
of Miss Annie Wai-ner, Miss Mamie Murdock, Mr. R. J. Langdon and M]-. C. 
C. Tuomey, sang a beautiful Centennial hymn, Avith the chorus, " Our starry 
flag, the Nation's pride, has Avaved a hundred years." Rev. J. C. Wortley 
offered a fervent and impressiA'e jirayer. Mr. E. E. Appleton read the Declara- 
tion of Independence in a masterly manner, and the band played Hail Columbia 
and Yankee Doodle. Mr. J. F. LaAvrence then delivered an excellent oration, 
in Avhich he noticed the progress that had been made the past one himdred years, 
not only in the arts and sciences but in the modes of thought and the means 
of human advancement. 

After another song by the Glee Chd), Mr. William A. Jones read an 
interesting paper on the first settlement of WashtenaAV coimty. After another 
stirring piece by the band, the exercises were over, and tlie crowd dispersed 
to find amusement and refreshment in the games of the afternoon. There 
were a sack race, a potato race, a foot race, Avrestling, and finally a tub race 
on the pond, all of Avhicli afforded excellent amusement. 

The display of fircAVorks was A'ery fine, and gave general satisfaction. The 
dance l)y the cornet band, in Young Men's Hall, was largely attended, some 
hundred and fifty couple being present. 

The croAvd during the day and evening Avas immense, and there were 
probably more people in Dexter than were ever before assembled within the 
corporation limits. 

*Tlmt little Gn-man li:inil. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 127 



DUNDEE. 

The citizens of Duiidec iiuulc all the iiecessaiy preparations fur the celebra- 
tion, and at midnight the day was nslu'rc(l in Iiy the tiring t)f a salute of 
thirteen guns. The heavy rain <if the fi'ivniion plart-d an e.xtiuguisher upon 
any attempt to form a procession, and, in fact, upon tlie entire programme, so 
far as out-door exercises were ci)ncerued. Notwithstanding the unfavorable 
weatliei-, tlie people came flocking into to\\n from all directions. Johnson Hall 
was secured, and tlie speeches, music, etc., were given therein. In the evening, 
the fireworks were exhibited from the corner of Monroe and Main streets, and 
from the front of E. C. Kenyon's, and together they constituted a very 
creditalde display. 

FLINT. 

As soon as the twelfth stroke of the city cl()ck had tolled the de[)arture 
at midnight of the third of July, all tlie bells in the city simultaneously rang 
oxit a chorus of welcome for the birth of the Fourth. The bells were supple- 
mented by the steam whistles of the mills, and the fire-ci'ackers of the boys; 
and a salute of thirteen guns was lired, ami at snni'ise another salute of thirty- 
seven guns. 

The as])ect of tlie morning cast some gloom o\-er the prospects for the day. 
It was rainy and lowering, but before the time for forming the procession had 
ari'ived, the rain had ceased, and ere long the skies cleared off into a bright 
and beiielieeiit ilay. At an early hour the streets became throngetl with teams 
and pedestrians, and every train of cars came loaded wdth visitors. 

The Flint Union Blues and Cadets, with Colonel Lochhead, assembled at 
the railway depot, to receive, on their arrival, the Bay City Peninsulars, expected 
guests of the Blues. The Peninsulars arrived on the morning train, and were 
escorted to the Masonic block, wdiere a luncheon was awaiting them, prepared 
by the ladies of the Presbyterian church. 

A procession over t^vo miles in length was foi'iued, moving at eleven o'clock, 
and marchinti' through tlie ])rincipal streets, Gardner's Flint City band, tlie three 
military com|ianies. and the Knights of Pythias, forming the first division. The 
lire department made au imposing and handsome head for the second division. 
The thinl division, composed of tlie Patrons of lliis])andry, constituted one of 
tlie most striking features of the procession. Davison, Flushing, \'ienna, Jihick- 
berry, liibertv, Grand P)laiic, and Pioneer Granges a[)peare<l in wagons decorated 



128 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

witli haiint'i's, devices, inottdes, and tlie iiisiuiiia of their sevei'al oi'ii'anizatioiis. 
Davison (Ti'aniie alone oeeiipied forty wagons, some of tliein with six-liorse and 
four-horse teams. To tlie fourth division, eoin])osed of citizens in carriages and 
wag;ons, it seemed as if there was no end. < hi tlie streets upon tlie line of 
march the Stars and Stripes floated from e\ery Hag-staif; the tops and fi-onts 
of the buildings were ablaze with flags, patriotic de^'ices and dra])er}- of the 
national colors. Extensive preparations had been made at the fair grounds, by 
the erection of stands, platforms, seats, etc., and a committee (if lailies had 
tastefully decorated the stands with evergreens, flovvei-s, banneiets and flags. 

Tlie exercises at the grand stand A\'ere : Music by the band: ju'ayer by 
Rev. S.W. Titus; reading of the Declai-ation of Independence by Rev. Marcus 
Lane; music b\ the choral society; oration l)y Hon. E. H. Thomson ; historical 
sketch of Genesee county by Hon. F. H. Rankin; singing by the children of 
the public schools; benediction 1)\ Rev. H. H. Northrop. 

The military dress parade which followed was a very tine display, though 
the throuijinii- multitude of spectators was so great as to imjiede the movements 
of the soldiers, and shut out all but a few from seeing the di-ill. 

The afterjiiece of the da\- was an irruption by an immense bod}' of the 
Mardi (xras Rangers and C'alithumpiau Irregulars, cavali'y ;ind infantry. Nothing 
could exceed the grotes([ueness or vai'iety of their uniform and e([uipments, 
unless it was the amusement they created. The whole affair was the biggest 
and best lnn-les(|ue evei' witnessed in Flint. 

There ^vas a fine display of fii-eworks, at the junction t)f Saginaw and 
Detroit streets, in the evening. Afterward the Flint Blues entertained their 
visitors, the Peninsulars, at a banipiet, the material of which Avas fui'uished by 
the ladies of the Presbyterian church. 

As to the numbei- of people in town, it is estimated that at least 15,<>(>() 
persons Avere upon the fair grounds, and those who did not go there have been 
set down anyAvhere from five to ten thousand. 

FOWLEKAILLI'l 

Despite the rain, a hirge concourse of peojile assendjled in the village from 
the sui'rounding country. Guns were tired, and there was a constant fusilade 
of torpedoes, pistols and flre-crackers. 

The music furnished by the Vernon cornet band, from the l)alcony of the 
Reason House, during the forenoon, had uuicli to do with keeping up the 
enthusiasm. Although somewhat belated on account of the rain, the programme 



COMMEMOKATIXI': CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 129 

;ir tlic lii-nvf was raiiifd mil. 'I'lic exci-cises were (tiieiicd with nnisic, ami a 
]irayci- In the I\('\ . N. \\ . Picicc, Inllow cd liy iiiiisic auaiii 1)\ tlic Kaiid. The 
oratinii was dcli\ eiv<l \i\ .1. W. Doiioxaii, l\s(|., of Dcti-dit. .M'tcr music 1)\- tlie 
liaiid (•;iiiie the reading;- of tlie I )eelai'atioii, liy David IJiisli. Ks(|., folhiwed l)y 
inu.sie and the l)ene(lietioii. Tlie afternoon was made liilariuus by tlie appearance 
(if a l)urles(|ue c-om]>any "en route for the Black Tlills," and ()ther amusements, 
the da\ cIosiuL;' Nvitli a well-assorted displav of liicworks. 



(iKAM) LKIXiE. 

Early in the morning a salute of tliirty -eight guns was tired. Shortly before 
eleven oVlo(d< a ])rocession, headed by the Grand Ledge cornet band, was 
forineil and marched to Island .\o. I, where the exercises \vere opened 1)\' the 
glee club singing the "American Knsign." The other exercises were: Prayer 
by the chaiilain, Kev. E. T. Branch; reading of the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence by James A^'. McMillan ; music by the glee club — "A Flai;- that waved 
a Hundred Years Ago;" oration by Hon. Charles T. >rills. of Xew ^'ork city; 
closing with "Yankee Doodle" by the band. 

At three o'(do(d<, a sham contest, representing the battle of Bunker Hill, took 
place, under connnand of F. T. Deiiison as Major-General Howe, and A. B. 
Scliuinaker as Colonel Prescott. The battle created considerable excitement, 
and was a success excepting in the nundier of men engaged. 

This was followed by various athletic sports, at which prize.s were awarded 
to Vincenso Hockle), Charles E. Baxter, Burt Edwards, Almon Moscow, and 
E. Boyce. In the evening there was an amateur dramatic and literar\ enter- 
tainment in (biodrich Hall, and social dancing ]iarties at the hotels. 



(t1;.\M) 11 avion. 

I 

The streets were thronged with ]ieo|)le from earh incuning. The procession 
formed at ten o'clock, as follows: 

Marshal, A. Yaiidenieeie ; Assistants, S. C. .Mower, S. C. Glover. Grand 
Haven coi'net band: the otlicers of the day, in carriages; the common council, 
in cariiaLi'es : old settlers, in carriages; Graiiil ila\en .\ ibeiter-\'ereLn ; Hunter 
Savidge tire engine company, of Spring Lake; llix llobinson tire engine company, 
of Grand Plaven ; (leorge Parks tire engine comj)any, of Grand Haven; Grand 
Haven hook-and-ladder companies ; wagon containing thirty-seven young ladies 
representing states; f)dd Fellows. 



130 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



The procession uiarohed througli \avioiis streets to the grove, wliere the 
follovving programme of exercises was had: Introductory remarks by the 
pi'esideut of the day, Hon. George Parks ; pra^'er l)y Re\-. J. V. Hickmott ; 
singing, " America," by the choir ; reading of the Dechiration by Father Murphy ; 
oration by Rev. II. T. Rose, of Milwaukee; singing by tlie choir; historical 
address by Mayor ^^'illianl ]M. Feny ; singing, "Star-Spangled Banner." 

In the afternoon croAvds of people went on lake excursions, while others 
amused themselves about town or in witnessing the athletic games and sports. 
At half-past five o'clock there was a burlesque procession of "Fantastics and 
Horribles," A\hich created a great deal of anuisement, and proved a complete 
success. The celebration closed with a fine display of fireworks in the evening. 

There were decorations of public and private buildings on an extensive 
scale. Flags floated everywhere, and wreaths and festoons of evergreens, leaves 
and flowers, ornamented many piazzas and grounds. 

GRAND RAPIDS. 

The weather was deliglitful. Rain fell early in the morning, laying the dust 
and freshening the atmosphere. Peoj^le began to pour in from the country 
soon after sunrise. Every road leading to the city Avas thronged with vehicles 
and peojile, and every train of cars brought hundreds of celebrators, so that 
long lief ore the procession began to move Canal and ]\Ionroe streets Avere full 
of persons waiting to see what they might see. It is estimated that twenty 
thousand to twenty-five thousand persons, besides residents, were in the city 
during the day. 

The decorations of the city were fine. Chief among them was the Centennial 
Ai'ch on Campau place, the following description of which is copied from a 
local paper : 

It was sixty-six feet wide aud twelve feet thick at the base, rising fifty-six feet to the first phite. 
Thcreou was a second base four feet iu lieight. Then there was a second structure twelve feet 
high, about twenty-two feet long, and six feet thick. Then above that there were the finials twelve 
feet high ; making the total height eighty-four feet. The structure was divided into three arches. 
The main arch was thirty-six feet to the keystone, aud thirty feet wide at the bottom. The side 
arches were eighteen feet high and seven feet wide. The entire structure was dressed in ever- 
greens, cedar twigs wound on ropes. The inside of the arch had red, white and blue strips 
intertwined with the evergreens. Numerous small flags "set it out " beautifully. The paintings 
and mottoes on the arch were all ai^propriate aud their arrangement beautiful. On the uorth side, 
(jr fiieing up Canal street, at the top, was the seal of Michigan, painted on a canvas eight by 
twelve feet in size. On either side of it were " Lexington," and " Yorktown." Below tlie 
.seal was "Hallelujah for One Hundred Years." On the base of the upper structure were — 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 131 



"The Union and the Constitution," "Supreme Law," "Unfettered Conscience," "Long Live the 
Republic." Just below were "Jefferson," "Fniukliu." Next wag "1776" and "1876," with the 
names "Marion," "Sumter," " Wayue," and "Loo." On the kcy-stone of the arch, "The People 
of Graud Rapids to their Country." On the left .^ide of this face of the arch, iu the jjanel over 
the side arch, "Tiie Declaration of American Indopoiidonco the Baptismal Vow of a Republic 
born of Internal Right, and for whom Heroes were Sponsors." Under this was an oil painting, 
eight by twelve feet, of Washington crossing the Delaware. Beneath it was, "Their Glorious Record 
is the Imperishable Heritage of the Forovci-."' lii the west panel of this face of the arch, at the 
top, "On every Sea and every Land known tt) ^lon the Sacred Honor of the Sires ha.s been 
Uphold by the Sons." I'xlow tiiis was a painting, eight by twelve feet, representing Columbia 
standing in the foreground, (ni a lugh ledge, pointing over a vast and shadowy expanse of country, 
allegorically representing the greatness and achievements of our cmintry. In the background of the 
scene was the main building of the Centennial Exhibition. Neai-or was the National Capitol and 
other jjublic structures. Still nearer was a larnior reaping grain in a broad field with a reaper. 
Still nearer was a river with a steamboat, a sus])ousion railroad bridge, a second railway track 
and a train of cars, and a telegraph line. Beneath this painting was, "Of all Nations, and Peoples, 
and Tongues, she gathers the Freemen who bless her Centennial Birthday." Lender the center of 
of the arch, suspended, was a lino painting of Washington on horsoliack, tlio work of Mr. T. 
Ed. Wardus. The procession, in passing under it, did so with uucovorod heads, honoring it. 
In the face of the structure fronting up Mouroe street wore tho following: At the extreme 
top was a statue representing Michigan as a female 'figure with a shield, her arm extending 
pointing to "God and My Right" as her motto, while opposite was, "Michigan." Immediately 
under wa.s the motto, on the upper base, "All Hail Columbia." This was flanked at either side 
with "Science and Religion," "The Mechanic Arts," "Agriculture and Commerce," and "The 
Forest and the Mine." Just below were the names " Washington," " Lincoln." Beneath them, 
over the center of the arch, "In God we Tru.st." Below, flanking the keystone, were "177G," and 
"1876," and tho names "Lafayette," "Steuben," "Putnam," "Stark." The key-stone bore the motto, 
"The Fidelity of the Sous is the Keystone." This was explained by the motto at the tops of the 
panels over the side arches, which were, "The Principles of the Fathers are the Foundation of 
the Ai'ch of Freedom," and "The Progress of the Century is the Superstructure." In the left or 
western panel was a picture representing Washingtou at Valley Forge, uniform in size with those 
above mentioned, an oil painting. Beneath this was, "Their Heroic Devotion Inflamed the World 
and made Liberty the Watchword of Mankind." In tho other ])aiiol was a water color cartoon 
exj)lained by the motto underneath, "America supported by Justice and Strength receives Tribute, 
Affection and Confidence from her Children, and drives Discord and Fraud from her Domain." 

Colonel Penney, chairman of the coinniittee on decorations, designed the entire structure, and 
got up all the mottoes. To liini luloiitrs, to a very great degree, the credit of the arch. Mr. C. 
H. Giftord, builder, erocto.l it. 

Flags were waviiio; from every staff in tlie city, and ])tiildiiigs in tlie business 
part oi town were l)eaiitifu]ly and many of them elaborately decorated. 

The procession, General P). K. Pierce, Chief Marshal, move<l at ten o'clock, 
in the following order ; 

First Division. — Platoon of police ; Chief Marshal and Staff; Knights Templar Band ; Graud 
Rapids Guard Drum Corps; Grand Rapids Guard; Uncle Sam and suite; Encampment of I. O. 
O. F., No. 43; Grand Rapids Lodge, No. 11, I. O. 0. F. ; Enterprise Lodge, No. 21'2, I. O. O. F.; 



132 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Walhalla Lodge, No. 240, I. O. O. F. ; West Side Lodge, No. 250, I. O. O. F.; Mine Lodge, No. 
33.5, I. (). (). F. ; i)resident, orator, chaphiin, and vcudci' of the day, in earriages ; mayor and 
council, in carriages; judges of the several icniiis; liiianl of (ininty supervisors; Grand Kapids 
business college; Grand Rapids Fire Brigade; mounted hor.-;enien ; township organizations. 

Second Division. — (Jemiania Band; Centennial Guard; Father McManus, with Holy Angels 
8o<'iety, one hundred sti-ong, with banner; Children of Mary, sixty strong, with banner; St. Andrew's 
Sunday School ; St. Andrew's Temperance Society; St. Patrick's Society, St. Andrew's Church ; Rev. 
J. C. Pulcher and Sunday School ; St. Patrick's Society of St. James ; Rev. Ehrenstrasser and 
Sunday School; St. Joseph Benevolent Society; Amity Club; Caledonia Club; Pioneer Lodge U. 
S. of I. ; Workingmen's Aid Society; German Turn-Verein ; Holland Mutual Aid Society; St. 
Adelbert Society; Harmonia Society; Scandinavian Workingmen's Society; North Star Lodge. 

Tlie procession was fully two inilrs long, and tlie mai'cli occnjiied iicaily 
tAvo lioiirs, and when it halted at tlie |)ai'k, and the exercises of the day liegan, 
the park was a living sea of faces. 

Mayor Pierce called the asseiiil )lage to order and made a few remarks 
a])]>ro])riate to the occasion. "Uncle Sam" (Lowell Hall, Esq.) alighted from 
his cairiage, and was esooi'ted l)y his suite to the sjieakers' stand, where he 
delivered a short introductory address. 

After music by the liaiid, the cha])laiii of the day, the Rev. D. L. Eaton, of 
LoAvell, invoked the Throne of (xrace, after which the glee elul) sang "A Hundred 
Years Ago." The clul) consisted of Mrs. J. A. S. Verdier, Miss Mai-tindale, Miss 
Josie Diuui, Miss Jennie I)'()oge, and Messrs. J. D. Utley, H. Gr. Holt, Edmund 
Bement, and Francis OT^rien, assisted by Prof. Zol)erbier at the organ. After 
tlie reading of the Declai'ation of Independence, by Hon. C. H. Taylor, the club 
again sang "Our Centur\ of Freedom." Then followed the oration, by Hon. 
Thomas B. t'hurch. The exercises at the park closed with the singing of the 
"Star-S])angled Banner," the crowd and the band joining in the chorus. 

The chief feature of the afternoon entertainment was the burlestpie procession 
of "The Horribles," at four o'clock. '^I'his was a great success, and attracted' an 
immense ci'owd of spectators. 

In the evening the fireworks w'ere displayed, and fully 2r),0()0 persons 
covered the hill and the grounds surrounding Island No. 2, \vhere they were 
exhibited, and the people voted them the finest ever seen in the city. 

GREENVILLE. 

Heavy cannonading and the ]>eal of the bells in the early morning, brought 
out the population. The I'ailroad trains brought immense numbers, and people 
from all the surrounding country canie in by the wagon I'oads. The morning 
Avas rainy, but the rain ceased l)efore nine o'clock, and the rest of the day was 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 133 



j)leas;iiit. Tlif Stars and Srriiu-s coiild be seen floatiiiii- from the idofs and 
windows of nearly eveiy Imildinii' ^"i Liifayette street; and on nearly every 
street in the city tlie national einl>leni was visible. A little liefore eleven 
oVlock a |iidc('ssion was formed <in the roiiu'i' of Lafayette and AVashinL:,ton 
streets, in the followinu: order: 1, hand: -, oftieers of the <lay ; '■'>, ladies rep- 
resentino' the states ; 4, tire de]taitment ; .'>, IMontealni County Grange ; (i, citizens. 
AVith i>an<l playinu', the procession proceeded to the yrove, arrivinii' at which, 
the band struck up an appropriate air, and then a brief address by Mayor Slaglit 
brougdit the assembly to order. After a prayer Ijy Rev. E. Curtiss, the choir 
very enthnsiastically rang ont, "My Conntry, 'tis of Thee," wliicli was followed 
by the reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Rev. S. H. Woodford. 
Then tlie clioir sang another appropriate piece, and tlien came the "History of 
Montcalm connty," which was compiled and read l>y Dr. John Avery. The 
history iinished, another piece by the l>and preceded the Centennial oration, by 
Hon. C. C. Ellsworth. 

The da\''s celebration continued, in various wa}'s, till the following morning, 
though the fireworks in the evening was the last thing on the regular programme. 

HOUGHTON COUNTY. 

The anniversaiy was not observed by any extensive celebration by the peojde 
of Hancock and Houghton. The children of St. Ann's church, Hancock, all 
foi'ined in pi'ocesslon, and marched up Quincy Hill, where a grand Centennial 
picnic was had. The Congregational and Methodist Sunday schools of Hancock 
and vicinity united in an e.vciirsion to Pilgrim river. The day's proceedings termi- 
nated by a granil ball and jollification at (jrermania hall, given by the Hancock 
Turner society. There were also numerous excursions, based )all matches, etc. 

In Red Jacket the various societies united in a grand procession, and they 
made a very imposing appearance. The town was elegantly decorated. At 
, short intervals, spanning the main street, were huge arches, elegantly constructed, 
while all the l)usiness men seemed to vie, one with the other, in the decorations 
of their res[)ective places. The procession was the largest ever witnessed on 
the lake, being composed of members of four societies, as also members of 
Eureka fire company. After marching through the principal streets, they 
assenil>led at St. Patrick's hall, where orations were delivered by Messrs. John 
Power, T. I\I. Brady, Thomas F. Cuddihy, and Owen Sheridan. At the con- 
clusion of the addi'esses, the diffeirnt orders retui-ned to their places of meeting 
and dispeiscd. The dav's doings were conclu<lcd by a grand ball, under the 

auspices of the St. Patrick's Building Association, which was lai'gely attended. 
18 



134 MIGHKiAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



IONIA. 

loiiin (lid her sliaiv in li'lorifying the dav. 'Jdie \vliole city ])reseiited a 
bright appearance. Bunting waK disphiyed from a hirge number of business 
houses and private residences, and the entire line of march ^vas finely decorated. 
Ionia has ne\'er before worn such a holiday attire. Main street was one siirsing: 
mass of humanity, and at one time there could not have l)een less than 10,000 
people gathered between First and Dexter streets. 

The day had been ushered in by national salutes, in which Young America 
bore a conspicuous part. At ten o'clock, the foi-niatioii of the })rocession 
commenced, under the dii-ection of Chief Marshal Hutchinst)n. The stoi'ni of 
the morning ])revented any organized delegations fi'om coming in, except from 
Boston, Avliich contained over eighty teams, led by the Saranac coi'net band, 
under the leadership of Prof. Dreskell. The jirocession foi'ined in the following 
order : 

First Division. — Knights Templar baud; Light Guard drum corps; Ionia Light Guard; 
officers of the daj', orator, chaplain, reader, and historian, in carriages; mayor and common 
council of the city of Ionia ; young ladies representing the states ; citizens of Ionia. 

Second Division. — Saranac cornet band ; fire department ; American Express ; delegations in 
order of tlieir arrival. 

Along the whole line of march the streets were crowded with the enthusi- 
astic populace. The procession was nearly two miles in length, and arrived at 
the grove about eleven o'clock, ^vhen the exei'cises were opened. Hon. George 
W. Webber presided, and announced the order of the programme. The choir, 
composed of Messrs. Thay^er, Lowe, Kidd, Mills antl Thatcher, and Mrs. Fox, 
Thayer, Marble, Kidd, Jackson and Coopei', had selected sevei'al ajijiroiiriate 
naticmal anthems and songs, and rendered them in a pleasing manner. The 
programme comprised : Prayei' by Rev. H. M. Jo}- ; i-eading of the Declaiation 
by John B. Hut chins, Esq. ; oration by George P. Sanf orcl, of Lansing ; history 
of Jonia county by Rev. A. Cornell, <d' Poitland ; the exercises being interspersed 
with singing. 

The exercises at the stand closed, the cro\\'ds enjo}ed themsehes for the 
rest of the day in a variety of ways. Among other things was a presentation 
of a banner to the Boston delegation. The presentation was made by Miss 
Carrie M. Hutchins, who ])ersonated the Goddess of Liberty. 

Aftei'^vai'd there was a fi-iendly contest between fire companies, to show 
speed in getting ont hose and a stream through it. At four o'clock thei'e was 
a burlesque procession of "Horribles," which created a great deal of amusement. 
The celebi'ation closed with a display of fireworks in the evening. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 185 



irilACA. 

TIic wi'atlu'r was agreeal)lt', and people came ]»()Ui'ing iu from the eouiitry 
at an earl} li<iur. Tlie iminl)ei- of visitoi's was estimated at three to four 
thousand. At cIcNcn o'clock a |in>cessi(in was formed and niarciied to the 
grove, headed liy the Ithaca ciu'ncr hand. The most strikiug feature of the 
proeession was a car, drawn hy four horses, and bearing thirty-seven young 
ladies, represent iui;' the several states of the Union. The exercises at the stand 
consisted of a poem by Colonel Wisner, an oration by Giles T. Brown, and a 
historical sketch of Gratiot county by Hon. Francis Nelson. The oration 
concluded with the following <tanzas : 

Oh, God I liiok ilowii u|)iiu the laud which Thou lia,-<t hived ^cj well, 

Aud graut that in uubnjkcu truth Thy childreu still may dwell ; 

Nor while the grass grows ou the hill, and streams flow through the vale, 

May they forget their fathers' faith, or in their covenant fail. 

(iod keep the fairest, noblest land, that lies beneath the sun. 

And smile, as on the centurv i)ast, on the century just begun. 

And never, never on tin' earth, however brave they he, 

Shall friends or foes bear down this great, proud standard of the free, 

(Though they around its staff may pour red blood iu rusiiing \vaves, 

Aud build beneath its starry folds great pyramids of graves ), 

For God will watch and He will keep, till human rights are won. 

As in the century that is past, iu the century just bciru)!. 

In the afternoon there were races and athletic sports on the fair ground, 
and in the evening fireworks. 

JACKSON. 

The (lav opened with Ijad weather, the rain falling fi'oni early inorning 
until the hour for forming the procession. At that time, however, tiie clouds 
broke away, and the rest of the day was pleasant. People c-ame in from 
neighiiitring towns aud coinitr\ li\' thousaiuls, completcdy filling the streets. 
At eleven o\dock the, procession formed, aii<l mo\ ed in the following order: 

Fia-iT Division. — S. H. Babcock, Cliief Marshal; Herbert George, Assistant ^[arsiuil ; Central 
City cornet band, sixteen pieces ; Jackson Guard, company (t, First regiment, about fifty rifles ; 
fire department. Chief Engineer Lake and sissistants, and all the apparatus ; Roweua Lodge, 29, 
K. of P., Knights Tyrrell and Hooper commanding, thirty swords; Irish Benevolent Association, 
about fifty strong ; trade emblems, by E. H. Cobb and George Gale ; Gale's troui)e of ponies. 

Second Division. — Charles D. Pepj)ard, Assistant Marshal; Irish Benevolent A.ssoeiatiou band ; 
Jackson Commuuilery, .\o. !t, Knights Templar, forty sword-'; grand Irinniphal car containing 



136 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

young ladies representing the Goddess of Liberty and tlie several states; Mayor O'Douiiell, presi- 
dent of the day, and vice-presidents, in carriages ; members of the common council, in carriages ; 
section of light artillery ; German Workingmen's Relief Association; troop of butcher boys, mounted, 
about twenty strong. 

Third Division. — Henry W. Lake, Assistant Marshal; Barret Sisters' cormt baud, in wagon; 
emlilcniatic tableaux — Pocahontas and Captain Smith — the treaty of William Penn ; Cayuga Tribe, 
No. (), Red Men, mounted ; trade emblems, express wagons, etc. ; Gezang-Verein Harmonie ; 
German Turu-Verein ; citizens in carriages. 

The procession was estimated to have been a mile in length. The city was 
gay Avith flags and banners, all the stores and business blocks in the central 
portion being decorated profitsely and elegantly. Many private residences, 
especially along the route of the procession, were elaborately decorated in honor 
of the day. 

The procession disbanded in time for dinner, and about two o'clock, an 
immense concourse of people having gathered on the public square, Mayor 
O'Donnell, the president of the day, called the assembly to order from the 
stand that had been erected at the south side of the grounds, and announced 
the opening of the exercises by the singing of the "Star-Spangled Banner," by 
the ladies and gentlemen of the Franz Schubert Club. A prayer was offered 
by Rev. Moses Smith, and tlien the Centennial song, by Colonel A. V. Berry, 
entitled, "Our Nation's Birthday," was sung by Mrs. Lizzie Beebe and members 
of the Schubert clul). 

Rev. J. T. Magrath was then introduced, A\dio, after some patriotic prefacing 
remarks, read the Declaration of Independence. 

Hon. W. K. Gibson was first called upon to speak, in tlie absence of orators 
from al)road. He spoke particularly of the vast progress that the last htmdred 
years had brought forth, l)ut they have also Ijrought us through many trials 
and much suffering. The changing years of constant and steady advance in 
arts, science, agriculture and locomotion have also brought their crime, their 
disappointments and their heart pangs, but the underlying principles of truth, 
virttie and honesty in the American nation is \\ hat has brought us through ; 
and now, as we reach out and form a common brotherhood, no nation more 
than ours stood in the path that leads so surely to continued peace and pros- 
perity. Though we have passed through the valley of tears, and been baptized 
with a baptism of blood, liow was it now? Our flag floats over every portion 
of our fair land, with no star dimmed, no stripe torn, and so shall it ever, as 
long as these principles of truth, virtue and honesty permeate our people and 
control our government. Let us dnip a tear on the gra^e of the nation's 
glorious dead. North and Scnith. Let us embrace our Avhole peo])le, and 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 137 

recognize North and Soutli alike, as does the breeze of heaven, and tlie old 
Hag, wliicli waves as free and sliiiics as brightly in the wind and sun of the 
^lexican gull', as on the slmivs of our northern lakes. 

Hon. Fidns Liverniorc followed in aii interesting retrosjject. One liundred 
years ago was the time men were talking of to-day, and there was music in 
tlie wonls. One hundred years ago to-day, the l)ellnian was \\aiting to obey 
the injunction of that Ijell which bore upon its face, "Proclaim liberty to all 
the world." The telegra])Ii — oil horseback — was waiting to proclaim it to distant 
people that independence had been declared, and the tidings was received witli 
a shout that rent the air from Maine to Carolina. 

Kev. I. Butterfield followed, and gave a most elocpient and beautiful alle- 
gorical word-i)icture of the history of our country. Tie likened the republic to 
a stately temjile, the pro])ortions and beauties of which he described in glowing 
terais, and prayed that pivseut and future worshipers in that noble sti'ucture 
might be enabled, with \ iitue and integrity, to hold up the hands of the 
founders ami buildeis, and pi'eserve the edifice from all contamination of vice 
and vandalism, lie called upon all to love their parties less and their God 
and couuti'v more, and predicted a future far beyond the honored proo'ress of 
the })ast, if the people would be steadfast in well-doing. 

Kev. ]\Ioses Smith said it had been his piivilege to climb upon his grand- 
fathers knee, and listen to his sto]-ies of the battles of the Revolution, in whicli 
he was engaged. His father, too, who had engaged in battling for his country 
in tlie iie.xt fierce contest of 181:^, had endeavored to imbue his son with 
patriotic ardor, and he himself had enjoyed the inestimable privileae, in the 
late war, to send uj) a juayer and speed a bullet almost at the same time; and 
tlie love of country, as displayed to-day in every city and nearly every hamlet, 
was the just piide of the American heart. With the love of God and morality 
governing this universal patriotism, what may we not hope for America in the 
next one hundred years ^ 

This concluded the list of sj)eeches, which were all entirely impromptu, and 
the benediction was pronounced by Rev. G. L. Foster. 

After the conclusion of these exercises, the people were entertained with 
foot-races, base-liall playing, and other atliletic sports. The foot-race was won 
by Jacob AN'illianis, of Parma; J. Coulsoii. of Jackson, second. The wheelbarrow 
race was AV(tn In' Edward Tliomas an<l Ileiiiy Powell, first and second, I'espect- 
ively. The sack race was won by David Anderson and II. Campbell, fii-st and 
second, respectively. The Mutuals, of Jackson, defeated the Cass club, of 
Detroit, at base-ball. 1)V a score of nine to three. 



138 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



An interest in<;' luui sueeessfnl trial of tlie watei' works followed, and aftei' an 
hour's recess for sujuiei', ininiense crowds ai^ain i;atliered on the street, the 
next attraction hein^- the ludicrous parade of a bui-les(|ue |)rocession, gotten up 
1)V Ge()rii;e Gale. 

In the evenini:- tiie fireworks were displayed in front of the couit house, 
and louii' befoiv dark the street and sidewalks, public s(juare, steps, halconies, 
windows, and even I'oofs, were tilled with a solid mass of human Ijeinus. Main 
street was tilled, even to the depot and beyond, it being estimated that from 
thirty- to forty thousand ])eople were in the streets durino- the eveninii'. The 
pyrotechnic display was made under the immediate charn'e of Aldei'man IIi,nby, 
and was declared a urand success. The c-losiuii; ])iece, "1876," surmounted by 
a coronet of Roman candles, which filled the air for the space of several 
minutes with red, white and blue balls — a coml)ination of Mr. Higby's own 
devising — was the best of the series, and this sent the crowed home well satis- 
fied. As the immense crowd wended their ^vay from the main street, in the 
several directions, the sight presented was a magnificent one. The triumphal 
arch, illuminated beautifully, and the Bennett block and others, with their long 
strings of lanterns :uid waving flags, fireworks streaming, and the gay and happy, 
but very orderly, throng crossing and recrossing, formed a night scene tliat was 
singularly impressive and gi-and. 

JONESVJLLE. 
Notwithstanding rainy weather in the early part of the day, a very great 
crowd of i)eople assembled. At ten o'clock a procession was organized and 
marched through the princijjal streets of the village to the park, where the 
public exercises were held. These were listened to by two thousand ])eople, 
and consisted of vocal and instrumental music, the reading of the Declaration 
of Independence by Thomas Howlett, Es(.[., and an oration by Hon. Edwin 
Willets, of Monroe. In the afternoon there were athletic sports, consisting of 
running, jumping, rowing, etc., for prizes. The Avinners in the naming races 
were Frank Scott, Edwin Greene and Fi-ed Wylie ; in the tub race, Cornelius 
Conway; in jumping, George Howell; in the hurdle race, William Hardy, and 
in the sack race, George Porter. There was also an open air concert by the 
North Adams band and a l)and of colored musicians from Jackson. Taking the 
celebration altogether, it gave entire satisfaction; and if there was any part that 
did not fully come u]) to the expectations, there wej-e exertions enough thrown 
in to make u]), and more. Four balloon ascensions, which wei'e not advertised, 
were among these. The [jrogramme closed with a s]>lendid display of fireworks 
in the evening, which histed nearly three hours. 



COMMEiSrOKATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 139 



KALAMAZOO. 

Tlie iinn'iiiiiu' uju'IumI with the hooiniuii; of caiiiion, tlie tiring of musketry, 
and of small guns and tiiv-erackers, the ringing of hells, sounding of whistles, 
etc. Young xVmerioa was too exuberant witli patriotism and love of noise to 
sleep himself, or let others enjoy tlie luxury of rest. At an early hour ])eople 
began to arrive in teams, and l>y trains, from all direetions, and the busy note 
of prepai'ation for tlie big procession went forward, and the town ]»i'esented 
not only a gala ai>pearance, but a very stirring and busy one. 

The decoratious of jiultlic and private buildings were a marked feature of 
the day. Evei")' available place, in most instances, was devoted to the display 
of the banner that Americans tight for. The luternational Hotel had its front 
arra^■ed Avith sixty Avindow tlags. The Kiause jilace, besides the usual amount 
of ordinary flags, had the banner of a colored regiment that had seen service 
and Ik ire the rect)rd of several battles. Flags were displayed about the residences 
of C. H. Booth, D. E. Groesbeck, Dr. Partridge, lAaenzo Eixby, F. II. Ilillhouse, 
Silas Comfort, J. H. Carder, J. H. Bates, George Bardeen, 1). (). Koberts, J. W. 
Breese, Dr. Hitchcock, H. E. Hoyt, I. D. Bixby, George Colt, S. M. Beiry, H. 
W. Page, C. S. May, O. N. (iiddings, Mrs. Rosa Campliell, ,J. D. liurns, C. L. 
Cobb, S. 8. Cobb, A\'illiam A. House, William B. Clark, W. H. Woodliams, 
General May, W. A. Wood, Mrs. DeYoe, J. M. Edwards, Colonel Phillips, 
George Beven, .Jonathan Parsons, Colonel Biu-ns, Allen Potter, Mi-s. M. D. 
Woodford, George Torrey, Mrs. Jane Vandewalker, Henry W. Bush, Rodney 
Seymoui', Prof. Austin George, L. G. Bragg, George Kidder, Mrs. Clai-k Potter, 
James Henry, E. A. Carder, Mi'. Periin, Fred. Bush, J. J. Perrin, W . S. Lawrence, 
Mr. Balch, Deacon Wilson, Mr. Little, Mr. Chase, and others. Judge Hawes 
made a very elegant dis))la} of flowers in im])rovised beds, vases, etc., and the 
portraits of George and JMaitha. enwreathed with evergreen, were ])laced in 
conspieuous places. The business houses of Messrs. Turner, Hollister, Hull, 
Lillenfield, Giddings, Burrell, Rosenbaum, and Hawes, gave to the zephyrs the 
red, Avhite and blue. 

Corporation hall hatl evergreen trees set over the tk)ors of the engine rooms 
and along the walk in front. Arches of the same material were constructed 
in front of ^Vrnold's, on I>nrdick street. The factories made more or less use 
of flags on theii' buildings. The decorations on the stand at the court house 
included evergreens, and the lavish use of miniature streamers bearing the 
names of the states, immeiliately over the orators was a great libeity bell of 
evergreen, with a tongue of tri-colored flowers. 



140 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



and moved in the 



The procession t'orined promptly at eleven (m'1( 
following order : 

First Division. — Colouel Dclos Fliiilips, Marshal ; Liiiitcnaiit F. W. Shermau, As^^ista^t 
Marshal. Crossett's cornet band, of Constantine ; Kalamazoo Light (iuard, Captain Robert F. 
Hill; Centrcville Cadets, Captain M. A.Benedict; German Workingmen's Benevolent Association; 
Holland Workingmen's Benevolent Association; St. Augu.stiue's Benevolent Association. 

Second Division. — Captain Leroy Cahill, Marshal ; Captain Joseph Roberts, Assistant Marshal. 
Peninsular Commandery baud ; Peninsular Commandery Knights Templar, Sir W. S. Lawrence, 
E. C. ; Three Rivers Commandery Knights Templar, Sir George C. Brissette, E. C. ; Odd Fellows. 

Third Division. — Thomas O'Neil, Marshal ; Captain John Gillmore, Assistant Marshal. 
Phillip's Star Organ band; Kalamazoo Fire Department, Thomas O'Neil, Chief Engineer; Fire 
Department guests ; representation of George Washington and lady, in carriage, with footmen, etc. ; 
chariot with Goddess of Liberty and ladies representing states ; officers of the day and invited 
guests, in carriages ; village officers, in carriages. 

Fourth Division. — Captain C. C. Jennings, Thomas R. Bevans, Marshals ; Captain Edwin 
Childs, Assistant Marshal. Kalamazoo cornet band; Kalamazoo county cavalry; old stage-coach; 
representatives of the trades and industries; organized granges, in carriages, under direction of 
their officers ; citizens in carriages. 

When the procession, \\hich was a quarter of a mile in lengtli, had finished 
its march, the people congregiited at the northwest corner of the court house, 
and listened to the programme exercises, which consisted of music by Crossett's 
silver cornet band ; prayer, by Rev. H. F. Spencer ; "America," by grand chorus 
of one hundred voices; reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Hon. 
Germain H. Mason ; music, by Peninsular Commandery band ; poem, by Asa 
H. Stoddard, Esq. ; Centennial hymn, by grand chcirus ; oration, by Gen. Isaac 
R. Sherwood, of Toledo ; music, by Kalamazoo cornet l)and. 

The following is Mr. Stoddard's poem in full : 



We hail with pride, as well we may, 

With joy and exultation, 
This glorious and immortal day. 

Centennial of our Nation. 

Let party strife be j)ut away. 

Away with care and sadness ; 
And let us give our hearts to-day 

To patriotic gladness. 

From far New England's rocks, that brave 

The wild Atlantic's dashing, 
To where Pacific's milder wave 

His golden sand is washing ; 

From where Niagara's headlong tide 

Roars an eternal thunder, 
To where Sierra's peaks divide 

And rend the clouds asunder ; 



From Florida's extremest lines. 
Almost with tropics blending, 

To where Walloostook's waving pines 
On frosty hills are bending; 

All o'er our Nation's wide domain, 
Where man has fixed his dwelling. 

From mountain, valley, hill and plain. 
Glad notes of joy are swelling. 

America's adopted sons 

Of every name and nation. 
From foreign lands, in foreign tongues. 

Join in the acclamation. 

What though they had their birth away 

In lands beyond the ocean, 
If to our Government to-day 

They're loyal in devotion? 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 



141 



First to the Giver of all good, 
From grateful hearts ascendiug, 

Millions of prayere, in gratitude, 

With sont.'s of [)r;iis(' arc lilending — 

Prayers that Divine protection he 

Kiudly extended o'er us, 
To guide us in the destiny 

That lies unsucn hffiirc us. 

Then from the history of our sires, 

The fathers of our Nation, 
We read a reeord that inspires 

Our hearts with admiration. 

It tells of deeds of valor done 

At old Ticonderoga, 
At Bunker Hill, at Bennington, 

Yorktown and Saratoga. 

It tells U.S, seven long years they toiled 
For Freedom's prize before them : 

Their cities burned, their homes despoiled, 
Ruin impending o'er them. 

Unj)aid, half clad, and poorly fed. 
With Washington to lead them, 

They bravely fought, and freely bled, 
To gain their country's freedom. 

And dear to every mother's son, 

Enshrined within his raemorj^ 
Should be the names of Washington, 

Of Warren and Montgomery. 

Nor should Americans forget 

To hold in admiration, 
The memory of brave Ltifayette, 

True champion of our Nation. 

But the dark scenes 'mid which they stood- 
Their toils and strife arc over ; 

Their gory garments dyed in blood 
Have pa.ssed away forever. 

And may the prize so bravely won, 

By hardships and privations. 
Descend from father down to son, 

To latest generations. 

All honor to that statesman l)an(l, 

Those men of self-denial, 
That with a firm, unflinching hand. 

Withstood the fiery trial ; 
19 



Against whom In-ibes could not prevail, 

Whatever the temptation ; 
Whose principles were not for sale, 

Like stocks, (in speculation: 

Who dared [JUt forth that iioM decree, 

That famous Declaration : 
They iiad the right and ought to be 

An indcpcndciil nation. 

And in sustaining that decree. 

On Freedom's sacred banner 
They ])le<lged their lives, their property, 

And their more sacred honor. 

A foe with jjower and skill combined. 

In stern array before them ; 
A horde of savages behind, 

With hatchets gleaming o'er them: 

Brave men, that in that trying iiour 

Dared sign that declaration, 
Braving the vengeance and the power 

Of Britain's mighty nation. 

Theirs was a patriotism bold 

That wavers not nor falters; 
They couldn't be bought with British gold, 

Nor scared with British halters. 

But to tiiemselves and country true. 
And true to their descendants, 

They lursevered and fought it through, 
And gained their independence. 

That glorious birthright, unalloyed, 
Has from those sires descended 

To us, their sons, to be enjoyed ; 
By us to he defended. 

Will we allow that birthright sold 

For s])eculative pottage. 
As Esau's mother wrought of old 

On Isaac's simple dotage ? 

Ko! Tiieu at your c(juntry's altar kneel, 

And swear by the Eternal, 
To guard that prize from foreign steel, 

And treason more infernal. 

A century has pa.ssed away 

Since we became a nation. 
And our republic stands to-day 

A livini;- illustration 



142 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



That a ri'pulilic may prc'vail, 

With simple institutions. 
While mouarehies aud emjiircs fail, 

O'erwhelmcd with revolutions. 

We point you to the past with ])ride, 

With warm congratulations, 
And to the futui'e, yet untried, 

With bright anticipations. 

Our wide domain, our fertile soil, 
Our mountain mines of treasure, 

Yield to the skillful hand of toil 
Their products without measure. 

Here labor, capital and skill. 

Each in its proper station, 
May work together in good will 

And mutual relation. 

Here, too, the poorest child may gain 

A thorough education, 
And from the humblest state attain 

The highest elevation. 

Here, too, the honest hand of toil 

Is honored and rewarded, 
Aud he who owns or tills the soil 

Has equal rights accorded. 

Our .commerce reaches far and wide. 

In every clime protected; 
Our gallant ships on every tide 

Are honored and respected. 

Tlu' flag that waves above our heads 

Has gained a reputation; 
The freeman loves, the foeman dreads, 

The banner of our nation. 

Where'er it floats, by land or sea. 
We'll guard the dear old i)anner : 

Aud yet its best defen.<e must be 
Intelligence and honor. 

Write on its folds, "We will be just"— 
To Union's mainmast nail it ; 

And lay the villain in the dust 
Whose treason dares assail it. 

And be his name with knaves enrolled. 
Who, 'neath that starry banner. 

Shall sell himself for paltry gold, 
And stain his country's honor. 



Our bulwarks and our seamen brave 
Will guard us from invasion ; 

But save my country, ever save. 
From luxury's contagion. 

We've more to fear to-day, by far. 

From slavery of fashion. 
Than from all foreign sbijis of war 

That float uj)on the ocean. 

Our shij) of state is strong, lint then, 

Corruption may divide it ; 
And what we need is, honest men 

To manage and to guide it. 

And let us fully understand — 

The only sure foundation 
On which we safely can depend 

Is, honest education. 

One hundred years have passed away, 

And we, a mighty nation. 
Four times ten million hearts to-day. 

Rejoice on this occasion. 

And greeting from the fatherland, 

Rejoicing with each other, 
We meet our friends with open hand. 

As brother meets with brotliei-. 

The hatchet that no more, we trust. 
The bonds of peace shall sever. 

Is buried deeply in the dust ; 
There let it rest forever. 

And we will put far, far away 

The thoughts of blood aud slaughter, 

And greet with open arms to-day 
Our friends from o'er the water. 

May naught that is, or is to be. 

Our bonds of Union sever ; 
Land of the brave! Home of the free I 

Union and pea<'e forever. 

Then let us brighten friendshiji's chain 

In all our wide relations, 
Till "peace on earth, good will to men," 

Prevail among the nations. 

And here a stanza we'll throw in. 

To make the number even ; 
Union and peace, good will to men. 

Will make an earthlv heaven. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 143 



^\'li('ii the midday exercises had been completed, the tliroiiL:' dispersed for 
various diversions. At fotir (>\'l(Md< they gathered a^aiii and listened to tlie 
afternoon exercises, consistini:' <>f open air coin-ert In the diiVerent hands; 
"Home, Sweet Home," l)y strand eliorus; historical aihlress, 1)\ Hon. Foster 
Pratt, M. D. ; "Anld Lang Syne," by grand cln)rns. 

Tn tlie evening an immense concourse of people assembled to see the tire- 
works, corner of Rose and !\biin streets. 

TnE Fire Pieces. — 1, Flight ol' rockot-s, stars, seri)ent,s aud gold rain; '1, Set piece — the 
American emblems, eagle and shield, surmounting "1776, Centennial, ]S7()," in letters of fire; 
3, Explosion of brilliant fires ; 4, Ascent of bomb-shells, exploding in raid-air ; o. Burning of 
double triangle: ti. Illumination of liberty tree ; 7, Flight of brilliantly colored rockets; 8, Tree of 
light; 9, Union batteries; 10, Ascent of torbilions; 11, Illumination of Beugola lights; 12, Explo- 
sion of mines, stars, serpents and gold rain; 18, Flight of meteor roekcts ; 14, Cross of honor; 
15, Silver shower batteries; 16, Grand emblematic piece — "Peace, prosperity, freedom, tiio result 
of one hundred years;" 17, Ascent of large bomb-shells; 18, Passion-flower; 19, Ascent of 
parachute rocket.s; 20, Spiral sun; 21, Tri-colored union batteries; 22, ICxplosion of colored mines; 
23, Transparent sun; 24, Saxon quadrille; 2o, Brilliant flight of large parachute rockets; 
26, Cascade; 27, Vertical wheels; 2S, Colored batteries; 29, Pyramid caprice: oO, ICxplosion of 
large colored mines; 3], Square and compass (Masonic embleins) ; 32, Biilliuiii illuiiiiiiation of 
colored Bengolas ; 33, Kalamazoo's farewell piece, "Good night." 

Tliese ended, tlie great celel)ration closed, and the people went lionif, tired, 
but well satisfied. 



LANSING. 

A salute of Thirteen guns, tired at sunrise from the cannon placed on the 
puldic sijuare west of the Lansing House, aroused the tardy sleepers. From 
that time until lireakfast every family where Young America hehl swav kept 
fire-crackers and tor[)edoes cracking and popping. By eight o'clock the jjcople 
began to crowd the sidewalks in front of the old capitol. 

The procession was formed about ten o'clock in front of the old capitol 
building, by Chief Marshal Snyder, assisted by Ca])tains J. A. Ehh-r and D. H. 
McComas. .Mayor Tooker, J. K. Tenuey, <irator of the day, Kev. ^Ir. Slade, 
chaplain, and Captain Edward Caliill, reader of tlie Declaration of Independence, 
rode in a carriage at the head of the jmicession. Tlien came the Lansing 
Light Guard, jireceded liy their excellent liand. Following the militarv were 
tlie two tire companies, in unii'oini, with tlieir machines. The hook-anddadder 
companies were out in fnll foice. After the tire companies marched the Gei'inan 
AN oikingmeirs Society. .\ heaulit'ul feature of this part of the procession was 
Sutton tV: Adams' large open "l)ns-wa<_;oii, filled with \oiini:- lailies dressed in 



144 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Avliite, with l)lue sashes. Tlicn came tlie citizens, in vcliiclcs and <in font. The 
procession marched to North Lansing and retnrned to the old ca])ito] gronnds, 
wliei'e tlie reii^dai' exercises were condncted. Tlie State-lionse gi'onnds were 
filled with [)e(>j)h'. 

Mayoi' Tookei' presided and annonnced the order of e.xeivises. After jtrayer 
by Rev. Mr. Slade, Edwaid Cahill read the Declaration of Independence. Then 
followed the oration, hy Jndge Tenney. 

in the aftei-noon a crowd of ahont fonr hnndi'ed asseml)led at the fair 
o-ronnds to sei' the two races which had been annonnced. The Light (Jnai'd, 
with their band, inarched to the gronnds, and gave an exhibition of theii- pro- 
ficiency in the drill and mannal of arms, in front of the grand stand, nnder 
command of (Captain D. IT. McComas. This display was followed by a series 
of trotting races. 

The Woman's Monnment Association played an important ]>art in this 
Centennial celebration. This society took possession of representative hall, and 
decorated it gaily with tlags, wreaths and flowers. A row of show-cases 
extended clear aronnd the room, which contained a large c(»llection of Cen- 
tennial relics from one hundred to three hundred and fifty years old. There 
were two of the finest [)rivate collections of geological specimens that can be 
found in the state, while there was as splendid a private collection of coins 
and Indian anti(iuities as can be foiuid anywhere. Among the Centeimial 
i-elics which attracted much notice were several mirrors, from two hundred 
to two hundred and sixty vears old ; a striking watch, one hundred and 
thirty-tive years old ; lamps of various styles, over one hundred years old ; 
a swoi'd, captni'ed on the field of Waterloo; many china dishes, from (me 
hundi-ed to three hundred years old; lamps from Pompeii, one thousand nine 
liundred years old ; lare hooks of every description ; a })owder-flask, one hundred 
and thirty years oUl, carried in the old French \\ar ; an elegantly carved 
|)owder-hoi-n, mai-ked ITnS, which once belonged to General Israel Horton ; a 
wooden bowl, made in 1 ~:M) ; pewter platters, from one hundred to two hundred 
years old ; a copy of the English statutes, three hundred and forty-three years 
old; a spinning-wheel, one hundred and fifty years old; candlesti(d<s, three 
hundred years old ; pit-tures of all ages; Centennial writing-desks; a piano, eighty 
years old; a coffee-mill, one hundred and fifty years old; a kettle, one hundred 
and twenty years old; a sickle, one hundred years old; a saw used in the 
eivction of the first building in Buffalo, after it was bni'ued by the British; 
and a rolling-pin, two hundred years old. 

The ladies of this Association, who had the planning and ari'angemeiit for 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 145 



feediiii;' the iiiiiltit ikIc woi'kiMl in llic (■;niy p.-irt of the dax under dilliculties. 
Ill S})ite of tlircatcuiiiL;' clouds, they cai-ricd tlirouiili their task acc-eptahlv. The 
net proceeds will he expended for a niouiiineiit to tlie (le])arted Union soldiers. 

Al' IIIK AOIMcri/ll i;U, < o|.|,K(;i;. 

At nine o'clock a pi-ocession, consistiny- of the colieii'e hand, colle<;'e cadets, 
and stu<lents, was foinied. which, after niai-cdiiuu- fliroiiuli the ^irounds, entered 
the chapel, w liere the |iul>lic exercises were held. Tlie jjresident of tlie (\ay, 
Dr. Kedzie, o]iened the exei'cises by ivadinL;' the proclaniation of President 
(ii'ant. TrauM- was then ofl'ere(| hy IJex . II. (i. Hair<l. W'hittier's Centennial 
hymn was sunii' ''V the choii', assisted l»y an iin[)rovised orchestra. Tlieii 
foUowed the reading' of the Declaration of Indejienilence 1)\ (\ Crandall. 
Ne.xt music, " Iveil, White an<l l>lue." I)y the clioir and l)and. The iiistoi'v of 
the college was read by President Al)bot. R. A. Clark, of tiie senior class, 
read a short history of the Constitution. .1. A. Porter read a short address ou 
"Centennary patiiotism." Mr. A. McCorniack, of the sophomore class, read a 
poem entitled, " My Centennial Dream." The oration of the da\ was b\ I'l-of. 
Fairchild, and was entitled, "Our Fathers' Chance and Ours." 

At the close of rile public exercises the audience retired to tlie boarding 
hall, where tliey wei'e served with an excellent collation by Mr. and Mr.s. Short, 
after which appropriate toasts were given and responded to. After tlie feasting, 
Scottish and athletic games were ])ractice<l. Alxmt oui- hundicd salutes were 
fii-ed duriuL:' the da\' from the college ainil. 

(ii;i:MA.N w ()i;kin(;mi;\'s society. 

The first annual celebration of the (Termaii Workiiigiueu's Society came oft' 
at tile Liglit (iuard armory. There was a dedication of a beautiful lilue silk 
flag, adorned with heavy silver fi-inge, which cost one hundicd and thirtv-tive 
dollars. On one side is the name of the society, and on the other, two hands 
clasped, surrounded by a liordei' of flowers and vines. Miss lloehn, of North 
Lansin!^-, juvseiited tlie flag to the |iresi(lent of the society, Mr. \'olliin'r, wIk) 
in tui'ii handed it to the color-lxnirei', (Jhristian Wolfe. Speeches were tiieii 
made by Captain VauW Pfieft'er, of Kalamazoo, and S. D. Bingham. I'he night 
was ol)ser\('(l b\ a liall, gi\cn by the niemliers of the societx'. 

Ar TiiK i;kioi;\i x IIooI.. 

At three o'clock in tlie morning, the lioys and teaciiei's iinfurieil about one 
liundied Centennial tlairs on \ari<)ns parts of the biiildiiiir. On rhe center 



14(5 ISriCHIGAN AND TIIK CENTENNIAL. 



Imildiui:- ;i l.-iruc i\n'j:. ti-ii 1>\ twcntv t'ct-t. \v:is iiiil'urlcd. Tlif iiKMiiiiiu- was 
spent in plaxini:' l)as(:'-ltall and srttini:' otT tirr-rrackcrs, and ilic dinner was tin- 
l)est evt'f t'urnislu'tl to tlu' l>oys at tlir institution. 

.\ few da\s |nior In the Fonitli some of ihc Imys ohiaincd |H'rniission to 
raise a little money for tireworks ; luii instead of bnyiuL;' the coinhnstililes, tliey 
pureliased a u'old-lieaded elxniy cane, and after dinner, one of the small boys 
presented it to the sn|ierintendent, Fraidv M. lln\\e, in ijie followiiii;- lan^uaii'e : 

Wo, Ivivs, ln'inj; ili'.'^iiMiis of sliowiiiji' our apinviialiuii ot' \ nur cHiirt^ in mir lulialt', and of the 
trouble you have taken to make the sehool pleasjmt, present you with this eane. We hi)]ie that 
the aeeeptanee of it will tjive you as nuieh pleasure as the ii'ivin<r att'ords us. 

( >n the top of the eane was this inseription : "To V. M. Howe, from his 
lui\s, ,lnl\ I, tsTii." Pile afternoon \vas spent in pla\, and m the e\ eiiing 
there was ;i disphix of tireworks. 



LEXINtiTON. 

A laiii'e (•oneoiirse of [leople a.ssendiled to witness the eeremonies of the day. 
At eleven oVhud-c the [>roeession, whieh eoiisisted of the JNlasonie and Good 
Templar fraternities and the firemen, headed liy tlie l)and, started from Masonie 
ll.-ill, marehe(l around the stpiare, and up to the eorner of Simons and Main 
street, where they were joined by the Lakeport Lodge of (lood l\'mj>l;irs, and 
then proceeded to the ]\lethodist ehnreh, in whieh the e.xerei.ses were held, on 
aeeount of the inelemeiit state of the weather. Mr. AVaterbury aeted as 
president, and introdueed the exercises in a few well chosen remarks. Prayer 
was ottered by Mr. McGill, followed by music by the band. Mr. A. M. Clark 
read the l)eelaratioii of Indepemlence. The band then played the " l\e(l, ^\ hite 
and 131ne,'' after which Hon. Levi L. Wixson delivered the oration. After 
music, Captain Huckins read a history of the county. At two in the afternoon, 
the tire company, w ith their engine gaily decorated, started for the fair ground. 
They were led by the band, and foHowed by an immense procession of teams, 
and attended by a large crowd on foot, where tlie Knights Temjilar gave a 
dress parade. In the evening the i-rowd assembled to see the tireworks. They 
were well selected, and made a very brilliant display. The management of 
this feature by Messrs. Burgess and AVolfel Avas very successful. The committee 
of arrangements who had the celebration in charge were S. C. Tewksluiry, 
N. H. (iiles. S. Burovss ami L. K Clarke. 



COMMEMORATI\E CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. U^ 



MAIK^M KTTH. 

AltDiit seven o'clock tile re|M>rt sju'e.id IVinii iiKiiitli to iiiuiitli, '" the ( ali- 
tliuiii|)i:ms are cuminif," wliicli report was verified by strange .sounds enianatinsi' 
from \arioiis parts of the city, and l)y eiirlit o'clock the streets were lined with 
old, yoiiUL;' and middle-aired, of all sizes, colois and nationalities. A broad smile 
sat astride of every face, whether youthful or \vrinkle(| with aire. Tlie proces- 
sion reached "all over town," and tlie balance of their proceedings was in 
keeping \\ ith the spiiit of the occasion, w lii<di was the spice of the day, and 
a hapjiy hit and lucky send-off. 

At ten o'clock, the grand pnx-ession coninienced t'orniing oii .Superior, Front 
.•nid ;i<l j.iceiit .streets, under the dii-ection of Henry M. Xoble, marshal of the 
day. The procession, the largest and most imposing ever formed on the streets 
of Marquette, was headed by the Marquette Chasseurs, their brass Imnd, artilleiy, 
and "spirit of 177<i:'" ci\ ic societies; a beautiful block of saweil sandstone, 
wejgliing over seven toii.s, drawn by six hor.ses ; young ladies dressed in wliite, 
representing tlie several states, each Ijeai'ing a flag of the state she re))resente<l ; 
the musical association of .Maripiette, in cafriages ; and citizens, in \\ai:"ons and 
carriages, each in the order named. 

At the city park a commodious stand had been erected, covered and 
beautifully trinuned with evergreens, flags and b.iiiners. and seats laid for the 
audience. The yoiuig ladies repre.senting the states, the musical as.sociation, 
resident and visiting ministers, and others, occupied seats on the stand. The 
assemblage was called to order by Colonel James Pickands, ma\or ami president 
of the day. Invocation by Jlev. B. Fleetwood, after which the musical associ- 
ation, tmder the direction of Prof. II. S. Thompson, sang the "Star-S])angled 
Banner'' with jileasing effect. Next on the jn'ogramme was the rea<ling of the 
Declaration of Independence, by Judge William I). Williams. "The Centennial 
Ode" was rendered by the association, when a salute of thii-ty-eight iruns was 
firi'd. lIoM. S. P. Fly was then introduced and t;av(- the oration of the dav. 
After the singing of "America" in strains that sent thrills of joy through 
every heart pr<'sent, and benediction by Rev. D. Stuart Banks, the crowd 
dispeised. 

During the afternoon there were .several steamer excursions on the lake, and 
an etfoit made to carry out the ]iro<rranune in I'egard to the regatta, but the 
wind failed, it being one of the few days lluit j)ass without suthcient wind foi' 
sailiiiLf <»n the bav. A irini at sunset closed the da\'s doiuirs. 



148 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Altlitnigli tliere was no provision made liy the general ronimittee for a 
disi)lay of fireworks, jn'ivate eiitei'prise rendered this an important feature of 
the occasion. From various parts of the city rockets were sent wp till a late 
hour, and a numljer of illnniinated balloons were sent u]), which behaved 
handsomely, mounting up and northwai'd until they a2:)peared as stars in the 
firmament. Almost every cottage displayed some token of resj)ect and gratitude 
for the grand event, and a number of residences \vere handsomely decorated 
and illuminated. In sevei'al instances strings of banners and Hags spanned the 
streets, and numerous evergreens and arches shaded the walks. 

Not a single accident occurred during the entire day and evening. llarnn)ny 
and good feeling seeuied to pervade the very air, and so ripe ^vere the feelings 
of citizens for the full enjoyment of the occasion, that everything appeared to 
move, by its own inherent force, in harmony ^vith the Avishes of the managers. 

MASON. 
"The day we celel)rate" was ushered in on a gloomy bed of mist and rain, 
and the outlook was anything but cheering. The enthusiasm that the firing of 
a hundred guns, and the linging of all available bells, had produced, was fast 
being dissipated, when the sun came forth, and dispelled the gloom and mist. 
At nine o'chn-k the Light (luai'd foi'mcd, under the command of (^a])tain 1). C. 
Cheney, and, led by the Light (iruard Ijand, paraded the princijial streets. The 
procession formed in the following order: AV. W. Root, Marshal; Light Guard 
band; Mayor Darrow, president of the day; young ladies representing the 
several states; Mason Light Guard; citizens. After parading tlie principal 
sti'eets, the procession marched to the court house square, Avliere the several 
societies dispersed. Hon. S. Iv. Kilbourne, of Ijansing, was introdiu'ed by Mayoi' 
Darrow, and delivered an oration. Afterwai'd the crowd dispersed to 2)artake 
of I'efreshments at the various eating booths Avhich had been extempoi'ized for 
the occasion. At some of these the young ladies who served the tables were 
dressted in the costumes of 1776. In the afternoon there were various athletic 
games and sports, and in the evening there was a pleasant social dancing party 
at the Donnelly House. A fine display <)f fireworks closed the day's ]>rogi-amine. 

MOUNT PLEASANT. 

At ten o'clock a procession formed, and moved in the following order: 
Cornet band; artillery; the Goddess of Liberty, represented by Miss Julia Lance, 
with liei' attendants, consisting of little gii'ls diessed in white; professional 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 149 



j;-entlt'iiit'ii ; wirimis trader and iii-dlVssidiis. Tlic procession niarclicd to the 
eoiirt lioust' s(|u;irc, w licic the exercises were intr()(lnee(| l)y tlie [iresideut, P. 11. 
Estee, as fallows: I'lavfi- l)y Hev. R. P. S]iehh)ii ; music l)y tlie cornet band; 
rea<lin<:' of Dcchiration of ln(h'|>cn(h'nce hy ('. <>. Curtis; vocal music b\ clioir, 
led by \j. A. Craue, coiisistinu' of the "Anvil Chorus," from the opera of "II 
Trovatore;" ivpoi't of liistoi'iaii, lion. I. A. Fancher; \ocal music, "Red, White 
and I)lue/' by ulee cbd); oration by S. C. Hi-ow ii, Ks(|. ; vocal miit^ic, " Star- 
Span^led liaiiner," by (dioir; music, "^'anke(■ boodle," 1)\ the cornet baud; 
benediction by Rev. A. (-. Beach. 

Included in the exercises was the followiui;' soni^', reudereil li\' the <^'lee (dub, 
the words of w iii(di were written foi- the occasion, l»v ^L•ljor -lames W. Loui^ : 

An huii(lrc(.l yeurs ago, my friends, just IVdin this vci-y iluy. 
Our Uncle Sani-u-el was Iidiii — a liv<ly Ixiy, tluy say; 
Ho would not (Iriuk the JSritish tvn; he raised an awful row, 
And down in l*hiladel|)Jiia said, I'll run this country now. 

An hundred years ago, my boys, an hundred years to-day, 
In Independence Hall they met, and signed a bond, they say ; 
They pledged llieir lives and sacred name,s, as well as fortunes, too, 
That all they'd written down that day they'd try their best to do. 

And what their rejiresentatives did ]ironiise to the world 
The people swore that they would do, and then their Hag unfurled ; 
They proved their raaidiood to the last, in many a l)loodv fight. 
And (!()d smiled on our holy cause, and triumi)!! cmwueil the right. 

An hundred years have passed, my boys, since oin- forefathers met. 
And gave us freedom — a rich jjrize we never can forget ; 
And never ]u-ove unworthy sons of fathers grand and brave: 
We'll take tlu' country they have won, and its true honor save. 

Then .swing uuto the friendly breeze tiie Stars and Strij)es so gav. 
And let u.s shout, "Our country uow and ever," from this day. 
And con.secrate with holiest vow allegiance to our land, 
And join the chorus heart to heart, like l)rothers, banc! in lian<l. 

In the .afteruoon there were o.-uiies and races, and a baliv sliow. In the 
last the |ii-i/.e was di\ided between .Mrs. Edoar Islxdl and Mrs. dojiu ']'. Landon. 
A burles( I ue performance closed the day's festivities, in whicdi the " Moss liacks" 
made their apjiearance, direct from the wilds of the "Ilartz mountains," Avhere 
they say they have been buried b>r o\cr a liundreil years. Tlie\ were led by 
"Calii)li Caserius Moserilms I, Emperor of 'I'artary and Khan of Lobsterandns," 
who made a thrillinu- and effective speetdi. 

In the eveniiiu' tliere was a tine displax of liicwoiks, suiierinteuded by Mr. 
Simoufls. 

20 



150 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



MILFOUl). 

\\'licii tlie inoriiiiig broke the sky was obscured by dark masses of flouds, 
w liii'li, al rrciineiit intervals during the forenoon, discliargcd tlieir contents upon 
tlie [)co|ilc. whose j)at I'iotism could not be sup})ressed. AI)out noon it cleared 
up, and the afternoon was pleasant as could be desired. The rain, however, 
made a change in the [)rogramme necessary, and it was decided to give up 
going to the grove, where preparations for the e.xeirises of the (hay had been 
made. Mr. S. B. Ferguson kindly placed his hall at the disj)osal of the 
conunittee, and shortly after twelve o'clock the exercises conuueuced there. On 
the stage were seated Hon. John Crawford, pivsident of the da\ ; Hon. M. S. 
Brewer, orator; ALr. 11. ('rawford, historian: Rev. T. .1. Joslin, reader of the 
Declaration. Thirteen young ladies, dressed in white, with garlands on their 
heads, representing the thirteen original states, also oct-upied seats on the stage, 
and back of them the Pontiac band, who discoursed nuisic suitable for the 
oci-asion. The exercises opened with ])rayer by Rev. T. ,1. Joslin, aftei' wliich 
Henderson Crawford read a historical sketch of tlie town tVoni its earliest 
settlement. Hon. ]\l. S. Brewer then gaye the oration of the day. The exer- 
cises in the hall were closed with a benediction, after which the masses sought 
amusement w herexcr it was to be found. 



MUSKEGON. 

The Centennial anniversary was ushered in by the ringing of bells and 
blowing of whistles. The streets were lined with jieople awaiting the midnight 
signal of tlie town clock, to commence the ding-dong of Jubilations \yliich lasted 
for over an hour. A national salute at sunrise fnrther reminded the [)eople 
that the Fourth \vas i-eally at hand. A dash of rain <lining the night had 
completely laid the dust, and a tiner day never was known foi- a celebi-ation. 
At an eai'ly hour the streets were thronged with people, and the procession 
was formed at nine o'clock, by Marshal Ryan, in the following order: 1, Knights 
Templar band ; •_*, (!arriages containing the president, vice-presidents, cha|dain, 
orator, reader, historian, and city council; 8, Chariot containing thirty-eight 
young ladies, representing the states; 4, Davis Encam})ment ; 5, Odd Fellows; 
0, Sons of Erin ; 7, St. Joseph, St. John, Scandinaxian and Turn-Vereiu societies ; 
8, Hose companies; 9, Various business houses represented on wheels. 

The line of march ])assed ovei-. Central Park was finally reached, where the 



COMMEMOKATJN'l': CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 151 



exercises were delayed for a time, to await the reception of the Montague and 
Spring Lake delfgations, wliicli <;iiiic |i;n'tly 1>\ i;iil. ;iii(l pai-tly l)v the steam 
bai'ge Tempest. 

Tlie exercises at tlic sIjiihI wcic iiitcispcrscd \\illi iiatiunal airs by tlie 
chariot of girls and tlie Knights Templar band, and consisted of the following: 
Pi-ayer by Rev. W. K. Seaver; remarks by the president, Mayoi- Fillsbury; 
reading nf the Dt'daratiiin, liy Nelson DeLong, Es(j. ; oi'ation by Levi Beardsley, 
Esq.; benediction by Eev. J. F. Hill. A liistory of the county was prepared 
by Lieutenant-Governor TToIt. but owing tn its necessary length, its reading 
was omitted. 

Tlie biHowing is the closing paragraph of Mr. Hcardsley's elo(|U('iit <ii-ation : 

The sli:ido>\s im vdudcr .sward warn me that tlie uooutide of thi.s j^reat day ha.s pa.ssed forever. 
And what shall the suiiliirht reveal one hundred years from this hour? Hope da.she.s the scales 
from our eyes, and we behold a flag emblazoned witli a very constellation of stars, and hear old 
men tell how their fathers' fathere bore it triumphantly through the early wars of the nation, 
doing homage to their memories for the perpetuity of the Union. Can we see them seeking our 
graves a.s honored and sacred spots, with one voice speaking of us sus faithful to the trust com- 
mitted to our care? Posterity will bless us if we are true to it and to ourselves. Responsibility, 
therefore, rests upon us, which we should faithfully discharge, exei'cising true public sjjirit, 
vigilance and honesty ourselves, enforcing precepts upon our children, e.templified by action of 
which we should not be a.«hamed. It is our duty now to stand a.* sentinels guarding the treasures 
of the pa.st and the present. Thus let us stand, bold, tiini and reliant, diirinir liie evening and 
night-time of our lives, until relieved at the reveille of ininiortality, and a century hence, if our 
spirits be permitted to behold the scenes of lifetime, we may see our graves held sacred by 
hundrc<ls of millions. May we behold our country growing in Godliness and in everything 
exalting, until IVdin hir lofty battleinciit.< there shall be hut a .-single step to the Kingdom of 
Heav<-n. 

In the afternoon there were athletic games in Central Park, and at foui- 
o'clock tlie liose company races on Western avenue, followed by a trial of the 
water works. This, with a display of the "Horribles" in the evening, wound 
uj) the general exercises of the day. 



NEC A UN EE. 

The <lay was all that could Ite desired, just cool enough, and just enough 
of sunshine to be pleasant and comfortable. The festivities were opened with 
a salute of thirt}-eight guns at stmrise. The streets of the city, as also many 
private and public buildings, were handsomely and ornately decorated with 
evergreens, flags, banners and bunting, and it can be truly said that never 
before on .1 like occasion did Negaiuiee present so gay and handsome an 



ir)L> >[I('HIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

.•i|)|if;ii';iiicc. Tilt' sti'ccts wcrf liiicil witli cxcr^Tt'eiis, while tlic licautiful tri- 
iim])li;il arch KxhikmI iip i^iamllv, and numerous festoons o\' flowers and national 
i-olors were disti'ilMilcd in varimis |i(iitioiis of the vity. 'I'hc Liiand procession 
was formed al liair-|iasl nine cM-jock, startini;- from the en^iine house. After 
f)iira(liiii;' the ]>rinci|ial streets, they hrouLiliI ii|i at the inland stand, w heic, after 
heiiiii' called to oi'der 1)\ the jiresideiit of the day, ])rayer was otf<'red 1>\ the 
chaplain, the Ke\ . ,1. M. .lohnston. L. Ki-ost, Ks(|., then read th<' Declaration 
of Independence, and w;is I'lillowed 1 ly lion. .lohii (^iiincy .\dams in an elabo- 
rate oi'ation. I'lie lirass iiand ol' the St. l'alri(d<'s IVnevolent Society disi'oiirsed 
sweet music at proi)ei' iiiterxals durinu' these exercises. Mi\ Louis lieyn 
(lelixcred .-in original Centennial jioem, composed by himself. 

In the afternoon the proiiiamme was resinned and carrietl out in detail. 
The foot-race was witnessed by a lari;e crowd, Mr. .1. She|)ley winnini;- the first' 
prize, and .1. (lauthier the se.'ond. John Cnri-an was the winnei' of tlie boys' 
foot-race, doe Ti-edeau was the c.-iptor of the ^l■eased pii:-, and l*at. McCartliy 
(dind)ed the greased pole, ;ind found a ten-dollar note at the lop. The prize for 
piittinu' (H' throwiuii' the hammer was won by R.Crisp. A i>Te:it feature with 
manv was the w i-estlin<j,' maf(di, where the athletes contested foi' f(mi- prizes, 
$40, 'l^'MK $'20 and Sli» respectively. Tliese prizes were aw.irded to the 
following:' nien in the order named: William Ivickard, Cliaiupion ; Ceorge White, 
( 'lianipion : William l'';ill, liund)oldt: ,Ioiiu Wtdch, Negaunee. Samuel Bennett 
was the nianau'er and proprietor, and excrything |>;issed oil' ni a satisfactory 
manner. .\s soon ;is "night had hung her curtain, and pinned it with a 
stai\" tireworks wci-e in order, and the sky was (juite brilliant with them 
for some time. 

The Ft>urth opened drearily on account of the storm. The clinrtdi and 
various other bells li;id been rung during the night, and the battery tired a 
rousinu' salute earl\ in the morning, but with all this enthusiasm, the signs 
were discoui'aLiinu'. .\bout ten oVdock, how ex er, the sun shone out, ami tlie 
(douds dispersed, giving brilliancy to the day. 

The Three Rivers Light (xuard, conunanded by Captain M;icare\ and Lieu- 
tenants Millard and ("ouji, accompanied by Prof. Arner's sihcr cornet band, 
iurived at half-past ten, in gaily-decked eotudies, and wei'e received at the depot by 
the Niles Rifles, Earl Zouaves, Niles Artillery, Defiance engine and liose compa- 
nies, and the Niles cornet b.'ind. The .-irtillei'y tii'ed a s;dute in honor of the 
visitinu' companx . The procession was then formed, luider conun.-ind of Colonel 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 153 

1). H.-icDii, Chief .M:irsh;il, with Majin- W. S. Mill.tnl in r<piinii:iii(l <<\' llic military, 
:iii(l in.-irchcil ii|i l''r(iiit street to M.-iiii, where the ciiliiniii was rt'-lurnied in tlie 
t'olhiw iiiL;' iinler : I'liree iJixcrs silver eoriiet Kami; I'^arl /niia\cs; Tliree llivers 
Liirht (iuar<l: Nih's IJilh^s; Nih's (•(.riiel Kainl. I'r..f. Senx iUe, h-a.h'r; Nih's Artil- 
h'r\ ; c-ai'riai:('s ediitainliiu' the eminiiit lee uf arraiiiicments, the |>i-esi(h'iit of the 
(hiv, iiieiiiliers (if I he fit V eiiiiiicil, \ ice | iresi( h-iit s, iiat i\ es ( if the Driiiiiial thirteen 
states; Deliam-e eiiLi'iiie and hose eouipanies. In the |)roeession w as t lu' ( Mxhless 
<>t" laliertv in in'r imperial diariot. 'I'he re|)resenlati\ e niothei'sof 1 7 7<) occupied 
an im|>osini:- carriaLie, and w ei'e dressed in jiei'teet keeping' with the da^■s they 
represented. I'he I iii it \ -eii^'lit little u'irls re|ll■esentin^■ the Inioii as it is, 
(leenpied a place ill the line. After the cohimn had passed thronu'h the 
principal streets, it niaicdied to Inioii Sipiare, where ha<l alieadx assemliled an 
immense (MHieonrsi^ of people. .\ larL;-e stand had Keen ei-ected, and it was 
soon Idled. After music li\ the Three |{i\crs hand, and an appi'opi-iate selec- 
tion sihil;' 1i\ the choir, nnder the directimi of |*r(d'. ( 'oan, Ue\ . W . J. Ahlrich, 
cliaplain of the day. oH'ere(| praser, followed Ky music l)y the Niles cornet 
banih Hon. .1. 15. I''itx.iierald then read the Declaration of Independence. "The 
Star-SpaiiLiled IJanner" was \ er\ etfVcti\el\ renih-red \>\ the idmir. The orator 
of tlie day, Hon. (xeori^'e II. .leiome, was then introduced to the audience. At 
the conclusion of .Mr. Jeionie'.s oration, the (dioii- saiit:' "ColumMa. the (iem of 
the ( )cean," when Judi^e M. fl. Coolidtie read an interestini;- historical sketch. 
This conclufled the e.vei-cises of I he morniiiL;', and until four o\do(dv in the 
afternoon the time was spent in social intercourse. At that hour the foot-races 
came oti'. l'"or the one hundred yards lace there were four <-om[)etitors : D. 
V{i.stl)iiider, Lntc Pike, I). 'J'oll, and Charles Sndth, of \'andalla. Pike won 
first money, Smith second, and Vasthiiider third. Pike, Smith and \'astliinder 
eiitei-ed foi' the eighty rods I'ace, in whiidi Smith was first, Pike second, and 
Va.sthinder third. In the game of " I'uttim:' the Shot," l''iazier w mi h'rst money, 
and Pike second. In the standing jump mat(di. Pike spread himself over eleven 
feet, and I'la/.ier cleared ten feet ten iiudies. In llie (weniiig there was a 
display of tiieworks and a iiand concert in Pnion Si piare, where it is estimated 
Jiot less than ten thousand people were assemliled. 

\()i;tll\ll.l,i:. 

A salute of thirteen giiiis was tired at midnight, ami a Liciieral din of lesser 
noise ua.s kejit u|i throii.jh the da\, and also ;i hundred liiiiis intersjiersed 
diiriii'.'' the time. Kain fell until after iiooii, Imt yet Li.iodly iiumlieis of people 



lal MU'llUSAN ,\M> rilK ("KNTKNM.M. 

\\<'ic in town. IMic i^roxc liciiii;' too wrt, ;i plat I'oiiii was liastiK coiisiiiictcd 
}ii;aiiist the si-liool Imildiuii', ami a lew scats wore impi'ox iscd outside ihr lioiise, 
and many ot'cnjiit'd thos<> inside, wliilc a lai'^c mimlu'f stood dniiiii; the cxt'i'- 
oist-s, whivh woio o|uMH'd l>\ praxtT, oiVcrcd l>\ I lie lu'\ . l>r, l.iiili.'r I.i'c. 
'V\\v\\ followed the roadinu of the l>eclai'ation t'\' Independi-nee. Ii\ Hon. ,1. 
M. Swift. riie eliaifinan, Hon. \\ inticld Seott, tln'it introdneed the oiatof 
of the da\, lion, William V. N'eikes, who delivered a Icn^thx and inteiestinii' 
liistocy (>f the settlemoni o( the I'onnly. This was followed li\ toasts and 
ivsjH»nses ffom a nmnl>rr of utMith'incn, nainelx : I'he si^nois of the 1 >eidai-atioii 
of lihh'|>emh'nee Ke\ . James l>nl>nai'; the mothers of the Uexolnlion Kcv. 
S. (.'It'intMits; tin- soeial institntions of otif eonntrv lion. ,1. M. Swift; the 
(Irama entitled "The Settlement of IMymontli "' res|uinse 1>\ Uolu'it Mel'aiian, 
Ksij., of St. ,lohns, lu'lieved to l>e the oldest tifst settlei- now livinu'; our 
aiiiieidttiral yeomanry the time patrieians of oni' eonntiy lion. Jonathan 
Sheaivr, of Plymouth. Remarks were also made by Henry M. llolbrook, foiin- 
erly of Plymonth. now o( roitland, Miehi^an. The exereises were eidixenetl 
l>y mnsie from the Northville eovnet band, assisted by Prof. James Savage, of 
lVti\>it. A tine display of fireworks in the evenin>i- elosed the eelebration 
of tin- d.ay. 

The eelobnition partook lar>;<'ly of ;i j^ioneer eh;iraeter. in w liieh the early 
settlofs of Northville, Plymonth, and the surrounding eountvy, weiv well rejuv- 
seiited. toiivtlier with old pioneers now residing elsewhere. 

ON rON.ViiON. 
riit" d;i\ was uslieivd in l>y ringing of bells ;uid tiring of eaitiion. In the 
luoruing the people assembled imi the publie sipiaiv ami listened to a well 
arrangvd }M\\u'rauune »>f singing, speeehos, ivadiug. ete. The oration was 
deliveivil by the Kev. Mr. W h.ilen. Speeches weiv .also mavle by .V. J. Kisinii', 
J. N\ . dw.er. ('. 11. Peaiilsley, and (.\ (i. Collins. A game of b.ase-ball was 
eoniuteneed inunediately after the morning exereises. between two ]neked nines, 
under the direetion of Frank Snell jiml Frank Minie. Snell's nine winning the 
prize. Salutes weiv tiivd ;it sunrise and at ni>on. but the evening salute was 
pivvouted by the raiu. The day's exeivises weiv those of an old-fashioned 
home celebration, in which all took part and enjoyed theinsolves. 

OTSEGO COIN TY. 
The da\ was appropriately eelebnited at various places in l>tsego county. 
.\t (.>tsogo l.akt> its appiwich was heralded by the tiring of one hundred <iuns. 



COMMEMOKATIVE CP:XTEX.VIAL EXEKCLSE-S. 155 

No special <leinotiMtratton8, however, ttKtk place during the day, except boat 
riding and general jollifi<;atiori. In the evening a plea>«int party wa« held at 
the Otfiego I>;»ke hoiiHe. 

A celebration wa« held at W'oodin'f* lake, a charming sheet of wat^er in 
LivingHt<ni to\vn>*hip, Hurrounded with V>eautiful scenery. A general good time 
wa>< enjoyed and a dinnej- serveil up by the larlies. E. G. I>ewia acted as 
chairnian. and William Camiichael, afi chaplain, rea<l the Pre-^ident's recom- 
mendation, and ojiened the exercises with prayer. Interesring remark.-; were 
made by Mi-. O. II. Kellogg, on the gro\vth and pnwperit}- of our nation. A, 
A. Fosdick rea/J the Declaration of Indei>endence, and also an interesting essav. 
Music was discoursed from the stand, led by Mrs. Williamson with her 
mehxleon. A brief history of the county was narrated and an oration delivered 
by William K. Kendrick. 

At KImii-a the celebration was a decided success, although gotten up on 
conij»arativeIy short notice. It was held between the Porcupine lakes, and was 
well attende<l, and heartily enjoyed by all. The jjeople assembled during the 
early part of the day, coming, sf»me of them, long distances with teams. At 
alx>ut eleven o'ch*<;k, William Pannater, who was chosen chaii-man, calle<l the 
people tA) order. Rev. E. E. Kirkland, of Otsego Lake, o[>enefl the exercises from 
the stand by prayer, after which the Declaration was rea/] by Charles L. Fuller. 
An oration, together with an historical sketch of the county, was also delivered 
by Mr. Fuller. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was rendered by the chou-, which 
was led liy Mrs. J. Lambert. Rev. E. E. Kirkland then deliverer! an address, 
giving a historical account of the causes which led to the Revolutionan- war, 
and the framing and signing of the Declaration of Independence. 

I'OliT HL'liO.N. 

The tiist indication of the celebration was the ringing of bells and blowing 
of whistles at midnight. Plenty of noise was made, continuiug for half an 
hour or more, after which comparative quiet prevailed until four o'clock, when 
a salute wiiii fired from Foil Gratiot. 

The nK>niing oj>ened with rather less than the usual Fourth of Julv noise, 
but little [K>wder V>eing wasted, even Vjy the boys. A large majority of citizens 
were preparing Ui take sf>me part in the celebration, and by eight o'chx-k most 
of the lousiness houses, and many private dwellings, had l>een handsomely 
decorated with Hags and emblems, and by nine o'clw.-k nearly the whole 
population of the city, with thousands of people from neigh h>oring towns, and 
from C'aiiJi'la. were in the streets. 



156 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Tlie (leroi'atioii of piihlif and ju-ivate Iniildiiigs was general and in many 
cases elaborate. Militaiy and Seventli street bi'idges were each surmounted 
with evei'ijreen arches, l)earing approjM'iate mottoes and emblems. Tlie display 
of bnntinii' was profuse, and flags of all nations were mingled freely with the 
Stars and Stripes. 

The Port Huron tire department foinied in line at half-past nine, and, 
headed bv the Stratfoi'd band, marched to the Chicago and Lake Huron Kail- 
road depot, where they met the visiting firemen from Canada as they aj-rived, 
by the ferry Saginaw, as follo^\'s : The Stratford tire de]>artment, com])rising Avon 
engine company, tliirtv-six men, and hook-and-ladder conii>any, twenty-tix e men ; 
the Sarnia fii'e department, comprising Rescue hook-and-ladder company, twenty- 
five men, and St. Clair engine company, thirty-two men ; the Petrolia fire 
department, comprising the iVndes engine company, thirty-six men, and Reliable 
engine companv, twenty-iive men, accompanied by the Petrolia band, fifteen 
pieces; the Defiance engine company, from Watford, forty m«'n ; Protection 
engine and hose companies, from Strathroy, seventy-five men, attended by the 
Twenty-sixth Battalion band, eighteen pieces. They were escorted to the city 
engine honse, Avhere hmch Avas served on the street. 

The threatening as})ect of the weather interfered materially with the forma- 
tion of the procession, which was not begun till after eleven o'clock, and then 
many fell in on the route. It was nearly noon when they arrived on the 
grounds at the park. 

Order ov the Procession. — Port Hurou buiul ; Mujdr Clark, on horseback, in foiiunand of 
detachment of United States troops ; Port Huron Guards ; veteran soldiers and sailors ; Ship of 
State, represented by thirty-seven ladies, dressed in white, carrying a flag for each state, sur- 
mounted by the Goddess of Liberty, Miss Kittie Atkins — a buggy with an empty seat, finely 
decorated, awaiting the new State of Colorado, was attachetl behind tlie triumphal car, and the 
whole made up a beautiful sight; the mayor, common council and other city officers, and their 
invited guests, in carriages ; clergy, in carriages ; glee club, in carriages ; Strathroy baud ; Protection 
engine company, Strathroy; Defiance engine company, Watford; Petrolia band; Reliable engine 
company, Petrolia; Andes engine company, Petrolia; Rescue hook-and-ladder company, Sarnia; 
Avon engine ciuiipany, Stratford; Pioneer hook-and-ladder company, I'tn-t Huron; Eagle hose 
company. Port Huron ; Pine Grove hose company. Port Huron ; German Aid Society, Port Huron ; 
Stratford band ; St. Patrick's Society, in uniform ; St. Stephen's Society, in uniform ; steam fire 
engine ; fire escape ladder ; a large representation of various trades, branches of business and 
occupations; twenty " Calithumpians," in costume, on iiorseback ; citizens, in carriages. 

At twelve o'clock the national salute of one hundred guns was fire<l fi'oni 
the two brass field pieces on the United States parade ground. 

A large platform had been erected in Pine (jrove park, and tempoi'ary seats 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. ' 157 



arranged for al)i>iir one tliinis.nnl jumnous. Tliese were soon occ-iipitMl, aiid 
Mayor Hoycf callcil tlir assciiilily to order, after wliicli Kcx . .1. W. Moiitt-itli 
offered prayei-. 

The <:'lee cluli then saiii:' "The Stars and Stri[ies.'" words l)\ Pi'of. Bi<i-sbv, 
music- liy X. Cawthoine. as fnllows: 

iiiK siAijs AMI srinrKs. 

See, boy.s, t,\w tlug tliul iibovc u.-- is stivaiuing, 

Its snowy white stars set iu deep azure blue, 
It.s stripes to the tuorniug breeze flashiiii;- and gleaniiuir. 

The proudest, the gayest, the worhl ivi r kmw. 
This ensign of fVec<l()in, this symbol of glmy, 

Was l)(ii-iii' by our ththcrs in nianv a tight. 
And sealed with tlicii- lilood in the liattle-fields gory, 

When the focnien t'l'll bark to the power of their might. 

('iioias — Its flaunt of detiauee it lioldly is flinging. 

Its emblems of Honor, of X'irtue, the tyjies, 
fben slioiil till tb<' \vill<in aicnind us is ringing: 

Hurrah t<ir our i)anner, tiie Stars and the Stripes. 

The blue syml)ols l'"aitii, lii<i- the heavens above it ; 

Its fair, spotless white is the hue of Trutii's shield; 
And the red is the signnl how ilearly we love it — 

I low we'd dye it with blood e'er its ghu-y we"d yield. 
In the world there's no s])ot where it has not been planted. 

For it waves o'er the billows of ocean and sea; 
Every nation on earth, bv its brightness enchanted, 

(lives the palm to its beauty, this Flag of the Free. 

Ciloi4ls — Its flaunt of <lcfiance. etc. 



Tlie Decdaratioii <d' liide|ieiideiice was reail li\ Hon. W , I., Haiieroft, 
followed by musk- l)y the Stratford baud. Hon. W. T. .Mitchell read a lengthy 
paper on the history of the eounty. Tlie glee elul) sang "America." and the 
orator of the day, Lieutenant Charles H. Dennison, of Bay City, was introdtieed. 
Music by tlie band followed the oration, and Colonel II. ^^'hiting, of St. Clair, 
then read his address on "<)nr Nation's History." The e.xercises closed witli 
music and the benediction, which was proiKninced by I\ev. J. S. Smart. 

At the close of the exercises at the stand, the inncession re-formed, and tin? 
meml)ers of tlie city government of Poi-t Union, the mayor and common council 
of Sarnia, and tlie firemen, niarcluMJ to the (iiiards" aniioi\ (Haider's hall), 
where the Port Huron firemen had prepared a splendid dinner. The Hoor of 
the hall was entirely filled with tallies, and several liiindred peismis sat down 
■21 



158 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

at once. The diniiei- was excellent and al)uiulant, and well served, reflecting 
the greatest credit n])on the firemen and their wives and lady friends, by whom 
it was jirovided. Aftei' dinner was over Judge Mitchell announced the toasts, 
which were as f()ll()^\■s: 

The Toasts.— 1, The President of the United States— Response by Dr. S. D. Pace, United 
States consul at Sarnia. 2, The Queen of Great Britain — Response, "God Save the Queen," by 
the band. 3, The Governor-General of Canada — Response by Mr. Sullivan, of Sarnia. 4, The 
mayor and common council of Sarnia — Response by Mayor Fleming, of Sarnia. 5, The day we 
celebrate — Response by Mr. N. S. Boyntou. 6, The mayor and common council of Port Huron — 
Response by Mayor Boyce. 7, The ladies, God bless them — Response by Alderman Bancroft. 
8, The fire departments of Stratbroy, Stratford, Sarnia, Watford and Petrolia — Response by Chief 
Kirby, of Petrolia, and Chief Ireland, of Sarnia. 

At the close of his remarks, Mr. Ireland proposed three cheers for the 
firemen of Port Huron, which were given with a will by the Canadian firemeu. 

Mr. Penney then proposed three cheers foi' the ladies who had done so 
much to make the Imnquet a success, which were given l)y all present with 
evident appreciation. 

The explosion of torpedoes, and diving operations at .the water works, 
immediately after the exercises at the stand, were witnessed by large numbers 
of people, and were interesting in the extreme. The torpedoes threw the water 
fully fifty feet into the air. 

The test of the water works began at five o'clock, and lasted three-quarters 
of an hour, during which a fire pressure of one hundred and thirty to one 
hundred and thirty-five pounds was maintained, with only thirty-five revolutions 
of the engines per minute. From two to twelve continuous streams were thrown 
fi-om the hydrants at once, in the vicinity of the city hall, and the fire depart- 
ment fully demonstrated their ability to protect the city from fire in any 
emergency. 

Owing to considei'able delay in setting the stakes, it was nearly three 
o'clock before the yacht race began. The wind, which had been light from 
the northeast, veered to the southwest, with a moderate breeze. The distance 
to be sailed was about twelve miles, being down the river to a stake opposite 
Vanderburgh's residence, thence up-stream to Sarnia, and going over this course 
twice. The yachts turned the last stake in the following order, the figures 
indicating hours, minutes and seconds: The Nellie, Captain M. Walker, time, 
2 : 21 : .'50, taking the first prize, the champion flag and $40. The Collins, 
Captain Wm. Canhani ; time, 2 : 28 : 15, taking second ])rize of $80. Lalla Rookh, 
Captain Paul Murray; time, 2: 87: 15, taking the third yrhe of $20. Louis, 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 159 



Ciii)tain Petit; tiiiu', l>:41: IT). Miiineli:ili;i, C';ipt;iiii J. K. Botsl'oid; time, 2 : 42. 

Under the meusurenient I'ules, a time allowanee was made of rive mimites and 

fifty seconds in favor of the INIinneliaha, wliich gave her the fourtli prize of $10. 

Fu'eworks and varions amusements in the evening closed the day's festivities. 

The celebration of the Fourth in Quincy connnenced at midnight by the 
ringing of bells and firing of cannon, vvliich was repeated at four in the 
morning. A shower or two early in the day dampened the spii-its somewhat, 
and cansetl a [)ost}ioiienient of exercises until afternoon. People began to come 
in early in the day, and kept coming, probably in larger numbers tlian Avere 
ever seen in the village before. The weather clciired U]> l)efoi-e noon, and tlie 
remainder of the day and evening was very fine. 

The ])rocessi(m formed soon after two o'clock, the prominent feature of 
which was the "C'entennial car," with its one hundred young ladies, one for 
each year of the century. The seats were rai.sed like a pyramid, at the top of 
which was Miss Ada Lounsbeiy, representing the Goddess of Liberty. The car 
was di-aw n ])y thii't\'-eight hoi'ses, each ridden by a boy, re^jresenting the states 
of the I'nion. The fire department, and "Loomis post of the Grand Army of 
the Rejjtdjlic," wei-e in the procession. The oration of the day was delivered by 
the Rev. Dr. George B. Jocelyn, president of iVlbion College. The singing of 
the "Star-Spangled Baimer" was rendered with fine effect. An original hymn, 
selected from manuscripts of A. C. Culver, M. Knowles and E. Berry, wiis 
sung after the oration. Later in the afternoon the hose boys and engine com- 
pany gave an exhibition of their skill. There was no competition, however. 
A company of mounted fantastics, parading just at night, caused much merri- 
ment. The usual display of fireworks in the evening, with dancing at the 
Fayette House and at Donovan's hall, closed the festivities of the dav. The 
Coldwater cornet band furnished plenty of good music, while a martial band 
stirred warlike memoiies. 

ROSCOMMON. 

A salute was tire(| at midnight. ;in anvil being used for the jmrpose. Soon 
after the small hours of the morning, the people of Rosconunon and Houghton 
Lake began to assemble. A libei'ty pole was erected, from the top of which 
the Stars and Stripes were thrown to the bi-eeze. The formal exercises of the 
day began at three o'clock in the afternoon, at tlie depot. A matched floor 



KiO MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

liad been laid over tlie old one, a high phitt'onii erected, and undei' the super- 
vision of D. Bennett, the whole room liad been festooned an<l decollated with 
evergreens, Hags, etc. After all \vere seated, an o|>ening song was sung, 
followed by a short speecdi l)y C. Vi. Stone, ])resident of the day. Succeeding 
this came the reading of the Declaration of Independence, by Theo. Jeralaman ; 
au oration l)v C'a])tain J. P. Beers; and a histcny of the connty by (reorge 
Alexander: winding up witli a piece of ])oetry entitled ''The American Hag." 
In the evening there was a fine disjday of fireworks, and dancing. 

SAGINAW. 

The people of the Saginaws united in a grand celel)ration at Saginaw City. 
The A\eather in the early part of the day ^vas nnpropitious, nevertheless ])eople 
congregated to the number, it was estinnited, of -JO,!)!*!), to witness the street 
])arade and partici])ate in the exercises of the day. 

The decorations were beautiful and almost universal. Upon the Genesee 
street bridge the flags of all nations were so arranged as to give the structure 
the appearance of a gorgeous bird. Along Washington stivet the residences of 
many of the citizens were decorated with Hags, iiowers and evergreens. Busi- 
ness jdaces displayed fiags of various descriptions, and dry goods show \\indows 
were dressed in the prevailing colors. The water works engine room was a 
mass of decoration. Flags were fastened at every conceivable point, and 
evergreen wreaths were festooned throughout the spacious room. The decora- 
tions in the court house yard a\ ere on a magnificent scale. A very appi-opriate 
motto surmounted an evergreen arch between the coiut house and county 
buildings, reading : "Wliat from youi' fathers' heritage is lent, earn it yourstdves 
to really possess it." 

At ten o'clock the pi-ocession Avas formed, as follows: 

Chief Officers. — Chief Marr^hal, James W. Dawson. Assistants: JNIajor N. B. Kinsey, Cap- 
tain Henry Miller, Captain C. H. Riehmau, Major N. S. Wood. 

SAGINAW < iiv. 

First Division. — Miushal and staff; Evart band; Knights of Pythias; Saginaw Lodge, I. O. 
O. F. ; Himath Lodge, I. O. O. F. ; Star Lodge, I. O. O. F. ; a ear containing thirteen young 
ladies representing the original states, surmounted by the Goddess of Liberty; a ear containing thirty- 
seven misses representing the states of to-day ; Teutonia Society representative cavalcade ; Teutonia 
gymnastic school ; the Teutonia Society. 

Second Division. — Martial band ; Harmonie Society ; Workingmen's Society ; Good Templars; 
Fire Department — steamer No. 1, Saginaw hose, No. 1, Active, No. 1, Pioneer, No. 1, of Car- 
rolltcm, Hill Bovs, No. :!, Fearless, No. (i : two hearses — one tlu' pattern of long ago, its hroad 



(O.MMKMOKATIVK CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 161 



sides IuIh'IimI, "Luxuries were unkimwii to Patriots of 1771)," :uu\ the other a beautiful attiiir, on 
the phite ghiss of whieli was shown the iuscriiitioii. ■" Tiie sister cities iiave tiiis (hiv iiuiied euvv 
and all iineharitableuess — mourners there are hoik" 

Thiiu) Division. — Beiijaniiu's hhu-ksniith and wajidii shop, with six men at work; "The 
ciirriage of 177t>" — an ox eart ; Wiliard Shaliuek with a IJuekeye reaper of 1876; G. Spatz's 
bakery; Alex, llurtuhise, shoeing a iiorse, and three other l)lacksmith,s at work; the Mayor and 
common eouneil ; reaiier, orator, poet, historian, clergy and citizens, in carriage.*. 

KA.^r .-i.VCMNAW. 

FlllsT Division.— Police: :Marslial of ihe day. Coh.url ( o-oi-,- l.o.kly. and aids: TFes.sler's 
baud; soldiers and .sailors of tlie hii<' war: artillery: president of tiie day: eonunon council; board 
of education. 

Sf,coni) Division. — Eugel's baml : Encampment of I. O. O. F. ; St. Patrick's Society; Ger- 
mania Society; lodges of I. O. O. F. : Workingmen's aid societies; St. Joseph's Benevolent Society; 
Sabbath schools, in wagons; butchers and drovers, on horseback; Fiege Brothers' furniture factory; 
K. D. Bullock's organ: A. \V. Wheat iV: Co., witli organs in a l)and wagon with a canopy of 
national colors, ilrawii liv four horses: citizens in carriages. 

The grand iiiiiou [)rocessioii, after rompleting Its Hue of inaicli, was 
disrais,setl at tlie court liotise s(|uare. Aioiiud tlie scjuaie \vert> eivctcd ,i imiiiber 
of poles witli streamcfs Hying, ;ni<l upon cicli pole was a shield l)eariiig the 
name of oni' of the ['residents, and the term of liis office. Floating from tlie 
jtole at the Court street entranci', was tlie national colors. The stand was 
erected upon the south side (d' tlif sipi.-nc. and upon the front was 2)laced a 
])ortrait of General AN'ashington. The entire space between the stand and 
Court street Wiis filled with seats. Tlie assembly was called to order bv the 
Hon. 1). II. .b^idine, chairman of the committee of arranu'ements, when the 
regular e.xerci.ses were had, as follows: Prayer, by Rev. Mr. Pattingil ; music, 
bv cornet band: addres.s, l)y the Mayor; "America," grand chorus, \ocal and 
instriinii-ntal, by entire assemblage; re;iding Declaration of lndepen<lenc-e, l)y 
llev. Thomas Stalker; music, l)y Ilarinonie Society; music, by cornet band; 
oration, l)y Dan. 1*. Foote ; Keller's .Vmei'icaii hymn; the liistory of Saginaw, 
1)\ W . 11. 11. liartram; music, by ( 'lioral I'nioii; poem, " FilxM'ty Song," bv 
Mrs. .M. N. Clark, of ( 'hcs.-iiilng ; music, 1>\- Tfutoiii.-i Society; benediction, 
by \U\. Mr. Shaw. 

The r.dlowing is the .iddi-ess b\ the mayor, Hon. I'Ve.l. 11. Potter: 

W'c have come togetiier, mv i-ounlrynien anil counlrvwonieu, in recogintion of an event no 
less remarkable, no less wortiiy of puidic observance, than the Centennial annivi'i-sary of American 
iuflependence. AVhile this auspicious event, .so full of common interest, so full of historic memories 
and patriotic a.s.sociations, amply explains tliis gathering, many of you are, in one sense, guests of 
thi.s city. Ill one sense, all who participate here are guests; and it falls to me to offer you a 
word <if welcome. To all, then, men, women, chihireu, welcome. To the citizen, lo the neighlxu-. 



162 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

to the stranger guest, cordial greeting, hearty welcome, all. iVml in giving this welcome, it is 
fitting that I should mention the special gratification of our people at so cordial a joining with 
us from our prosperous sister city over the river. We express our gladness and gratitude, not 
more for the imposing civic and military display, which adds so largely to these ceremonies, than 
for the broad spirit of neighborly good-will which alone ('ould have found so graceful and gen- 
erous an expression from them. 

It remains only for me to direct your attention for a moment to the, in some respects, 
distinctive character of the occasion which calls us together. From among the many anniversaries 
of striking events in the early history of our country, the impidses of the American j)eo])le long 
ago chose the fourth day of July as their national holiday. And its annual observanci', with 
honors and customs peculiarly its own, and peculiarly American, has long been common. The 
profound interest, the national importance, attaching to the one hundredth anniversary of that 
day, is such, however, that its special observance with appropriate and peculiar honors, has been 
recommeuded by the President of the United States in public proclamation, made in accordance 
with the joint resolution of both houses of Congress. And the governors of many of the states, 
our own among the number, have issued proclamations to the same end. 

So cordially, so heartily, have the patriotic impulses of the people responded to these wise 
suggestions, that this day goes into history as a grand, united national jubilee. This majestic 
presence, with its pageantry of national colors, its heraldic emblems of our country's progress, is 
but a feeble part, a single chord in the deep, broad chorus with which America greets the years 
before her ; one breath in the mighty tone of thanksgiving and praise which swells from the hearts 
of a great nation of freemen, a.s they hail this solemn hour, wlien — 

Through storm and calm the j-ears liavo led 

Our nation on from stage to stage, 
\ century's space, until we tread 

The threshold of aiiotlu'i' age. 

Altogether glorious, however, altogether sublime as is this common demonstration, how doth 
its glory fade by the side of that other coming together which has mai'ked the progress of the 
Centennial year. Awakened interest in Revolutionary annals has re-taught the lesson that the 
fabric whose founding we celebrate was the work of all, not part — that Yorktown and Saratoga 
have an equal lustre ; that Adams and Jefferson, Warren and Washington, struggled and fought 
shoulder to shoulder; and that we of the North, and they of the South, are indeed brothers, by a 
common heroic parentage. As one year ago South Carolina and Georgia, through their citizen 
soldiery, joined Massachusetts in commemorating Bunker Hill, so only last week, at Charleston, 
the soldiers of New York and Massachusetts joined South Carolina in doing honor to the memory 
of the Revolutionary battle of Fort Moultrie. And to-day. in Philadelphia, a united band, these 
comrades, brother citizens and soldiers, bow, elbow to elbow, at the common shrine of American 
independence. Both proof and symbol that the fulfillment is at hand, nay, is now, of those ringing 
words of prophecy : " The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and every 
patriot grave, to every li\'iug heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, sliall yet swell the 
chorus of the Union." Fellow citizens, we cannot glorify this day. Naught that can be said or 
done here can consecrate or hallow it. It is rather for us to receive baptism of its glory. Rather 
let us, in the noble words of Lincoln at Gettysburg, on this day " Highly resolve that the nation, 
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, 
and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." 

The following stanzas contain the more suggestive features of Mrs. ('lark's 
poem : 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 163 



'With cairlc ami cmlilcnif: in keeping, 
III liinc Id tile westward she* liit^d, 
Till- (ilcl world in tetters left weeping, 
To gladden the new, the untried ; 
Ten decades ago she wa,s stringing 
Her liarp, for ages unstrung ; 
Her sons were exultantly singing 
Her songs, for centuries unsung. 

'Shall honors with which she's been crowning 
Her chieftain and soldiei-s, decliue ? 
Shall the blood of the coming be oftered, 
As the passing was, free as wine? 
To save from ambition and envy. 
To save from the parricide's hand, 
To save from idolatrous w'orship 
For God's chosen people, the land? 
Or shall gross, luxurious living 
The hearts of the people ensnare. 
Till Bacchus control their affections. 
And Midas their j)assiouate prayer ? 

'Shall the tried and the true be forgotten 
For traitors, with treasures untold. 
Who shamelessly buy in the market 
Their votes, that are openly sold ; 
Till red, white and blue is forsaken 
For Tyrean purple and gold ? 

' Great Father ! all nations protecting. 
Avert, we beseech, every blow 
That could from Thy rock of safety 
Make waters of bitterness flow ; 
Let our stars, with those of the morning. 
Live, as our eagle sliall soar, 
Till time has finished the jjroblem 
Of life, on eternity's shore." 



At the couclusion of the exercisess in the square, the procession from East 
Saginaw was re-formed and escorted back to the foot of Farley street, where 
they crossed the middle bi-idge, and repaired to the Germauia grounds, where 
tliev wei-e entertained Ijy an oration from George A. Flanders, after which they 
enjoyed themselves with a picnic dinner. 



164 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Ill tlie afternoon there was an exliil>itioii of ITolly wafer works, a review of 
the tire departments, aiul a trial of hose coinpanies. For tlie latter, two prizes 
of 115 and $1(» were offered, the first beiny- won i>_v the Hill l)oys, and tlie 
second by Active liose, No. 1. 

Prizes in popular games were contested for as follows: Greased pole — 
prize, silver watch; race for boys under fourteen — prizes, $3, $2 and f 1 ; 
wheelliarrow race, fifty yards — prize, |3 ; catching roostei-, by boys under twelve, 
w'ith hands tied — prize, the rooster; velocipede race, five hundred yards — prize, 
|;i ; sack race, five hundred yards — prize, |;5 ; greased pig — piize, the pig. The 
prizes in the foot-race were won by Ed. Ilaiikin, James Ward and Charles 
Wider. In the wheelbarrow race Henry Inscho was the winnei'. Willie Van 
Yleck won the sack race; Will Sidney and Jerry Callahan caught the greased 
])i<i'. A li'rand balloon ascension t(»ok place at 4:-tr) !>. m. The balloon was 
pre])ared by Mr. N. Canierou, and was a comjilete success. It came down on 
the bav shore, nine miles from Bay City. 

In the evening there was a grand display of fireworks, which included 
several meteoric balloon ascensions au<l two illuniinated tableaux, arraiige(l by 
the German societies. 

SALINE. 

The people of Saline were joined in their celebration by a large number of 
the people of y])silauti, led by the Ypsilanti (colored) cornet band. On Main 
street was a grand arch: "177H — 1876: The grand Centennial, the day we 
celebrate." The whole village was festooned Avith evergreens and flags. The 
rain disarranged the plans. In the beautiful grove in the village tables w'ere 
built sufficient to seat two thousand people at one time; Init the ground was 
so wet that thcA' could not be used. The churches, however, were thrown open, 
as were also union school hall, and private houses. At two o'clock the people 
repaired to the grand stand, and were called to order by the ]iresident of the 
day, \\'illiaiii Allison, Esq. After a[)pro])i'iate music liy the band, and a 
Centennial Ininn by one hundred girls, dressed in -white, and ])rayer by Rev. 
A. M. Allen, the Declaration of Independence was read by E. A. Reynolds. 
Prof. Estabrook delivered an elo([uent oration. After the oration a number of 
toasts were given and res2:)onses made. Among those present and partici])ating 
in this part of the exercises, were Rev. A. M. Allen, W. J. Campbell, J. Forbes, 
W. K. C'hilds, Dr. N. Webb, Rev. Benjamin Parsons, C. R. Patterson, Esq., 
Hon. A. K. Clark, H. J. Miller, Hon. J. Webster Childs, Prof. J. Estabrook, 
and others, with Robert J. Campbell as toast-master. Games of all descriptions, 
mule race, etc., followed on the street, and fireworks in the evening. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 165 



SAINT JOHNS. 

Til.- iiioniiiit;- was rainy, hut after the sun licanied forth tlie people came 
poiii'iuL;- in from all ilirections, ami at the time of forming tlie procession, at half- 
past eleven o'clock, the number of peoi)le upon Clinton avenue was estimated 
at fully five tliousaud. , Many of the husiness places and residences of the 
village wei-e gorgeously decoi-ated with hunting. The fire depai-tment, with 
their unifovms, and appropriately decorated machines, formed one of tlie most 
interesting features of the pi-ocessiou. At two o'clock, the oration, by Mr. Clute, 
was delivered in the coui't house. After the literary exercises of tlie day, 
thei-e were amusements of \-arions kinds. Among other things was a habv 
show, in which prizes for the handsomest babies were awarded as follows: 
1, $;■) to Emma Belle Moore; _', $;^ to W. J. Moss, Jr.; 8, $2 to Maude A. 
Tlott'man. A prize to the homeliest baby, $1, was awarded to one who may pre- 
fer to be nameless. The prize to the heaviest baby, of a Marseilles dress jiattern, 
was captured by Clarence Smitli, fourteen months old ; weight, thirty-two 
pounds, four ounces. That to the lightest baby, of a like present, to habv 
Helt, eleven months old; weight, fourteen ])ounds and six ounces. The ])i-izes 
in the foot race were awarded to Eli Butler and Milton Clark, and in the 
wlieell)arrow race to Milton Clark and Zacli. Ash. The disphiA of fireworks 
in the evening was well presented and brilliant, and was witnessed In thousands 
of people. 

SAINT JOSEPH. 

A more delightfully cool, pleasant and agi-eeable Fourth of July Avas never 
e.vperienced iu St. Joseph, and fully 8,000 people assembled to enjoy it and 
themselves. Mr. George S. Clapp read the Declaration, and I). A. Winslow 
presented an interesting history of the town. The president of tlie day, Mr. 
N. A. Hamilton, read a letter from Hon. William A. Howard, wliich stated, 
with regret, that he was unable to be present, after which Mr. 11. introduced, 
.-US orator of the day, Rev. T. F. Hildreth, of Grand Rapids. At the close of 
the e.vercises at the stand, the crowd dis]iersed to witness the races, which 
came next in onlei-. 

John II. Mitchell, of the Grand Haven News, and ('. A. Pearson, of Ferrys- 
liuri:. junior champion of Micliigan, entered foi- the I'owing i"ace on the rivei', 
distance one mih' and ri'tuni : prize, -^TT). The boats used wei'e papei- and wood 
-hells. Tile tinn- made was, Pearson, UrJii; Mitcliell, HrJS. 



166 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

The yaclit race was contested l)y Bennlng, Clamfoot and Greening, bnt as 
there was scarcely any A\'iud, this race was not interesting. Chamfoot won the 
prize, $25. Sid. Rasewarne won the foot race, and received |8 as a prize. 
George Taykir secured $8 for winning tlie sack race. Tlie liumors of tlie day 
centered in a fantastic procession by the " Snailergosters." 

SAINT LOUIS. 

Tlie day was ushered in, according to the })rescribed programme, \Adth firing 
of guns and ringing of bells, and the usual precursory symptoms of bedlam let 
loose generally. By eight o'clock people began to arrive in town Ijy squads 
and platoons, and by the time the regular exercises of the day began, the 
village was literally thronged with patriotic humanity. Probably St. Louis 
never saw so great a crowd before, there l)eing, besides the residents of the 
village, not less than 4,()00 people present. The Midland fire department 
arrived at eleven o'clock. They were met at the depot by the St. liouis cornet 
band and fii-e department, and escorted to the central portion of the village, 
Avhere a grand pi-ocession was soon formed, in appropriate order, \vhich, after 
marching through the principal streets, proceeded to the Springs Park, where 
the literary commemorative e.xercises were held, and where an immense audi- 
ence were awaiting them. 

These exercises ^vere opened by an a})pro])riate selection liy tlie band, after 
which prayer was offered by the chaplain. Rev. II. D. Jordan, followed by a 
song from the glee club. The Declaration of Independence was then read by 
James K. Wright, Escp, another piece by the band, and President Willett arose 
and announced the orator of the day, T. A^^ Whitney, Es(|. That gentleman 
came forward and delivered an oration. After the oration there was music by 
the club and band, and then the Hon. II. T. Barnaby ^vas introduced, and 
proceeded to give a history of the count}', with personal reminiscences and 
anecdotes of the early settlers, which were highly enjoyed, pai-ticularly by the 
old pioneers present. This ended the doings at the stand. After dinner the 
contest between fire engines took place, for the possession of a silver cup, 
offered by the citizens of St. Louis to the company throwing \\'ater the greatest 
distance. A lively time was enjoyed. The result of the trial stood thus: 
Midland, U)('> feet and 2 inches; St. Louis, 210 feet. 

STURGIS. 

The celebration was of the old-fashioned sort. The procession formed on 
Nottawa street, headed by the Sturgis and ^'icksburg cornet bands, and 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 167 

marched to the school house grove, where stands had been erected for speakers, 
officers of rlic day, siii^-ci's and bands, and seats for the multitude. Upon 
arrixiuL;- at the uTouuds the hands phiyed "Hail Columbia, " wliicli was follo>\'ed 
In an excellent selection by the glee club, after wliicli the chaplain, Rev. John 
Graham, ottered |ii;iyer. A piece of music was then renilered by the glee club, 
followed l)y a militaiy salute. Xe\t in oi'der was tlie reading of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, by Mr. H. L. Anthony, followed by music by the band 
and canndu tiring. Hon. William AUman stepped forward and inti'oduced tlie 
orator of the day, Hon. Jolui N. Ingersoll. After the di'ation, the bands and 
glee club, assisted by the audience, comprising about six tliousand people, 
rendered "America," oui' national hymn, after which the benediction was pro- 
nouncetl, and the procession re-formed and marched back to the village to 
participate in other festivities. 

Later in the afternoon there was a burles([ue procession, which was a 
successful affair, and created a great deal of amusement. Tins was fcdlowed 
by the firemen's contest. The Extinguisher hose company ran forty rods and 
laid and attached one liundred and fifty feet of hose in forty-three seconds. 
Next came the contest between Extinguisher fire company. No. 1, and Watch- 
word fii'e company, No. 2, to test the tin-owing (jualities and su[)eriority of the 
engines. Each engine was allowed three trials. Tlie Extinguisher leaked air 
during her second trial, so that it was almost a failure, althougli she made a 
splendid effort on her last or third trial. Watchword came next upon the 
scene of action, winning the fii-st prize. The bands discoursed good music at 
intervals, and all went merry. Sack races and wheelbarrow races followed. 
The festivities of the day Avound up with a grand Independence iiall at Union 
Hall, which was a success in every jiarticular. There was also a (Usp];iy of 
firew< )rks. 

TAWAS. 

The advent of the Fourth was announced at midnight li\ a salute from the 
cannon, anvils and Vaiious small tiivarms. At sunrise a salute of thirteen guns 
was giv(Mi, and at ten o'clock a respectable procession foi'uied on Lake street 
headed by the bands and joined in by schools and citizens generally, whidi, 
after passing through the principal streets, assembled at tlie liand Park at 
about eleven o'clock. As soon as tlie audience was seated, the tine new flag 
of tlie band was I'aised upon the liberty [»ole, and as its stars and stripes were 
unfurled to the morning breeze, tlie glee club sang the " Star-S|iangled Banner," 
the audience joining in the cho?-us. \\ hile the cainioii lifted up its voice also in 



168 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

patriotic greeting. After a iew appropriate iiitrodiietory remarks b_y H. N. 
Chapin, ])resident of the day, tlie reader of the Deelaratiou of Independence, 
S. Ct. Taylor, Esip, was introduced. The glee club then sang a national anthem, 
entitled "Finnly Stand," after which W. ('. 8te\ens, Esq., of East Tawas, was 
inti'oduced as the orator of the day. The address was warmly welcomed by 
all, and was followed by several national airs by the brass and martial bands. 

The afternoon's entei'tainment o[>ened with a nati(Hial salute of thirty-eiglit 
guns, followed by a street parade by a company oi "Mounted Sanchos," who 
took general ])ossession of the town and of the groiuids, to the delight and 
amusement of the ci-owd of spectators. They wei'e dressed in the most novel 
and ridiculous costiimes, and performed some of the most marvelous feats on 
record. Music enlivened the occasion, and those disposed to. dance found a 
spacious bower in readiness for them. A sei-ies of races and games attracted 
considerable attention and produced much amusenaent for spectators. 

Early in the evening a large com}iany asseud>led in front of the court house 
to witness the dis])lay of fireworks from the bay. The tire^vorks for the most 
part were good, and it was near midnight l)efore the large audience had 
entirely dispersed. A large party assemliled at the TaAvas City house, and 
spent the remaindei- of the night in dancing. 

TRAVERSE CITY. 

The day was ushered in at the hour of midnight by the ringing of bells 
and firing of cannon. At an early hour in the morning the crowd began to 
gather, and l)y nine o'clock the streets were thronged with peo]>le. A few 
minutes before ten the Williamsburgh delegation arrived, several hundi-ed strong, 
headed by the Williamsburgh band. As they came down State street, a long 
line of carriages, flags flying and liand ])laying, the effect Avas tine, and added 
much to the enthusiasm of the hour. At this time the throng \vas so great 
around the Campbell House and on Park Place and Front street, that it was 
almost impossible to move; but the marshals managed the crowd of carriages 
and horsemen, and men, Avomen and children, so well that order was soon 
brought out of confusion, and at five minutes past ten o'clock the procession 
moved off in the following order: Ofticers of the day, in carriages; Traverse 
City cornet liand ; cavalry ; family of states ; company representing the conti- 
nental army; "Plug Uglies;" citizens. The procession was nearly a mile in 
length. Among its noticeable features, pei'haps the family of states was the 
most attractive. A ])yramida] platform wagon carried representatives of all the 



COMMEMOHATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 169 



states in tlie UiUDn. Miss Klla ^^':l(ls\\(>l■|ll, as Columbia, occupied an elevated 
position uiuler the Stars and Stni)es, where slie presided witli dignity over lier 
family of states, cousistinu- of youuii' ladies and misses, who, dressed in white, 
and each bearing- a Hag caiTying tlie name of a state, presented one of the 
most jileasing attractions of the da}-. 

The exercises at the stand wei'e o])eiied with music 1)\ the band, followed 
by the president of the day, Hon. I'erry Ilannali, in a few a])propriate remarks. 
"America" was then sung by all. Kev. O. II. Spool-, chaplain of the day, 
offered prayer. The glee (-lub sang NN'li it tiers Centennial hymn, which was 
followed by the leading of tlie Declaration by L. H. Gage, Esq. The glee club 
then geixe the "Star-Spangled Banner," all joining in the chorus. Judge Hatch, 
histf)i-ian of the day, was then introduced, and gave a verv interesting sketcli 
of the history of (irand Traxerse c-ounty. His address was followed by music 
from the band. The continental army then drew off to one side and tired their 
sahite of nni>ketiy. This, with fiu-ther music, closed the e.\er(-ises. 

In the afternoon came the field s])()rts, games, running, jumping, etc. A 
match game of liase-ball \vas played between the BiiiLiham and Ti-a\erse City 
boys, in which the latter came out ahead, twenty-six to six. 

In the evening there was a fine disjday of fireworks on the bav. 

Many of the business houses on Front street \\ere finely decorated ; among 
them, those of Hannah, Lay & Co., S. C. Fuller, J. T. Beadle, J. A. Perry, 
Hamilton, Milliken & Co., F. Friederich, E. E. Miller, O. H. Ellis, F. Brusch, 
S. E. Wait, Ramsdell & Gage, W. J. Backer, Mrs. R. A. Campbell, "Eagle" 
and "Herald" buildings, Langworthy & Simpson, and the Ca7n])bell House. 
Hon. S. C. Moffatt's residence was very tastefully decorated with the national 
colors. Many other places of business and private liouses were nicelv ti-immed, 
and floated the Stars and Stripes. 

I'NION CITY. 

The celebration was rather inipi-omptu, and the rainy weather ul' the 
morning came near .spoiling it altogether. Never before were so many people 
assendded in Union City. At eleven o'clock a stand was improvised, in Higli 
street, from which the Declaration of Independence was read, and a short 
address was delivered. This was followed by a procession of " Fantastics and 
Horribles," which Avas an innnense success. Afterward there was a tub race, 
which caused much sport. There were also horse races at the driving ])ark, 
and vari<>u> atldi-tii- siKU-ts, the festivities closing- with tirewi>i-ks in the evcnin-'-. 



170 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



VASSAR. 

There was a salute at miJniglit, and another at sunrise. At nine o'eh)ck, a 
fine new flas:^, made for the occasion, was hoisted on tlie liberty pole on Main 
street. Notwithstanding the inclemency of the weathei-, people from a distance 
began pouring in at an early hour, and before noon it \vas estimated that full 
three thousand were on the grounds. The tide continued to swell during the 
afternoon, and it is believed that not less than live thousand persons witnessed 
the rope-Avalking over the river. It was certainly the largest assemblage ever 
in Vassar. The Marshal, Colonel J. H. Richardson, of Tuscola, with sevei'al of 
his aids, was on the ground in due time, and organized the procession, which 
marched to the stand erected on Main street foi' the speaking. The procession 
was headed by a Avagon beaiing a large boat, elaborately decorated, witli a 
flag streaming from the mast-head, and carrying thirty-eight young misses, gaily 
attired, each having a little flag, on which was printed the name of the state 
represented. 

Alexander Ti'otter was j^resident of the day. The exercises at the stand 
Avere opened with prayer by Rev. J. H. Reid. The Declaration of Indepen- 
dence was read l)y Prof. L. A. Park. The oration \vas delivered by Captain 
J. H. Palmei', of Lapeer. At the close of the oration, the young lady repre- 
sentatives of the states, who, in their gorgeous boat, were drawn up in front 
of the stand, sang the " Red, White and Blue." At the close, three cheers 
Avere given for our Centennial year, for the young ladies, and the marshal. 

The entertainment of the afternoon opened with music and the procession 
of the " Hori-ibles." An unearthly looking group led off \vith a Avagon carrying 
the " Gras Creek band," Avhich was provided with instruments of all kinds, and 
some of no kind. This Avas folloAved by anothei' wagon Avith the " INIormon 
Quire," and some tvvt) hundred "Horribles," mounted on horses, with masked 
faces, dressed in the most grotesque and fantastic style, and plajing all sorts 
of antics. iVfter a telling speech by the orator of the day, and an original 
poem 1)}' I. J. S])encer, the "Quire" appeared on the grand stand and enter- 
tained the audience with pantomimic performances. After this ceremony, there 
was rt)pe-walking across the river by two young women. Then came tub races, 
Daniel Meehan, winner ; foot races, James Bradeu, Wesley Ridgeman, Walter 
Braden, winners ; swimming matches, and other athletic sports. 

In the evening there Avas a display of flreworks, though the damp state of 
the atmosphere interfered someAvhat mth their effect. The selection was g(jod 
and A'aried, and the Avhole j)roA'ed satisfactory. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 171 



n'.— CENTENNIAL TREE l>LANTING. 

DURING the first century of the Ivepul)lir the pioneers devoted themselves 
largely to the destruction of the foi-ests. This was tlie fiT'st work in hand, 
for the ol)stni('tions must be removed and the face of nature subdued before 
the soil would yield subsistence foi' man. But it has been found that the 
wholesale destruction of forests was injudicious. The climate and liygiene of 
the country have been changed thereby. If it were necessary to make any 
excuse fi>r our ancestors for the indiscriminate i-emoval of trees, bearing upon 
their stumps millions of feet of what would now l)e very choice and valuable 
lumber, it may I)e said that self-presei'vation is the first law of nature. They 
were cliietiy concerned about their daily bread. In the rude and distant 
pioneer settlements, far away fi'om availaltle markets, many acres of cleared 
ground were ivquii-ed to pi'ochice enough to sustain a famil\- and provide the 
necessaries of life. Nor could the jiioneer, as he sallied forth from his little 
cabin, a.\e in hand, be expected to have the eye of a landscape gardener, nor 
the taste of a cultured schoolman. He was not pondering on picturesque effect, 
as he laid low the monsters of the forest; he was thinking of food and clothing 
for his wife and little ones. He went straight at his woi'k, felling ti-ees great 
and small, heiv and thei'e iiidiscriminately, as best suited liis purpose. With 
fire and axe the forests ^vere soon cleared away and the face of the country 
opened up to cultivation and civilization. But it is found that forests are 
beneficent agents in tlie economy of nature, and we are now planning to restore 
in some degree what our ancestors so rutldessly destroyed. 

Societies have been organized in various paits of the countiy, and tliere is 
a National P'orestry Association, whose puriK)se it is to discuss from a scientific 
standpoint and in the light of experience the effects of forests upon the rain- 
fall, retention of snows, protection of fields and orchards from gales and 
tornadoes, absoi-ption of [)oisonous exhalations from the soil, and the preserva- 
tion of the public health. These societies have already deteiniined many of 
the questions in favor of an inci'ease of forest trees, and are assiduously working 
up a public sentiment in tliat diicction. It is unnecessary here to discuss 
these questions, or to dwell ujioii the artistic effect of trees in a landscajie. 



172 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

(Suffice it to say that public opinion already strongly favors tlie protection and 
preservation of the trees now left standing, and also a considerable addition to 
the number by judicious planting of approved varieties along streets and high- 
ways and in public gi'ounds. This sentiment is growing stronger every day, 
and it is fostered 1)}' intelligent and public-spii-ited citizens. Therefore it 
seemed fittiiig that, in this Centennial year, when the iires of patriotism burn 
brightly, one form of love of country sh(_)uld find expression in ti'ee planting. 
For, be it remembered, we plant trees not for ourselves, but for posterity. The 
sapling which we })lant to-day may be scarcely more than a sapling in (.)ur 
lifetime, but our children's childi'en and their offspring a century hence shall 
rejoice in its grateful shade and beneath its outspreading branches, long after 
our bones are mingled with their native dust. This is the height of patriotism 
and philanthropy, to sei've uot only our own generation, but to plant for those 
who shall come after us. The following poem, written by John W. Chadwick, 
of New York, and published several years ago in the newspaper called "The 
Golden Age," seems (piite appropriate in this connection : 

LIFE AFTKU PEA'lII. 

Soft was the air of Spring, aud, at his feet, 

The turf, full swift, was turning green aud sweet, 

As from the city Rabbi Nathan passed, 

Musing on Him who is tlie first and last. 

The tuneful birds he heard in woodlands dim, 
Wooing each other with that vernal hymn, 
Which flowing first from the Great Heart above 
Keeps fresh the world with its perpetual love. 

Anon he came to where with eager toil 
An aged man, fretting the fragrant soil 
With his sharp spade, did make a place to set 
A Cobar tree — the greatest wonder yet ! 

For seventy years the Cobar tree must grow, 
Full seventy yeans leaves bear and shadows throw, 
Ere to fair fruit its fair sweet blossoms turn, 
For all the day-god's ever-flowing urn. 

"What madness this!" doth Rabbi Nathan cry; 
"Thou workest here as one not born to die; 

As if tliyself did'st hope that of this tree 

Fruit yet should come to be a joy to thee." 

Then turned the aged man and gently said, 
"This tree shall grow long after I am dead; 
liut tlidugh its fruit my liaiids mav never gain, 
Mv plantiuii', Rabbi, will not be in vain. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 173 



" Have I not L'ateii of the Cobar tree ? 
My father's father planted it for me. 
So plant I this, tliat in the coming ilay.s, 
My ehiklren's children may my labor praise." 

' Tliou fool I" the Kabbi said, "to work for those 
Who may or not be, Heaven only knows. 
All earthly things full soon must pass away; 
'Tis only work for Heaven that will pay." 

He wandered on, and as tlie sun, now low, 

Rushed to its setting, and a sudden glow 

Filled all the west, he laid him down to sleep, 

Nor guessed how long the charm its power would keep. 

For many a moon did wax and wane, 

And many a year did bring its joy and pain, 

Ere he awoke, and not far oft" beheld 

What seemed the tree that he had known of old. 

But now it was full grown, and at its root 
A man full grown was eating of its fruit, 
Wlu) .said, when asked how came it thus to be, 
' My iather's father jilanled it for me." 

Then Rabbi Nathan knew that seventy years, 
With all their precious freight of smiles and tears. 
Had fled since he had lain him down to sleep, 
And felt the slumber o'er his eyelids creep. 

He wandered baek into the city street, 
But saw no friend with voice of love to greet; 
Yet in the schools where he of old did teach, 
The sages still did quote his silver speech. 

And there he .saw, that not in Heaven alone, 
But here on earth, we live when we are gone. 
Too late he learned the lesson of to-day: 
The World goes (in when we arc gone awa3^ 

The world goes on; and hapj)iest is he 
AVho in such wise wins immortality, 
That should he sleep forever in the grave, 
His work goes on and helps the world to save. 



We are fond of sayiug of the Kevolutioiiary Fathers, that tliey were unselfish ; 
that the spirit witli -wliicli they re.xisted the encroachments of the British 
king and parliament uas a pure and noMe one; that they were forgetfiil of 
themselves, and pledged their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor for 
the establishment of a republic h>r their posteiity. Tt was, therefore, a fitting 
2.3 



174 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

tribute to tlieir iinselfisli patriotism to plant Ceutennial Trees in tlie same spirit, 
and it was moreover an apjiropriate way in wliicli to recall the hallowed 
devotion of the early martyrs to lil)erty on this continent, and to mark with 
an enduring memorial the cycle of the first century. 

The observance was original, and was peculiar to Michigan. No other state 
has yet adopted this mode of piiblic celebration, though some, pai'ticularly the 
central-western ones, actively concern themselves in the jn-opagation of forest 
trees. The observance in Michigan was in response to the following address 
by the governor : 

STATE OF ^^UHIGAN: ) 

Executive Office, Lansinci, February 23, 187(3. ) 
To the Peoplu of the State of Michigan: 

Without the sanction of legislative authority, or establi.<lied precedent, as a guide, I cannot 
resist the temptation that the Centennial year we have just entered upon brings to me, of asking 
your attention to a few suggestions and thoughts as to the use we shall make of it. Though as 
a political organization we cannot lay claim to even a semi-centennial age, yet as one of the 
younger brethren of the great household of states, we hold in grateful love our place in the 
family. We have within our borders no Mecca like Plymouth Rock or Bunker Hill, to which 
patriotic pilgrims turn their willing footsteps, yet a large proportion of our people are the 
descendants of the fathers of the Republic — the men who in council framed our form of govern- 
ment, and on a score of battle-fields fought and died to establish it. 

The lapse of time, the demands of business, the new life we arc living, all tend tu a 
forgetfulness of the old time, and of the history our fathers made, with pen and sword. Is it not 
well, therefore, in this anniversary year, to pledge anew our affections to the " laud we live in " — 
to rebuild the fire of patriotism on our own hearthstones, and renew the love of libert}^ and 
country in our own hearts, that in the times of the Revolution warmsd the hearts of our ancestors? 

Have we not forgotten, in the hurry and strife of our money-getting, in the rapidity with 
which events have crowded upon one another in these latter days, the blessings that have come 
to us from the past, and the debt we owe it ? Have we not taken the good that has come to us 
as rewards of our own merit, rather than the hard earnings of the early builders? Are we not 
growing thoughtless of our country, its institutions and government, and careless of its joerpetuity ? 
Political quacks imagine new diseases affecting the body politic, and invent panaceas for their 
cure, without a protest from the people. One urges that property should govern ; another, educa- 
tion ; another, birth-place. One desponds for fear the government is not strong enough, while 
another shudders at the centralization of power; and here and there, perchance, is a misanthrope 
who has lost all faith in a government of the people. 

Shall we not, on this hundredth birthday of the nation, turn away from these teachers of 
false doctrine, resolving to hold fast, not only to the form, but to the spirit, of the government 
as it was established in its simplicity and strength? 80 resolving and so doing, we need not fear 
for the future. 

We of Michigan need to do our duty in this (lircrtion, and wc cannot commence too soon. 
The history of the United States is not taught in five thousand of the six thousand schools of the 
State. It occurs to me that this is not the way "to insure good citizenship in the future. If our 
children are thus educated — or rather, uneducated — we shall by-and-bj' become a nation of doubters 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 175 



and croakei's. I hope the jiarouts ami childion, the school officois and school teachers, of this 
State, will see to it that this be changed at oiici'. It' from the inspiration of the time this single 
reform shall be secured, the Centennial will indci-d prove a blessing. 

On Saturday, the fifteenth of April next, I urge upon every citizen of this State who owns a 
piece of God's ground, whetlier it be large or small, whether in city or country, town or village, 
to plant a tree, which our children and our children's children may know and remember as the 
tree planted by patriotic hands in the first Centennial year of the Republic. In a country of 
land-owners, where the poorest man may, if he will, own the ground he stands on, this seems a 
most appropriate memorial act, and I earnestly hope our people will heartily unite in adopting 
this suggestion. 

I am well aware that these are perhaps only symbols — external show — but will they not 
bespeak an inward glow* of patriotic impulse, and may they not set in motion in the plastic minds 
of our youth, and, perchance, of older folk, a current of patriotism and love of country that shall 
know no ebb? 

Let us now resolve to cherish the legacies of free school, free church, fre(^ press, and free 
town-meeting, left us by the fathers. Let us preserve simplicity and economy of government as 
cardinal points in our political creed, and thus make sure " that under God, government of the 
people, by the people, and for the people, shall not ])erish from the earth." 

.JOHN .T. B.VGLEY. 

Tn response to this suggestion by tlie Governor, tlie people of the State very 
generally observed the fifteenth of April by planting memorial trees. They did 
this both as individuals and as eoninumities. In the rural districts, farmers 
ornamented tlie grounds about their dwellings, or set young trees along the 
highways in front of their premises. In the cities and villages the people 
generally united to set out trees in their parks or open s(|iiares, about their 
school-houses or otlii'r i)ublic binldings, or in their cemeteries. In some places 
this was done witli impressive cremouies, with processions, and music, and 
speeches. The weather was very inaiispiciotis, the rain falling ([iiite steadily 
throughout the whole after part of the day. This fact materially interfered 
\\nth the programme in many localities, though in others the ceremonies arranged 
for were duly observed, in sjtite of the rain. 

TREE PLANTING IN DETROIT. 

In Detroit, the metro})olis of the State, whose streets and parks are already 
abundantly supplied with trees, the day was chiefly and very appropriately 
observed by the children t)f the ]>ublic schools. On account of the storm, the 
exercises wliirh had Keen ariange<l in connection \\itli tlie ])lanting of the trees 
were generalh' conducted within doors. They were luuler the auspices of the 
board of education of tlie city, who by formal resolution had designated the 
day. Till' event (•reate<l consideraMe jiublic interest, and attractt'd hundreds of 
visitors to the schools. 



176 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



At the Washington School two trees were }>lante(l, one bearing a pennant 
with the inscription: "Our Fii'st President," and the other a like device with 
the inscription, " Our Centennial President." The school building was profusely 
decorated without and \vitliin, and Hags, streaiiiei-s and Ijunting were everywhere 
conspicuous. After the trees had been ])roperly 2)lanted, the exercises in con- 
nection therewith were opened by the singing of " America " by the whole 
school. A brief addi-ess was then made by the Rev. N. C. Mallory, of the First 
Baptist Church. After another patriotic song, Miss Marian Johnstone, of the 
senior class, read the following original essay : 

lu commemoiiitiou of tlii.s year, the Centenuial aiiiiivcrsaiy of 1771), and of the uatioual events 
which occurred one hundred years ago, we, the children of the Washington school, of the city of 
Detroit, with our teachers, have met to-day to plant iu the school yard two trees, which are to 
be known as our Centennial trees. We hope to see them grow and increase, and become orna- 
ments of the school yard, while they will be testimonials to bear witness of the pride and affection 
with which we read of the brave actions of the men and women who set us such noble examples 
of patriotism and duty to their country one hundred years ago. One hundred years is a long 
period in the lives of nations and of men, but the lives of these trees may bring them down 
through centuries until they serve as living memorials of ourselves at Centennials yet to come. 
They may remind the future pupils of this school that here we learned to love our country and 
its institutions that secure equality and freedom to all its citizens ; that here we gained from our 
t«achers the knowledge and learning that is to make us as patriotic as the noblest of men or 
women were. We must regard the planting of these trees as paculiarly our duty, as our school 
is named in honor of that "heroic citizen deputed by his fellow citizens to be the great leader, 
whose sublime wisdom, patience and courage was most instrumental in securing the foundation of 
this republic." These trees will remain as a tribute, one to the memory of Washington, the man 
of men, who has been "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen" for 
one hundred years, and who was our first President ; and the other will be planted in honor of 
our Centennial President, General Grant, also a great man, who will long be remembered by the 
people of the United States. These trees as they grow and spread their leafy branches from year to 
year, will be living testimonials of the little people who have set them out. We shall regard them 
always iis our trees. As some nations have their sacred groves, some their lofty pyramids, and 
some their mighty monuments, to tell of their existence, their struggles and their triumphs to 
those who follow them, so we plant these trees not alone in the memory of the past, but in the 
hope that they may serve as testimony of our patriotism ;uicl of our gratitude to the founders of 
the Republic by the pupils of the Washington school for tlu; hundred years that are to come, 
comprised in the second century of the nation. 

Miss Johnstone's essay was followed Ijy remarks by School Inspector W. 
M. Lillibridge, of the First ward, and by tlie recitation of Drake's "American 
Flag" by Superintendent J. M. B. Sill. The exercises closed by the singing 
of "The Flag of the Free" by the whole school. 

At the Barstdw School tlie children were dressed in tlieir holiday attire, 
and each one \\<>vr a red, white and blue rosette on the left breast. The 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 177 



exercises were opened with pr;iyci' hy tlie Ke\-. Z. Eddy, of tlie Fiist Congre- 
gational Cliurc'li, who also maih^ a few a]i])roi)riate remarks to tlie cliihlreu 
theivafter. The school tlicn joined in singinii' the "Star-S])aniiled Banner," after 
wliicli the hoys planted a tree which they named William L). Wilkins, in lionor 
of the senior school inspector of the ward in \\hich the school is located, aud 
the irirls planted a tree which they named Miss Caroline Ci'ossman, in honor 
of the prinei[>al of the st-hool. The exercises closed with the singing of 
"America " by all the children. 

At the Cass School five trees were planted l)y a dejjutatioa of fifteen bovs, 
the scliool meantime joining in singing pati-iotic songs. After the planting had 
been completed all assembled within the building and listened to addresses, 
interspersed with singing by the* children. Tlie speakers were Ervin Palmer, 
Esq.; Rev. L. P. Mercer, of the Swedenborgian Chnivh ; Rev. Alfred Owen, of 
the Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church ; Rev. George D. Baker, of the First 
Pi'esbyterian Chm-ch. These addresses were of a patriotic and appropriate 
character, calculated to inspii-e the children with a high sense of their duty to 
tlieir country, to themselves and to the age in which they live. At their con- 
clusion the entire school assembled in front of the building and sang the "Star- 
Spangled Banner," after which the assemblage dispersed. 

The pupils of the High School assembled in the west Grand Circus park, 
where they planted a beautiful maple tree, after which an address was delivered 
by Prof. I. ^r. Wellington, the jirincipal of the school. Short speeches, prepared 
for the occasion, were made on behalf of the pupils by M. Starring and Hugh 
Liggett. The exercises were appropriately interspersed with the singing of 
patriotic songs by the scliool. 

At the Tappan School four trees were planted, named respectively in honor 
of Dr. Tappan, formerly president of the State University, for whom the 
school was named; Diiane Doty, formerly superintendent of the city schools; 
Miss L. Adams, principal, and Miss S. Bartemely, a favorite teacher. A costly 
and beautiful flag, puichased by the contiibutions of the pupils, was raised 
from the roof of the building. There was a pi'ocession, music, and a])propriate 
addresses by the Hon. George W. Balcli, pi-esident of the l)oard of education, 
and others. 

At the Franklin School a beautiful evergreen tree was [)lanted. The pupils 
joined in singing patriotic songs, and an address was made by Rev. W. W. 
Wa.shbnrn, of the Simpson Methodist Church. 

At the Jefferson School several trees were planted, and the exercises con- 
nected therewith consisted in sin<i-ing ])v the entire school, recitations of selected 



178 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

pieces by several pupils, and shoi-t and a})iir()]iriate addresses by Prof. Ira 
Mayhew, Dr. C. (.'. Yemans, and others. 

At the Ir\-ing School all asseudjled in the grounds to witness the tree 
planting. All the girls were di-essed in white, and each pupil carried a small 
flag. Thei'e were singing and declamations and brief addresses. Similar exer- 
cises took place at the Everett School, where addresses were made by Judge 
C. J. Reilly, Colonel Sylvester Larned, and others ; at the Pitcher School, where 
tlie Hon. G. W. Hough, president of the common council, spoke to the children, 
and at the Wilkins, Clay, and other schools. 

The observance of the da}' in Detroit, aside from that so beautifully and 
appropriately made by the children of the public schools, ^vas mainly confined 
to two or three churches. The congregation of Grace Episcopal Church, about 
whose new church, on the corner of Fort and Second streets, ti'ees were needed, 
held some special services. A very large audience was in attendance. After 
the iisual religious exercises, the rector, the Rev. Dr. Stocking, delivered a 
short discoiirse, reviewing the connection of trees with the offices of religion 
from the days of Abraham to the present. He jilluded to the customs of the 
pagans, who planted trees in groves and erected altars thereunder. He referred 
to the custom of the Anglican church, dating back to the fifth century, of 
going forth Avith the clergy and principal men of the parish to plant trees 
designating the boundaries of the parishes, and by the ceremonies of the occa- 
sion identifying the trees with religious offices. After the services in the 
church the audience passed out into the street, where eleven trees were planted, 
named respectively after the bishops, present and former i-ectors, the wardens 
and vestrymen, etc. The trees were fine thrifty maples. 

A considerable numlier of the congregation of the Simpson Methodist Church 
assembled and listened to a short address by their pastor, the Eev. W. W. 
Washburn. Afterward they set oiit a iuind>er of maple trees about the church 
building, on the corner of Grand River avenue and Sixth street. 

A number of societies and individuals also set out trees, but the above were 
the only exei'cises which might be mentioned as of a })idjlic character in the 
city of Detroit. Some of the societies had orations and poems, and the singing 
of songs, and other exercises, but they were of a somewhat private nature. 

INGHAM COUNTY FARMERS' CLUB. 

The Farmers' club of Ingham county met at Mason, and proceeded to set 
out trees about the buildings in the grounds of the Agricultural Society, under 
the direction of the president, Dr. W. W. Root. The trees were contributed 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCLSES. 179 



by farmei's, and wei'c of tlic follow iii<^' vaiictics: liaid maple, .''.!•: elm, IT); soft, 
iiiaplt', 4 ; vvliitc ash, white oak ami cottouwood, '_* eacli. After the trees had 
l)eeu planted, all prt-sent repaired to tlie court yard, where the Centennial tree 
was planted. 'TJiis was a niaii'nilieent elm, and was jiiaced at the soutliwest 
corner of tlie scpiare, about sixty feet from the fence running eitlier way from 
the cornel'. After the tree had been [)lanted, tlie oration of the occasion was 
delivered by the lloii. < ). M. Barnes. We give some extracts From this oration : 

The Govorniir of Michigan h:is iiivilcil all laiul-owiu'is to phiiit :i tree to-day, iu commemora- 
tiou of American independence. We liave nu-t to lio this. Plant the trees! They will be objects 
of beauty, comfort and use, and be more ami mure ])recious as years roll away. This tree is to 
have a special interest : a Centennial tree. A century ago this nation was founded, and we 
commemorate that event. Then a Tree of Liberty was planted — a peculiar American variety, having 
characteristics unknown before. 

Our form of liberty dittered from the Greek and Roman nnHlels of antiquity, as well as from 
the examples of free governments met with in more recent times. The Greeks limited the blessings 
of liberty to the higher classes. Rome never recognized the doctrine of universal equality of men. 
Our American variety of liberty is based on the equality of all men in point of right, without 
re.spect to class, race or color. In its maturity it was to overshadow, and it does overshadow, all, 
with an equal protection. The same grateful shade falls upon all. To all it gives a hope that' 
they may better their condition by judicious exertion. To all it presents its golden fruits. It i.s 
the choice Tree of the garden. 

Let your mind run over the history of the [last hundred years, and trace the growth of this 
nation. Here my figures will fail me. The reality surpasses the figure. Histor\- furnishes no 
example of a national growth so great as that of our own. In territorial extension, in population, 
in production, in education, in civilization generally, no nation, no people in the world, has ever 
made such progress. Lst me mention two or three things. 

The orator here reeoiinted at some length the achievements of the people 
of the United States, during the century, in the industrial and mechanical arts, 
in the development of the country, and in the progress of civilization and 
refinement among the masses of the ]>eople. lie contrasted the condition of 
the common laborer of this country witli that of the laborer here a hundred 
years ago, or in Europe to-day, and noted the progress made in ]tolitical science. 
He concluded as follows : 

Notwithstanding all a<lverse circumstances, it is well for us to note (this hasty review shows 
it ) that the useful art-« have matle the chief epochs in history, and are the main basis of civiliza- 
tion. One coiLsequence of all this progress is, that the difference between rich and poor is greatly 
les.seaed. The relative power of the rich has been lessened, and that of the poor increased. The 
two are likewise rapidly, as I may say, changing places. The poor man of to-day, by industry, 
ability and self-denial, by means of the augmentation of individual power, to which I have referred, 
becomes the man of wealth to-morrow. Equality of right makes the poor man's dollar a.s inviolable 
iis the rich man's million. Indeed, all the peojile are capitalists to the extent of what each has. 
The divisions of the peopli- into rapilalisis ami lalmrers, as it exists in nidst old nations, does nut 



180 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

exist here. Most laborers are likewise owners of property themselves. Every owner of land, every 
owner of merchandise, or of money, without reference to the amount, is a capitalist. The difference 
in their po.ssessions is that of quantity merely. The people are in possession of power, not political 
power merely, but power generally. Along with the possession of power, they are also learning 
how to use it properly. Popular follies, great public errors, are far less common now than 
formerly. Although the majority are often wrong, and sometimes even unjust and cruel, the general 
result, as we have seen, has been most favorable. 

The crowning glories of this age, it seems to me, the very diamonds that glitter most in the 
diadem of our goddess of liberty, are the mechanical and industrial improvements that have added 
so much to the power and happiness of individual men. Compared to these, all other glories, 
great as they may be, pale and sink away. There are, however, glories that will not fade away. 
The Greek goddess of liberty had a helmet upon her head, and weapons of war in her hands, 
soldiers in her train, and military glory about her. Our American goddess is clothed in far 
brighter robes. Her form is far more beautiful. Her course, of choice, is not in battle-fields 
(though she knows the way to victories), hut amid happy homes. Her companions are the arts 
and the industries, and wherever she goes, comfort and plenty scatter their bounties and gladden 
the heart of man. 

This tree which we have planted we may reasonably expect will live to see another Centennial 
anniversary. That it will see a progress as great as the century that now closes exhibits, we dare 
scarcely hope. That it will have witnessed a great progress, we may reasonably expect. Our 
nation may then embrace the entire American continent in its system of United .States. Our 
population will be, no doubt, many times what it now is. Arts and sciences, industries and 
general civilizations, will have greatly advanced. This we hope for, but its realization must 
depend on how well we and our descendants do our duty. All may be lost by vice, ignorance 
and inefficiency. All may be preserved and advanced by care, wisdom and virtue. Let us hope 
that when our descendants gather here, a hundred years hence, beneath the spreading branches of 
this elm, to commemorate the second Centennial of American nationality, they may find American 
liberty unimpaired, its spirit as noble and elevated, and its administration as beneficial, as we have 
enjoyed in our day. 

FENTONVILLE. 

At Feutoii, the graduating class of the High School trausplanted an elm 
tree in the school grounds. The pupils of the public schools and a large con- 
course of citizens assembled to witness the ceremonies, which were in accordance 
with the following programme: 1, Music by the Knights Templar band; 
2, Prayer by Rev. D. H. Taylor ; 3, Singing of " Ode to America " by graduating 
class ; 4, Music by the band ; 5, Essay by Miss Mate Owens ; 6, Music by the 
class of 1876; 1, Remarks by Prof. McGrath, Rev. Mr. Burns, of Flint, Rev. 
Thomas Wright, Rev. T. G. Potter, and Rev. D. H. Taylor; 8, Music by 
the band. 

LANSING. 

At Lansing there was no foi'inal ceiemony, but citizens genei'ally ol)served 
the day. It is estimated that at least two hundred trees were thus planted, 
embracing a <;reat varietv and including a lai'ge number of black walnut. The 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 181 



pupils of the Higli School planted alioiit the block in which the school building 
is situated six elms, two water beeches, tme sycamore and one maple. At the 
.Vgricultui'al College, the Alumnus Club set out a .sycamore; the senior class set 
out a grou]) of nineteen elms, one for each mend)er of the class; Messrs. Iligbee 
and Ingei'soll set out a tree for the class of 1874, and Mr. Garfield one for the 
<dass of 187(1. Several members of the faculty set trees in front of their 
lesidences. 

FLINT. 

In Flint, the people generally turned out and })lanted hundreds of trees, 
each j)erson making a selection of variety and location to suit his individual 
fancy. There were no formal ceremonies. 

ANN ARBOR. 
At Ann Arltor, the only demonstration made was by the Turn-Verein, which 
had recently purchased a considerable tract of ground adjoining Relief Park 
about half a mile southwest of the city, which it designed to improve and 
ornament as a park for the uses of the society. The members of the society 
each planted a memorial tree on the grounds. They assembled at their hall in 
the city, and, accompanied by a large number of citizens, marched to the 
grounds, where the trees were duly planted, after w^hicli all joined in the 
festivities and meriy-making of a holiday. 

PERRY CENTER. 

At Perry Centei' the planting of the trees was done by the ladies. After- 
ward the laige con(;ourse of people assembled, i'e[)aired to the chui'ch, where 
the proceedings were opened with praj^er. There were then singing and 
addresses, the latter by Messrs. Stowe, Davis, M. L. Stevens, and Mrs. Waldron. 
These aililresses related to the war of the revolution, the trials and hardships 
of the founders of the nation, the progress made by the country in a hundred 
years, and the proV)abilities of the progress during the next century, allusions 
being made to the old elm on Boston Common, and to other historic trees. 

ORION. 

In the town of Orion almost every family planted trees, mostly hard maple. 
In Clark's .school district all the iidiabitauts met at the school house and 
planted altout forty trees in the grounds surrounding it. The members of the 



182 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Grangers' society met at the residence of C. K. Carpenter, and planted trees 
in the grounds about his house. They brought their refreshments with them 
and enjoyed a pleasant social picnic after the planting had been completed. 

ALLEGAN. 

At Allegan not less than eight hundred trees were planted. The public 
square in the village was abundantly provided, the trees being set in accordance 
with a plan prepared by Mr. Ira Chichester. A double row of maples was 
set out in the streets surrounding the park. At the Lake Shore and Michigan 
Southern Railroad depot the railroad employes set out a large number of 
maples and walnuts. The old locust trees which abounded in the village, and 
which had generally come to be considered nuisances, were cut down, and their 
places supplied with vigorous young maples. 

KALAMAZOO. 

At Kalamazoo hundreds of trees were planted l)y individuals, almost every 
resident adding one or moi-e to beautify the grounds about his dwelling. Some 
planted memorial trees in the cemeteries. There was no public demonsti'atiou. 
Mr. George W. Winslow planted a number on a small island, of which he is 
proprietor. 

DEXTER. 

At Dexter many citizens planted trees. There were no general public cere- 
monies, but at the residence of Mr. Murdock a considerable number of people 
assembled, and two handsome elms were planted. The Rev. Mr. Tuifs invoked 
the Divine blessing on them, and a short address was made by Mr. A. Wilsey. 

MOTsROE. 
At Monroe citizens planted trees quite generally. The plan was adopted 
of planting fruit trees in the highways and in public places, so that the tired 
traveler might not only enjoy their grateful shade, but might find refreshment 
in their fruit. Mr. George Bruckner planted fifty pear trees, and gave to every 
farmer who would plant them along the highways fifty fruit trees and fifty 
Concord grape-vines. This feature of shade-tree planting inaugurated at Monroe 
will probably find many followers hereafter in other parts of the State. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 183 



. BUTLER. 

In Butler town.sliip, Branoli eouuty, the peojile turned out en masse and 
pl;iiite<l sixty-eight trees in the sohool liouse grounds and twelve in the grounds 
alxiul tlic town hall. After tlie trees had been phuited appropriate speeches 
wei'e made hy Mr. B. O. Moore and Mr. T. P. Evans. Afterwai'd each man 
returned home and planted a memorial tree in his own grounds. 

HOLLAND. 

At Holland the people assembled, and, with music and tlags, marched in 
procession to Centennial and Lincoln j)arks, where a large number of trees 
were i)lanted, embi-acing a great varietv'. 

PORTLAND. 

At I'oi'thmd, rree planting was almost universally observed. Generally a 
tree was set out and nameil for each member of the family. When set in 
place the trees were decorated with Hags and other ]iatriotic devices. 

VASSAR. 

At Vassal' al>out three hundred trees were ])lanted, though without formal 
ceremonies. Several enthusiastic ladies went to the woods, ol»tained tlieir trees, 
and then planted them with their own hands. 

UAT'rLK ('R]:KK. 

At Battle Creek tlie Michigan Central Railroad Company set out aliout a 
hundred trees u])on the depot giounds, many of them being evergreens. 

OTHER PLACES. 

In almo.st every village and townshij) in the State trees were planted in 
accordance with the suggestion of the (iovenior, though those recorded above 
are all at w lii(di it is known that ceremonies of any sort were observed. At 
Charlotte fifty trees vvere set out in the court yard. Numerous trees were 
planted in Mt. Clemens an<l vieinity ; also at Sturgis, Big Rajiids, liomeo, Holly, 
Ca-ssopolis, Evart, (jraiid Ledge, Lapeei', Hudson, Medina, Niles, Tecumseh and 
numerous other localities from whicii no delinite repoi'ts were received. 



184 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



VARIOUS COMMEMORATIONS. 

Various commemorative acts, not properly coming under either of the fore- 
going heads, and yet not of sufficient extent to make a separate chapter, have 
marked the Centennial yeai' in Michigan. Among these was the greeting which 
the year received at its birth, at midnight on the first day of January. 
Descriptive remarks introducing the subject of the Centennial Fourth in Mich- 
igan, on page 95, are applicable to the advent of the Centennial New Year. 

THE NATIONAL FLAG AT THE STATE C^APnOL. 

At the commencement of the present year. Governor Bagley, deeming it 
proper that the national flag should be displayed from the State capitol during 
the Centennial year, gave verbal directions to the janitor of the State house to 
that eifect. On all days, therefore, on -which the weather was not stormy 
(except Sundays), the national ensign has floated from the flag-staff at the 
capitol in Lansing. 

CENTENNIAL DISPLAY BY THE STATE AGRlCrLTUKAL SOCIETY. 

At a meeting of the executive committee of the Michigan State Agricultui'al 
Society, held in December, 1875, a resolution was adopted that, in connection 
with the next annual fair of the society, arrangements be made for a historical 
and Centennial department. A committee of five members from the executive 
board, consisting of Hon. J. Webster Childs, of Washtenaw county, Hon. J. G. 
Ramsdell, of Grand Traverse, Hon. W. J. Baxter, of Hillsdale, Hon. William 
M. Ferry, of Ottawa, and Hon. William L. Webber, of Saginaw, were appointed 
for carrying out the purposes of the resolution. In an address issued l)y the 
committee, August 10, 1876, they say: 

While the greatest exhibition of this, or perhaps of any age, is iu progress at Philadelphia, 
every citizen of our State who can contribute anything that will add interest to, or who can avail 
himself of the privilege of witnessing that grand display, made by this and other nations, of the 
curiosities of the past, and the industries and wonders of the present, should do so. Still there 
are, no doubt, hundreds of articles and relics that have an interesting history as connected with 
the early days of our country and of our State, aud illustrative of the manners, customs, industries, 
privations and trials of the times long gone by — articles that will be of an ever-increasing value as the 
years pa,?s on — which are scattered around through our State, their real value as relics, in many 
cases, unappreciated by those who possess them, that will not find their way to Philadelphia. 

The committee are desirous that there should be a large exhibition of specimens of natural 
history, such as birds, properly mounted and labeled, and insects, arranged and classified so as to 
show which are injurious and which are beneficial to crops, fruits, etc. ; also, specimens of minerals, 
fossils, aud all natural curiosities. 



COMMEMORATIVE CENTENNIAL EXERCISES. 185 



And we are especially desirous to call out for exhibition in this department all relics that 
can be found of the early Indian and colonial history of our country, the Revolutionary war, the 
early Indian history of this State, the early French settlements in our State, and of the last war. 

In order to insure success, and to make this part of the State fair a most interesting feature 
of the exhibition, we most earnestly ask the co-operation of all societies or individuals in this 
State, who have in their possession any of the above-named classes of specimens or relics, or any 
other articles ancient or curious, or illustrative of the mannei-s, dress, customs, education, domestic 
economy, farm implements, or implements used in the prosecution of any of the industries of early 
times, and invite them to bring or send the same to the fair for exhibition in this department. 

Mr. ChiliLs, as cliairinaii of tlic roiinuittt'e, was active and energetic, as were 
all the members of tiie cdmiiiittee, in efforts to make the Centennial department 
of the State fair a success, autl the entire committee were in attendance at the 
fair. The display, though not as large as was aiitici])ated, yet contained many 
objects of interest. The following statement of the aiticles exhibited is made 
up fi'oin the report of the committee, published with the prtMiiium list of the 
society, in the " Micliigan Farmer," Novem])er 14, 18TH. All were accorded 
special mention, and where premiums or diplomas Avere awarded, they are 
stated. For the largest and best collection of stiift'ed birds, F. L. Keese, of 
Jackson, Mrs. D. Eggleston, of Jackson, and Prof. E. II. Crane, of Colon, 
received premiums respectively of $10, $5, and silver medal. i\Irs. L. Eggleston, 
of Jackson, exhibited specimens of stuffed l)irds, disjilay of insects, fossils and 
curiosities — premium, silver medal. F. N. Wood, of Jackson, antelope's and 
elk's heads, stuffed. The Detroit Scientific Association, a display of insects, 
named and scientifically classified — diploma. D. L. Garrett, of Sandstone, a 
collection of fossils and curiosities. Mrs. D. Merriman, of Jackson, corals, 
Indian ornament.s, and literary ctu'iosities. Dr. J. L. Mitchell, of Jackson, Venus 
flower basket. Miss Jessie Kobinson, of Jackson, collection of natural curiosi- 
ties — premium, silver medal. Prof. E. H. Crane, Colon, collection of mineralogy — 
diploma. Miss Pamelia Smith, Monroe, collection of curiosities, including Indian 
head-dress, arrow heads, peace pipe, scalping knife, rattle used in war dance, 
crown and ear-rings, snow shoes, and silver crown for squaw — premium of $25 
on total collection. Also, General Smith's sword and belt, battle flag captured 
by General Smith ; tools from Herculaneum ; specimens from Mexico, including 
spurs, Mexican armor, idol, Au.stralian riding whip, miner's axe, badge used 
in Mexico, sword of Mexican general, stuffed deer — diploma. Joseph Wick- 
sawba, of Grand Haven, Sioux head-dress. Mrs. Ira Skinner, of Jackson, 
warming-pan xised in colonial times. Mrs. Charles Benedict, Jackson, ancient 
yarn-winder; paper containing Washington's farewell address. Mi's. Dr. Chittock, 
Jackson, plan of the city of New York, survey of 1728. Mrs. Brundage, 



186 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Jackson, ancient coverlet and linen. Mrs. Emma C. Hopkins, Spring Lake, 
sword, belt ;nid l)r('ast]>late worn Ijy CoL^nel Etlian Allen at Ticonderoga. 
B. M. Davis, Jackson, Indian and rebel relics. J. J. Dner, of Jackson, collec- 
tion of ancient coins — silver medal. Also, South Sea curiosities. Martin 
Jolinson, of Grand Haven, collection of ancient coins, Iwioks, and Esquimaux 
dress. M. L. Fowler, Jackson, article illustrating education in ancient times. 
Mrs. M. Johnson, Jackson, ancient dishes. Willis Jolinson, Reading, article 
illustrating early hand-sewing machine. Charles F. Pagelson, Grand Haven, 
Latin book published in 1602. H. B. Fry, Leslie, ancient coat of arms. H. A. 
Wetmore, Concord, collection of curiosities — premium of $5. Peter Mulvaney, 
Marengo, ivlic of Chicago fire. C. Draper, Jackson, Spanish " McCarty " or hair 
rope. Rev. Father Buyce, Jackson, Latin works of Diogenes, two volumes, 
1512; Latin works C'yprianus, 1521; Latin works Theophylactus, 1524; Latin 
works Thomas Waldenses, three vobimes, 1571 ; James Eustachius Bonaventura, 
two volumes, 1572; Dionysins de Quatuor hominis novissimus, one volume, 
1578; Missale Romanum (mass book), 1598; St. Augustine Opuscula (juondam 
selecta, 167;5; Biblia Sacra (Holy Bible), 1692; French works — Proves de 
Messire de Claude, folio, six volumes, 1695; QSuvres choissis de Messire de 
Claude, folio, one volume, 1696; Flemish works — Plinius Secundus, Des Wyd 
Vermaarden Natnrei' Kuudigen, 177(X The Audubon Club, of Detroit, scalp 
dress, Sioux jacket, buffalo robe, hood, beaded buckskin dress, jxiir Comanche 
moccasins, Comanclie haxersack and water l>ottle, Lidian saddle, section of 
Comanche tent, two wai' shields and quivers, seventeen war arrows — diploma. 
The Custer Monument Association, of Monroe, buckskin hunting shirt and trap- 
pings, chiefs caliunet ]iipe and stem, pair embroidered leggings, (juixer and 
arrows, embroidered gun-case, tobacco pouch, battle shield, pair elk antlers, chief's 
head-dress and case, pair prince's leggings and moccasins, chief's ornaments, two 
pairs squaws' leggings and moccasins, and two ])uckskin aprons — discretionary 
premium of sflKlo. 



PART III. 



(ENTEXXIAL ORATIONS AM) SERMONS. 



I .— R K P R E S E N T AT n' E C E N T E N N I A L O R AT IONS. 

MHAT THE AGE OWES TO AMERICAN 

THE event which to-(hxy we commemorate supplies its own refiectioiis aud 
enthusiasms, ami Tarings its own phiudits. Tliey do not at all hang on the 
voice of the speaker, nor do they greatly depend upon the contacts and associa- 
tions of the place. The Declaratitm of Amei'ican Independence was, when it 
occuiTed, a capital transaction in human affairs ; as such it has kept its place 
in history; as such it will maintain itself while human interest in human 
instituti<ms shall endure. 

The scene and the actors, foi' tlieir pi'ofound im[)ression upon the woi-ld, at 
the time and ever since, have owed nothing to dramatic effects, nothing to epical 
exaggerations. To the eye there was nothing wonderful, or vast, or splendid, 
or pathetic, in the movement or the display. Imagination or ai't can give no 
sensible grace or decoration to the persons, the place, or the [)erfoi-mance, which 
made up the business of that day. The worth, and force that belong to the 
agents and the action rest wholly on the wis(h)m, the courage and the faith 
that formed and executed the great design, and the potency and permanence of 
its opei'ation upon the affairs of the world which, as foreseen and legitimate 
ccmsecjueuces, followed. The dignity of the act is the deliberate, circumspect, 
open and serene performance by these men, in the clear light of day, and by 
a concui'rent purpose, of a civic duty, which eml)raced the greatest hazards to 
themselves and to all the people from whom tliey held this deputed discretion, 
but which, to their sober judgments, promised benefits to that peoi)lc and their 



•Hon. William M. Evarts at Pliiladelpliia. .July 4. lS7(i. 



188 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

posterity, from geuei'ation to generation, exceeding these hazards, and commen- 
surate with its own fitness. The question of their conduct is to be measured 
by the actual weight and pressure of the manifold considerations which sur- 
munded the sul)ject befoi-e them, and by the abundant evidence that they 
ct)mprehended their vastness and variety. By a voluntary and responsible 
choice they willed to do what was done, and wliat without their will Mould 
not have been done. Thus estimated, the illustrious act covers all who partici- 
pated in it with its own renown, and makes them forever conspicuous among 
men, as it is forever famous among events. And thus the signers of the 
Declaration of our Independence "wrote their names where all nations sliould 
behold them, and all time should not efface them." It was, " in the course of 
human events," intrusted to them to determine whether the fullness of time 
had come when a nation should be born in a day. They declared the inde- 
pendence of a new nation in the sense in which men declare emancipation or 
declare war — the Declaration created what was declared. 

Famous, always, among men are the founders of states, and fortunate above 
all others in such fame are these, our fathers, whose combined wisdom and 
coui'age began the great structure of our national existence, and laid sure the 
foundations of liberty and Justice on which it rests. Fortunate, first, in the 
clearness of their title, and in the world's acceptance of their rightful claim. 
Fortunate, next, in the enduring magnitude of the state they founded, and the 
beneficence of its protection of the vast interests of human life and happiness 
which have here had their home. Fortunate, again, in the admiring imitation 
of their work which the institutions of the most powerful and most advanced 
nations more and more exhibit'; and, last of all, foi'tunate in the full demon- 
stration of our later time, that their Mork is adequate to withstand the most 
disastrous storms of liunian fortunes, and survive unwrecked, unshaken and 
unharmed. 

This day has now been celebrated by a great people, at each recurrence of 
its anniversary for a hundred years, with ever}- form of ostentatious joy, with 
every demonstration of respect and gratitude iov the ancestral vii-tue which 
gave it its glory, and with the firmest faith that growing time should neither 
obscure its lusti-e nor reduce the ardor or discredit the sincerity of its ol)serv- 
ance. A reverent s[)irit has explored the lives of the men who took part in 
the great transaction ; has unfolded their characters and exhibited to an admii-- 
ing posterity the purity of their motives ; the sagacity, the bi-avery, the fortitude, 
the perseverance which marked their conduct, and which secured the prosperity 
and permanence of their work. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 189 



(iWANDKIi: OK TlIK WolIK <>V 1770. 

riiiloMiphv lias diviiifd the secrets of :ill this jiower. ami ('lu(|iieiic-c eiiihia- 
zoned tlie inagiiificence of all its results. 'I'lie lieioic war w liicli roiiL:lit out the 
ae([uiesceiiee of the Old W'oi-ld in the iiidepeiideiiee of the ^"ew ; the manifold 
and masterly forms of noble character, and of patient and serene wisdom, Avliich 
the great intluences of the times begat: the large and s])leiHlid scale on which 
these elevated purposes were wrouglit out, and the majestic proportions to 
which they have been filled up: tlie unended line of eventful progi-ess, casting 
ever backward a Hood of light upon the sources of the original eneri;\-, and ever 
forward a promise and a projihecy of unexhausted power — all these have been 
made familiar to our peoj^le by the genius and the devotion of historians and 
oratoi-s. The greatest statesmen of the Ohl \\'()rl<l, for this same period of one 
hundi'ed years, have traced the initial steps in these events, looked into the 
nature of the institutions thus founded, weighed by the Old World wisdom, 
and nieasured by recorded experience, the pi'obable fortunes of this new adven- 
ture on an unknown sea. This circumspect and searching sui'vev of our wide 
field of political and social ex])eriment, no doubt, has bi-ought them a diversity 
of judgment as to the jiast. and of expectation as to the future. But of the 
magnitude, and the no\elty, and the power, of the forces set at work by the 
event we commemorate, no competent authorities have ever gi'eatly differed. 
The cotemporary jiidginent of Burke is scarcely an over.statemeut of the 
European opinion of the immense imjuirt of American indejiendence. Tie 
declared: "A great revolution has happened — a revolution made, not by 
choi>ping and changing of power in any of the existing states, but by the 
aj^peai-ance of a ucav state, of a new species, in a new jtai-t of the globe. It 
has made as great a change in all the relations, and balances, and gravitations 
of power as the ajijiearance of a new jilaiiet would in the system of the solar 
world." 

It is easy to understand tli.at the iiiptuie between the colonies and the 
mother country might have woi-ked a result of political independence that 
would have involved no such mighty conse([uences as are here so strongly 
announced l»y the most philosophic statesman of his age. The resistance of 
the colonies, which came to a head in the revolt, w^as led in the name and for 
the maintenance of the libei'ties of Englishmen, against parliamentary usurpation 
ami a subversi(ni of the Bi'itish constitution. A triumph of those liberties 
miglit have ended in an emancipation fnuM the I'ule of the English parliament, 
and a continued submission to the .scheme aii<l system of the British iiionaichy. 



190 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

with an American parliament adjusted tliereto, upon tlie true ])nnciples of the 
English constitution. Whether this new political establishment should have 
maintained loyalty to tlie British sovei'eign, or should have been organized 
under a crown and throne of its own, the transaction would, then, have had 
no othei' importance than such as belongs to a dismendjerment of existing 
empire, but with preservation of existing institutions. There would have been, 
to be sure, "a new state," but not "of a new sj^ecies," and that it was "in a 
new part of the globe " would have gone far to make the dismend)erment but 
a temporary and circumstantial disturbance in the old order of things. Indeed, 
the solidity and perpetuity of that order might have been greatly confirmed by 
this propagation of the model of the European monarchies on the boitndless 
regions of this continent. It is precisely here that the Declai-ation of Indepen- 
dence has its immense importance. As a civil act, and by the people's decree — 
and not by the achievement of the army, or through military motives — at the 
first stage of the conflict it assigned a new nationality, with its own institutions, 
as the civilly pre-ordained end to he fought for and secured. It did not leave 
it to be an after-fnut of triumphant war, shaped and measured by military 
power, and conferred by the army on the people. This assiu'ed at the outset 
the siipremacy of civil over military authoiity, the subordination of the army 
to the unarmed people. This deliberative choice of the scope and goal of the 
Revolution made sure of two things, which must have been always greatly in 
doubt, if military reasons and events had Iield the mastery over the civil 
power. The first was, that nothing less than the independence of the nation, 
and its separation from the system of Europe, would be attained if our arms 
M^ere prospei'ous ; and the second, that the new nation would always be the 
mistress of its own institutions. This might not have been its fate had a 
triumphant army won the prize of independence, not as a task set for it by 
the people, and done in its service, but by its own might, and held by its own 
title, and so to be shaj^ed and dealt with by its own will. 

OH.IKCTS OF THE HEVOLUTION. 

There is the best reason to think that the Congress which declared our 
independence gave its chief solicitude, not to the hazards of military failure, 
not to the chance of miscarriage in the project of separation from England, 
biit to the grave responsibility of the military success — of which they made no 
doubt — and as to what should replace, as government to the new nation, the 
monarchy of England, which they considered as gone to them foi-ever from the 
date of the Declaration. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 191 



Nor (lid tlii.^ Congress feel any uncertainty, I'itliei- in disiuisititm or expec- 
tation, tliat the natural and neeessaiy result would preclude the formation of 
the new government out of any other materials than such as were to be found 
in society as established <in this side of the Atlantic. These matei-ials they 
foresaw were capable of, and Avould tolerate, only such political establishment 
as would maintain and perjietuate the equality and liberty always enjoyed in 
the several colonial communities. 

But all these limitations upon what was possible still left a large range of 
anxiety as to what was probable, and might become actual. One thing ^vas too 
essential to be left uncertain, and the founders of this nation determined that 
there nevei- should be a moment when the several communities of tlie different 
colonies should lose the character of component parts of one nation. By their 
plantation and growth up to the day of the Declaration of lnde|)endence, they 
were subjects of one sovereignty, bound together in one political connection, 
parts of one country, under one constitution, with one destiny. Accordingly, 
the Declai'ation, by its vei'y terms, made the act of separation a dissolving by 
"one people" of "the political bands that have connected them with another," 
and the proclamation of the right, and of the fact of independent nationality, 
was "that these united cohmies are, and of right ought to l)e, free and inde- 
pendent states." 

It was thus that, at one breath, "independence and union" were declared 
and established. Xhe confirmation of the first by war, and of the second by 
civil wisdom, was but the execution of the single design which it is the glory 
of this gi-eat instrument of our national existence to have framed and announced. 
The recognition of our independence, first by France and then by Great Britain, 
the closer union by the articles of confederation, and the final unity by the 
federal Constitution, were all but muniments of title of that "liberty and union, 
one and inseparable," which were proclaimed at this place and on this day one 
hundred years ago, which have been our possession from that moment liitherto, 
and which we .surely avow shall be our possession forevei'. 

Seven years of revolutionary \v;u\ and twelve years of consummate civil 
prudence, brought us, in turn, to the conclusive peace of 1783, and to the 
perfected Constitution of 1 787. Few chapters oi the world's history, covering 
such brief periods, are crowded with so many illustrious names, or made up of 
events of so deep and permanent interest to mankind. I cannot stay to recall 
to your attention these characters, or these incidents, or to renew the gratitude 
and ap[)lause with which we never cease to c(mtemplate them. It is onlv their 
relation to the declaration of Inde])eiidence itself that 1 need to insist u})on, 



192 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



and to the new state wliicli it biou^lit into existence. In tliis view, these 
progressive processes wei'e but the articulation of the nieuibers of the state, and 
the adjustment of Its circulation to the new centers of its vital ])ower. These 
processes were all implied and included in this political cieation, and were as 
necessary and as certain, if it were not to languish and to die, as in an\ natural 
ci-eatui'e. 

Within the hundi'ed years, whose flight in our national history we mark 
to-day, we have had occasion to corroborate, Ijy war, both the independence 
and the unity of the nation. In our war against Englanil for neutrality, we 
asserted and we established the absolute right to be free of European entan- 
glements, in time of wnv as well as in time of peace, and so completed our 
independence of Europe. And by the war of the Constitution — a war Avithiu 
the nation — the bonds of our unity were tried and tested, as in a fiery furnace, 
and proved to be dependent upon no shifting vicissitudes of acquiescence, no 
partial dissents or discontents, but, so far as is predicable of human fortunes, 
irrevocalde, indestructible, perpetual. Qfst7>i/s Imc /u///is, njiJlo ih-lelillls (vvo. 

OUIi NEW POLniCAL SYSTEM. 

We may be quite sui-e that the high resolve to stake the future of a great 
people upon a system of society and of polity that should disjiense with the 
dogmas, the experience, the traditions, the habits, und the sentiments upon 
Avhich the firm and durable fabric of the British Constitution had been built 
up, was not taken without a solicitmis and competent sui'vey of the history, 
the condition, the temper, and the moral and intellectual traits of the jjcople 
for whom the decisive step was taken. 

It may, indeed, be suggested that the main body of the elements, and a 
large share of the ari'angements, of the new government were exjiected to be 
upon the model of the British system, and that the substantials of civil and 
religious liberty and the institutions for their maintenance and defense were 
already the possession of the people of England and the birthright of the 
colonists. But this consideration dttes not much dispai'age the resjxjnsibility 
assumed in discarding the correlative parts of the British Constitution. I mean 
the established church and throne ; the permanent power of a hereditary 
peerage ; the confinement ()f popiilar repi'esentation to the wealthy and educated 
classes; and the ideas of all participation by the people in theii- own govern- 
ment coming by gracious concession from the royal prerogative and not by 
any inherent right in themselves. Indeed, the counter consideration, so far as 
the question was to be solved by experience, ^vould be a ready one. The 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 193 

fdiiiidatidii, aiHl llic walls, aiid tlit- rout' nf this tiriii ami iioMc cditice, it would 
be said, are all titly framed together in tiie substantial institutions you propose 
to omit from your ])lan and mo<lel. The eonvenienee and safety and freedom, 
the pi'lde and liappiiiess which the iiiiiiatcs of this temple aii<l t'orti'css enjoy, 
iis the rights and liberties of Knglishmen, ai'e only kept in place and [)lay 
because of the firm strueture of these ancient strongholds of religion and law, 
whii-h you now desert and refuse to build anew. 

Our fathers had formed their opinions u[)on wiser and deeper views of man 
and Providence than these, and -they had the coiu'age of their opinions. 

Tracing the progress of maid<ind in the ascending [)ath of civilization, 
eidightenment, and moral and intellectual cultiwe, they found that the iJivine 
ordinance of govermuent, in every stage of the ascent, was adjustable on ])rin- 
ciples of common reason to the actual condition of a people, and always had 
for its objects, in the benevolent counsels of the Divine wisdom, the happiness, 
the expansion, the security, the elevation of society, and the redemption of 
man. They sought in \ain for any title of authority of man over man, e.vcept 
of superior capacity and higher morality. They found tlie origin of castes and 
ranks, and princijialities and powei's, teinpoi'al or spiritual, in this concej^tion. 
Tliey recognizeil the people as the structure, the temple, the fortress, Nvhich the 
great Artificer all the while cared for and built up. As through the lono- 
maivli of time this work advanced, the forms and fashions of government 
seemed to tliein to be l)ut the scaffolding and ap[)aratus by which the devel- 
o])ment of a people's greatness was -shaped and sustained. Satisfied that the 
people whose institutions were now to be ])rojected had reached all that 
measure of strengtli and fitness of pre])aration for self-government which old 
institutions couhl give, they fearlessly seized the happy ojiportunity to clothe 
tlie 2)eople ^vith the majestic attributes of their o\vn sovereignty, and consecrate 
them to the administration of their own priesthood. 

The I'epndiation In' England of the spiritual power of Rome at the Refor- 
mation Avas l^y every estimate a stupendous innovation in the rooted allegiance 
of the people, a profound disturbance of all adjustments of authority. But 
Henry VIII, when lie displaced the dominion of the Pope, proclaimed himself 
the head of the C'hurcli. The overthrow^ of tlie ancient monarchy of France 
by the fierce triumi)h of an enraged people was a catastrophe that shook the 
an-angements of society from center to circumference. But jSfap(tleoii, \\heii lie 
pushed aside the royal line of St. Louis, announced "I am tlie 2)eo])le crowned," 
and set up a plebeian Km]ieror as the impers()nali<in and de[)ositary in him 
and his line forever of the jteople's sovereignty. The founders of our Com- 



194 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

mouAvealtli conceived that the people of these colonies needed no interception 
of the supreme conti'ol of their own affairs, no conciliations of mere names and 
images of power from which the ])ith and vigoi' of authority had departed. 
They, therefore, did not hesitate to throw doAvn the partitions of power and 
right and break up the distributive shares in authority of ranks and oi'ders of 
men which indeed had ruled and advanced the development of society in civil 
and religious libei'ty, but might well be neglected when the protected growth 
was assui'ed, and all tutelary supervision for this reason henceforth coiild only 
be obstructive and incongruous. 

EN(;LISn ANP FKKNCII KEPUBLICS. 

A glance at the fate of the English essay at a commonwealth, Avhich pre- 
ceded, and to the Frencli ex])eriment at a republic, which followed our own 
institution " of a new State of a new species," will show the marvelous wisdom 
of our ancestors, which struck the line between too little and too mucli ; 
which walked by faith indeed for things invisible, but yet by sight for things 
visible ; which dared to a[)propriate everything to the people which had belonged 
to Cfesar, but to assume to mortals nothing that belonged to God. 

No doul)t it was a deliberation of prodigious difficulty, and a decision of 
infinite moment, \vhich should settle the new institutions of England after the 
execution of the King, and determine whether they sliould be poj^ular or 
monarchial. The jiroblem M'as too vast foi- Cromwell and the great men who 
stood about him, and, halting between the only possible opinions, they simply 
robbed the throne of stability, without giving to the people the choice of their 
rulers. Had Cromwell assumed the state and style of king, and assigned the 
constitutional limits of jarerogative, the statesmen of England would have anti- 
cipated the establishment of 1688, and saved the disgraces of the intervening 
recoi'd. If, on the othei' hand, the evei'-recurring consent of the people in 
vesting the chief magistracy had lieen accepted for the constitution of the 
state, the revolution would have been intelligible, and might have proved per- 
manent. But what a " Lord Protector " was nobody knew, and what he might 
grow to be evei'ybody wondered and feared. The aristocracy could endui-e no 
dignity above them less than a king's- The people knew the measure and 
the title of the chartered liberties which had been wrested or yielded from 
the King's prerogative ; l)ut what the division between them and a Lord Pro- 
tector would be no one coidd foi'ecast. A bi-ief fluttering between the firma- 
ment above and the firm earth beneath, with no poise with eitlier, and the 
discordant scheme was I'olled away as a scroll. A hundred years afterward 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 195 

Montesquieu (U'lided "this impotent effort of tlie Euiilisli to establish a 
democracy," and divined the true cause of its failui'c. Tlie sujuvme j^hxce, no 
longer sacred by tlie divinity that doth hedge about a king, initated the ambi- 
tious, to wliicli it was inaccessil)le exce])t by faction and violence. "The 
government was incessantly changed, and the astonished j^eople sought for 
democracy and found it nowhere. After nmcli violence and many shocks and 
blows, tliey were fain to fall back upon the same government they had 
overthrown." 

The English ex])eriment to make a commonwealth without sinking its 
foundations into the tirm l)ed of popular sovereignty, necessarily failed. Its 
e.xample and its lesson, unipiestionably, wei'e of the greatest service in sobering 
the spirit of English reform in government, to tlie solid establishment of con- 
stitutional monarchy, on the expulsion of the Stuarts, and in giving courage 
to the statesmen of the American Revolution to push on to the solid estab- 
lishment of republican government, Avith the consent of the people as its every- 
day Avorking force. 

But if the English experiment stumbled in its logic by not going far enough, 
the French philosophers came to gi'eater disaster by overpassing the lines which 
mark the limits of human authority and human liberty, when they undertook 
to redress the disordered balance between people and rulers, and renovate the 
government of France. To the wrath of the people against kings and priests 
they gave free course, and not only to the overthrow of the establishment of 
the Church and State, but to the destruction of religion and society. They 
deified man, and tliought to raise a tower of man's building, as of old on the 
plain of Shinar, which should overtoj) the battlements of heaven, and frame a 
constitution of human affairs that should displace the providence of God. A 
confusion of tongues put an end to this ambition. And now out of all its evil 
have come the salutary checks and discipline in freedom, which have l)rought 
passionate and fervid France to the scheme and frame of a sober and lirni 
republic like our own, and, we may hope, as durable. 

OUn DEBT TO THE .MEN OK 177(i. 

How much, then, hung upon the decision of the great day wt" celebi'ate, 
and upon the wisdom and tiie will of tlie men who fixed the inuuediate. and 
if so, the present fortunes of this people. If tlie body, the spirit, the texture 
of our political life had not ])cen collectively declared on this day, who can be 
Viold enough to say when and how iiuh'pendence, lilteity, union would have 
been cond^ined, contirmeil, assured to this people i Behold, now, the greatness 



196 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



of our (leltt to this anoestry, and the foinitain, as from a rock smitten in the 
wildei-ness, from whicli the stream of this nation's ii-ro\vtli and power takes its 
source. For it is not alone in the memory of theii- wisdom and virtues that 
the founders of a state transmit and perpetuate their intluences in its Lasting 
fortunes, and shape the character and ])ur|)oses of its future rulers. "In the 
birth of societies," says Montesqiuen, "it is the chiefs of a state that make its 
institutions; and aftei-ward it is these institutions that form tlie chiefs of the 
state." 

And A\hat was this people and wliat their traits and ti'aining that could 
Justify this Congress of their great men in promulgating the profound vieAvs of 
government and human nature which the Declaration embodies and exjtecting 
their acceptance as "self-evident^" How had their lives been disciplined and 
how their spirits pre])ared that the newdaunched sliip, freighted with all their 
fortunes, could be trusted to their guidance with no other chart or com})ass 
than these al)stract truths i What Avarrant was there foi" the coniidence that 
upon these jilain prece])ts of ecpiality of right, connnunity of interest, reciprocity 
of duty, a polity could be framed which might safely discard Egyptian mystery, 
and HebreAV reverence, and Grecian subtlety, and Roman strength — dispense, 
even with English traditions of 

" Primogenity and due of birth, 
Prerogative of age, crowns, seepter;-, laurels." 

To these questions the answer was ready and sufficient. The delegates to 
this inmiortal assembl}', speaking for the whole country and for the respective 
colonies, their constituents, might well say : 

"What we are, such are this jieople. We are not here as volunteers, but 
as theli' representatives. We have been designated l)y no previous official 
station, taken from no one employment or condition of life, chosen from the 
people at large because they cannot assemble in ]ierson, and selected because 
they know our sentiments, and we theirs, on the momentous question Avhicli 
our delil)erations ai'e to decide. They know that tlie result of all hangs on the 
intelligence, the coiirage, the constancy, the spirit of the people themselves. If 
these have risen to a height, and grown to a strength and unanimity that our 
judgment measures as adequate to the struggle for independence and the whole 
sum of their liberties, they will accept that issue and folloAv that lead. They 
have taken up arms to maintain their rights, and will not lay them down till 
those rights are assured. What the nature and sanctions of this security are 
to be thev understand must be determined 1)\- united counsels and conceited 



CENTENMAl. ORATIONS AM) SERMONS. I.'T 

ju'tioii. Tliese they luive (le])iite(l us to settle .-iiid proclaiiii, .iikI this we liave 
(K)iie tn-(];i\. ^^'ll.•lt we h;i\c (h'clai'cd the |i('(i|ih' will a\'i>\\ and (■(Hiliriii. 
lleiici't'drth it i> to this ]if,i|ilc a war I'm- ihf dcrciisc <>{' their iiiiitf(l iudc- 
|)fiidt'iii'e aLi'aiiist its i)\crthi-ii\\ iiy I'lirt-iL:'!! ai-iiis. < >!' that war thci-c can he 
hut line issue. And fur the rest, as to tlie Coiistil utioii of the new State, its 
sjiei'ies is dis(dosed li\ its existenee. Idle eonditioii of the peojile is e(|nal, 
tlie\' liave the hal»its of freemen and possess tlie instil ntions of liherty. When 
tlie i>(ditieal eonneetion with the parent state is dissohcd lliey will he s(df- 
L;'o\-ernini;- and self-iioverned "f necessity. As all i^-o\-erninents in this uoi-ld, 
U'ood and had. liheral or despotic, are of men, hy men, and foi' men, this new 
state, liavini;- no castes or ranks, or deiiives discriminatinii' amoiiii' men in its 
population, iieconies at once a L;'o\'ernnient of the people, hy the jjeople, and 
for the peo|ile. So it must remain, unless foreiun ciUKpiest or domestic usm-pa- 
tion shall cham;f it. Wdiether it shall he ;i just, wise, or ]irosperous government, 
it must he a p<ipnlar goxernmeiit, and coi-ivspond with the wisdom, justice 
and foi'tunes of the people." 

A 11 i;ArrniNs ok ski,f-(;o\'i:i;n,\ikm'. 

And s.i this p<M,ple, of various roots an<l klndre(l of the ( )ld Worhl settled 
and transj'nsed in their cisatlantic home into Iiai'nionious ftdlowship in tlie sen- 
timents, the interests, the haliits. the atfections which de\(dop an<l sustain a 
hive of cdunti'y wci-e ciimmitte(l to the common fortunes w hiidi slmnld attend 
an ahsdlute trust in tlu' primar\ relations hetween man .and his fellows and 
lietween man .and his Maker. This Noi'thern ('onlimuit of America had heeii 
opened and prepareil for the I rans]ilantati<in of the full-u'i'own ni.auhond ol' the 
higliest civilization of the < >ld W^i'ld to a place w hei'e it coidd he free fi'om 
mixtinv or collision \\ith competiuL;' or hostile elements, and separ.ated from the 
weakness and the hurdeiis whitdi it would le.ave hcdiind. The impulses and 
attractions \\hi<di mo\ ed the emiLi'ration and dii'ccleil it hithei'. \arions in form, 
yet had so umkIi ;i common charactei' ;is In merit the (h'siu-iption of heiiiL:' 
}>uljlic, (dexated, luor.i! or religious. They in( hided the desire of new and 
hetter opportunities for institutions consonant with the diiinitv of ]iuman n.ature 
and wirli the immortal and infinite rcdations of the race. In the language of 
the times, the seaT(di for civil and religious lil)ei1y animate(l the Piltrriius the 
I'm-itans, and the Churtdimen. the l*reshyteriaus, the Catliolics, and the (^)ual<ers — 
the Huguenots, the I)ut(di, and tlie Walloons — the Waldenso, tlie (Jermans. 
and the Swedes, in their several migrations which made u|i the tohmial popu- 
lation. 'Ilieir experience and fortunes liei-e had done nothing to reduce. 



198 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

evervtliino- to (.•onfii'in, the views and ti'aits wlik-li l)r(iiio-]it tlieni liitlier. To 
sever all jxilitical I'elations, then, with Europe, seemed to these pet)ple but the 
realization of the purposes which led them across the ocean — hut the one thing 
nee<lful to complete this continent for (heir home, and to iiive the absolute 
assurance of that higher life which they wished to lead. The preparation of 
the past and the enthusiasms of the future conspired to favor the project 
of self-govei-nment and invest it with a moi'al grandeui- Avhich fui-nished the 
best omens and the best guarantees foi' its prospeiity. Instead of a ca[iri- 
cious and giddy exaltation of spirit, as at new-gained lil)erty, a soljei- and 
solenui sense of the larger trust and duty to(_>k possession of their souls ; as if 
the Grreat Master had found them faithful over a few things, and h.-id now- 
made them rulei's over many. 

These feelings, common to the whole pojiulation, were not of sudden oi'igin 
and Avere not romantic, nor had they any tendency to evapoi-ate in noisy l)oasts 
or run wild in air-drawn projects. The difference Ijetween equality and privi- 
lege, between ci\il rights and capricious favors, between freedom of conscience 
and ])ersecution for conscience's sake, were not matters of most debate or 
abstract conviction with oiir countrymen. The story of these battles of our race 
was the warm and living memory of their forefathers' share in them, for which, 
"to avoid insutt'ei'able grievances at home, they had been enforced b}- heaps to 
leave theii- native countnes." They proposed to settle forever the question 
whether su(di grievances should })ossibly befall them or their ])()steritv. Thev 
knew no plan so simple, so comprehensive, or so sure to this end as to solve all the 
minor difficulties in the government of society by a radical basis for its source, 
a common held for its operation, and an authentic and deliberate method foi- 
consulting and enforcing the will of the peojde as the sole authoritv of the 
state. 

By this wisdom they at least would shift, witliin the sphere of go\eniment, 
the continuous warfai'e of human nature, on the held of good and evil, right 
and wrong, 

"Between whose endless j;ir jiistiee resides," 

from contiicts of the strength of the many against the craft of the few. They 
would gain the advantage of supplying as the reason of the State, the reason 
of the peo})le, and decide by the moral and intellectual influences of insti'uction 
and persuasion, the issue of who should make and who administer the l;iws. 
This involved no jiretensions of the ])erfection of human nature, noi- did it 
assume that at othei- times, or under other circumstances, they would themselves 
ha\e been (•a])alile of self-go\ ei'ument ; or, that other people then -were, oi' ever 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 199 



would lit', so rapiilile. Tlu-ir kiiowlcilLiv of iiiiiiikiiid slitiwed them that there 
would l)t' faults and erimes so louff as there were men. Their faith taught 
them that this corruptible would put on incorruptioii only when this mortal 
should put on inunortality. Nevertheless tliey believed in man and trusted in 
God, and on these imperishable supjwrts they thought they might rest civil 
srovernment for a people \v1k> had these living conceptions Avrought into their 
own chai'acters and lives. 

The past and the present are the only means by which man foresees or 
shai)es the future, l-^pon the evidence of the past, the contem})lation of the 
])resent of this people, our statesmen were willing to commence a system which 
must continually draw, for its sustenance and growth, upon the virtue and 
vigor of the peo]ile. From this vii'tue and this vigor it can alone be nourished; 
it must <lecline in their decline and rot in their decay. They traced this vigor 
and virtue to inexhaustible springs. And, as the unspent heat of a lava soil, 
(piickened by the retui-uing summers, through the vintages of a thousand years, 
will still glow in the gi'ape and sp)arkle in the wine, S(^ will the exuberant 
forces of a race supply an unstinted vigor to mark the \irtiies of immense 
populations and to the remotest generations. 

To the frivolous philosophy of human life which makes all the world a 
puppet show, and history a book of anecdotes, the moral w^aii'are which fills 
up the life of man and the recoi'd of his race seems as unreal and as aimless 
as the conflicts of the glittering hosts upon an airy field, whose display lights 
up the fleeting splendors of a northern night. But free government for a great 
people never comes from or gets aid from such jihilosophers. To a true 
spiritual disceriuuent thei'e are few things more real, few things more sub- 
stantial, few things more likely to endure in this WT)rld than human tht)Ughts, 
human passions, human interests, thus molten into the fi'anie and model of our 
State. "''^ nioreuL fra'chtniin, di><ciiAinanuiue qiKdii a majorihiis acccpiiun^, si 
(iniihui teiu-reiiiitu .'" 

I Lave made no account, as unsuitable to the occasion, of tlie distribution 
of the national power between the general and the state governuients, or of 
the special arrangements of executive authority, of legislatures, courts and 
magistracies, Avhether of the general or of the state establishments. Collectively 
they form the body and the frame of a complete government for a great, 
opident and jtowerftd people, occupying vast regions, and embracing in their 
possessions a wide range of diversity of climate, of soil, and of all the circum- 
stantial intlucnces of external nature. 1 have [loiutcd your attention to tlie 
principle and the sjiirit of the i:'overnment for which all this frame and body 



200 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



exists, to wliicli they .-ire suliserviciit, and to wliosc mastery tliev must coiirorm. 
The life of the natiii'al hody is tlie l>h>o(l, ami the cli-culatioii of the moral and 
intelleetual forces and impidses of the hody jiolitic shapes and molds the 
national life. I ha\ e toncheih therefore, u|ion the traits that detei'mined this 
national life, as to he of, from, and for the }ieo])ie, and not of, from, oi- foi- 
any rank, <;-rade, ]>art, or section of them. In these traits are found the ''ordi- 
nances, constitutions and customs" by ;i wise choice of \vliich the founders of 
states may, Lord Bacon say.s, "sow greatness to their posterity and succession." 
.\nd now, after a century of growth, of trial, of expei-ience, of observatiou, 
and of demonstration, we are met, on the spot and on the date of the great 
Declaration, to compare otu- age with that of oui' fathers, oui' structure witli 
their foundation, our intervening histoi-y and present condition witli theii' faitli 
and [irophecy. That " respect to the opinion of mankind," in attention to w hi(di 
our statesmen framed the Declaration of Independence, we, too, ackno\vledge as 
a sentiment most fit to influence us in our commemorative gratnlations to-day. 

RESt'LTS OF THK CKXTinV. 

To this opinion of mankind, then, how shall we ans-\ver the (piestioning of 
this day ^ How ha\e the \igor and success of the conntr\''s warfai'e com]iorted 
with the sounding [)hrase of the great manifesto^ Has the new nation been 
able to hohl its territory on the eastern rim of the continent, or has covetous 
Europe driven in its l)oundaries, or internal dissensions dismembered its integrit\' ^ 
Have its numl>ers kept Yiave with natural increase, or have the mother countries 
received back to the shelter of firmer institutions the repentant tide of emigra- 
tion ^ or have the woes of unstable society distressed and reduced the shrunken 
population i Has the free suffrage, as a (piicksand, loosened the foundations of 
power, and luiderrnined the jjillars of the state? Has the free ]iress, with 
illimitable sweep, blown down the props and buttresses of order and authority 
in government, driven before its wind the l)ai'riers which fence in society, 
and unroof e<l the h<imes which once wt^'e castles au'ainst the intrusion of a 
king' Has fi'eedom in religion ended in freedom from religion? and in(le|ien- 
dence by law run into independence of law? Have free schools, by too nnicli 
learning, made I he people mad? Have manners declined, letters languished, art 
faded, wealth decayed, pulilic spirit withered? Have other nations shunned the 
evil example, and held aloof from its infection? ( )r have retiection and hai'd 
fortune dispelled the illusions under which this people "burned incense to 
vanity, and stumbled in their ways from the ancient paths?" Have they, 
tleeiui:' from the double desti-uction \\'hich attends foll\' .nnd arroL;'ance, ivstored 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 201 



the thnuif, rcliiiilt tlic altai-, I'daiil the t'omidatioiis of society, and again taken 
slifltt'i- ill tlif nlil |initccli<iiis aL;aiii-l tlir pci-ils, shucks and cliani^-cs in liiinian 
ntt'aiis w liicli 

" Divcit ami < r,i<k, rcml ami drrariiiate 
Tlu' uiiitv ai[(l iiiarricil I'alni ni' States 
(ijiiili' tVdiu llicir lixluri''.'" 

W'lii) can I'cciiunt in an liDnr w iiat lias been dune in a c'cntiii-y, on so wide 
a lieltl, and in all its inultitndinous aspects? \'et 1 nia\ not avoid insisting 
npoii some decisive lineaments of tlie material, social and |iolitieal develojmient 
of oiir conntfv winch the i-ecord of the hundre(l yeai's displays, and tlins present 
to "the opinion of mankind," for its generous judgment, our nation as it is 
to-dav — our land, onr |)eople, and our laws. Ami, first, we notice the wide 
tei'ritor\- to wliicdi we h;i\e steadily pushed on our limits. Lines of (diniate 
mark oiu' boundaries north and south, and two oceans east and west. Tlie 
sj)aee 1)etween, speaking by and lai'ge, covers the whole tem[)erate zone of the 
continent, and in area measures ueai' tenfold the possessions of tlie thirteen 
colonies. The luitiiral features, the climate, the productions, the influences of the 
outward world, ai-e all implied in the immensity of this domain, for they 
embrace all that the goodness and the power of God have planned foi- so large 
a share of the habitable globe. The steps of the successive acquisitions, the 
impulses which assisted, and the motives which retarded the expansion of our 
temtory ; the play of the competing elements in our ci\ili/,ation, and their 
i'nces.sant struggle each to outrun the other; the irrepressible conflict thus 
nursed in the bosom of the state; tlie lesson in humility and patience, "in 
charity for all and malice toward none," which the study of the manifest 
designs of Providence so plainly teaxdi us — these may well detain ns for ;i 
moment's illustration. 

i;\l.\N( ll'A I ION. 

And this calls attention to that ingredient in the population of this countiy 
whii h came, not from the culminated pri(h^ of Euro])e, but from the abject 
despondency of Africa. A race disciiminated from all the converging streams 
of inunigration uhi(li I have named liy ineffaceable distinctions of natuiv : 
wliich was bi-ought hither by a foiced migration and into slavery, while all 
others came i)y choice and for greater liberty; a lace ini represented in the 
Congress which issued the 1 )eclaration of Iude])endence, but now, in the pei-sons 
of 4,(Mt(i,0()U of (Mir countrymen raised, by the power of the great truths then 
declared, as it were from the dead, ;ind rejoiciui:' in one conntrv and the same 
constituted lilierties with ouiselves. 



202 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Ill August, lO'io, a Dutch slave-ship lauded her freight in Virginia, ooiii- 
pletiug her \oyage soon after that of the MayfloAver eommeiiced. Both ships 
were on the ocean at the same time, both sought our shores, and planted their 
seeds of liberty and slavery to grow together on this chosen field until the 
harvest. Until the separation fn)m England, the several colonies attracted each 
their own emigration, and from the sparseness of the population, both in the 
northern and southern colonies, and the policy of England in introducing 
African slavery, wherever it might, in all of them, the institution of slavery 
did not raise a definite and firm line of division l)etween the tides of population 
which set in u[)oii New England and A^irginia from the Old A^"orld, and from 
them later, as from new points of departure, were diffused over the continent. 
The material interests of slavery had not become very strong, and in its moral 
aspects no sharp division of sentiment had yet shown itself. But when unity 
and independence of government were accepted by the colonies, we shall look 
In \ain for any adequate barrier against the natural attraction of the softer 
climate and rich ]iroductions of the South, which could keep the northern 
population in their harder climate, and on their less grateful soil, except the 
repugnancy of the two systems of free and slave labor to commixture. Out of 
this grew the impatient, and apparently premature, invasion of the western 
wilds, pushing constantly onwai'd, in parallel lines, the outposts of the two 
rival interests. What greater enterprise did for the northern people in stimu- 
lating this movement, was more than supplied to the southern by the pressing 
necessity for new lands, which the requirements of the sj^stem of slave cultivation 
imposed. Under the operation of these causes, the political divisions of the 
country built up a wall of partition, running east and west, with the novel 
consequences of the "border states" of the country being ranged, not on our 
foreign boundaries, Ijut on this middle line, drawn between the free and slave 
states. The successive acrj^uisitions of territory, by the Louisiana purchase, by 
the annexation of Texas, and by the treaty Avith Mexico, were all in the interest 
of the southern policy, and, as such, all suspected or resisted by the rival 
interest in the Nortli. On the other hand, all schemes or tendencies toward 
the enlargement of our tei'ritorv on the North Avere discouraged and defeated 
by the .South. At length, with the Immense intlux of foreign immigration, 
reinforcing tlie How of [lopulatiou, the streams of free labor shot across the 
continent. The end was I'eached. The bounds of our habitation were secured. 
The Pacific possessions became ours, and the discovered gold rapidly 2)eo2iled 
them from the hi\es of free labor. The rival energies and ambitions which had 
fed the thirst foi' terrltoiy had served their })urpose, in completing and assuring 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 203 

the (loiiiaiii of the nation. The [larrition wall of slavci-y was tlirown down: 
tlie line of border states obliterated ; those wlio had ])attled for ten-itory, as an 
e.vtension and perpetuation of slavery, and those who fought against its eidarge- 
ment, as a disparagement and a danger to liberty, were alike confounded. 

Those wdjo feared undue and precipitate expansion of our possessions, as 
loosening the ties of union, and those who desired it, as a step toward dissolution, 
have suffered a couinion disconititure. The iniineiise social and political forces 
which the existence of siaveiy in this country, and the invincible repugnance 
to it of the vital jirincijtles of our state, together, generated, have had their 
play ujion the passi(His and the interest.s of this people, have formed the basis 
of pai-ties, divided sects, agitated and invigorated the popular mind, inspired 
the elocpience, inflamed the zeal, informetl the understandings, and tired the 
lieai-ts of three generations. At last the dread debate escaped all bounds of 
reason, and the nation in arms solved, by the appeal of wai', what was too 
hard for ci\il wisdom. With our territory unmutilated, oui- Constitution 
nncorrupted, a united ])eo]>le, in the last years of the century, crowns with 
new glorv the immortal truths of the Declaration of In(le[)en(leuce by the 
emancipation of a I'ace. 

im:o.misi-: of n.vtioxai. j.oxofa nv. 

I tind, then, in the method and the results of the century's progress of the 
nation, in this amplification of its domain, sure ]iiomise of the duration of the 
body j)olitio wliose growth to these vast propoitions has, as yet, but laid out 
the groiuul plan of the structure. For I find the vital forces of the free society 
and the people's govermneut, here founded, have by their own \igoi' made this 
a natural growth. Strength and symmetry have knit together the great frame 
as its bulk increase<l, and the spii-it of the nation animates the whole: 
'■ tijtaini|Ur, iiif'usu \>cy art us. 



Mi-iis ajrilat iiiolcin, I't iiiaij;iiosi', cdriiuH' iiiiscet." 

We tm-u now from the survey of this vast teriitory, which the closing 
century has consolidated and coiilii-me<l as the am|)le home for a nation, to 
e.xhibit the greatness in numbers, the spirit, the character, the [)ort and mien 
of the peo])le that dwell in this secure habitation. That in tliese years, our 
jiopulation has steadily advanced, till it counts forty millions instead of three 
millions, bears witness, not to be disparaged or gainsaiil, to the general con- 
gruity of our social and civil institutions with the ha|)|)iness and j)rosperity of 
man. Hut if we consider furthei' the variety and magnitude of foreign elements 
to which we have lieeii hospitable, and tlieii' icad\ fusion with the earlier 



204 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



stocks, we liave new evidence of streno-tli anil vivid force in onr population, 
whicli we iua\ not refuse to admire. The dis|iosition and the cajiacity thus 
sliowu ii'ive warrant of a powerful society. "All nations," says Loi'd Bai-on, 
"that are liberal of naturalization are tit for empire." 

Wealth in its mass, and still more in its tenure and dittusion, is the measure 
of the condition of a people which t<iU(dies hoth its energy and morality. 
Wealth has no soiu-ce but labor. "Life has given nothing valuable to man 
without ^'reat labor." This is as true now as when lloi'ace wrote it. The 
prodigious growth of wealth in this country is not oidy, therefore, a signal 
mark of prosperity, but proves industry, persistency, thrift as the haliits of the 
people. Accumulation of wealth, too, reipiires and im[)orts security, as well as 
unfettered activitv ; and thus it is a fair criterion of sobriety and justice in a 
people, certainly, when the laws and their execution rest wholly in their hands. 
A careless observation of the crimes and frauds whicdi attack ]>ros]ierity, in the 
actual ct)ndition of our society, and the imjierfection of oiu' means for their 
prevention and reihvss, leads sometimes to an unfavoralde com[)iirison between 
the present and the past, in this country, as respects the ])robity of the ])eople. 
No doubt co\etousness has not ceased in the woild, and thieves still break 
through and steal. But the better test uj>on this point is the \ ast profusion 
of our vvealth and the intinite trust shown by the manner in whitdi it is 
invested. It is not too uuich to say that in our times, and conspicuously in 
our countrv, a large sliare of evei'y man's ])ro2»erty is in other men's keeping 
and management, unwatched and beyond personal control. This confidence of 
man in man is ever increasing, measured liy our practical I'ouduct, and refutes 
these disparagements of the general morality. 

Knowledge, intellectual activity, the mastery of nature, the discijiline of 
life — all that nmkes up the education of a ])eople — are developed and diffused 
through the masses of our |)opulation, in so am}>le and generous a distribution 
as to make this the conspicuous trait in our national character, as the faithful 
provision and extension of the means and opportunities of this education, are 
the cherished institution of the counti'y. Learning, literature, science, art, aiv 
cultivated, in their widest range and highest reach, by a larger and larger 
nundicr of our [>eo|)le, not, to their piaise ])e it said, as a personal distinction 
or a selfish jiossession, but, mainly, as a genertuis leaven, to quicken and expand 
the healthful fermentation of the general mind, and lift the level of popular 
instruction. So far fr<>m breeding a distempered spirit in the people, this 
becomes the main [)rop of authority, the gi'eat instinct of obedience. "It is by 
education," says Aristotle, "I have learned to do by choice what other men 
do by constraint of fear." 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AM) SERMONS. 205 



hi; im:(>1'i.i;. 



Tlif ••lircfd ;iii<l dispiisitioir" of ;i |ii'()|ilc in i'ci:'ar<l id' ciiuraLic, |iul)lic s|iiiit ami 
|)ati'i(>tisiii, arc, liowcvci', the test of the w (Pikiiii;- of tlicii' instil ill ions, w liidi llu- 
uurld most values, and upon wliirli the |iid)lic safety most deju'iids. It lias 
lieeii iua<le a iv|)roa(di id' dcmocialic aiianucmeiits of society and u'oveniment 
tliat tiic sentiment id' lioiior. and of pride in pnMic duty, dcea\('d in them. It 
has been ]>i-ofessed that the tluctuating currents and the trivial [)erturl)ations 
of tlieir public life discourasred strenuous endeavor and lastin<i' devotion in the 
public servii-e. It has been <diaiyed that, as a conseipience, the distinct service 
of the State sutt'ered, office and ma<;isti-acy were belittled, social sympathies 
cooled, love of country drooped, and selfish affections al)sorl)e(l the powers of 
the citizens, and eal nilo tlie heart of tlie eomnionwcalth. 

The experience of (Uir country rejects these spo'cnlations as misplaced and 
these fears as illusoi\. They belong to a condition of society above wliicli we 
have lonu; since l)een lifted, and toward whicdi the very scheme of our national 
life ])roliii)its a decdine. They are drawn from the e.\am])les of history, which 
lodii'eil power f'oi'mally in the })eople, but left them ignorant and al)ject, 
uid'urnished with the means of exercisiim- it in their own right and for their 
own benefit. In a democracy wielded liy the arts, and to the ends of a p)atri- 
oian class, the le.ss worthy members of that (dass, no doubt, throve by the 
ilisdain \\hi(di noble idiai'acters nuist always feel for methods of deception ami 
insinceiity, and crowded them from the authentic service of the State. But, 
thi-ough the period whose years we count to-day, the gi-eatest lesson of all is 
the preponderance of pul)lic over [)rivate, of social over selfish, tendencies and 
purposes in the whole body of the people, and the persistent fidelity to the 
genius and sjnrit of popidai' institutions, of the educatetl classes, the liberal 
professions, and the gi'e.-it men of the count ly. 'Ihese ipialities transfuse ami 
blend the hues and virtues of the manifold rays of advanced civilization into 
a snidight of pid)lic spirit and fei'vid j)atriotism, \\ hi(di warms and irradiates 
the life of the nation. Excess of publicity .is the animating sjiirit and stiniiiliis 
of society moi-e probably than its lack will e.vcite our solicitudes in the future. 
Even the jiublic discontents take on this color, and the mind and heart of the 
wdiole jieople ache with an.vieties ami ihroli with griefs wliiih lia\f no meaner 
scope than the honor and the safety of the nation. 

Our estimate of the condition of this people at the (dose of a century — as 
bearing on the value and efficiency of the principles on \\hi(di the (iovei-nment 
Wiis founded, in maintaiiiinLT and securing the permanent welM)eing of a 



!hV(5 MICHm.VX AM> THK OKNtKNNIAI 

mi^U *?; \u»U <^\jHvi ttMir U«<1 ix> kw|> its* ollnwixv ii^ f«»rtilii\\ »r?i ?5»luUriiy, 
«tthi its Ixf^wty* vf«»«v th<? jjloW Kviv!!<n»t^i lfVv>m Uu» l»\v wUJoh UoKIs u Ju *« 
xmtImu xxW<f\* \\v (Wl tUt» ixnn|vty>l »^<H!*»uv of lUo suju »j» h^ <>muu ujhmi tl>«» 

iryUsjiiM*^ wWn^Uy «wn i* KmuwI i« lw««»o«\ xvuh rh** uh^tm) gi>vn»n«««»nt of tW 

U is ^|«ut)^ w«»iw th«»t tV tMrvis<vut <il»y sWw^ wo sud» ^^tlotut) »lvs!or|>tiou 
iw tW *»!di««(l rtwttwis of «xmt'e«»|tUim» [Wty^ *;* iu«rk^( the j>tx*v«K»ut thoxi^u 
of tlu- ^v^'«^^W * hx«hlw«il vx^rss !Ws\^; wot ^> Uoj^efttl »u <t»uthusi{te^m fxxr tl»o 
s^l^^^^iy »xMU>>vstixM» of iht^ \\>^H<t sji iMirst «jv<\u us iu tl»«> m»nA»U>us aiul \vhl<» 
syst»?»tt of v«!k««ftt«M»ts »v%iims w*l. s»ul [>»»oti«f^*l J^*|'»^ workss in iW «»riy jvurt 
of th'(» tt«»<?t«?<^»th <i>v«tMrys IVu lhos»» Urvis ,^rn ' -- - \ r^lW. only Uvaust* tlu»y 

i^!«MV«?J«e* of l*Mwli«f««t *ctivitys Tli^'y irr*\~«fKf>e »ttd p*»«t»«»w sn^ewty in «»wry 
»V'T>\ii(MXs Tht\v trsw) with rt»«^ 'imn*<v5t5* of ^^ivilixsttiiMi snni <imtnni tW oj^uous, 
5V.0 c>M5vx'n»i\>n s»h1 tW suffr^iwiv. 

TW CKuivlw thcvHUiWw thisi IsuhI^ uj>WW by uo jnolitio^l "CssntWishnn^nu 
iwsts* a13 ;" : vM» tW rvvk \m» wUioh its* fxMuuW built in Tlu» jrr<t\Ht m»ss 

of H^Mit Ov ^v<^5»y liwtl iu tW I^W*?^ — ilu^ I^M^ in tWir »>>rslu|v th<e 

KW^ itt tk*ir ssehool*. tW KWt^ in tWit luu«s>elh^Wst — tW suAicH^nt l«?sss»n»s of 
tW few iVf lri<«(l suk) tW Ka>» of »»»»k xvhi«i-l» ■ \ '' ni oK>li«'ut «»rv5«»ts to 
tW fw^ i>M»!»tituti«M» of tU<^r oHmtry* in «ill »■ -^ s««i rx>^ly with tWir 

Uvisejs to $tt$taiiu it o» tW ftekis of vnsn Ami now at tin? <?»<ii of a Umutre^t 

- ^ -^^ \ ' '" '" '\ V ;|^ \vy>rshi)VTs ■ ' ir liuhK *s at tW 

-V si^^ >>^s ' (sitNl for »H»r far 

futr,- - -m n*5* iw a SabWth ntixniing^ 

.>:\x ,-,-%■. -T\>-y; Ni\>':,^:;v.,i;sr,v. ;o tW i>W^H»> W will WWK1 th<t» 

.><»* a$^«ul4ii^s as if l>y «»»ntt»«iw imfHtW^ in tW t*4njxl«t^ with 

which (^vyty v?dl<?y» WKumtatn. ami plain will W aicl<iMrw<eil. The uK^nun^ (xsalm 

a»Hl th*" r "'' : innxe-JK^ with th* --.-..-,- ^^,j jj^^ Atlantic 

Cvvfestv Iv ~ - x'hxxjtks 1^ tiftt tlH>-.v ,> nf« tlH>usaml in 

th^ Valliey of th«? Mi$isi^|^M^ ami W {.wv^xi^r^ l>y iht thxmsamls of tlKMissMnls 
on th? sh«»>w«s of tW IWitSc."^ 

snRKs«t« or iH'H s^vsmxi. 

What r«»aiws Imt t«i> s>e«ivh the $|Mrit of th^ laws as fnun^^i by ainl n^ylel^l 
t<i'> thf fH^tiHtlar go\>enin»Mit tv> which <iM»r l^wtuit^ w«m* <coittmittie<(t by the 



CK.VTK.V.VfAI. OIIA'KO.VH AMi HKIlMOV-. 2<H 

lU't'liivniinti i>f luiU^]tt^uiU'Ui-t'.'. I <Jo not mttHU Ut Hxa.tnun'. the \mriU'M\ar \i^*i\sir 
tioij, Mfat*- or {r«'fMrrrtl, t»y wlii'-h tlif jifTjiir-n of f.h«r ]t*'.o]i]h hav« fx^^^ji mmtsi'^t'.tt, 
mnn*'i\uii'M wiwiy afi'l w«^ll, a< otlif^rw f«<il>ly aii'l ill, nor «v«»i tl»« fmulamcMt^l 
arniiiir<'m'?ii' "f political aiitliority, or th«' critical tr«'attn«Mt of jrT<?at ju«ctijr<^ 
in our policy ati<l lii<^tory. Tlif lioiir aii'l th« 'W'-^'awi^/n concur t<> pr«'X'hj'l«* »o 
intimate an in<)iiiry. The rrl/icf c/<nc>;rn in t.hi« r^jrarH, t/» iw ami to thft r««t 
of I lie worM, ix, u'li«?tlicr tlx- j»roii<l triwt, tlic |>rofoiiii«I rmVutuVwtn, the. wide 
hcncvc/lnnce wliicli ».(>ok<' in tJi«; " 0«!<;laration " ari'l w«r«< iiifunwl int^> the 
"rr,fintitfifion " at tlic firnt have Ur^'ii in {roo<l faith ivWiarnA tit by th« iM'^tiAe, 
an<l wln-flicr now tliewf principh^w ""Upply the livinjr forcwj which Hiwtain and 
direct jrovernment aid w>ciety, 

lie who «loijf>t« needn Imt ty* hn>k around to find all thiuipi full of the 
oii^inal Hfiirit, and tenfifyinfr to \tM wiwlorn and ntreufsth. We ha\'e tak«;n no 
HUijw fww'kward, nor have we nw/lwl to He<fk other jiath** in our pr'/jrre"- than 
thoH«i In which our feet wtira plant45<l at the F>ej^nninjr. Weighty and manifold 
have been our oldigatiouH to the great natiouM of the earth, to their Httholan, 
their philo-opherr^, their men of iiHtthiH and of mt'uMuu-, to their Hkill, their ta«te, 
their invention, to their wealth, their art*<, their industry. But in the irMtitu- 
tion« and meth'»<|j< of goveniment — in civil prudence, courage or jKdicy — in 
HtateMman-^hip, in the art of "making of a Mnall town a great city" — in the 
a/lju«4tnient of authority t^> lil^erty — in the concurrence of rea«^ni and strength 
in fx-ace, of forc<; and oF><idience in war — we lm\'e found nothing to recall mm 
from the (;oun<e of our fathers, nothing to a/Id to our >*afety, or tf) aid our 
progrcrt'i in it. H<> far from thiH, all nuKlificationH of Kiirojiean [xditicH accept 
the {popular principle« of our Hyntem, and t^-nd to our m'xlel. The rnovenient<i 
toward eipiality of reprewntation, erdargement of the t^uffrage, and public 
education in Kngland — the re«toratioii of unity in Italy — the w>nfwleration of 
Gennany under the lead of IVuHnia — the a<-tual rej»ublic in France — the 
uiiHtejwIy throne of Spain — the new lil>ei-tieh of Hungary — the constant gain 
t*' the jw;op|e'«( nliare in government throughout Kuroj^e — ;i!! t^-nd <.ii<. u;.\ 
the way [)ointed out in the Declaration of our Indej/endenc-. 

The rare and zeal with which our j>eople cheriwh and invigorate tlie primary 
MupjK>rtK and defen»<eM of their own H^^vereignty, have all the un^wening force 
and confiden<e of inxtinctH. The community and publicity of education, at the 
charge and ax an in-titution of the Htate, i« firmly imbedded in the want** and 
the de*<ir<fx of the j»eoj>!e. Common Hchf^ol** are rapidly extending through the 
only part of the country which had l>e«n shut against them, anri follow cl<«e 
u|Hin the footMtepw of itK new lil>erty,' to enlighten the enfranchiHe<l race. 



208 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Freetlum of conscience easily stamps ont the first s])ai'kles of pei'secutioii, and 
snaps, as green withes, the first bonds of spii-jtual domination. The sacred 
oracles of their I'eligion the |ieo])l(' wisely hold in their own keeping, as the 
kevs of religious liberty, and refuse to be l)egni]e(i by the voice of tlie wisest 
charmer into loosing their grasp. 

Freedom from military j)Ower, and the maintemnice of that arm of the 
gt)\ eminent in the peo])le ; a trust in their own ade(]uacy as soldiers, when 
their duty as citizens should need to take on that form of service to the state; 
these iiave gained new force by the experience of foreign and civil war, and a 
standing army is a remoter possibility for tliis nation, in its present or pi'os- 
pective greatnet^s, than in the days of its small beginnings. 

P>ut in the freedom of the piess, and the universality of the suffrage, as 
maintained and exercised to-day throughout the length and lireadth of tlie 
land, we tind the most conspicuous and decisive evidence of the unspent force 
of the institutions of liberty, and the jealous guai'd of its ])rincipal defenses. 
These, indeed, are the gi'eat agencies and engines of the people's sovereignty. 
They hold the same relations to the vast democracy of modern society tliat the 
persuasions of the orators and the personal voices of the assembly did in the 
nari'ow confines of the (xreciau states. The laws, the customs, the inqtulses, 
and sentiments of the people have given wider .-nid wi(h'r range and license to 
the agitations of the press, multi[)lied and more fre((uent occasit)ns for the 
exercise of the suffrage, larger and larger communication of its franchise. Tlie 
progress of a hundred years finds these prodigious activities in the fullest jday, 
incessant ami all-powerful — indispensable in the habits of tlie peo|)le, and 
impregnable in their affections. Their public service, and their suliordination 
to the public safety, stand in their play upon one another, and in their freedom 
thus maintained. Neither could long exist in true vigor in ouv system without 
the other. Without the watchful, omnipresent and indomitable energy of the 
press, the suffrage would languish, wcnild be subjugated by the corporate power 
of the legions of placemen which the administration of the affairs of a great 
nation imposes u]>on it, and fall a prey to that "vast patronage which," we are 
told, "distracted, corrupted and finally subverted the Roman republic." On the 
other hand, if the impressions of the press upon the opinions and passions of 
the people found no settled and ready mode <if their working out, through the 
frequent and peaceful suffrage, the people would be driven, to satisfy their 
displeasure at government, or their love of change, to the coarse methods of 
l)arricades and liatteries. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 209 



on; ((irNii;v io-hay. 

\\v i-;inii(il. tlit'ii, lu'sitatf to dci'larf that tlic oi-ii;inal |iriuciplfs ol' ('(jual 
socictv and jpopular L^-ovcniiiiciit still inspirr tin- laws, live in the liahits of the 
people, and aiiiiiiate tiieir piiqioses and theii- hopes. These [)i-iiiciples have not 
lost their s])i'iiiy or elasticity. They have sufficed for all the methods of 
l;-o\ ernnient in the past; we feel no fear for tiieir ade(piac\ in the future. 
Keleased now from the tasks aud burdens of the formative period, these 
principles and methods can be directed with undivided force to the every-day 
conduct of u-ovcrnment, to the stajije and stea<ly \ii1ues of administration. 
The feebleness of crowding the statute-books with unexecuted laws; the danger 
of ])ower outgrowing or evading responsibility; the rashness and fickleness of 
temporary expediciUs: the constant tendency by which parties decline -into 
factions, and end in conspiracies; all these mischiefs beset all governments, and 
are part of the life of each generation. To deal with these evils — the tasks 
and burdens of the immediate future — the nation nee(ls no other resoui-ce than 
the pi'inciples and the examples of onr |)ast history supply. These jirinciples, 
these examples of our fathers, are the strength and the safety of our state 
I(i-da\ : " Mnril'ds iiiiliijiiis, xtiil ns JuniKfini, ri i-is(j iicT 

I'nity, libert}-, powei-, prosperity — these are our possessions to-(la\. Our 
territory is safe against foreign dangers; its completeness dissuades fi-om further 
andiitions to extend it. and its rounded symmetry discourages all attempts to 
dismeiid)er it. No division into greatly unecpial paits would ))e tolerable to 
eitliei'. No imaginable union of interests or ])assions, large enough to inchide 
one-half the countiA. but nnwt embrace nnicli more. The madness of partition 
into numerous and feel)le fragments coidd proceed oidy fiorn the hopeless 
degradation of the ])eople, and woidd foi'm but an incident in i;eneial ruin. 

The spirit of the nation is at the highest — its triumph o\ er the iidxn'u, 
inbred perils of the Constitution has chased away all fears, justified ail hojoes, 
and with universal joy we greet this day. AVe have not ])roved unworthy of 
a gieat ancestry: we have had the virtue to U])hold what tlie\ so wisely, so 
tirndy established. With these pmud possessions of the past, with powers 
matured, -with ]irincii)les settled, with habits formed, the nation passes, as it 
were, from ju'eparatory gi-owth to responsible developmenl of eharactei', and the 
steady ]ierformance of duty, ^\'hat labors await it, w liat trials shall attend it, 
what triumphs for human iialuic, what glory for itself, are prepared for this 
peo[ile in the coming century, we may not assume to foretell. "One generation 
passeth away, and another Li'enei-ation cometh, Imt the larih abid<'tli forevei-," 



210 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

iiiid Ave reverently Iiojh' tli;it tliese our coii.stitiitioiiiil liberties shall V)e laain- 
taiued to the iinendiiiii' line of our posterity, and so long' as the earth itself 
shall endure. 

In the L^rcat procession of nations, in the ii;reat uiaivh i>f huiuanitv, we Imld 
oui- place. Peaee is our duty, peace is our pt)licy. In its arts, its lahoi's, and 
its victories, then, we find scope for all our enero;ies, rewards foi' all our ambi- 
tions, renown enough foi' all oui- love and fame. In the august ])resence of so 
many nations, which, by their representatives, liave done us the honor to be 
witnesses of oiu' commemorative joy and gratulation, and in sight of the 
collected evidences of the greatness of their own cixilization with which thev 
grace our celebration, we may well confess how nnich Ave fall short, how much 
we have to make up, in the emulative competitions of the times. Yet, even in 
this presence, and with a just defei'ence to the age, the power, the greatness of 
the other nations of the earth, Ave do not fear to appeal to the o])inion of 
mankind whether, as we point to our land, our pieople, and our laws, the 
contein])lati()n should not inspire us with a lover's enthusiasm foi' our country. 

Time makes no pauses in his march. Even while I speak, the last hour of 
the receding is re))laced by the fii'st lioui' of the coming centui'y, and reverence 
for the past gives way to the joys and ho])es, the activities and the ivsponsi- 
bilities of the future. A hundred years hence the piety of that generation Avill 
recall the ancestral ghu'y Avhicdi we celebrate to-day, and crown it with the 
plaudits of a vast po[ndation Avhicdi no man can nund)er. Bv the mere 
cii'cumstance of this periodicity our generation will be in the minds, in the 
hearts, on the lips of our countrymen at the next Centennial commemoration, 
in comparison with their own chai'actcr and condition, and with the great 
founders of the uation. What shall they say of us ^ How shall they estimate 
the part aa'c bear in the unbroken line of the nation's progress i And so (m, 
in the long reach of time, foiwer and forex er, our phu'e in the secular I'oll of 
the ages must always l)ring us into observation and criticism. Undei' this 
double trust, then, from the past and for the future, let us take heed to our 
ways, and while il is called to-day, resolve that the gi'eat heritage we Inive 
received shall be handed down through the long line of the advancing genera- 
tions, the home of libei-ty, the abode of justice, the stronghold of faith among 
men, "which holds the moral elements of the world together," and of faith in 
(tod, which l>inds that woi'ld to His throne. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AM) SKKM0N8. 211 



TIIK DECLAMATION OF IM)EPEM)K\('E, 

AND THE KFFKcrs OF IT* 

'V\\c loiig-expeotfd day has coiiu', ami passing peacefully tlic iiii]ia!|>al)lf line 
wliirli scjiarates ages, the Ke|>ul)lic completes its hundredth year. The predic- 
tions in which aft'ectionate hope gave inspiration to |iolitical prudence are 
fullilled. The fears of the timid, and the ho]ies of those to w horn our national 
existence is a menace, are alike dlsa|i]iointe(i. The faMe of the jihysical world 
l)ecome8 the fact of the political; and aftei' alternate sunshine and stoi'm, after 
heavinfjs of thi' earth which only deepened its roots, and <'tfectual l)lasts of 
liglitning whose lurid threat died in the air, under a shy now I'aining on it 
lieiULiiiant intluence, the centui} -plant of xVmerican indepeiideiu'e ami Popular 
(ioverimient liursts into this magnificent IjIossoui, of a joyful celebration 
illuminating the land I 

KAiii.v Dotiii" AND soi.nrii i)i;. 

With what desiring though doubtful expectation those wdmse action we 
commeinoiate looked for the possible coming of this day, we know from tlie 
records which they have left. With what anxious solicitude the statesmen 
and the soldiers of the following generation antici[)ated the elianges which 
might take ]>lace before this (Vnteiinial year should be reached, we have heard 
ourselves, in their great and ferxcnt ailnionitory words. How dim and drear 
the ])rospect seeme<l to our own hearts fifteen years since, when, on the foui'th 
of July, IStil, the 'l"hiit\ -seNcnth Congicss met at Washington with no repre- 
sentative in either house from any state soutii of Tennessee and West Virginia, 
.lud when a determined and numerous army, tnider skillful conunanders. 



♦The city of New York, llic chief commercial metropolis of the counU'y, coininemoratod llic CeiUcnnial 
Fourth by a civic celebration at the Academy of Music, under the au.spice.s of the New York Centennial 
Celebration Commitlee, composed of leading and well-known citizens. Ex-Governor John A. Di.\ presided, 
introducini; the exercises with a short address. The oration, from which liberal extracts are here given, was 
by the Rev. Richard S. Storrs, D.D., LL.D., of Brooklyn. Besides the oration, there was a Centennial ode 
by William C. Bryant, an original song by Bayard Taylor, religious and other customary exercises. Charles 
Francis Adams was first invited to give the oration, but a prior engagement at Taunton, Massachusetts, 
prevented. Dr. Storrs was then appealed to, and in his note accepting the invitation, referring to the first 
choice of the committee, chivalrously says: "1 could not but feel hesitation in any case in undertaking, on 
brief notice, with my uncertain and scanty leisure, so prominent a .service as lliat which you propose. This 
i> of course immensely increased by the fact that you ask me now to stand in a place titty assigned, by 
consent of all, to an eminent American statesman and publicist — the worthy successor of that "Colossus" in 
the debate by whose vigorous elo(|uence tlie Declaration was carried triumphantly through the Congress of 
1776. It would be absurd for me to attempt any .such discourse, at the coming anniversary, as would have 
been easy to this distinguished citizen. Indeed, in his absence, to fully match the height of the occa.sion, 
you would have to imlock the elofpient lips which ih'alli sealcil, years ago. at Marshfleld, or at Boston." 



212 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

approached and meuaced the Caj vital and the Government, — tliis we surely have 
not forgotten; nor how, in the terriljle years which liave followed, the hlood, 
fire, and vapor of smoke, seemed oftentimes to swim as a sea, or to rise as a 
wall, between our eyes and this anniversary. 

"It cannot outlast the second generation tVom those who founded it" was 
the exulting conviction of the many who lovt-d the traditions and state of 
monarchy, and who felt them insecure before the wideniuo' fame in the world 
of our ])r()s])ei-ous ie|iublic. "It may not reach its hundredth \ear" was the 
deep and sometimes the sliarji a})preliension of those who felt, as all of us felt, 
that their own libeity, welfare, ho[)e, with the bi'ightest ]K)litical promise of 
the world, were Ixiund up with the unity and the life of oni' nation. Never 
was solicitude more intense, uevei' was prayer to Almighty (lod more fervent 
and constant — not in the earliest beginnings of oui' history, when Indian ferocity 
threatened that history with a swift termination, not in the days of supremest 
trial amid the revolution — than in those years when the nation seemed suddenly 
split asunder, and forces which had been combined foi' its creation wei'e 
clenched and rocking back and forth in l)loody gra])])le on the (piestion of its 
maintenance. 

DKLIVKliAJVCE OF THE .NATION. 

The prayer was heai-d. The eifort and the sacritice ha\'e come to their 
fruitage ; and to-day the nation — -still one, as at the start, though now expanded 
over such immense spaces, absorbing such incessant and diverse elements from 
other lands, develo])iug within it opinions so conflicting, interests so various, 
and forms of occupation so novel and manifold — to-day the nation, emerging 
from the toil and the turbulent sti'ife, with the earlier and the later cloi;ds 
alike swept out of its resplendent stellar ai'ch, pauses from its work to 
remember and rejoice; with exhilarated spirit to anticipate its future; with 
reverent heart to offer to God its great Te Deum. 

TJIK DAY WIDELY I'.ECOONI/.KD. 

Not here alone, in this gi-eat city, whose lines have gone out into all the 
earth, and whose superb ])i-ogre.ss in wealth, in culture, and in civic renown, is 
itself the most illustrious token of the power and beneficence of that tVame of 
government under wdiich it has been I'ealized ; not alone in yonder, I had almost 
said adjoining, city, whence issued the i)a})er that first announced (nir national 
existence, and where now rises the magnificent Exposition, testifying for all 
progressive states to their respect and kindiress toward us, the radiant cla.sp 
of diamond and opal on the girdle of the sympathies which interweave theii- 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 213 



peoplt'S witli ours; not alone in lioston, tlic liistoric town, first in ivsistance to 
Britisli aggrt'ssion, and foremost in jjlans for tlie new and popular organization, 
one of whose citi/.ens wrote liis name, as if cutting it witli a plow-share, at 
the head of all on our gi'eat cliarter, another of whose eitizens was its intrepid 
and powerful champion, aiding its passage through tlie Congress; not there 
alone, nor yet in other givat cities of the land, but in smaller towns, in villages 
and liainlets, tliis day will lie kept, a secular Sa1)liath, sacred alike to memory 
and to hope. 

Not only, indeecl, where men are assembled, as we are here, will it be 
honored. The lonely and remote will have their part in this commemoration. 
Where the boatman follows the wnuding sti'eam, or the woodman explores the 
forest shades; where the miner lays down his eager drill l)eside rocks which 
guard the pi'ecioiis veins; or whei'e the herdsman, along the sierras, looks forth 
on the seas ^\•]lich now reflect the rising day, which at our midnight shall be 
gleaming like gold in the setting sun, — there also will the day be regarded as 
a day of memorial. The sailor on the sea will note it, and dress his ship 
in its brightest array of flags and bunting. Americans dwelling in foreign 
lands will note and keep it. 

London itself will to-day be more festive because of the event which a 
century ago shadowed its streets, incensed its Parliament, and tore from the 
crown of its obstinate King the chiefest jew^el. On the boulevards of Paris, in 
the streets of Berlin, and along the leveled bastions of Vienna, at Marseilles and 
at Florence, upon the silent liquid ways of stately ^^enice, in the passes of tlie 
Alps, under the shadow of church and obelisk, palace and ruin, which still 
prolong the majesty of Rome; yea, further East, on the Bosphorus, and in 
Syria ; in Egypt, which writes on the front of its com})artment in the great 
Exhibition, "The oldest people of the woi'ld sends its morning-greeting to the 
yoiuigest nation;" along the heights lieliind Bombay, in the foreign hongs of 
Canton, in the "Islands of the Morning," which found the dawn of their new 
age in the startling sight of an American scpiadron entering their bays — everj'- 
where will be those who have thought of this day, and who join witli us to 
greet its coming. 

No other such anniversary, probably, has attracted hitherto such general 
notice. You have seen Pome, perhaps, on one of those shining A])ril day8 
when the traditional anniveisaiy of the founding of the city fills its streets 
"with civic processions, with militaiy displa}', and the most elaborate fire-works 
in Europe; you may have seen Holland, in 1s7l>, when the whole country 
bloomed Avitli orange on the three-hundredth anniversary of the captui'e by the 
2.S 



214 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

sea-beggars of the city of Briel, and of the revolt against Sjianish (h)inination 
which thereupon flashed on different sides into sudden explosion. But these 
celebrations, and others like them, have been chiefly local. The world outside 
has taken no wide impression from them. Tliis of ours is the flrst of which 
many lands, in different tongues, will have had report. Partly because the 
world is narrowed in our time, and its distant peoples are made neighbors, by 
the fleeter machineries now in use ; partly because we have di'awn so many to 
our population from foreign lands, while the restless and ac([uisitive spirit 
of our people has made them at home on every shore ; but partly, also, and 
essentially, because of the nature and the relations of that event which we 
commemorate, and of the influence exerted by it on subsequent history, the 
attention of men is more or less challenged, in every centre of commerce and 
of thought, by this anniversary.* 

UNSEEN SPECTATORS. 

Indeed it is not unnatural to feel — certainly it is not irreverejit to feel — 
that they who by wisdom, by valor, and by saciifice, have contributed to 
perfect and maintain the institutions which we possess, and have added by 
death as well as by life to the lustre of our history, must also have an interest 
in this day; that in their timeless habitations they remember us beneath the 
lower circle of the heavens, are glad in our joy, and share and lead (jur grateful 
praise. To a spirit alive with the memories of the time, and rejoicing in its 
presage of nobler futures, recalling the great, the beloved, the heroic, who have 
labored and joyfully died for its coming, it will not seem too fond an enthu- 
siasm to feel that the air is cpiick with shaj)es we cannot see, and glows with 
faces whose light serene we may not catch ! They who counseled in the 
Cabinet, they who defined and settled the law in decisions of the Bench, they 
who pleaded with mighty eloquence in the Senate, they who poured out their 
souls in triumphant effusion for the liberty which they loved in forum or 
pulpit, they who gave their young and glorious life as an offering on the field, 
that government for the people, and by the people, might not perish from the 
earth — it cannot be but that they too have part and place in this jubilee of 
our history ! God make our doings not unworthy of such sjieetators ! and 
make our spirit sympathetic with theirs fi-om whom all selfish passion and pride 
have now forever passed away ! 

*That the editor may not be charged with plagiarism, he will say that the remarks introdiicing the 
second chapter of Part II were written and in print before he had read Dr. Storrs' oration, in whicli thoughts 
somewhat similar are mucli more felicitous!}- expressed. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 215 



TlIK MTIOX roNTKASI'ED WITH OTlIKi; IIISIOIMC KVENTS. 

Tlie interest wliicli is felt so clistinctly and widely in this anniversaiy 
reflects a liglit mi the ureatness of the action which it coiiunemorates. It 
shows that we <lo not unduly exaggerate the significance or the importance of 
that; that it had really laige, even world-wide relations, and contributed an 
effective and a \alua])le force to the fui-therance of the cause of freedom, 
education, humane institutions, and popular advancement, wliererer its influence 
has l)een felt. Vet when we consider the actit)n itself, it may easily seem but 
slight in its nature, as it was certainly connnonplace in its circumstances. 
There was nothing even picturesque in its surj'oundings, to enlist for it the 
pencil of the ]>ainter, or help to fix any luminous image of that Avhich was 
done on the popidar memoiy. 

In this respect it is singularl}- contrasted with othei' great and kindred 
events in genei'al history; with those heroic and fruitful actions in English 
history which had especially prepared the way for it, and with which the 
thoughtful student of the past will always set it in intimate relations. Its 
utttn- simplicity, as compared with their splendor, becomes impressive. 

\Mien, five centuries and a half before, on the fifteenth of June, and the 
folloA\-ing days, in the year of our Lord 1215, the English barons met King 
Jolm in the long meadow of IJunnemede, and forced from him the Magna 
Charta — the strong foundation and steadfast bulwark of English liberty, con- 
cerning which Mr. Ilallam has said in our own time that " all wdiich has been 
since obtained is little more than as confirmation or commentary," — no 
cii'cumstance was w^anting, of outward pageantry, to give dignity, brilliance, 
impressiveness, to the scene. * * * * * " * * * 

Whatever was superb, therefore, in that consummate age of royal and 
baronial state, whatever was splendid in the glittering and grand apparatus of 
chivalry, whate\-er was impressive in the almost more than princely pomp of 
prelates of the ( liurch, — 

The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 
And all that beauty, all that wealth can give, — 

All this was maishalled on that historic plain in Surrey, where John and the 
barons faced each <»ther, where Saxon king and Saxon rarl had met in council 
before the Norman had footing in England; and all combined to give a tit 
magnificence of setting to the gi-eat charter there granted and sealed. * * 
That age passed away, and its peculiar splendor of aspect was not thereafter 
to be repeated. Yet wlien, four hundi-ed years later, on the seventh of June, 



216 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

1628, the Petition of Right, the second great cliarter of the liberties of EiigLand, 
was presented by Parliament to Chai'les the First, the scene and its accessories 
were hardly less impressive. 

Into that law — called a petition, as if to mask the deadly energy of its blow 
upon tyranny — had been collected by the skill of its fraraers all the heads of 
the despotic prerogative Avhich Charles had exercised, that they might all be 
smitten together, with one tremendous destroying stroke. The king, enthroned 
in his chair of state, looked forth on those who waited for his word, as still 
he looks, witli his fore-casting and melancholy face, from the canvas of Van 
Dyck. Before him were assembled the nobles of England, in peaceful array, 
and not in armor, but with a civil power in their hands which the older 
gauntlets could not have held, and with the memoi'ies of a long renown almost 
as visible to themselves and to the king as were the tapestries suspended on 
the walls. '' * ^' •• " " " * ■■•■ '■'■ * 

THE COXTOEXTAL COX-^GllESS. 

In what sharp contrast Avith the rich ceremonial and the splendid accessories 
of these preceding kindred events, a}>pears that modest scene at Philadelphia, 
from which we gratefully date to-day a hundred years of constant and pros- 
perous national life ! 

In a plain room, of an unpretending and recent building — the lower east 
room of what then was a state-house, what since has been known as the 
" Independence Hall " — in the midst of a city of perhaps thirt}' thousand 
inhabitants — a city ^v•hich preserved its rural aspect, and the (plaint simplicity 
of whose plan and structures had always been marked among American towns 
— were assembled probably less than fifty persons to consider a paper pre])ared 
by a young Virginia lawyer, giving I'easons for a resolve which the asseml)ly 
had adopted two days before. They were farmers, planters, lawyers, physicians, 
surveyors of land, with one eminent Presbyterian clergyman. A majority of 
them had been educated at such schools, or primitive colleges, as then existed 
on this continent, Avhile a few had enjoyed the rare advantage of training 
abroad and foreign travel ; but a considerable number, and among them some 
of the most influential, had no other education than that Avhicli they had 
gained by diligent reading while at their trades or on their farms. 

The figure to which our thou2;hts turn first is that of the author of the 
careful paper on the details of which the discussion turned. It has no sjjecial 
majesty or charm, the slight, tall frame, the sun-burned face, the gray eyes 
spotted with hazel, the red hair which crowns the head; but already, at the 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 217 



age of tliiit\ -tliivc, the iii.-ni lias iinprcsscd liiiiisclt' on liis associates as a master 
of priiR-iples, and of tlie language in wliic-li those principles find expression, so 
that his colleagues have left to him, almost wholly, the work of preparing the 
im|>orrant Declaration. lie wants readiness in deliate, and so is now silent; 
hut he listens eagerly to the vigorous argument and the forcible appeals of oue 
of his fellows on the conunittee, Mr. John Adams, and now and then speaks 
with another of the committee, much older than himself — a stout man, with a 
friendly face, in a [)laiu dress, whom the world already had heard something 
of as Benjamin Franklin. These tliree are perhaps most prominently befoi'e us 
as we recall the vanished scene, though others were there of tine presence and 
cultivated manners, ami though all impress us as sul)stantial and lespectable 
representative men, however hai'sh the features of some, however brawny their 
liands with labor, lint ccftainly nothing could be more unpretending, more 
destitute of pictorial charm, than that small assembly of persons, for tlie most 
part fjuite unknown to ]>revions fame, and half of whose names it is not 
pi-obablc that half of us in this assembly could now repeat. 

After a discussion somewhat prolonged, as it seemed at the time, especially 
as it had l)een continued from previous days, and after some minor amendments 
of the pa])er, toward evening it was a<h)]ite(l, and ordered to be sent to the 
several states, signed by the president and the secretary ; and the simjde trans- 
action was com])lete. Whatever there may have l)een of proclamation and 
liell-ringiiiL;' appears to have come on subse(]ueiit days. It was almost a full 
month licfore the paper was engrossed and signed by the members. It must 
have been nearly or (piite the same time before the news of its adoption had 
reached the remoter parts of the land. 

THE DECLAIiATIoN THE ACT OK TUIC I'EOI'I.i:. 

If pomp of circumstances were necessary to make an event like this great 
autl memoral)le, there would have been others in our history more worthy far 
of our commemoration. As matched against multitudes in general history, it 
would sink into instant and complete insignificance, ^'et here, to-day, a hundred 
years from the adoption of that jiaper, in a city which counts its languages by 
scores, and beats with the tread of a million feet, in a country whose enterprise 
flies abroad over sea and land on the rush of engines not then imagined, in a 
time .so full of e.xciting hopes that it hardly has leisui'e to I'ontemplate tlie past, 
we pause from all oui' toil and tiallic, our eager |ilans and impetuons debate, 
to commemorate the event. The \\liole land pauses, as I have said; and some 
distinct impi'essioii of it will follow the sun, w lierevei' he climbs the steep of 
Heaven, until in all countries it has more or less touched the thouehts of men. 



218 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Wliy is this? is a question, tlie answer to wliioli should interpret and 
vindicate our assemblage. 

It is not simply because a century lia[>[)ens to have passed since the event 
thus remembered occurred. A hundred years are always closing from some 
event, and have been since Adam was in his prime. There was, of course, some 
special importance in the action then accomplished — in the nature of that action, 
since not in its circumstances — to justify such long record of it ; and that 
importance it is t)urs to define. In the perspective of distance the small things 
disappear, while the great and eminent keep their place. As Carlyle has said : 
"A king in the midst of his body-guards, with his trumpets, war-horses and gilt 
standard-bearers, will look great though he be little; only some Roman Carus 
can give audience to satrap ambassadors, while seated on the ground, with a 
woolen cap, and supping on boiled pease, like a common soldiei'."* 

What was, then, the great reality of power in what was done a hundred 
years since, which gives it its mastei-ful place in history — makes it Roman and 
regal amid all its simplicity. 

Of course, as the prime element of its power, it Avas the action of a Peojale, 
and not merely of persons ; and such action of a people has always a momentnm, 
a public force, a historic significance, which can pertain to no individual argu- 
ments and appeals. There are times, indeed, when it has the energy and 
authority in it of a secular inspiration ; when the supi'eme soul which rules 
the world comes through it to utterance, and a thought surpassing man's wisest 
plan, a will ti'anscending his strongest pur^Jose, is heard in its commanding voice. 

It does not seem extravagant to say that the time to which onr thoughts 
are tui-ned Avas one of these. 

OIIARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. 

For a century and a half the emigrants from Eiirope had liroiight hither, 
not the lettei's alone, the arts and industries, or the religious convictions, but 
the hardy moral and political life, A\hich had there been developed in ages of 
strenu.ous struggle and work. France and Germany, Holland and Sweden, as 
well as England, Scotland and Ireland, had contributed to this. The Austrian 
Tyrol, the Bavarian highlands, the Bohemian plain, Denmark, even Portugal, 
had had their part in this colonization. The amjile domain which here received 
the earnest immigrants had imparted to them of its own oneness; and diver- 
sities of language, race and custom, had fast disapj^eared in the governing unity 
of a common aspiration, and a common purj)ose to work out through freedom 
a nobler well-being. 

•Essay on Schiller. Essays: Vol. II, p. 301. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 219 



The geiu'i'iil moral life i>f tliis people, so various in origin, so accordant in 
sjiirit, had oidy risen to grander force through the toil and strife, the austere 
training, the long patience of endurance, to wliich it here had l)eeii subjected. 
The exposui'es to heat, and cold, and famine, to unaccustomed labors, to alter- 
nations of climate unknown in the ( )ld Worhl, to mahu'ial forces brooding 
above the mellow ami drainless recent lands — these had fatally stricken many; 
but those who survived were tough and robust, the more so, perhaps, because 
of the perils which they had surmounted. Education was not easy, books were 
not many, and the daily iiews])aper was unknown; but political discussion had 
l)eeu always going on, and men's minds had gatheivd nnc(mscious force as they 
strove with eacli other, in eager debate, on questions concerning the common 
welfare. They had had nuich experience in subordinate legislation on the local 
matters belonging to their care; had acquired dexterity in perfoi-ming pidjlic 
business, and had often had to resist or amend the suggestions or dictates of 
royal governors. For a ivcent jieople, dwelling apart from older and conflicting 
states, they had had a large experience in war, the crack of the rifle being 
never unfamiliar along the near frontier, where disciplined skill was often 
combined with savage fury to sweep \vith sword or scar with fire their scattei'ed 
settlements. 

UNITY OF TUE COLONIES. 

By every species, therefore, of common work, of discussion, endurance, and 
martial struggle, the descendants of the colonists scattered along the American 
coast had l»een allied to each other. They were more closely allied than they 
knew. It needed only some signal occasion, some summons to a su(hlen heroic 
decision, to bring them into instant general coml)inati(m ; and Huguenot and 
Hollander, Swede, German and Protestant Portugese, as well as ICnglishinan, 
Scotchman, Irishman, would then forget that their ancestors had been dift'ei'ent, 
in the supreme consciousness that now they had a common country, and before 
all else were all of tliein Amei'icans. 

That time had come. That consciousness had for Hfteen yeai's Ijcen (puck- 
ening in the people, since the "writs of assistance" had been applied for and 
granted, in 17<)1, when Otis, resigning his honorable position under the crown, 
had flung Idmself against the ah-irming innovation with an elocpience as blasting 
as the stroke of the lightning w hicli In the end destroyed his life. With every 
fresh invasion by England of their p(»])ular liberties, with every act \vhich 
threatened such invasion ])y providing opportunity and the instruments for it, 
the .sense of a eoiiunoii privilege and right, of a common inheritance in the 
country they were fashioning out of tlie forest, of a common }tlace in the 



220 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

liistory of the world, had been increased among tlie colonists. They were plain 
people, with no strong tendencies to the ideal. They wanted only a chance for 
free growth ; but they must have that, and have it together, though the conti- 
nent cracked. The diamond is formed, it has sometimes been supposed, under 
a swift, enormous pressure of masses meeting, and forcing the carbon into a 
crystal. The ultimate sjurit of the American colonists was formed in like 
manner; the weight of a rockj' continent beneath, the weight of an oppression 
only intolerable ])ecause undefined pressing on it from above. But now that 
spirit, of inestimaljle price, reflecting light from every angle, and harder to be 
broken than anything material, was suddenly shown in acts and declai-ations 
of conventions and assemblies from the Penobscot to the St. Mary's. 

AGUEEIIENT IN 'J HE DECLARATION. 

Any commanding public temper, once established in a people, groAvs bolder, 
of course, more inquisitive and inventive, moi'e sensible of its rights, more 
determined on its future, as it comes more frequently into exercise. This in 
the colonies latelj^ had had the most significant of all its expressions, up to 
that point, in the resolves of popular assemblies that the time had come for a 
final separation from the kingdom of Great Britain. The eminent Congress of 
two years before had given it powerful ivinforcement. Now, at last, it entered 
the representative American assembly, and claimed from that the ultimate word. 
It foiuid what it sought. The Declaration was only the voice of that supreme, 
impersonal force, that will of communities, that universal soul of the state. 

The vote of the colony then thinly covering a part of the spaces not yet 
wholly occupied by this gi-eat State, was not, indeed, at once formally given 
for such an instrument. It was wisely delayed, under the judicious counsel of 
Jay, till a provincial Congress could assemble, spiecially called, and formally 
authorized, to pronounce the deliberate resolve of the colony; and so it hap- 
pened that only twelve colonies voted at first for the great Declaration, and 
that New York was not joined to the numl)er till five days later. But Jay 
knew, and all knew, that numerous, wealthy, eminent in character, high in 
position as were those here and elsewhere in the country — in Massachusetts, in 
Virginia, and in the Carolinas — who ^yeve by no means yet prepared to sever 
their connection with Great Britain, the general and governing mind of the 
people was fixed upon this, Avith a decision which nothing could change, with 
a tenacity which nothing could break. The forces tending to that result had 
wrought to their development with a steadiness and strength which the stub- 
bornest resistance had liardly delayed. The sjiirit which now shook light and 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 221 

iiiijiiilsf over the land was i-eceiit in its ]ii-ffis(' (Iciiiaud, l)iit as old in its l)iilli 
as the first Christian settlements; and it was tliat spirit — not of one, imr of 
fift\, not of all the individuals in all the eonventions, l)ut the vaster s])irit 
which la\ liehind- which put itself oii sudden I'ccord throuuh the prompt ami 
accurate jien of .letferson. 

■niK INsl'IltAPION OF IIIE OKKAT ( II A lITKi;. 

lie was himself in full sympathy with it, and only by reason of that 
svnij)athy could <!;ive it such consummate expression. Not out of ]xK)ks, legal 
researches, histoiical iiKjuiiy, the eai'eful and \ai-ious studies of language, came 
tliat document; l)ut out of repeated public debate, out of manifold personal 
an<l private discussion, out of his clear, sympathetic observation of the changing 
feeling and thought of men, out of that ex(piisite per.sonal sensibility to vague 
and impalpable popular impidses which was in him innately combined with 
artistic taste, an ideal nature, and rare powder of pliilosopliical thought. The 
voice of the cottage as well as the college, of the (diurch as w'ell as the legis- 
lative assembly, was in the paper. It echoed the talk of the farmer in home- 
spun, as well as the classic ehxjuence of Lee, or the terrible tones of Patrick 
Ilenrw It gushed at last from the pen of its writer, like the fountain fVom 
the roots of Lelianon, a brimming river when it issues frcmi the rock ; but it 
was because its .sources had been sup[)lied, its fullness filled, by unseen springs; 
liv the rivulets winding far uj) among the cedars, and percolating through 
hidden crevices in the stone; by melting snow"s, wdiose wdiite sparkle seemed 
still on the .stream; by fierce rains, with wdiich the basins above were drenched ; 
i)V even the dews, silent and wide, which had lain in stillness all night upon 
the hill. 

The Platonic idea of the development of the state was thus i-ealized here; 
first ethics, then politics. A public opinion, energetic and dominant, took its 
place from the start as tlie chief instalment of the new civili/.jition. Xo dasliing 
mameuvre of skillful commanders, no sudden l)urst of popular passion, was 
in the Declaration ; but tlie vast myst<iry of a su[)rerae and imperative publii- 
life, .at once diffused and intense — -behind all piersons, before all plans, beneath 
which individual wills are exalted, at whose touch the personal mind is inspired, 
and uuiler whose transcendent impulse the .smallest instrument i)ecomes of a 
terrific force. That made the Declaration ; and that makes ii now, in its 
modest brevity, take its place with Magna Charta .ami the Petition of Right, 
as full as they of vital force, and destined to a j)arallel permanence. 

* * * Oidy then is a paper of secular force, or long reTuembei-e<l. when 
2!) 



222 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Ipchiud it is tile iiliii|uit<iiis ouei'^'v of llic |i(>]Mil;ir will. roUiiiL;' tlir<Mii:li its 
words ill \;ist (liapMsdii, and cliai'^'i'ii: its clauses with tones of tliiinder. 

Beeaiise sueli an energy was lieliiiid it. our 1 >eelaratioii luul its iiiajestio 
j)laet' and ineaiiiui;" ; .iiid tlu'V wIk) adopted it saw now liefe else 

80 rich iidvaiitnirc of ;i ])r()niisi'(l ulory, 

As smiled upon the lorchoMcl of tlioir action. 

Because of that, we read it still, and look to have it ;is audiMe as now, 
ainoiio' the dissonant \oices of the world, when otlu'r i;-eneratioiis, in loiio- suc- 
fessit)ii, have come ;iiid ^oiie I 

■I'lIK OKCI.AKA TION (U,l> IN lis I. IKK. 

Hut further, t(u>, it must be observed tlnit this ]i;i|ier. ;itlo])ted a hundred 
years since. \\a8 not merely the deehiratiou of a ]>eoph% as distiiiouislied from 
eminent and ctdtured individuals — a confession before the world of the public 
State-faitli. r;ither than a political thesis but it was also the declarati()n of a 
pi'ople w iiich claimed for its own a great inheritance of e(|uitable l;iws. and of 
practical lil)erty, and which now was intent to eidarge and enriidi that, it had 
roots in the past. ;ind a long genealogx ; and so it had a vit.-ility inherent, and 
an immense energy. 

'^riiey who framed it went back, indeed, to lirst |irinciples. 'riiere was 
something philosophic and ideal in their scheme. ;is always there is when the 
gener.-il mind is deeply stirred. It was not sujierlicial. ^'et they were not 
nndertaking to establish new theories, oi- to build their state n]>oii artiticial 
j)lans and abstrai't speculations. They were simply evolving out of the ))ast 
what therein had been latent; were libei'ating into free exhiliition and iiiu'casing 
activity a \ital force older than the history of their colonization, and wide 
as the lands from which they came. They had the sweep of vast im})nlses 
behind them. Tlu' slow tendencies of i-entnries came to siitlden consummation 
in their Decl.aratiou ; ami the force of its im])ai-t upon the atVairs and the mind 
of the world was not to be measured by its contents .alone, but by the rela- 
tion in which these stood to all the vehement discussion and strugLjle of which 
it was the latest outcome. This ought lo be. always, distinctly obscrx cd. 

The teiulency is strong, and has been general, among those who have intro- 
duced great changes in the government of st.-ites, to follow some plan of 
political, ]>erliaps of social imiovation, whiidi enlists their jtidgment, excites 
their fancy, and to make a comely theoretic hal)itatioii for tlu' national house- 
hold, rather than to build on the old f(mnd;itions, — expanding the walls, lifting 



CENTENNIA]. OKATlo.NS AM) SHRMONS. 223 



tlif lieiii'lit, ciilargiiig the doorways, enlightening with new wiiidnws the halls, 
hilt still l<c<']iing tlic strtMigtli ;iiiil icnrwiiig the age of an nM faniiliai- and 
venerated struct lire. ^ ^v ^v ^f •»} ^^ * * » ^t ^^ 

l.nVAI.IV OF rilK (Oj.ONIKS 1(1 i;N(:|.1S11 I'KKCKDlONl'S. 

It was no such rash s|icculati\ c change w liich Ikmc was attempted. '1 he 
|ieo])le whose di'|iiities tTaiiied <iur I )eclaratioii were largel\ theinsehcs deseeiid- 
aiits of Knglishineii ; and those who were not. hail lived loiit^- enough iiiidei' 
I'hiLi'lish institutions to he impressed with their teiideiii'V and sjiiril. It was 
therefofe only natural that even when adoi)ting that ultimate measuiv which 
severed them from the liritish crown, they should retain all that had heen gained 
in the mother-land through centuries of endurance and strife. They left nothing 
that was good ; they al)olisIied the had, added the needful, and develoi)ed into 
a rule for the continent the splendid precedents of great former occasions. 
'rhe\ shared ^till the hoast of Eiiglishnieii that their constitution "has no single 
date from which its duration is to he reckoned," and that "the oi'igin of the 
Knglish law is as iindiscoverahle as that of the Nile." They went hack them- 
selves, for the origin of their lilierties, to the most ancient muniments of 
Kiiulish freeddiii. .lelTersoii had afHrmed, in 1774, that a primitive chai'ter of 
American Independence lay in the fact that as the Saxons had left their native 
wilds ill the North of Kuiope, and had occupied I'ritain the country wliicdi 
they left asserting over them no further control, nor any dependence of them 
upon it — so the Englishmen coming hither had formed, hy that act, aiiothei' 
state, over which Parliament had no rights, in which its laws were \<iid till 
accepted.* 

Hut while seeking for their lihei-ties so archaic a l)asis, neither lie nor his 
colle.agues were in the least careless of what siihs<'(|ueiit times had done to 
complete them. There was not one element of popular light, which had heen 
wrested from cripwn and iiohle in any age, which they did not keep: not an 
eipiitahle rule, for the transfer or the <li\isioii of property, for the protection 
of personal rights, or for the detection and punishment of crime, which was 
not precious in their eyes. Kveii ( 'haii<-ery jurisdiction they widely retained, 
with the distinct trihunals, derived from the ecclesiastical courts, for pn.hate 
of wills; and English technicalities were maintained in their courts, almost as 
if they were saci-ed things. Especially that eipiality of ci\il rights among all 
commoners, which Ilallam declares the most prominent characteristic of the 
English Constitution — the source of its peiniaiieiice, its iniproveinent, and its 
vigor — they pei-fectly preserved ; they onl\ more sharpls athrmativel^declared it. 

•Works, Vol. I. p. 125. 



224 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Ktl.KItS ITtOI'KRLY ItlCPIiESION'rATIVES OF TIIK PEOI'LE. 

Iinlt^ed, in reiiouiifino' their alleo-iance to the King-, ami pnttiug the I'liited 
Colonies in his ])hice, they felt themselves acting in intimate harmony with the 
spirit and di-ift of the ancient constitution. The e.xecutive here ^vas to be 
elective, not hereditary — to be limited and not jsei-manent in the term of his 
functions; and no established peerage should exist. But each state I'etaiued 
its governoi-, its legislature, generally in two liouses, its ancient statute and 
common law; and if they had been challenged foi' English authority foi' theii- 
attitude toward the ci'OAvn, they might have replied in tlie \vords of Bi'acton, 
the Lord Chief Justice five hundred years before, undt-r tlie reign of Henry the 
Third, tliat "the law makes tlie king;" "thei'e is no king, where will, and not 
law, beai's I'ule ;" "if the king wei'e without a bihlle, that is the law, they 
(mght to put a bridle upon him."'"' They might have re})lied in the words of 
Fox, speaking in Parliament, in daring defiance of the tempei' of the House, 
but with many supporting him, when he said that in declaring independence, 
the}' "had done no more than the English had done against James the 
Second. "+ 

They had done no more; though they had not elected anothei' king in 
2)lace of him whom they renounced. They had taken no step so far in advance 
of the then existing English Constitution as those which the Pai'liament of 
1640 took in advance of the previous ])arlianients Avhich Charles had dissolved. 
If there was a right movf rooted than another in tliat C(mstitution, it was the 
right of the people which was taxed to have its \(>te in the taxing legislature. 
If there was anything more accordant than anothei' \\ ith its historic temper 
and tenor, it was that the authority of tlie king was detei'mined when his rule 
became tyrannous. Jefferson had but perfectly expressed the doctrine of the 
lovers of freedom in England for many genei-ations, when he said in his sum- 
mary view of the rights of America, in 1774, that "the monarch is no more 
than the chief officer of the people, appointed by the hiAvs, and ciivumscribed 
with definite powers to assist in Avorking the great machine of government, 
erected for their iise, and I'onsequently subject to their superintendence;" that 



* "As the head of a body natural cannot change its nerves and sinews, cannot deny to the several parts 
their proper energy, their due proportion and aliment of blood; neither can a king, who is the head of a 
body politic, change the laws thereof, nor take from the people what is theirs by right, against their con- 
sent. * * For he is appointed to protect his subjects in their lives, properties, and laws; for this very end 
and purpose he has the delegation of power from the people, and he has no just claim to any other power 
but this." — Sir .John Fortescue's Treatise, De Laudibus Legum Angliac, c. 9 [about A. D. 1470], cjuoted liy 
Hallam, Mid. Ages, chap. VIII, part III. 

f Speech of October :il, ITTti: "The House divided on llic .\nicndniciit. Yeas, ST; n.ays, 242." 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 



"kings are the servants, not the proprietors of the people ;" and that a nation 
claims its rights, "as dci-ivcd tVoiii the laws (if ii;iture, not as the gift of their 
chief magistrate."* 

ANlKSTKAI. l.lliKIMV SI'KAKINO 11 1 Ki M( . I i WIMITKN LAW. 

That liad Ih'cii tlic spirit, if not as yet the formulated dnctriiic, of Kalcigli. 
llaiii|)deu, Uussell, Sydne}' — of all the great leaders of liberty in P^nglaiid. 
Milton had declared it, in a prose as majestic as any passage of the Paradise 
Lost. The CommoHwealtli hail Ween Imilt on it : and the whole revolution of 
10ns. And they who now framed it into their [lermanent organic law, and 
made it supreme in the country they were shaping, wei-e in harmony with the 
nolilest inspii-jitious of the past. They wei'e not innovating with a rash reck- 
lessness. They were simply accepting and i-e-affirming what they iiad learned 
from luminous events and illustrious men. 80 their work had a dignity, a 
strength, and a permanence which can never lielong to mere fresh speculation. 
It interlocked with that of multitudes going before. It derived a virtue from 
every Held of struggle in England; fnmi every scaffold, hallowed by free and 
consecrated Idood ; from every hour of great debate. It was only the complete 
development into law, for a se2)arated peo[)le, of that atigust ancestral lilierty, 
the germs of which had jireceded the Heptarchy, the gradual definition anti 
establishment of wdiich had l)een the glory of English history. A thousand 
years brooded over the room where they asserted hereditary rights. Its walls 
showed neither portraits nor mottoes ; btit the Kaiser-saal at Frankfurt was not 
hung around with such recollections. No titles were worn by those plain men; 
but there had not been one knightly sohlier, or one patriotic and prescient 
statesman, standing for lil)erty in the splendid centni'ies of its English grow'th, 
who did not touch them with unseen accolade, and bid them be faithful. The 
jiaper which they adopted, fresli from the pen of its young author, and w litten 
on his hired |)ine table, Avas ali-eady, in essential life, of a venerable age; and 
it took immense iuijiulse, it dei'ived an instant and vast authority, from its 
relation to that undying past in which they too had giand inheritance, and 
from w'hich their public life had come. '•■ ■•■ '•■ ■■' '•' "■■ 

All ii;ma I ION of NAiri.'Ai. iMonr. 

The Congress, and tlie people behind it, asserted for themselves here<litarv 
liberties, and hazarded everytliing in the purpose to complete them. But they 



'Rulers arc no more than attorneys, ajrents, and trustees, for the people, and if the cause, the interest 
and trust, is insidiously betrayed, or wantonly trifled away, "the people have a right to revoke the authority 
that llicy themselves have deputed, and to constitute abler and better asenls. attorneys, and trustees. — John 
Adams. Dissertali<m on f'iinoii and FiMidal Law; 17li.">. Works: Vol. Ill, pp. 4.'i(i-T. 



226 



MICIIKiAN AM) rilK CKNPKNN 1 AL. 



;ilso nllirnii'il. wiili ('iii|>li,-isis ;in(l clVccI, ••iiml Iht rii^'lil. more L;ciit'r;il lli;iii lhi>, 
w liii'li iii;i(lt' llu'ir .'nili'ii ■<i'_;nilic;inl .iml iiiiporljinl lodiluT pcoiilcs, w liicli mailf 
il. iiidccil. a siuiial lo llif ualioiis of llic |■i^•llt .vf ,.a,'li io asscrl lor i(sc||' I hr 
jiisl prcroi;'.'!! i\ I' of fol•^lin^• its l;-o\ crnniciil, clccl Iiil;' ils nilcrs, ordaiiiiiiL;' ils 
laws, as luiii'lil lo il scciii iimsl t'\|it'(lii'iil. llrar auain I lie iminorlal woiils: 
" W'l- luild tlu'sc liiillis lo lie s('lf-('\ idciil ; '■■ * thai to sr.-urc tlicsc | iiiialiciial'lf | 
riji'lits, ^•o\ cnimi'iils arc nisiliulcd aiiioii^' men, dcriv iiii;' lliclr just jiowcrs from 
ilic consent of the i;d\ criicd ; llial \\licnc\cr auv form of l;<i\ crniticnl lic.'oincs 
dostnictivc of llicsc ends, li is ihc riulil of llic people lo alter or to aKolisli 
i(. and to instilule new l;o\ cruincnt, la\iuu' its fonudations in sudi |irinci|iles, 
jind oro-ani/inj;' its powers in sneh form, as to ilicm shall seem most likeh to 
«'(Ti>ct (lieir safely and happines><."' 

'This is w hat ihe parl_\ of Kent ham called "the assnmption of natural i-iu'ht--. 
claimed williont the slightest e\ idence of their existence, ami supported li\ 
vjiii'ue and declamatory u-ener;dities."" This is w iial we receixc ;is the (h'cisive 
.and nolile declaralinn. spoken with the simplicitv of a perfect con\iciion. of a 
natural ri^iit as patent as the continent ; a declaration w Inch cliallenu-ed at once 
the attention tA' m.anUind, and which is now pr.acliealU assumeil ;is a premise 
in inlern.at ion.'d relations and jiuMic law. 

< >f course il w ,as not ;i new disco\er\. Il w ;is old ;is the earliest political 
philosophers; .as old. indeed, as the e.arliesi communities, which, liecomini;' 
<'st;d>lished in p.arlicni.ar locations. Ii.-id there de\ eloped their own insiiiulions. 
•and repellcil with \eliemence the ;Hs.aults ihat would cli.auLie them. Hut in the 
ii'rowth of political societies, .and the \ asi exp.ausion of imperi.al sl.ates. li\ ilu' 
compiest o\' those adj.aceni .and weaker, this riLi'lit. so e.asilv rccoi^'iiized .at 
the outset, so cfi'm.ane to tiie instincts, so level with the reason. ^A' e\ crx com- 
munity, ii.ad widely passed out of men's ihouuhts; and the powei' o\' .a 
eomnierini;- st.ate to ch.aULiC the institutions .and laws of a people, or impose 
on it new ones, the power o( .a p.arent st.atc to shape the foians .and prescrilic the 
rules o\' the <'olonies which went from it. h.ad liecn so lonu' .and .almndantK 
exercised, th.at tlie \ cry ri^ht of the people, thus comjuered or coloni.al, to 
consult ils own interests in the frame o( iis i;o\ ermuenl. h.ad ln'cii .almost 

forg'otten. 

I'ur: iM 1(11 KKiniu.ie i:\ei:rrioN\i. in kikoi-k. 

it niiulit he ,a hi^h specul.at imi of scholars, or ;i eharniing dream of political 
entluisijists. Hut il was not ,a m.ixim for the pr.actical st.-itosnian ; .and whatever 
its eonvetness ,as ,an ideal principle, itw.as \ain to expect to see it est.al>lislied 
in .a world full of kin^^s who claimed, eich for himself, .an .aulhorit\ from lim]. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 227 



.•mil lull i>t' states intent on L,n-:is|iinL;' and i:i>\ cinintr '>>' tlicii' law ailjaci-iil 
tlnniains. The rev nil ii\' tlir Xctherlands against Sj)aiiis]i (louiination had been 
liic line instance in niDdcin iiistorv in wliicli tlic iidiei-ent I'iglit of a iteojile to 
tiiiit ilx'lt' ill the frame of its govei'nmeni li.id Keen ju-oclaimed, and then main- 
tnined ; an<l that had been at the outset a puroxysniaj re\i>lt, against tyranny 
so crMshiiig. and ciuelties so savage, that tliey took it out of the line of 
e\ain|ile>. The l)utidi l;e|iulilic was almost as e.\ce|)t ional, thfongji the tierce 
wickedness whieh had crowded it into being, as was Switzerland itself, on its 
Alpine lieights. For an ordinary state to claim self-regulation, an<l fonnd its 
govermnent on a I'leliiscit. was to contradict |ifeced(^nt, and to set at defiance 
Enro|)e;in tradition. 

l'i;i.M ll'l,i:> A-~ UIDI. A:- Ml MA.MIV ITSIM.F. 

<)Mr t'atheis, howevei', in a somewhat vague way, had held from the start 
th.it they h;id right to an autonomy; and that acts of i'arli.iment, if not 
.•i|>|iointnients of the crown, took ]>ro])er effect uj)on the.se .shores oidy by reason 
of their assent. Tlieir cliarters were held to confirm this doctrine. The con- 
viction, at first practical and instinctive, rather than theoretic, had gnjwn with 
their growth, ■•iiid iiad been intensified into ])ositive atfii'ination and public 
exhibition as the I'ritish ride impinged more .sharply on their interests and 
their lio])es. It hail finally l)econie tlie general and decisive conviction of the 
I'olonies. it h.id sjiokeii ali-eady in armed resistance to the troops of the King. 
It had been aiticiilated, with gathering emphasis, in many resolves of assem- 
blies and conventions. It was now, finally, most energetically, .set forth to the 
world in the gi-eat Declai'ation ; and in that utterance, made general, not 
particular, and founding the rights of the people in this country on princijiles 
as wide as humanity itself, tliei-e lay an ;i[>pe;il to evei'V nation: -an a]i])eal 
whose words took uiqiaralieled force, were illuminated and ni;ide rniiiical, in 
the fire and Ijlood of the following war. 

Here follows an argument against the right of secession — that the right of revolution exists only with 

the general mind," representing a country physically defined, and not of minorities or .sections within it. 

The right of a people upon its own territory, as e(|imlly against anj' classes within it, or any external 

powers, this is the doctrine of our Declaration. We know how it here has been applied, and how .settled it 

is upon these shores for the time to come." The .spread of liheral republican ideas in Kuropc, from our 

Declaration, is adverted to. 

i.ir.i:i;Ai. sia'iks .mos'I' swiuk. 

The docti'ine of the piopei- prerogati\e of kings, deri\cd from (iod, which 
in the last century was more common in Kurojie than the doctrine of the 
ceiitrality of the sun in oiir planetar\' svsteni, is now as oitsolete aniono- the 



228 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

intelligent as are tlie epicycles of Ptolemy. Eveiy government expects to stand 
henceforth by assent of the governed, and by no other claim of riglit. It is 
strong by beneficence, not by tradition; and at tlie height of its military 
successes it circulates a2)peals, and canvasses foi' ballots. Revolution is care- 
fully sought to be averted, by timely and tender amelioration of the laws. 
The most progressive and liberal states are most evidently secure; \vhile those 
which stand, like old olive-trees at Tivoli, witli feeble arms supported on pillars, 
and hollow ti'unks filled up with stone, are palpal )ly only tempting the blast. 
An alliance of sovereigns, like that called the Holy, for reconstructing the map 
of Europe, and [)arcelling out the passive peo])les among separate governments, 
would to-day be no more Y)ossible than would C'harlemagne's plan for recon- 
structing the empire of the West. Even Murad, Sultan of Turkey, now takes 
the place of Abdul the deposed, "by the grace of God, and the will of the 
people;" and that accomplished and illustrious Prince, whose empire under the 
Southei'ii Ci-oss rivals our own in its extent, and most nearly approaches it on 
this hemisphere in stability of institutions and in practical freedom, has his 
surest title to the throne which he honors, in his w ise liberality, and his faithful 
endeavor for the good of his people. As long as in this he continues, as now, 
a recognized leader among the monarehs — I'eady to take and seek suggestions 
from even a democratic republic — his throne will be steadfast as the ^vater- 
sheds of Bi'azil ; and while his successors maintain his spirit, no domestic 
insurrection will test the question whether they I'etain that celei'ity in move- 
ment with wliicli l)om Pedro has astonished Amei'icans. 

CEHTAIN TENDENCY TOWAKO I'olTLAi; SoVKKEKJNTV. 

It is no more possible to reverse this tendency toward jiopular sovereignty, 
and to substitute for it the right of families, classes, minorities, or of inter- 
vening foreign states, than it is to arrest tlic motion of the earth, and make it 
swing the other way in its annual orbit. In (his, at least, our fathers' Decla- 
ration has made its impression on the history of numkind. 

THE ACT OF TUK I'KOl'LK. 

It was the at-t of a people, and not of pei'sons, except as these represented 
and led that. Tt was the act of a people, not starting out on new theories of 
government, so much as developing into foi-ms of law and practical force a 
gi-eat and gradual inheritance of freedom. It was the act of a people, declaring 
for others, as for itself, the right oi each to its own form of government, 
without interference from other nations, Avithout restraint by privileged classes. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 229 

EI'FEC'l" UPON THE WELI'AKE OF Till'; PEOri.E. 

It i>iil\ rcinaiiis, then, to ask tlif (|Ucstion how far it lias roiitributed to 
the peaoi', the advancemeiit, and tlie {HTinaiUMit welfare, of the people liy which 
it was set forth ; of other nations which it has att'ected. 

Thai 'our iiciiplf liavc liail a cuiitiiiciit lo suljilue," with olliur thiiiijs, is reason why tlicy may not 
" hiive reached as yet the ii\eal slate, of private libeity combined witli a perfect public order, or of oiilturc 
complete, and a supreme character." But something is .said of our achievements in literature, in art, and in 
science, lliouifh it is nrit claimed that these are especially due to the adoption of the Declaration. 

But what wt' htive now, and should not have had except for that [);iper 
w hieh the Congre.ss adopted, is the general and increasing ])o])ular iidvaiicenient 
in knowledge, vigoi\ as I ])elieve in moral cidttire, of which our country has 
been the arena, and in wliich lies its hope f(n" the future. The independence 
of the nation has reacted, with sympathetic force, on the personal life which 
the nation includes. It has made men more resolute, aspiring, confident, and 
mt)i-e susceptible to whatever e.\alts. The doctrine that all by creation are 
etjual, — not in respect of physical force or of mental endowment, of means for 
culture or inherited privilege, but in respect of immortal factdty, of duty to 
each other, of right to protection and to jiersonal development, — this has given 
manliness to the poor, enterpri.se to the weak, a kindling hope to the most 
ol)scure. It has made the individuals of whom tht; nation is comp(»sed more 
alive to the forces whicli educate and exalt. 

CONSEQI'EXT INOKK.VSK OF I .VTKlJ.HiENCK. 

There has been incessant motive, too, for the wide and constant em[)loyment 
of these forces. It lias been felt that, as the people is fiovereign here, that 
people must be trained in mind and spirit for its august and sovereign function. 
The establishment of common schools, for a neeilful [)riniary .secuhir training, has 
l)een an instinct of society, only recognized and rei)eated in provisions of 
statutes. The esttdilishment of higher .schools, classical and generjil, of colleges, 
.scientitic and |ii-ofessional seminaries, has been as well the impulse of the nation, 
and the furtherance of them a care of governments. The immense expansion 
of the jiress in this country has been Ijased fundamentally upon the same 
irnpiilsf, and has wnnight w'ith beneficent general force in the stime direction. 
Religious instruction has gone as widely as this distribution of secular knowledge. 

oltOWTII OF CIIi:i.STI.\XITY. 

It used to lie thought that a Church dissevered from the State must be 
feeble. \\'anting wealth of eiidownients and dignity of titles- — its clergy entitled 
to no place among the peers, its revenues assured l)y no legal cnactnients — it 
30 



230 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



must ivmaiii oliscmc aiul poor; wliile tlie absence of any extei'nal limitations, 
of parliamentary statutes and a legal ereed, must leave it lialde to endless 
division, and tend to its sjieedy disintegration into sects and schisms. It seemed 
as liojH'less to look for strength, wealth, bcneticence, for extensive educational 
and missionary work, to such churches as these, as to look for aggressive 
military oi-ganization in a convention of farmers, or for the volume and thunder 
of Niagara to a thousand sinking and se))arate I'ills. 

But the work which was given to be done in this country was so gi'eat 
and momentous, and has been so constant, that matching itself against that 
^\ork, the Clinrch, undei' whatever name, has I'ealized a strength, and developed 
an activity, ^vholly fresh in the ^\•orld in modern times. It 'has not been 
antagonized by that instinct of liberty which always awakens against its work 
where religion is re(|uii'ed by law. It has seized the opportunity. Its ministers 
and members have had theii- own standards, leaders, laws, and sometimes have 
quarreled, fiercely enough, as to which wei'e the better. But in the work which 
was set them to do, to give to the sovereign American people the knowledge 
of God in the Gospel of His Son, their only strife has been one of emulation — 
to go the furthest, to give the most, and to bless most laj-gely the land and 
its future. ****<^ ******** 

Reference is made to the social ciillurc of Ihc pco|ilc. and In i)iil)lic virtue, and the concUisiou is 
reached that " tlie nation at large was never more menially viirorous or morally sound," notwithstanding 
undeniable corruptions in high places. The strength and apparent permanence of the repul)lie is spoken 
of. Its tendency is to peace, and with some wars that were unavoidable, it has been peaceful, wliile the 
elements from which the people sprang fitted them for warlike enterprises. "A monarcliy, just as it is 
despotic, finds incitement to war; for pre-oecupation of the popular mind; to gratify nobles, officers, tlie 
army; for liistoric renown. An intelligent republic hates war, and slums it. It counts standing armies a 
curse only second in an annual pestilence. It wants no glory but from growth." But composed as our 
people are, " it will never be safe to insult such a nation, or to outrage its citizens." 

CONCJ.rSION. 

Mr. Pi'esident: Fellow-Citizens: — To an extent too great for your ])atience, 
but with a rapid incomjileteness that is only too evident as we match it with 
the theme, I have outlined before you some of the reasons why we have right 
to connuemortite the <lay ^vhose hundredth anniversary has brought us together, 
and why the paper then adopted has interest and importance not only for us, 
but for all the advancing sons of men. Thank God that he who framed the 
Declaration, and he who was its foremost champion, both lived to see the 
nation they had shajjed growing to greatness, and to die togetlier, in tliat 
marvelous coincidence, on its semi-centennial ! The fifty years wdiich have 
]>assed since then have only still further honored their work. Mr. Adams was 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND f^EKMONS. 281 



inistakfii in the day which hr iiaiiu'tl as the one to be most fondly remembered. 
It was not lliat i>ii whicli indejiendence of the empire of Great Britain was 
fi>rniall\ ri'soKcd. It was that on wliich the i-ea.sons were given which jnstitied 
the act, aii<l tin- principles were annotmced whicli made it of secnhir signiliciince 
to mankind. But he would have been ubsolutely right in saying of the fourth 
(lav what he did say of the second : it " will be the most remarkable epoch in 
the history of America; to be celebrated l)y succeeding generations as the great 
anniversary festival, commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts 
of devotion to Almighty God, from one end of the continent to the other." 

It will not l)e forgotten, in the land or in the earth, until the stars have 
fallen from their poise; or until our vivid morning star of re]nil)lican liberty, 
not losing its lustre, has seen its special brightness fade in the ampler eft'ul- 
geuce of a freedom luiiversal. 

Bnt while we rejoice in that which is past, and glacUy recognize the vast 
oigaiiitic invstery of life which was in the Declaration, the ])lans of Providence 
wliich slowly and silently, Imt w ith ceaseless progression, had led the w^ay to it, 
the immense and enduring results of good which tVcmi it have flowed, let us 
not forget the duty \vhich always equals privilege, and that of peoples, as well 
as of persons, to wliomsoever nuicli is given, shall only therefore the more be 
re(|nire(l. Let us consecrate ourselves, each one of us, here, to the further 
<luties wliich wait to l)e fulfilled, to the work which shall consummate the 
great woi-k of the fathers I 

From scanty .soils come richest grapes, and on severe and rocky slopes the 
trees are often of t(mghest fibre. The wines of Iludesheim and Johannisberg 
cannot be grown in the fatness of gardens, and the cedars of Lebanon disdain 
the levels of marsh and meadow. So a heroism is sometimes native to penury 
which lu.vury enervates, and the great resolution which sprang up in the blast, 
and blo.ssonjcd under inclement skies, may lose its shapely and steadfast 
strength when the air is all of summer softness. In e.xubei'ant resources is to 
be the coming American peril ; in a swiftly increasing luxury of life. The old 
humility, hardihood, patience, aie too likely to be lost when material success 
again opens, as it will, all avenues to wealth, and when its brilliant ])rizes 
solicit, as again tliey will, the national spirit. 

He it ours to endeavor that that temper of the fathers which was iioblei' 
than their work shall live in the chihlren, and e.xalt to its tone their coming 
career; that ]ioliti<"d intelligence, patriotic devotion, a reverent spirit toward 
ilim who is above, an e.xulting exju-ctation of the future of the worM, and a 
sense of our I'elation to it, shall be, as of old, essential foices in our iniblic 



232 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

life ; tliat education and religion keep step all the time with tlie nation's 
advance, and the school and the church l>e always at home wherever its flag 
shakes out its folds. In a spirit worthy the memories of the past let us set 
ourselves to accomplish the tasks which, in the sphere of national politics, still 
await completion. We burn the sunshine of other years when -we ignite the 
wood or coal upon our hearths. We enter a privilege which ages have secured, 
in our daily enjoyment of political freedom. While the kindling glow iiradiates 
our homes, let it shed its lustre on our s])irit, and quicken it for its further work. 

Let us fight against the tendency of educated men to I'eserve themselves 
from politics, remembering that no other form of human activity is so grand 
or effective as that which affects, first the character, and then the revelation of 
chai'acter in the government, of a great and free people. Let us make religious 
dissension here, as a foi-ce in politics, as absurd as witchcraft.* Let party 
names be nothing to us, in comparison w'ith that costly and proud inheritance 
of liberty and of law which parties exist to conserve and enlarge, wliich any 
party wall have here to maintain if it ^vould not be buried, at the next cross- 
roads, with a stake through its breast. Let us seek the unity of all sections 
of the republic, through the prevalence in all of mutual respect, through the 
assurance in all of local freedom, thi'ough the mastery in all of tliat supreme 
spirit which flashed from the lips of Patrick Henry, when he said, in the fli'st 
Continental Congress, "I am not a Virginian, but an Amei'ican." Let us take 
care that labor maintains its ancient place of privilege and honoi-, and that 
industry has no fetters imposed, of legal restraint or of social disci-edit, to 
hinder its w-ork or to lessen its wage. Let us turn, and overturn, in public 
discussion, in political change, till we secure a civil service honoral)le, intelligent 
and \vorthy of the land, in wdiich capable integrity, not partizan zeal, shall be 
the condition of each public ti'ust ; and let us resolve that whatever it may 
cost of labor and of jjatience, of sharper economy and of general sacrifice, it 
shall come to pass that wherever Amei-ican labor toils, wherever American 
enterpi'ise plans, wherever American commerce reaches, thither again shall go, 
as of old, the country's coin — the American eagle, with the encircling stars and 
golden plumes. 

In a word, fellow-citizens, the moral life of the nation being ever renewed, 

* Cromwell is sometimes considered a bigot. His rule on this subject is therefore the more worthy 
of record: "Sir, the state, in choosing men to serve it, talies no notice of their opinions; if they be willing 
faithfully to serve it, that satisfies. * * » Take heed of being sharp, or too easily sharpened by others, 
against those to whom you can object little, but that they square not with you in every opinion concerning 
matters of religion. If there be any other offense to be charged upon him, that must, in a judicial way, 
receive deterniin.ilion." — Letter to MiijorGeneral Crawford, lOlh March, l(i4;i. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. ^^33 



all advancement and timely reform will come as comes the bourgeoning of the 
tree from the secret force wliich tills its veins. Let us each of us live, then, 
in the blessing and the duty of our great citizenship, as those who are conscious 
of unreckoned indebtedness to a heroic and prescient past, the grand and solemn 
lineatje of Avhose freedom runs back beyond Buid<ei' Hill or the Mayflower, 
runs back beyond nuuiinients and memoi'ies of men, and has the majesty of 
far ceiituiit's on it. Let us live as those foi- whom God hid a continent from 
the world, till lie could open all its scope to the freedom and faith of gath- 
ered peo})les, from many lands, to l)e a nation to His honor and praise. Let 
us live as those to whom Lie connuits the magnificent trust of blessing peoples 
nianv and far, by the truths which He has made our life, and by the history 
which He helps us to accomplish. 

Such i-elation to a past ennobles this transient and vanishing life. 8ueh a 
j)ower of inriueui-e on the distant and the future, is the supremest terrestrial 
])rivilege. It is oui's, if we will, in the mystery of that spirit which has an 
immoital and a ubi(juitous life. With the swifter instruments now in our 
hands, with the land compacted into one immense embi-acing home, with the 
woi'ld opened to the interchange of thought, and thrilling with the hopes that 
now animate its life, each American citizen has superb opportunity to make his 
influence felt afar, and felt for long. 

Let us not be unmindful of this ultimate and insj)iring les.son of the hour. 
Hy all the memories of the past, by all the impulse of the present, by the 
noblest instincts of our own souls, by the touch of His sovereign spirit upon 
us, God make us faithful to the work, and to Him, that so not only this city 
may abide, in long and bright tran(|uillity of [leace, when our eyes have shut 
forever on street, and spire, and ])opulous scpiare ; that so the land, in all its 
future, may reflect an influence from this anniversary ; and that, when another 
centuiy has passed, the sun which then ascends the heavens nuiy U)ok on a 
world advanced and illumined beyond our thought, and here may behold the 
same great nation, born of struggle, baptized into liberty, and in its second 
territir trial purcliased by blood, then expanded and innlti])lied till all the land 
blooms at its touch, and still one in its life, because still ])acitic. Christian, free! 



234 ■ MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



THE PROGBESS OF LfBERTV.* 

I salute you, my fellow-countrymen, with ;i cheer of welcome on this joyous 
day, when forty millions of human voices rise u[> ^vitli one accord to heaven, 
in grateful Ijenisons for the mei-cies showered on three successive generations of 
the race, by the Great Disposer of events, during the hundred years that have 
passed away. Yet far be it from us to glory in this anniversary festival with 
any spirit of ostentation, as if assuming to be the very elect of God's creatures. 
Let us I'ather Join in humble but eai'nest supplication foi' the continuance of 
that support from aloft by I'eason of which a small, and \veak, and scattered 
band have been permitted so to grow into strength as now to command a 
recognized position among the leading powers of the eai'tli. 

THE EUROPEAN AND THE INDIAN. 

Less than three centuries since, the Euro])ean explorer iirst set his foot on 
these northern shores, with a view to occupation. He found a primitive race 
aspiring scarcely higher than to the common enjoyment of animal existence, 
and slow to respond to any nobler call. IIow long they had continued in the 
same condition there was little evidence to determine. But enough has been 
since gathered to justify the belief that achance never could liave been one of 
their attributes. Witliout forecast, and insensible to ambition, after long 
experience and earnest effort to elevate them, the experiment of civilization 
must be admitted to have failed. Tlie North American Indian never could 
have improved the state he was in when first found here. He must be 
regarded merely as the symbol of continuous negation, of the everlasting rota- 
tion of the present, not profiting by tlie ex[)erience of the ]iast, and feebly 
sensible of the possibilities of the future. 

The European at last came in upon him, and the scene began at once to 
change. The magnificence of nature presented to liis view, to whicli tlie native 
had been blind, at once stimulated his passion to develop its advantages by 
culture, and ere long the wilderness began to blossom as the rose. The hum 
of industry was lieard to echo in eveiy valley, and it ascended every mountain. 
A new people hatl appeared, animated by a spirit which enlisted labor 
without stint, and directed it in channels of beauty and of use. With 
eyes steadily fixed upon the future, and their stuixly sinews braced to the 
immediate task, there is no cause for wonder that the sparse but earnest 

*Tlie Hon. Charles Fraiifis Adams, at Taunton. Massachusetts. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 285 

adventurei-s who first set foot on the soil of the new continent should have, in 
the steady progress of time, made good the aspirations with which they began, 
of founding a future happy home foi- evcr-inci-easing millions of their race. 
Between two .such forces, the American liidian, who dwells only in the pre.sent, 
and the European pioneer, who fixes his gaze so steadily on the future, 
the i.ssne of a struggle could end only in one way. AVhilst the one goes on 
dwindling even to the prospet-t of ultimate extiiietioii, the other s]>i'eads peace 
and lia[ipiness among numhers increasing oxer tlie contiiu'nt with a rapidity 
never Itefore equaled in the records of civilization. 

I'.VS'I' .\N'I) I'ltKSKNI'. 

lint liei'e it seems as if I catch a sound of i-ebuke t'roin afar in another 
quarter of the globe. "Come now," says the hoaiy di.'nizen of ancient Africa, 
" this assui'ance on the part of a new jieople like you is altogether intolerable. 
You of a race starting only, as if yesterday, with your infant civilization, \vhat 
nonsense to pride yourself on your petty labors, when you have not an idea 
of the magnitude of the works and the magnificence of the results obtained 
from them, in oui- fertile regions, by a population refined long and long and 
long before you and youi' boasted new continent were even dreamed of in 
the march of numkind. Just come over here to the land of Egypt, fiowing 
with milk and honey. Cast a glance at onr tem])les and pyramids, at our lakes 
and rivers, and even onr tombs, erected so long since that nobody can tell when. 
Obsei've the masterly skill dis2)layed in securing durability, calling for a corre- 
sponding contribution of skilled labor from myriads of workmen to complete 
them. Consider, further, that even that holy book, which you youi-selves esteem 
as endxulying tlu- highest concejttion of the Deity, and les.sons of morals 
continually taught among you to this day, had its origin substantially from 
here. Kemenibei- that all I Ihn happene(l liefoic the dexclopnient of the boasted 
Greek and llouiaii cultivation, and be modest with pretensions for your land 
of yesterday, of any peculiar merit for your aspirations to advance mankind." 

To all of which interjection of my African proni]iter, I make but a short 
reply. By his own showing he appeals only to what was ages ago, and not 
to what now is. What are the impeiisliable mouuuumts constructed so long 
since, l)ut memorials of an obsolete antiquity, to be gazed upon l)y the wandering 
traveler as examples never to be co[>ied. If once devoted to special forms of 
hivine worsliip, the faith that animated the structures has not simply lost its 
vitality, ])Ut lias been Imried in oljlivioii forever. \\ hat are the catacoiidjs but 
fntile efforts to perpetnate mere matter aftei- the livim:' jirinciple has \anished 



236 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



away ? AVliy not have applied what tbey cost to ach anoe the condition of tlie 
rising geuei-ations ? How about the sacred book to which you refer i Does it 
not record an accoiuit of an emigration of an industrious and conscientious 
people compelled to Hy by reason of the recklessness of an ignorant iiiler? 
And how has it been ever since:! Although conceded by nature one of the 
most favored regions of the earth, the general tendency has been far from 
indicating a corresponding degree of prosperity. Even the s])]endid menioi-ials 
of lonu- past ages testify by the solitude around them only to the folly of 
indulo-inc in vain aspirations. The conclusion, then, to be drawn from such 
a spectacle, is not a vision of life, but of deatli ; not of hope, but of despair. 

ADVANCKJIEXT THE 0I5.IECT OF THE FUTl'llE. 

I have thus presented to you in this picture the three types of humanity as 
exemplified in the social systems of the world. Whilst the African represents 
the past, and the Indian clings only to the present, it is left to the European 
and his congener in America persistently to follow in the future the great object 
of the advancement of mankind. 1, The retrograde. 2, The stationary. ."5, The 
advance. Which is it to be with us i We can only Judge of the future by ^vhat 
it has been in the past. Is there or is tliere not a peculiar element, not found 
in either of the other races, which has shown so nuich vigor in the American 
during the past century as to give him a fair right to count upon large 
improvement in time to come < I confidently answer for him that there is. 
That element is his devotion to the principle of liberty. 

Do you ask me where to find it in words? Turn we then at once to the 
immortal scroll evei- firmly fastened into the solemnities of tliis oui' great 
anniversary. There lies imbedded in a brief sentence, more of living and i)er- 
vading force than could have ever been applied to secure 2iermanent'e to all 
the vast monuments of Egypt or of the world, ^^'e all know it well, but still 
I repeat it: "We know these truths to be self-evident: 1, That all men 
are created e(|ual. 2, That they are endowed by their Ci'eator with inalienable 
rights. 3, That among them are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." 

I have (considered these significant words as vested with a virtue so subtle 
as certain ultimately to penetrate the abodes of mankind all over the world. 
But I separate them altogether from the solemn array of charges against King 
Georo-e, which immediately follow in the DeclaratioTi. These may have been 
just or they may not. In the long interval of time which has passed, ample 
opportunity has been given to examine the allegations with more calmness than 
when they were just made. May I venture to ex]U'ess a modest doubt 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. -'-"^T 



wlietlier the sovereign was in ivality such a cruel tyi'ant as he is painted, and 
wht'thi'i- tlic luiiiistiM's wci-f so iiiMlignaiitly dcai' to tlic appeals of colonial 
i-oiisaiiu'uiiiity as i-cadcrs of this <lay may lie lt'(l, from the laimiiagi' used, to 
infer. riie passage of a hundied years ought to inspire calniess in revising all 
judicial decisions in history. Let us, al'o\e all, be sure that we are right. 
.Mav I be ])erniitted to e.\pi-ess an huud)le belief that the grave eri'ors of both 
sovei'eigii, ministers and people, \vere not so much rooted in a spirit of willful 
and ])assionate tyranny, as of supei'cilious indifference; the same errors, I might 
add, whi(di have marked the policy of that nation in later times, down to a 
compaiatively recent date. A vei'y little show of sympathy, a ready ear to 
listen to alleged gi'iin ances, perhaps graceful concessions made in season, a 
disposition to look at colonists ratiuu- as brethren than as servants to squeeze 
something out of; in short, fellowship and not haughtiness might have kept 
our att'ections as Knglishmen, perhaps, down to this day. Fhe true grievance 
was the treatment of the colonies as a burden instead of a blessing; an object 
out of which to get as muidi and to whicdi to give as little as possilile. Least 
of all was thei'e any conception of cultixating common att'ections and a common 
interest. 

The consecpience of the mistake thus made was not oidy the gi'adual and 
steady alienation of the peo]>le, but to teach them habits of self-i'eliance. 
Then came at last the ap])eal to brute force — and all was over. Such seems 
to be the true cause of the breach, and not so much willful tyi'anny. And it 
apjiears, in my opinion at least, ipiite as justifiable a cause for the .separation, 
as any oi- all of the more vehement accnisations so (daboratelx' accumulated in 
the great Declaration of 1770. 

Passing from this digression, let me resume tiie considerati()n of the ett'ect 
of the ado])tion of the gi-eat seminal principle wliicli I have already pointed 
out as the pillar of tire illuminating the whole of our later j)ath as an inde- 
pendent peo])le. That this light has been no mere flashy, flickering, or uncertain 
guide, l)ut steadily directing us tow'aril the attainment of new aiitl great results, 
beneficial not moi'e inunediately to ourselves than incidentally to the ]>rogress 
of the other nations of the worhl. it will lie the object of this address to explain. 

i.i;r IS i;i:vii:w iiii-; cknti i:v. 

The motto shall be KXiKi-sioi;. 

And fii'st of all apjiears as a powerful influence of the new doctrine of 

freedom, though indirectly a]iplied, tlu^ co-o[ierati<in with us in our struggle, of 

the sovereign, Louis the Sixteenth, and the sympathy t)f the ])eople of France. 

:n 



238 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



This t()]iu' wDuld of itself sullirc foi' an addicss, Iml I li:i\c so iiiucli more to 
say relative to ourselves, as a direetiug powei', that 1 must content )uyself with 
simply recalling to your minds what Fi'ance was in 1778, wlien ooveriied by an 
absolute monarch co-operating with us in estalilishing oui' principle, !)ut solely 
for the motive of de2>ressing Great Britain, and what she is in this our 
Centennial year, an independent republic; aftei' long and severe tribidation, at 
last deliberately langiiig herself as a discijde of our school, frankly ivcognizing 
the force of our sovereign law. 

Our struggle for freedom had l)een some time o\ ci', when the ai'(hioiis task 
of ivstoring orcU'i' by the co-operation of the wlioU' sense of the |ieop!e in organ- 
izing an effective form of government, the first e.\[)eriment of the kind in history, 
was crowned by the simultaneous selection by that })eo[ile of a (rue hero who, 
liaving proved himself an eminent leader and trusty guide through the ])erils 
of a seven yeai's' conflict, was called to labor with even gi'eatei- gloi'v as a 
successful guide of liberty toward the arts of jieaee. 

Looking from this point of time in the yeai' 17MI, when an original 
experiment, the latest and most deliberate evei- attempted, was on the verge of 
trial, it now becomes my duty to pass in review tlie chief results ^vhich have 
l)een secured by it to the human race during the ]>ast century. lias it 
succeeded or has it failed* Above all, what has it done directly and indirectly 
in e.xpandiiig the influence of its gi'eat doctrine of libei'ty, not merely at home, 
but over the wide suiface of sea and land — nay, the great globe itself. 

Washington was President, but he had not hail time to collect together liis 
cabinet and distribute his work when events occiu-red whicli demanded innne- 
diate .-ittention. Without waiting foi- the ailvent ()f Jefferson, whom he had 
chosen as his aid in the department of foreign affairs, he drew with his own 
hand certain ]>a])ers of instructions, wdiich lie conunitted to the charge of Mi'. 
Gouveriieur ]\ioi-ris, then about to sail for Great I>rifain, with directions 
promptly to confer with the British minister thereini. JMr. Morris went out and 
communicated at once Avith the foreign secretary, the Duke of Leeds. The 
object was to negotiate a treaty of commerce, a very necessary measure ;it the 
time, but was soon put aside by another and much more embarrassing diiiiculty. 
It had been reported to Mr. Moi'ris that several ^''^'''^f^i'^i claiming to be 
American citizens, wiieii walking in the streets of London, sus])ecting no guile, 
had been, after the fashion of that day, pounced upon by a press-gang and 
put on board of British vessels to serve as seamen, whether they would or no. 
Here was the beginning of a question of pei'sonal freedom, started out of tlie 
earth at once, ^vhich no American aiicnt could venture to trifle with. Although 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 239 



without special iiistructioiis, Mr. .Moiris did not hesitate a moment to submit 

the L:rif\ aiicc tn the coiLsidcrntinn nf \\\,- ininistcr. Tlint di^nitai'v coiitriited 
liiiiiscir with an c\asivt' auswci', and the plea ul' (lie dilli<'nlt\ of distiiiLiuisliinLj 
lictwrcii ritizens speaking tlie same laniiiiatiy, and su<-h liiMainc the standing- 
pretext for tlie sciziife of Americans for many ye.-ns. The a<'l itself, hioked at 
in our |iiesent liglit, seems to have been brutal enough even when applied to 
sid)jects. How nineh more? intolerable when invading the libertv of men 
beariiiir no allegiance to the crown. 1 doubt whether many of \ou will believe 
ine when 1 tidl you how many Americans umlerweut this kind of slavery. It 
appears from the official papers that in 1 708, six hundred and hfty-one persons 
were recorded a^ in this condition. Eight years later the return is increased 
to two thousand two hundred and seventy-three, and the year after it amounted 
to four thousand two hundred and twenty-nine. The most flagrant act of all 
was the seizure of several men on board of the Chesa])eake, an American vessel- 
of-war, by a formal order of an admiral of a British frigate on the coast. The 
ultimate conse([uence of the equivocating course of Great P)iitain was that this 
grievance ])rove(l the chief cause of the war of 1812. 

If ever there was a (piestiou of liberty under the detinition of 17T<1, it seems 
to have lieeii this, and the succe.ssive Presidents who were in office during the 
period, though themselves natives and citizens of a region little liable to suffer 
from the apprehended evil, were not the least energetic and determined on that 
account in niaint.aining th(^ riiilit. On the other hand, this case is not without 
its lesson of the danger of infatuation in politics when we find that the resent- 
ment for these attacks uj)on libertv burned with far the most (pialiiied ardor 
in the region where the ])optilation mttst freipiented the seas. The singular 
s|)ectacle then followed of the perseverance of those eminent statesmen in 
upholding, even at the cost of war, the rights of that portion of their brethren 
furthest removed from their own homesteads, which were five from danger; 
while many haliitants of the coast were absolutely e.xhausting all the vials of 
their wrath u[ion the same distinguished statesmen, for laboring, even at the 
cost of war, to secure the safety on land and \vat<'r, of persons actually their 
nearest neighbors and friends. 

'Jlie result, you all know, was the war, waged under the cry of '"free trade 
and sailors' rights." A severe trial, Ijut al)untlantly rewarded by the security 
gained for liberty. From the date of the [)eace with Great Britain down 
to the present hour no cause of complaint has occnrred for tlie impressment 
of a single American citizen. No difficulty in distinguishing citizenship has 
ln'cn experienced, even though little (diange has been made in the use of the 



240 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

laiiu'u.'mc coinimm to hotli iiations. In sIkhI, im luorr men Ii;i\t' hccii taken, 
whetlu'V on land or on the ocean, l>y t'oive, on anv [ii'elense wlialex cr. 

Sin<i-ularl\ enoUL;'li, lio\ve\ er, til'ty years later a (|Uestion of parallel import 
suddenU spianu' ii|>, wliieli tor the moment tiireatened to present the saint; 
nations in a position ])reeiselv I'eversed. A naval commander of a I'nitecl 
States war vessel assumed the riu'lit to hoard a Hritish jiassenu'er steamer crossing 
the sea on her \\a\ home, and to seize and carry olV two ^\merican citizens 
just as Hritish otticers had done to us in former times. This proceeding- \\as 
immediately resented, and the conseipience was a new step in f.nor of liherty 
(.tn tlie (K'.e;in. for the security of the civilized world. The Li'reat watei-s ai'e now 
open to all nations, au<l the Hag of any nation coxers all Avlio sail under it in 
times of ]K\-u'e. .\nd (ji'eat Britain ln'i'scdf. too often in days long gone liy 
meritinii' the odious title .)f tyrant of the ocean, by assuming that print'iple 
in tlu' instance spoken <)f. and likewise by resorting to other and lietter means 
than the liori'ors of tiie press-gang, has not oidy raised the tdiaractcr of hei- 
own marine, but has pledged herself to follow in the veiy same path of 
luimanitx ;ind civilizatitm first marked out by oui' example. 

Such is the first instance of the dirt'ct effect u|ion human liberty of the 
law protdaimed a hundred years ago. I i)r(H'eed to consider the second : 

In this N'ear of oiu- Lord, 1S7(), on looking back upon the early events of 
the eentur\, it seems almost im|iossible to believe that human rights shoidd have 
been then htdd in so much contempt on tite high seas, and that by nations as 
despicable in (diaraeter as weak in alisc)lute forci'. 

As early as the \ear 178."), two Americ.an vessels following their coui'se 
peaceably over the «K'eaii, were boarded by ships fitted out by the Algerines, 
then occu]>ving an inilependeiit ])Osition on the ^lediterranean coast. The 
vessels were jdundered, and the crew, numbi'ring twenty-one American freemen, 
taken to Algiers an<! sold for slaves. 

Instead of jirotestation and ivmonstranee. and fitting out vessels-of-war to 
retort upon this insolent jiirate, what did we first do^ What but to pray the 
assistance and intervention of such a feeble jiower as Sweden to Indj) us out 
of our distress, and mone\- was to be ottered, not merely to ransom the slayes, 
bnt to bribe the baii>aiiaii not to do so any more. Of course, he went to Xvork 
more vigorously than ])efore, and his demands became more imperious and 
exacting. The patience of the great powers of Europe, whom he treated with 
little more deference, only furnished one more example of tlie ease with w hiidi 
mere audacity may for a time secure, advantages which will never be gained 
bv fair dealing and go(Ml will. To an American of to-day, it is ine.\))ressibly 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 241 



iiinitifyiiiu' t'> review tlic lc;:islatii>ii of the .uiinliy oil lliis iiuitter at tliut time. 
It appears that so early as the yeai' 17!)1, President Wasliiiigton, in tlie third 
year of his service, in his sjteeeh to (Congress, first called the attention of that 
body to the snhjeet. < )n the lifteeiith of l)ecend)ei- the Senate referred the 
matter to a coniitiittee. which In due i-ourse of tiine reportetl a resolution to 
this effect : 

Ilosolvwl, Tliiit the Senate udvi.-^e ami coii.seut that tlie President take nueh inea.sure.s as lie 
may think ueee.ssary for the redemption of the citizea-; of the United States now ii» captivity at 
Alfriers, ]iriivided — 'mind you i — provided the (>xpense siiall not exceed 840,000. 

Congress did not think of looking at the Declaration of Independence, Init 
they passed the resolution. And what was the natnral consequence^ The 
consular officer estaldished by the I'liited States in Algiers, on learning the 
result, a[>proved it, but added this significant sentence: "I take the liberty 
to observe tliat there is no doing any business in this country without jialining 
the luinistrv." The logic of all this was, that the best way to kee[) our peo])le 
free was to make it worth the while of this ministry to make them slaves. 

The natural conse(iuence was that the cost of these oj)erations ultimately 
e.vceeded sl.()(i(),0()(», and the e.\ani]de had set the kindred Barbarv powers in 
an agony for a share of the plundei'. Jn February, 1S(I2, the gross amount of 
exi)enditure to pacify these pirates and man-stealers had risen to $2,500,(i(i0, a 
sum large enough, if pinjierly expended on a naval foice, to havi; cleared them 
out at a stroke. 

No wonder, then, that President Jefferson slioidd jiresentlv begisi to recur 
to his draft of tlie Declaration of Iiidepeiidence. Though never ver\' fiieiidlv 
to the navy, he saw that freedom was at stake, hence in his annual message 
in 180,3 he suggested fitting out a small force for the Mediterranean, in order 
to restrain the Trijioline cruisers, and added that the uncei'tain tenure of peace 
with several other of the Barijaiy powers miiilit e\'eiitiiall\ re(|uire even a 
re-enforcement. 

So sai<l Jett'erson to Congress— but ids words were not responded to with 
|iromptness, and the evil went on increasing. The insolence of all the petty 
l)arl)ary >tates only fattened by what it fed on, until the freedom of American 
seamen in the Mefliterranean was measured <mly liy the sums that could be paid 
for their ransom. There is no more ignominious pait of our historv than this. 

Driven at hust to a conviction of the impt)lic.y of such a course. President 
Madison, having succeeded to the chaii', on the I'Md of February sent a message 
to ('ongress recommending a declaration of war. The two Houses, wliiidi had 



242 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

become likewise eoiiviiu-ed that money voted to tliat end would ^o fui'tlier for 
freedom than any bribes, now responded pronn)tly to tlic call. A naval expedi- 
tion was sent out, and on the iiftli of Deoeml)er, nine months after his ado])tion 
of tlie new i>olicy, tlie President had a noble o])poi-t unity of reporting- to tlie 
same body a trium])hant justification of his measure, 'riic Liallaiit Decatur had 
restoi'ed tlie law of freedom in this quarter forever. 
■Nlr. Madison tells the story in these words: 

I hiwe tlie satisfaetiou to commimicate to you the successful termination of tlie war. The 
squadron in advance on that service, under Commodore Decatur, lost not a moment after its 
arrival in the Mediterranean in seeking the naval force of the enemy then cruising in that sea, 
and succeeded in capturing two of his ships. The high character of the American commander 
was brilliantly sustained on the occasion, who brought his own ship into close action with that of 
his adversary. Having prepared the way by this demonstration of American skill and prowess, 
he hastened to the port of Algiers, where peace was promptly yielded to his victorious force. In 
the terms stipulated, the right and honor of the United Statas were particularly consulted by a 
perpetual relinquishment by tlie Dey of all pretense of tribute from them. 

The Dey stibseijiiently betrayed his inclination to break the treaty, and 
ventured to demand a renewal of the annual tribute wdiicli had been so weakly 
yielded ; but the hour had passed for listening to feeble counsels. The final 
answer was the declaratii)n that the United States preferred war to tribute and 
freedom to slavery. They therefore insisted upon the observation of the treaty, 
which abolished forever the right to tribute or to the enslaving of American 
citizens. 

There never has been since a question about the right to navigate the 
Mediterranean, free from all danger of the loss of personal fi-eedom. It is due 
to the government of Great Britain to add that, following up this example. Lord 
Exmouth with liis fleet at last put a final stop to all further pretenses of these 
barbarians to annoy the navigation of that sea. France has since occupied the 
kingdom of Algiers, and the abolition of slavery there was one of its early 
decrees. Thus has happened the liberation of that superb region of the \\orld, 
the nitrsery of more of its civilization than any other, from all further danger 
of relapsing into barl)ai'ism. And America may fairly claim the credit of having 
initiated in modern times the law of personal freedom over the surface of that 
classical sea. 

PIRACY SUPPRESSED. 

1 have now done with the second example of the progress of the great prin- 
ciple enunciated, in the celebrated scroll set forth a hundred years ago. America 
had contributed greatly to this result, but a moment was rapidly approaching 
Avhen her ao-encv was to be invoked in a region much nearer home. The 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 243 



youiiijer gonenitioiis now (•oniiiiir into at-tivc litV will (l<iul)tl('ss be astonished 
to learn tliat not luucli more than lialf a century ago tliei-e still survived a 
class of men hai'ljtued in the West Indies, successois of the bold buecaneei"s 
who, in the seventeeiitli century, became the terror to the navigation of those 
seas. They will wonder still more when I tell them that both shi])s and men 
were not only harbored in some ports of the I'nited States, but were actually 
titte<l nut with a view to the pliindei' that might be levied ujion the legitimate 
trade pursued by their own countiymen as well as people of all other nations, 
in and aro<ind the islands of the C'aribbean Sea. That I am not exaggerating 
in this statement, 1 shall show by merely reading to you a short extract from a 
leport made by a committee of the House t)f llepresentatives of the United 
States in the year 1821: "The extent," it says, " to which the system of plunder 
is cariied in the West India seas and Gulf of Mexico is truly alarming, and calls 
imperiously for the prompt and efficient interposition of the general government. 
Some fresh instance of the atrocity with which the pirates infesting these seas 
carry on their dej^vdations, accompanied, too, l)y the indisci-imiuate massacre of 
the defenseless and unoffending, is brought by almost every mail — so that the 
intercouise between the noithei'n and southern sections of the Union is almost 
cut off." 

My friends, this picture, painted from an official source, dates back little moi-e 
than tifty-five years ago I Could we believe it as possible that liberty and life 
guaranteed by our solenui declaration of ITTCi should ha\'e Iteen found so inse- 
cui'e in our own inunediate ueighl>orhood, at a time, too, \vhen we were boasting 
in thousands of oiations, on this oui' anniversary, of the great pi'ogress we had 
made in securing both against violence^ And the worst of it all was that 
some even of our own countrymen should have l)een suspected of being privy 
to such raids. I shall touch tins matter no further than to say that not long 
afterward adequate preparations were made to i-einove this pestilent annoyance, 
and to ie-e-<tablish jjcrfect freedom all over these waters. This work was so 
effectively peii'ormed in 1824, that fi"om that time to this personal liberty has 
been as secure there as in any other best protected part of the globe. 

Such is my third example of the practical advance of human freedom under 
the trumpet call made one hundi-ed years ago. 

TJIK SLAVK THADi;. 

I come now to a fourth and more stupendous mea.sure following that call. 
The woild-wide, famous author of it had not been slow to grasj) the conception 
that rhe alMilition <>f all trade in slaves must absolutely fi>llow as a corollary 



244 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



from his g'enorjil j>rinci|il('. Tlif strongest proof of it is fouiid in the original 
(Iruft of his pii|H'r, wherein lie directly eharged it as one of the greatest griev- 
juices inflicted upon liberty by the King, that he had conntenanced the trade. 
The ])assage is one of the finest in the pajiei', and desei'vcs to be repeatetl 
to-day. It is in these words: 

ill', tlio Kiiiji, has wan'cil cruel war auaiiist liuiuau uaturr itsclt', violatiiii;' its most sacR'd 
right.* of life aud liberty in tlu' ihmsdus of a distant jjooplc who never offended liini, caiJlivating 
and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to ineur miserable death on tiieii' trans- 
portation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the 
Christian King of Great Britain. Determined to keep open a market wliere men slmnld he liought 
and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legishitive attempt to pi-nhiliil or 
to restrain the execrable eonimerce. 

There is no passage so tine as this in the Declaration. I 'id'ortnnately, it hit 
too hard on some interests close at home, \vhich proved strong enough to 
have it dropped fr(nn the final (h'aft. But though lost there, its essence, 
almost coeval with the first publication of (Iranville Shai]), in England, on the 
same subject, rmdoubtedly pervaded the agitation which never ceased in either 
country until legislation secured a Hnal triiiinpli. The laliors of Sliarp and 
Wilberforce, of Clarkson and Buxton, ami theii- com|ianions, haxc ])laced them 
upon an eminence of honor throughout the wnrld. I>nt their strugiile, which 
began in 17S7, was not terminated for n jieriod of twenty years. On the 
other haml, it appears in the statute-book in ITlU that it was enacted by the 
Congress of the United States, "That no vessel shall be fitted for the purpose 
of carrving on any traffic in sla\es to any foreign country, or for procuring 
from anv foreign country the iidiabitants thereof, to be dis])osed of as slaves." 
This act was followed in due course by others, which, harmonizing with the 
action of foreign nations, is believed to have jmt an effective and permanent 
stop to one of the vilest abominations, as condiu-ted on the ocean, that was 
ever tolerated in the records of time. 

But all this laborious effort had been diiH'ctcd only against the cruelties 
practiced in the transportation of negro slaves over the seas. It did not touch 
the question of his existing condition, or of his right to be five. 

i.ii!i:i;i V TO Ai.i.. 
This brings me to the fifth aud greatest of all fruits of the charter of 
independence, the proclamation of liberty to the captive through a great part 
of the globe. The seed that had been sown broadcast oxer the world fell 
much as described in the Scripture, some of it sprouting too eai'ly, as in 
France, and yielding none but bitter fruit, but more, after livins: in the 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. L>45 

• rroiiiKl iii.iiix NC'irs, |ir(Kliiciiiu' ivsiilts iimst projiitiniis to tin- ;i<l\;iiicci]iciit of 
iii;iiikiii(l. It would l)e tedious for luf to i^o into ilct.-iils ilcsciiliiiiL: tin- pm- 
givss of a niovcuieut that lias clian^cd tlic fun- of en ilizal ion. The ininiMpln 
enunciated in our precious scroll lias done its work in (iieat iiritain and in 
I*'i'ance. and ni<ist of all in tlie immense expanse of the territiu'ies of the auto- 
crat of all the Iius^ias. who, of his own mere motion. pro(dainied that noble 
decive whicdi iilx^i'ateil from serfdom, at one stroke, twenty-three millions of 
the human race. Tliis nol)le act w ill remain foi'e\ ci- one of the i^'raudest .stej)s 
toward the elevation of maukiml ever t;d<en 1)\ the will of a sovereitrn of 
auv race, in an\ aire. 

lint thoui^li freely conce<ling the spontaneous volition of the Czar in this 
instanci', i do not hesitate to affirm that but for the subtle essence infused int(j 
the political conscience of the age by the great Declaration of I77t), he would 
never have been ius])ired with the lofty magnanimity es.sential to the completion 
of so great a woik. 

CitMI'I.KTl-; KSIAIiLISIIMEXI' OF IIIK l'i:[N( I lU.K ol LlliKltTV. 

I come next and last to the remend)i-ance of the feaiful conflict for the coni- 
|)lete establishment of the grand piiinciple to w hich we had pledged ourselves at 
the very <jutset of our national career, and out of which we have, by the blessing 
of the Ahnighty, come safe and sound. The history is so fresh in our minds 
that there is no need of recalling its details, neither would I do so if there 
were, on a <lay like this consecrated to the harmony of the nation. Never was 
the first a-spect of any contention .surrounded by darker tdouds, yet viewing as 
we nuist its actual issue, at no time has there ever been more reason to rejoice 
in the present, and look forward with confidence to a still moie brilliant future. 
.Now tliat tlie agony is over, who is there that will not admit tluit he is not 
reliev<M| at the removal of the ponderous burden which weighed down our 
spirits in earlier days ^ The great law proclaimed at the beginning has been at 
last fully carried out. No more apologies for inconsistency to caviling aud evil- 
minded oljjectors. No more unwelcome comparisons with the superior liberality 
of absolute monarchs in distant regions of the earth. Thank God, now there 
is not a man who trea<ls the soil of this broad lauil, void of offense, who 
in the eye of the law <loes not stand on the same level with every other 
man. If the memorable words of Thomas Jefferson, that true Apostle of 
i>iberty, had done only this, it would alone serve to carry him aloft, high u[) 
among the benefactors of mankind. Not America alone, but Euiope and Asia, 
and above all Africa, nay the great globe itself, move in an orbit never so 
res|»lendent .-is on this \ er\' day. 



246 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

su:\imai;y of kksilts. 

Let inc tlieii sium u]> in Itrief tlie results arrived at liy tlie emiiu-iatiou of 
the great law of liberty in 177(!: 1, It opened the way to the present condi- 
tion of France. "2, It brought about perfect security for libcity on the broad 
and narrow seas. ;5, It set the cxani[ile of abolishing the shive trade, which, in 
its turn, proni]ited the abolition of slavery itself by Great Britain, France, 
Russia, and last of all, by our own country too. 

Standing now on this vantage ground, gained from the severe struggle of 
the past, the iniiuiry luiturally presents itself. What haxc we left for us to do? 
To which I will frankly ans\\>T, nuich. It is no part of my disposition, even 
on the brightest of our festival days, to deal in indiscriminate hiudation, or 
even to cast a flimsy veil over tlie less faxorablc aspects of our natiomd posi- 
tion. I will not deny that many of the events that have happenetl since our 
escape from the hist great peril, indicate moiv forcibly than I care to admit, 
some decline from that high standard of moral and political purity foi- which 
we have ever before been distinguished. The adoration of ]\Iauunon, desci-ibed 
by the poet as the 

"It'ast erected spirit that IMl 
From Heaven ; for e'en in Heaven his looks and thought.* 
Wi>re always downward hent." 

Has done something to impair the glory earned by our preceding sacrifices. 
For myself, while sincerely mourning the mere possibility of stain tonchiug 
our garments, I feel not the less certainty that the heart of the people remains 
as ]iure as ever. 

WASIIINOTOX. 

One of the strongest muniments to save us from ;dl hai'in it gives me 
pride to remind you of, especiall}' on this day — I mean the memory of the 
example of Washington. Whatever misfortune ma}' betide tis, of one thing we 
may be sure, that the study of that model by the rising youth of our land 
can never fail to create a sanative force potent enough to counteract every 
poisonous element in the political atmosphere. 

Permit me for a few moments to dwell u]H)n this topic, for 1 regard it as 
closely intertwined with much of the success we have hitherto enjoyed as an 
independent people. Far be it from me to raise a visionary idol. I have lived 
too long to trust in mere panegyi'ic. Fulsome eulogy of any man raises 
with me only a smile. Indiscriminate laudation is ecpiivalent to falsehood. 
Washington, a^^ T understand him, w'as gifted with nothing urdinarih- defined 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 247 

as i;ciiiiis, ;unl lif li.nl iii>l liad irrcat advantages <if ediiratioii. His iiitellectiial 
[Kiwers were clear, but not iiiucli above the average men of liis time. What 
ivuowledue he possessed had been trained from a.ssociation with othei-s in his 
long judilic career, ratiii-r tliaii by study. As an actoi- he scarcely distin- 
gnislifd himself by more than one brilliant stroke; as a writer, tlie greater 
|iart of liis correspondence discloses nothing more than average natural good 
sense; on the field of liattle his jioweis pale l)efor(' the sjdendid sti'ategy 
of Napoleon l>ona|)aite. 

Yet, notwithstanding all these deductions, the tliiead of his life fi'om vouth 
to age displays a maturity of judgment, a consistency of ])rincii>]e. a firmness of 
jMnj)ose, a steadiness of action, u di.scriniinatiug wisdom, and a j)uritv of inten- 
tion, hardly found united to the same extent in any other in.stance I can recall in 
liistory. Of his entire disintei'estedness in all his pecuniary relations with the 
jiublic it is needle,ss for me to speak. Who ever suspected him of a stain? 
Moj-e than all and above .all, he was throughout master of himself. If there 
be one (juality moi'e than another in his character which may exercise a useful 
control over the men of the present hour, it is the total disregartl of self, when 
in the most exalted positions for influence and example. 

In oi-dei' more fully to illustrate my position, let me for one moment con- 
trast his coui'se with that of the gi'eat military chief I have ali-eady named. 
'I'he star of Napoleon was just rising to it.s zenith as that of Washington 
passed away. In point of military genius Najjoleon ])iobably equaled if he did 
not exceed any person known in history. In regard to the direction of the 
intei-ests of a nation he may be admitted to have held a veiy high place. He 
ins]>iied an energ\- and a vigor in the veins of the French people which they 
.sadly needed aftei- the demoralizing sway of genei-ations of Bourhon kings. 
With even a .small modicum of the wi.sdora .so pi-ominent in Washington, he 
tofi might have left a people to honor his memory down to the latest times. 
But it was not to be. Do you a.sk the reason ? It is this. His motives of 
action always centei'ed in self. His example gives a wai'niug, but not a snide. 
For when selfishness animates a lulei' there is no cau.se of wondei- if he sacrifice, 
without scruple, an entire generation of men as a holocaust to the great principle 
of evil, merely to maintain or extend his sway. Had Na])oleon copied the 
example of Wa.shington he might have been justly idol of all the later genera- 
tions in France. For Washington to have copied the example of Napoleon 
would have been simply impossilde. 

Let us, then, discarding all inferior strife, hold up to our children the 
example of AVashington as the .syndiol. not nieicly of wisdom, but of pniity 



248 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



;ui<I tnitli. I,ct lis lalior ciiiitiiiUMllN In kcc|i llic .'iihaiicc in cix ilizatiou as it 
luH-oiUfs lis to (|i> after tlic stnii;'<i'l('s of the past, so that tlic ri^'lits to life and 
liberty, and tlic pursuit of liajipiness, wliicli we have lionoraMv sci-iii'cd, may 
lie lirmly entailed upon the exi'r-enlaru'iui;' ireneratimis of inankind. 

ExrEi.sKu:. 
And wliat is it, I jiray you tell me, tliat lias brought lis to the celebration 
of this most nieinoialih' day:' Is it not the steady eiy of excelsioi' ii]) to tlie 
most elevated regions of political purity, seiMired to us by the memory of thcise 
who have passed l)efore us and consecrated the \v\-\ ground occupied li\ their 
ashes ^ (xlorious indeed may it be said of it in the words of the poet; 

WliMt's liallow'd iiriiuiulV 'Tis \vli;it siivcs iiirtli 
To sacred thought.s in .^ouls dC unrtli — 
Pcaco! Indopendoiiee ! Truth I irn tintli 

lOarth's compass round. 
And vimr liiuli priesthood shall nKil<c earth 

A// hallowed -roun.l. 



THE ^7^'.\7i7.'^■ OF THE ni'U'LARAriON* 

.IKFFEKSON .\M) ADAMS. 

John .\dams will i>e remembered and honored forever, in eveiT ti'iie Amer- 
ican heart, as the acknowledged (diampioi: of independence in the Coutineutal 
Congress — "coming out with a jiowcr which mo\-ed us from our seats" — "our 
Colossus on the tloor.'' .\\\i\ when we recall the circumstances of his death — 
the year, the day, the hour - and the last words upon his dying li])s, "Inde- 
pendence fori'ver "--who can help feeling that there was some mysterious tie 
holdiug back his heroic s])irit from the skies, until it should be .set free amid 
the e.xulting shouts of his (•oiuitrv's first National Jubilee! 

I^ut not his heroic s]>irit alone I In this rapid survey of the men assembled 
at Philadelphia ;i hundred years ago to-day, I began with Thomas Jefferson, of 
Virginia, and I end with John Adams, of Massachusetts, and no one can 

* lloii. Robert (\ Winthiop gave the oration on the Centennial Fourtli, in Boston, his theme being 
the signers of tlie Declaration of Independence. The more prominent netors— Jefferson, Sherman, llancocli, 
Franklin, tlie Adamses — are sketched somewhat ftdly, with ineidenlal mention of most of the otiier signers. 
The space allotted to this chapter of tlie present work will iiermit only the reproduction of tlie concluding 
portions of the oration that have the more general application. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 249 

iK'sitate tf) ;i(liiiit tli;il. iiixliM- (;iiil. tlicy wcic rile \ci\ ;ili>li;i ;uhI uiiiegaof that 
(lily's <loiii<>'.s — tlic pfii .-iikI tin* tdiiuiie the iiiastcily ;nitliui-, mihI the no less 
iii.-istci'lv ;i(l\ fif.-itc, t>\' I lie I)erliir;itii)ii. 

And now, my frii'inls, wliat Iciiciid <>i' aiii-i(Mit lutiin-, oi- (rreece, or Egypt, 
w Iiat iiiylli of |nt'liistoiic inytliologv, wliat stoi-y of Herodotus, or falile of 
yKso|>, oi- iiictaiiioijiliosis of Ovid, would liave seeiued uiore fabulous and 
niytliical ilid it rest oii any remote or doubtful ti-adition, or had not so many 
of us Iivt'(l ro be startled. ;ind tlnilled, and awed by it- than the fact that 
these two men, iindei' so many dill'ei'enl eireunistances and surroundini-s, of 
age, and constitution, and climate, widely distant from each ((ther, liviiiff alike 
in quiet neighb(»rlioods, remote from the smoke and stir of cities, and long 
before raili'oads and telegi'aphs had made any advances toward the annihilation 
or al)ridgment of space, should haxc been relea.sed to their rest and sunuaoiied 
to the skies, not only on the same day, but that day the Fourth of July, and 
that Fourth of July the fiftieth anniversary of that gieat Declaration which 
they had contended for and cai'i'ied through so triiimjihantK side by side! 

AVhat an added emjdiasis Jetf'ei'son would have given to the inscription on 
this little deskf — " Politics, as well as I'eligion, has its supei'stitions," — could he 
have foreseen the close even of his own life, much more the simultaneous eh)se 
of these two lives, on the day of flays I Oh, let me not a<lmit the idea of 
su[>erstition I Let me rather revei'ently say, as V\'el)ster said at the time, in 
that magniticent eulogy which left so little i'oi' any one else to sav as to tlie 
lives or deaths of Adams and Jett'erson : "As their lives themselves were the 
gifts of Providence, who is not -willing to recoginze in their ha|)})v termination, 
as well as in their lom:' continuance, proofs that our countr\- and its benefactors 
are ol)jects of His care!" 

And now another fifty years have passed away, and we arc lioldim; our 
hiirli Centennial festivid ; and still that most striking, most im])ressi\e, most 
memorable coincidence in all American history, or even in the authentic records 
of mankind, is without a visible monument anywliere ! 

in the intei-esting little city of A\'eimai', i-enowned as the ivsoit and resi- 
dence of more than one of the greatest philosophers and [)oets of (xermany, 



f Mr. Winthro]! luul previouslj-, in spe:ikinjr o[ Mr. .letTcrsoti, t.\liibited a small writitiu'ilesk having: tlic 
inscription ou it.s face, dated Monticello, November 18, 182.5; "Thomas .Ie(Ter.son j^'ves this writing desk 
to .Joseph Coolidge, .Junr., as a memorial of his affection. It was made from a drawing of his own, by- 
Ben Randall, cabinet-maker, of Philadelphia, with whom he first lodged on bis arrival in (hat city, in 
May, 1770, and is the identical one on which he wrote the Declaration of Independence. Politics, as well 
as religion, has its superstitions. These, gaining slrenglb with time, may. one day, give imaginary value 
to this relic, for its association with the hirlli of the (treat Oharter of our Independence." 



250 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



many a traveler iiiiist liave seen and admired tlie cliarniino- statues <it' (xoetlie 
and Seliiller, standing side by side and hand in hand, on a single pedestal, and 
oft'ei-ing, as it were, the laurel wreath of literary priority or pre-eminence to 
each other. Few noliler works of art, in conce])tion or execution, can lie found 
on the continent of Europe. And what could be a woi-thier oi- a juster com- 
memoration of the marvelous coincidence of which J have just spokeji, and of 
the men who are the subjects of it, and of the Declaration with which, alike 
in their lives and in their deaths, they are so peculiarly and so signally 
associated, than just such a monument, with the statues of Adams and Jeiferson, 
side by side and hand in hand, upon the same base, pressing upon each other, 
in mutual acknowledgment and deference, the victor palm of triumph for which 
they must ever be held in common and equal honor ! It would be a new tie 
between Massachusetts and Virginia. It would l>e a new l)ond of that union 
which is the safety and glory of both. It would be a new pledge of that 
restored good-will between the North and South, which is the herald and 
harbinger of a second century of national independence. It would be a fit 
recognition of the great hand of God in our histor\'. •■" * "■ * 

But before all other statues, let us have those of Adams and Jeft'erson on 
a single block, as they stood together a. hundred yeai's ago to-day — as they 
were translated together just fifty years ago to-day: — foremost for independence 
in their lives, and in their deaths not divided ! Next, certainly, to the comple- 
tion of the national monument to Washington, at the capital, this doul)le statue 
of this "double star" of the Declaration calls for the contributions of a patriotic 
people. It would have something of special appro})riateness as tlie first gift to 
that Boston ])ai-k, which is to date from this Centennial period. * '"' * 

SLAVERY AND nVK WAII. 

And the war went on — bravely fought on lioth sides, as we all know — 
until, as one of its necessities, slavery was abolished. It fell, at last, under 
that right of ^var to abolish it which the late John Quincy Adams had been 
the first to announce, in the way of warning, more than twenty years before, 
in my own hearing, on the floor of Congress. I remend)er well the bui'st of 
indignation and derision with which that warning was received. No pi-ediction 
of Cassandra was ever more scorned than his, and he did not live to witness 
its verification. But whoever else may have been more immediately and per- 
sonally instrumental in the final result — the brave soldiers who fought the 
battles, or the gallant generals who .led them — the devoted philanthropists oi- 
the ardent statesmen who, in season and out of season, labored for it — the 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 251 



iii.irt\r I'rcsideut who proclaimed it — the true story of emancipation can never 
hti fairly and fully told without the "old man eloquent," who died heneath 
the I'oof of the Capitol iieaily thirty yeai's ago, being recognized as one of the 
leading figures of the nari'ative. 

But, thanks be to God, a\ ho o\errules eveiything for good, that great event, 
the gi-eatcst of our American age — great enough, alone and by itself, to give a 
iiaiiif and a character to any age^has been accomplished; and, by His blessing, 
we present our country to the woi'ld this day \vithout a slave, white or black, 
upon its soil ! Thanks be to (iod not only tliat our beloved Union has been 
saved, l)ut that it has been made both easier to save and better worth saving 
iicrfal'tcr. by the tiii.il solution of a problem before which all human wisdom 
liad stood aghast and coiirouuded for so many generations ! Thaid<s be to God, 
anil to Ilim l)e all the [)raisc and the glory, we can read the great words of 
the Declaration, on this Centennial anniversary, without reservation or evasion : 
" We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created ecpial, and 
tliat they are endowed by their Creator with certain inialienable rights; that 
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The legend on 
that new colossal Pharos at Long Island may now indeed be, "Liberty enlight- 
t'uing the world." 

l>riIES OF THK FUTI'RJ':. 

WV come, tlien, to-day, fellow-citizens, with liearts full of gratituile to (rod 
and man, to j)ass down our country and its institutions — not wholly without, 
scais and blemishes upon their front — not without shadows on the past, or 
clouds on the future — but freed forever fnmi at least one great stain, and 
firmly rooted in the love and loyalty of a united people — to the generations 
N\liifli are to succeed us. 

And what shall we sa\ to those succeeding generations as we commit the 
saci'ed trust to their keeping and guaidiauship i! If I could hoj)e, without 
]>resum]ition, that any humble counsels of mine, on this hallowed anniversary, 
could Ije remembered beyond the hour of their utterance, and reach the ears of 
my countrymen in future days; if I could liorrow "the masterly pen" of Jef- 
ferson, and ]>roduce words which should pai'take of the immortality of those 
wiiich he wrote on this little desk; if I could command the matchless tongue 
of John Adams, when he jioured out a])peals and arguments which moved men 
from their seats, and settled the destinies of a nation; if I could catch but a 
single spark of tliose electric tires which Franklin wrested fi'orn the skies, and 
flash down a plij-ase, a word, a thouglit, along the magic chords which stretcli 
iicross the ocean of the future- -what could I, what wouhl I, say ^ 



252 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

I fiiuld luit omit, ccrtiiiiily, to iviterate tlie soleiiiii olilio-atioiis wliidi rest 
on evei'}' citizen of this i'epul)lie to clierisli and enfoice the great ))rinc-ij)]es of 
our cohniial and revolutionary fathers — the principles of liberty and h-iw, one 
and iiise])aral)le — the ])riHci](les of the Coiistitiition and the Union. 

I could not omit to urge on ex'eiy man to remember that self-government 
j)olitically can only be successful if it be accompanied V)y self-govei-nment ])er- 
sonally ; that there must be government somewhere; and that if the peoi)le are 
indeed to be sovereigns, they must exercise their sovei'eignty over themselves 
individually, as well as over themselves in the aggregate — regulating tlieir own 
lives, resisting their own temptations, subduing their own passions, and volun- 
tarily imposing upon themselves some measure of that restraint and tliscipline, 
whicli, under other systems, is supplied from the armories of arbiti-ary power — 
the disci])liiie of virtue, ia the place of the discipline of slavery. * 

I could not omit to caution them against the corrupting influences of 
intemperance, extravagance, and luxury. I could not omit to warn them against 
political intrigue, as well as against personal licentiousness; and to imploi'e 
them to regard piinciple and character, i-ather than mere ]):irty allegiance, in 
the choice of men to i-ule ovei' them. 

I could not omit to call upon them to fostei' and fui'ther the cause of 
univei'sal education ; to give a liberal support to oui- schools and colleges ; to 
promote the advancement of science and ai-t, in all their multiplied divisions 
and I'elations ; and to encourage and sustain all those noble institutions of 
charity which, in our own land abose all others, have given the crowning grace 
and glor}' to modern civilizaticni. 

1 could not refrain from pressing upon them a just and generous considera- 
tion for the interests and the rights of theii- fellow men everywhei'e, and an 
earnest effort to promote peace and good will among the nations of the earth. 

I could not refrain from reminding them of the shame, the uusjieakable 
shame and ignominy, which would attach to those who should show themselves 
unable to uphold the glorious fabi'ic of self-gf)vernment which had been founded 
for them at such a cost by their fathers. 

And sin-ely, most sui-ely, I could not fail to invoke them to imitate ami 
emulate the examjiles of virtue, and inirity, and patriotism, which the great 
founders of our colonies and of our nation had so al)undantly left them. 

GREAT A>{D OOOD MKN. 

But could I stop there? Could I hold out to them, as the results of a 
long life of observation and experience, nothing but the pi'inciples and examples 
of great men ? 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 253 



Who and what are great men? "Woe to the country," said Metternich to 

our own Tickiitii', forty years ago, " wliose condition and Iiistitntions no longer 
produce great men to manage its affairs/' Tlie wily iVustrian a})[)lied his reinai'k 
to England at that day; but his woe- it' it l)e a woe — would have a wider 
lanu'c in >niv time, and leave hardly any land unreached. Certainly we hear it 
nowadays, at every turn, that never before has there been so striking a disjtro- 
portion between supply and demand as at this moment, the world over, in the 
commodity of great men. 

But who, and what, are great men i "And now stand bu'th," says an emi- 
nent Swiss historian, who had completed a survey of the whole history of 
mankind, at the very moment Avhen, as he says, "a blaze of freedom is just 
bursting forth beyond the ocean," — "And now stand forth, ye gigantic forms, 
■sliades of the first chieftains, and sons of gods, who glimmer among the rocky 
halls and mountain fortresses of the ancient world ; and you, coiupierors of the 
world, fiom Babylon and from Mai-edonia; ye Dynasties of ('a>sars, of Huns, 
Arabs, Mogids, and Taitai-s; ye c(unmanders of the Faithful on the Tigris, and 
commanders of the Faithful on the Tiber; you hoary counselors of kings, and 
peers of sovereigns; warriors on the car of triumj)li, covei'ed with scai's, 
and crowned with laurels; ye long rows of consuls and dictatoi's, famed for 
your lofty minds, your unshaken constancy, your ungovernable spirit, staud 
forth, and let us siu'vey foi' a while your assend>ly, like a council of the Gods! 
What were ye ^ The lii-st among mortals iJ Seldom can you claim that title! 
The best of men i Still fewer of you have deserved such praise ! Were ye 
tlie compellers, the instigators of the human race, the prime movers of all their 
works? Rather let us say that you were the instruments, that yon were the 
wheels, by wliose means the Invisible Being has conducted the incom]irehensiI)le 
fabric of universal government across the ocean of time !" 

Instruments and wheels of the Invisible (xovernor of the I'niveise! This 
is indeed all which the greatest of men excr have been, or ever can be. No 
flatteries of courtiei's; no adulations of tlie multitu(h'; no audacity of self- 
reliance; no intoxications of success; no evolutions or developments of .seience, 
can make more or other of them. This is "the sea-mark of theii' utmost sail " — 
the goal of theii- furthest run — the very round and top of their highest soaring. 

Oh, if there coidd be, to-day, a deeper and nioie jjervading impression of 
this great truth tln-oughout our land, and a moiv prevailing conformity of our 
thoughts, and words, and acts, to the lessons which it inv()lves; if we could lift 
ourselves to a loftier sense of oiii- rcdations to the luvisilile; if, in surveying 
our ]>ast history, we could catch larger and more exalted \ lews of our destinies 



254 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

and our responsibilities; if we could i-ealize tliat the want of ijood men may 
be a heavier woe to a land than any want of what the world calls great men, 
our Centennial year would not only be signalized by splendid ceremonials and 
magnificent commemorations, and gorgeous expositions, but it would go far 
toward fulfilling something of the grandeur of that "Acceptable Year" which 
was announced by higher than human lips, and would be the auspicious promise 
and pledge of a glorious second century of independence and freedom foi- our 
country ! 

FAITH IX THE IIICillER AND BE'ITER. 

For, if that second century of self-government is to go on safely to its close, 
or is to go on safely and prosperously at all, there must be some renewal of 
that old spirit of subordination and obedience to divine as well as human laws, 
which has been our security in the past. There must be faith in something 
higher and better than ourselves. There must be a reverent acknowledgment 
of an unseen, but all-seeing, all-controlling Kuler of the Universe. His Word, 
His Day, His House, His Worship, must be sacred to our children, as they 
have been to their fathers; and His blessing must never fail to be invoked 
upon our land and upon our liberties. The patriot voice which cried from the 
balcony of yonder old State House, when the Declaration had been originally 
proclaimed, "Stability and perpetuity to American Independence," did not fail 
to add, "God save our American States." I would prolong that ancestral 
prayer. And the last phrase to pass ray lips at this hour, and to take its 
chance of remembrance or oblivion in years to come, as the conclusion of this 
Centennial oration, and the sum of all I can say to the present oi- the future, 
shall be: There is, there can be, no independence of God; in Him, as a nation, 
no less than in Him, as individuals, "we live, and move, and have our being!'" 
God save our Amei'ican States ! 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 255 



II.— EXTRACTS FROM MICHIGAN ORATIONS. 

TlIK i'art tliat our Micliiii-an orations do not i;encrally follow any leading idea 
liy wliieli tlicy ean 1k' entitled, and that some of tlieni cover the same 
ground \vith others, necessitates a deviation from the typograpliical style of 
the last chapter. None of the orations are given entire, and, for convenience, 
tlie names of authors will hold the leading position as titles, the special topics 
being sub-headed. Introductory matter is genei'ally omitted, and selections made 
only of salient 2">oints. We will exce))t from these remarks the oration by Mr. 
T. l>. Churc-h, at (rrand Rapids, which is given the first place in this chapter, 
and nearly at full length, the pi-o|)ei- title of which should be, "The Contest of 
Principle." 

MR. THOMAS B. CHURCH, AT (JRAND RAPIDS.* 

Fellow-Citizens: — The Declaration of Independence, to the reading of whicli 
you have just listened, and the one hundredth anniversary of which we have 
assembled to commemoi-ate, was at once the cause and catastrophe of that great 
drama, the Noi'th American Revolution, whose "swelling scenes" were the 
dismemberment of tlie British Empire, and the establishment of confederative 
republican institutions on this Western Continent. 

(•omaii:mouatin(; tiik i:i;a of the r.KVOi.i'Tiox. 

Has an event which is the cornei--st(me of our national history lost its 
interest in the minds of men :■ Are the necessities that led to it, the processes 
reacliing this grand result, now generally and familiarly known and understood ? 
Have our magnificent progress, our unprecedented successes in arts and arms, 
in statesmanship and war, partially oblitei-ated this primal and seminal transac- 
tion from the American memory;; Do we all often enough recur to the era of 
the Revolution, investigate its history, and imbue oui- hearts and intellects with 
its jiatriotism and its wisdom? 

How many of our young men, I'laiming to l)e intelligent; how many of our 
lawyers, claiming to be learned, can tell ^\■hat were the " writs of assistance," 
in oppo.sition to which James Otis made Faneuil Hall and the town meetings 

'Oration properly entitled "Tlio Contest of Principle." 



256 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



vocal with liis fiery declamation ; who were the " inandaimis " counseloi'S against 
whose authority the provincial Congresses pi-otested ; and v\hy the tax on tea 
led to the death of Warren at Bnidcer Hill, as the charge of ship money had 
before to the death of Hampden on the plain of Chalgrove? 

Let us, on this Centennial festival day of the nation, consider these things. 
Let us here and now evoke the spii'it of that time and those men. Let us 
contemplate the elements of their une(]ualed civic character. Standing almost 
in the " visible presence " of those statesmen and warriors of the ancient republic, 
may we idealize the perils of the past, the resj)onsibilities of the present, and the 
hopes of the future ! 

TlinElO STACiKS OK THE lilOVOLllTION. 

There are three stages or perioils in the histoiy of the North Amei'ican 
Revolution. The first coniniences with the orders and laws of the British 
parliament, designed to enfoi'ce tlie navigation act of 1660, and terminates in 
the Declaration of Independence. This fli-st stage embraces the struggle for 
the preservation of the ancient liberties of those colonies, issuing in a civil war, 
the causes of which, in pai-t, and the objects of which are exhibited in the 
Declaration. The second stage consists of the War of Tnde])endence, which 
began fifteen months before the Declaration, and ^vas closed by the ti'eaty of 
peace negotiated at Pai-is, November ;50, 178o. The thii'd stage was the estab- 
lishment of the Federal Constitution, what is commonly denominated our 
"general government." The convocation of the first Continental Congress, in 
Philadelphia, in September, 1774, and the assembly of the first Congress under 
the present Federal Constitution, in New Yoi-k, on the 4th of March, 1789, 
comprise the beginning and the end of tlie last, and perliaps the most impoi'tant, 
stage of the great North American Revolution. 

.\ CONTEST OF PniXCIPLE. 

The war of independence, we say, was preceded by a contest of principle ; 
a struggle for the preservation of the ancient libei-ties of the colonies, induced, 
developed and matured into " overt acts " of resistance by the attempt of the 
British government to mono[)olize the conunerce of the colonies, and to burden 
them with ta.vation by acts of parliament; and this stage of the Noi'th Amer- 
ican Revolution we will more particularly consider. 

In the year 1(560, during the session of the famous "long pai'liament," tlie 
act of navigation was passed, which, embodying and enlarging the provisions of 
its predecessor and jirecedent — the .act of 1651 — was designed to secure to 
Great Britain tlie \vhole trade of the plantations. It provided, among other 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 257 



tliiiiL;-^, that noiif l>ut Kiiulisli sliijis -;|i(iiil(l (laiispurt Aiiici-icaii |)r<Mlucf over 
tlie Ofeau, iiiid that tlie principal articles of that produce .slioiild l)e sold in tlie 
markets of tlie mother coimti-y only. In liU'u] it was fnrtlier enacted tliat siicli 
commodities as the coU)nies wished to pnrchase slionld l)e piiich.-ised within tlie 
same markets, and severe rules were prescribed to enforce these laws during 
the piotectorate of Cromwell and the subsequent reigns. Thus, to tie uj) the 
commerce of the colonies fur tlie exclusive advantage of England, was the intent 
and operation of twenty-nine acts of Parliament, from 16(50 to 1764, formino- 
wliat Mr. liurke e.vpressively denominated "an infinite variety of paper chains 
to bind together your cninplicated system of coh)nial legislation." liut this 
legislation was based on- conimei'cial policy alone — -policy shaped for a commer- 
cial monopoly — and its i-estrictive features were designed, doubtless, to make 
tilt! colonies contribute in their proportion to the strength and unity of the 
empire. The vast intei-ests ultimately to be ait'ected, and the vast pecuniary 
revenues thus to be indirectly secured to England, were probably never contem- 
plated by the early legislators on the subject. America was then (again to 
quote the graphic language of Mr. Burke) " a little speck scarce visible in the 
ma.ss of national interests; a small seminal principle, rather than a formed 
body;" an<l its astonishing growth and development, for a half century, seemed 
to an incredulous house, when the orator portrayed its progi-ess, rather as the 
coloring of his own fervid imagination than a uai'i'ative of authentic facts. 

"Nothing in the history of mankind," says he, "'is like theii' ]U'ogress. 
When I cast my eyes on their tiourishing commei'ce, and their cultivated and 
commodious life, they seem to me rather ancient nations, grown to perfection 
through a long series of fortunate events, and a tiain of successful industiy, 
accumulating wealth in many centuries, than the colonies of yesterday, not so 
much sent out as thrown out, a few yeai's ago, on the bleak and barren shoi-e 
of a desolate wildeiiiess, thousands of miles from all civilized intercourse." 

'' Whatever Kngland has been gi'owing to," again he sa\s, " by a [)i'ogressive 
increase of iinprovements brought in by civilizing settlements and civilizing 
con(|nests, and by varieties of people, in seventeen hundred years, you see so much 
added to America in a single life." In fact, Chatham was the first Engli-sh 
minister who observed the wealth and resources of these possessions of the 
crown, ami who foresaw their im]n)itance. He deemed Spain, Holland. ,nid 
France, successively the objects of his inimical policy, chieHy to be feared as 
maiitime rivals of England; and-to -cripple the naval armaments of the two 
foiniei' powei's, and to diive the latter from North America and the West 
In<lies, were the bold, grand plans of action he ui-ged upon a timoi'ous cabinet. 



258 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

He correctly viewed the fisheries as a nursery of seamen, and therefore, with 
characteristic energy, j)rosecuted the war which secured to Great Bi'itain Canada 
and the control of the adjacent islands, and jurisdiction over the New Found- 
land banks. 

TAXATION NOT CONTEMPLATED BT EARLY LEGISLATION. 

But during the whole pei'iod from 16(iO to 1764, taxation formed no part 
of the government scheme or the object of parliamentary enactment. Directly 
to draw a revenue from the colonies was not intended noi- dcflared. Though 
a commercial monopoly of inci-easing severity and, according to the ])i-esent 
lights of political economy, of injui'ious effect, was imposed upon tlie colonies, 
they exhibited neither resentment nor resistance. Ungracious and unjust as 
were the navigation act of 1660 and all its correlative and corroborative laws, 
they were borne as the inevitable condition of metropolitan protection, and 
were compensated, as some colonial statesmen then argued, by a coiresponding 
investment of English cajjital in America. Usage, rather than formal and 
advised assent to these commercial regulations, had made them to the colonists 
a law of their being, " which had grown with their growth and sti^engthened 
with their strength," and to whose compressive energy their expanding faculties 
and llmlis had by daily practice become accommodated. 

SUPKEMACT OF PARLIAMENT ADMITfED. 

It may safely be concluded that the supi'einacy of Parliament, so far as the 
legislative power had ever been exercised, Avas admitted in all the colonies, 
whether provincial, proprietary or chartered. England herself always maintained 
that Parliament had power to bind the colonies in all cases whatever. But 
Parliament, whatever might be the theoi"etical views of the government, had 
never transcended her old and systematic course of commercial restriction. No 
necessity had arisen, no motive had been pi-esented to the colonies (in which, 
however, an enlai'ged experience was creating gi'adually a juster appreciation of 
constitutional privilege and popular rights), to question or attack the foundation 
or extent of ])arliamentiiiy supremacy. 

PROTESTS BY MASSACHUSETTS. 

Massachusetts alone had looked adversely upon the interference of Parlia- 
ment, even in the regulation of commerce, as far back as 1040, j^rior to the 
famous navigation acts of 1651 and 1660; and those acts were frequently 
evaded by the restless and ingenious spirit of the merchants of that colony. 
The addresses of her general court to the crown in 1757, 1761, and 1768, admit 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 259 

tliat "His Majesty's Parliaim'iit is tlie supreme lenislative jjower over the whole 
empire," with a [)rotest against taxation without consent of their own — a case 
not yet aiisen, and })erha|is not even contemplated. Yet, in an address of 
K!"!), almost a Inindred years licfDre the Declaration of Independence, Massa- 
chusetts averred " that slie apprehended them (tlie navitiation acts before spoken 
of) as an invasion of tlie rights and })ro))erties of the subjects of His Majesty 
in the colony, they not being rej)resented in Parli.-iment ; and that according to 
tlie usual saying of the learned in the law, the laws of England were l)ounded 
within the four .seas, and did not reach America." 

The clause, "they not being represented in Parliament," which seems here 
to be put forward merely as a suggestion, and not to have been urged as au 
arginnent, discloses the very ground upon which, afterward, the law.s of Par- 
liament, imposing }H)rt duties and otlier ta.xes, were resisted, and wJiich was, at 
a still later date, taken against all legislation of that body. It became subse- 
(juently, I say, the only basis of the dispute between the countries — the very 
"canfo caiiste" — the hinge upon which the whole controversy turned. It was 
the hint upon which, one hundred years afteiward, the colonists spoke, and 
spoke C(mclusively, against ])arliamentary supremacy. And the student of 
liistory will mark and remember how the doctrine of representation — that a 
people can be bountl only by laws of their own making, laws enacted by 
themselves personally or by dejDuted agents — was gradually educed, under the 
stimulative and suggestive necessities of later days and otlier events, from this 
brief, perhaps accidental (certainly not a matui'ed or elaborated point), and 
doubtless tlien unappreciated suggestion of the Massachusetts General Court. 

ACTS FOR THE TAX.VTIOX OF THE COLONIES. 

(^n the tenth tlay of March, 17()4, the British House of Commons passed a 
resolution "That it was proper to charge certain stamp duties in the American 
colonies and plantations." The remonstrances of the resident agents of the 
colonies, the opinions of the colonial assend:)lies and of an able and u})right 
opjiosition l)eing disregarded, Lord Gienville carried through Parliament, in 
March, 17<i5, an act imposing a duty on stamped paper, "to be collected 
through tlie colonies and thei-e to ])e held in reserve to l)e used from time to 
time by the Parliament for the protection and defense of the said colonies;" 
and stamped i)aj)er was made necessary to the validity of contracts, and for 
certain other puljlic and private uses. * ■"' But the idea of raising a revenue 
from the colonies wa.s not abandoned. In this year a motion was nnide in the 
Ilousi- of Commons, that "the revenues arising and to arise from America be 



260 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



applied to subsisting the troops now there, aud tlie other regiments projjosed 
to be sent." And Chai'les Townshend, supporting the motion, said "he had a 
phm to hiy before the House to i-aise a revenue in America," and declared his 
conviction of the power of Parliament for that jiurpose ; and he repeated this 
declaration, he said, that the galleiies might hear him (Dr. Franklin, the agent 
of sevei'al colonies, \vas sitting there), and in all this Grenville coincided. 

Large l>odies of troops, under various pretenses, were (quartered in Boston 
and other towns, and were regarded by the colonies as harbingers of some 
obnoxious law, whose execution they were to enforce. Referring to these war- 
like preparations, "which covei'ed the waters and darkened the lands," Patrick 
Henr} asked, "AA'hat means this mai-tial an-ay hut to force us to submission^ 
Has Great Britain any enemy in tins (]uarter t)f the world, to call for this 
accumulation of ai'mies and navies^ No, sir; she has none. They are meant 
for us ; they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and 
rivet upon us those chains \vhich the British ministiy have been so long forging." 

In Novembei", 1767, by an act of Parliament, certain duties were imposed 
upon glass, white and red lead, painters' colors, paper, and tea, Avhen introduced 
into American ports. Mr. Townshend advocated this act as a means of raising 
revenue in America, not in violation of the opinions and sentiments of the 
colonies. The Stamp Act had been objected to in America, amongst (>ther 
reasons, that it imposed internal duties, or taxes, having no connection with 
nor arising from that connnercial control ahvays exercised by the mother 
country ; and concurrently with submission to which, the colonies had ahvays 
indulged in a })rotest more or less emphatic against taxation in any form, npon 
any material, or for any object. To rendei- his own views plausible, aud to 
accommodate the sensitive notions of the colonies, Mr. Townshend, in this bill, 
provided for an external or ]K)i't duty; thus, I say, invoking for the {protection 
of his measui'e the old and genei-al assent of the colonies to merely commercial 
regulations. 

DISTINCTION BETWEEN REVENUE AND NAVIGATION ACTS. 

Five of the duties laid by this bill were subsequently repealed and the tea 
duty alone retained. Upon tea imported into England there was a duty of 
one shilling per pound. The carriage of tea from the east into the British 
empire was a monopoly, possessed by the great chartered India company. If theii- 
ships carried the tea directly into America, the duty upon that there lauded 
was three pence per pound. Upon that in England, if exported to America, a 
drawback of nine pence a pound was allowed. This act of Parliament then 
actually cheapened an article of general consumption, and — upon the principle 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 261 



of iiruMiiiu'Utatiiiii so t':ii' .•idojitcil l>y rlir roloiiics ii|)()ii the subject of tlieii' 
political t'()iiiit'ctii>u witli the inotluM' coiiiitiv and their constitutional lial)ilities 
ami cxeinptioiis — it would Ix- ditlicull to distiugiiisli between the validity of 
tliis Ik-vfHuc Act of 17('>7 and tlic Navio-ation Acts of ("harlcs and C'roniwcll. 
if till' mot her countiy could prohibit all trade except with herself, niiLiht it 
not, b\ parity of reasoning;, derive a tril)ute from that very trade or anv 
bran<'h i>f it ^ The picamble to this act reads as follows: 

"Whereas, It is expedient that a revenue shall be raised in your Majesty's 
dominion in Amei'ica, for makinc; a more certain and adequate i)rovision for 
defrayiuL:- the charge of the administration of justice and su[)p<)rt of civil 
government in sucli provinces where it shall be necessary, and toward further 
defrayinir the expenses of defending, protectinc; and securing the said dominions; 
Therefore, we. your ^Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, tlie Commons of 
Great Britain in Parliament assembled, have resolved to 'give and grant' unto 
your Majesty the several rights and duties hereinafter mentioned, and do most 
hnmlply beseech your Majesty that it may be enacted," etc. Under this 
[nvamble, by virtue of the policy developed by it, and the agitation occasioned 
by it, "so paltry a suiii as three pence in the eyes of a financier, and so insig- 
nificant an article as tea in the eyes of a philoso[)her, shook the pillars of a 
commei'cial empire that circled the globe !" 

All revenue laws, according to tlie precedents in Knglish history, have a 
title by which they purport to be "grants," and the words "give and grant" 
precede the enacting clauses. Tlirough the reigns of William, Ainie, Georges 
the First and Sec(jnd, no one of the laws passed respecting the colonies are 
entitled as revenue acts; nor arc the words "give and grant" in any ])reand)le, 
with one exception, which I will notice in a moment. Tlie distinctive phrase- 
ology of such enjvctments was specifically and pi'cmeditatedly avoided. The 
form of words does not indeed alter the nature of a law iioi' abridge the power 
of a lawgiver. But titles and forms have not been idle things in English 
jurisj)rudeiice or legislation. Townshend desired to establish by an act of 
J'arliament, which he fondly hoped would excite no protest nor objection in 
America, a claim to collect revenue in the colonies. To draw their attention 
from the pi-eamble and the forms of the act, he presented it and urged its 
adoption as only and essentially a commercial regulation, a duty laid outside 
of America, to be paid upon an article to be admitted into her poi-ts ; not a 
tax u|»on any property actually in America, but as a contribution to the 
revenues of England sanctioned ])y the pi'actice of all past time, and involving 
no sacrifice of political right. 
.34 



'2G2 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



srsi'icioxs {IF I'm: coi.oxists awakknkd. 

Hut the [)ivauil>le ! This was the olijfct ui' colonial serutiuv, jealousy, and 
attack. It asserted a pernieious piiueijile. It established a fatal precedent. 
The men of America, iiortli aii<i south, were too acute to be deceived; the 
modesty of the maker did not conceal the danger of the pretension; the evil 
of the claim was not overlooked in the lightness of the burden it imposed. 

The exception to the uniform current or character of the parliamentary acts 
respecting the ccilonies, of which 1 spoke a moment since, was a statute bearing 
date 17'"?;5, "for the better securing of the trade of His Majesty's sugar colonies 
in America." This was "to give an aid to His Majesty," ])assed in sixth of 
George Second. It was asked foi- by some of the colonies, and assented to, in 
a compromise, by others. It purported to be, and in fact was, a commercial 
regulation, and its peculiai' })hi'aseology was not captiously objected to at that 
time, when no jealousy of encroachment was felt, no acrimonious discussion had 
excited sci'utiny ; and Governor Bernard, of Massachusetts, himself great 
authority, had pronounced it an ai't of prohibition, not of revenue. 

Yet the debates in the House of Commons show that the little colony of 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations demurred to the legality of this act. 
It presented a jietition against it; but wliether it complained of piecuniary or 
political injury to flow from the proposed measure, does not distinctly appear, 
and the champions of this chartered colony, small in teri-itory, although large 
in renown, seem to have l)een quite overcome by the sharji reprehension of the 
administration speakers. 

No act for revenue ]»urposes avowedly, with the specific title and recital 
togethei' is extant, until we reach the port-duty act, the stamp act, and the 
tea-duty act of ITCiT. These had the re\ enue title, the technical words of 
"giving" and "granting," and were formally and unequivocally revenue acts — 
American revenue acts — and the peculiar style of each stamped them as incep- 
tive experiments, as commencing a limitless course of taxation. " What one 
badge of liberty shall we have," said one of the colonists; "what one brand 
of slavery shall we be free from, if we are bound in t)ur property and industry 
by all the restraints you can imagine on commerce, and at the same time are 
to be made pack-horses of every tax you choose to impose ? Bearing the 
burden of unlimited monopoly, shall we bear the burden of unlimited taxa- 
tion too i " 

Tlie investigations of the colonists, the discussi<nis of a century, had 
enucleated fully the fundamental ]:)roposition, the elemental law of political 



CENTENI^IAL (.(KATIOKS AjSD SEKMOIS'S. 263 

freedom — there can be no taxation witliout repi-esentation. This was a postu- 
hite emboilvinir tlie Saxon idea of liltert), conseerated l»y assooiatinus of past 
struggles, and ifniiniscences of ancirnt L;l(iry. Ipon it fastciied ex cry impulse 
of freedom, every conviction of juili:incnt. 

mi: I'.iMAii <.i;or.M> finally iakkn. 

The colonists, provol<cd to the examination, began to lo()i< closely into the 
subject. They incjiiired more sc.nchingly into tlie foundation and ivason of 
parliaiuentar\ supremacy. Tlicii' minds passed, by an easy transition, to a 
(h-nial, as \vc have seen, (list, of the power of taxation (they not being repre- 
sente<l in I'arliameut); and then, by a bi'oader conclusion, to the denial of all 
power wliatever in Parliament to bind them liy its laws. in the outset they 
atlmitted and conteniUni for a line of distinction — tiie one in(ncated by Chatham 
and Burke, between those cases in which they ought and those in which they 
oudit not to yield obedience to Parliament. They became satisfied there was 
no such difference; no medium l)et\veen tlie denial and acknowledgment of the 
power of Parliament in all cases. 

In 1778 Massachusetts clainuMl, in the liroadest terms, un(jualitied inilepen- 
dence of Parliament, and in a bold and decided tone repudiated its power of 
leirislation over that commonwealth. She denied the su])remacy of Parliament, 
but acknowled^-ed allegiance to the crown ; and this distinction, idtimately 
ailo2)ted ])v everv lawyer in the colonies, ;ind upon which was drawn the 
Declaration of Intlependence, \vc will examine in another connection. Thus, 
you perceive that in the progress of this c(">ntes( of |irinciple, constituting the 
fii"st stage of the RevolutioiL tlie aigument against the ])oit-duty act, the stamp 
Jict, and the tea-duty act (all of one class), that there could be no taxatiou of 
the colonies without representation, w;is eiilariied into the more comprehensive 
and constitutional one tliat there could be no legislation over the colonies 
witliout reinvsentation : and this lattei' aiLjument, coiniilete and conclusive, 
though first advanced in \~><') and 17i>7, took a relation ba<-kward, and illus- 
trated and characteri/.eil the whole contrmei'sy fi-om H'kiI to 177ii, navigation 
acts and all. " W Iumi yon ie\i\ed the s(dieme of taxation," says Mr. Burke, 
"and thereby filled the minds of the colonists with a|i|>reliension and jealousy, 
then they questioned all paits of your legisl;iti\ c power, and by the l>attery of 
such questions have shaken tin- solid structure of this empire to its deepest 
foundations." 

This protracted, widening, ami now embittered contest had reached, in 1775, 
its full height, and the impossibility of compromise and reconciliation was 



264 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

evident to the colonists; though even to 1776 some indulged the illusive hope 
of peiice. In April, 1774, sliortly af'tei- the destruction of the tea in Boston 
hai'hor, John Adams declared: "Tlie boily of tlie people are in council. They 
are united. Unless the British government shall return to principles of 
moderation and ecpiity, soon will be brought to pass the se])aration and 
inde])endence of the colonies." 

But the penal laws of Parliament, the Boston port bill, the mandamus and 
transportation acts, designetl to bring the rebellions colonists to terms, and the 
actual conilict of arms at various places on the continent, made nccessarv the 
Declaration of Independence. 

KING AND I'Ain.IAMKN'l'. 

This Declaration, setting foi'th the colonial giievances in glowing colors, does 
not mention Parliament, but treats the acts of oppression then complained of, 
as acts of the King. Our view of tlie last phase of the Contest of Principle, 
which we have hurriedly sketched, will account for this peculiarity of diction. 
Doubtless the colonists were embarrassed by their })i'evious concessions on the 
subject of parliamentary supremacy, and might be charged with inconsistency 
in maintaining their absolute independence of Parliament, whei-e in the beginning 
they protested against her jiower to impose internal duties or direct taxes only. 
But disclaiming, as they now did altogethei', the authority of Parliament, 
holding themselves in the condition of Scotland or Ireland, before either of 
these Kingdoms lost its local legislature, they could not acknowledge an}' 
political tie Innding them to the English govei'nment in the aggregate, but a 
tie oidy of allegiance liinding them to the King, recognizing thus the executive 
branch only of the constitution of England; his established powers an<l vast 
undefined pierogative. This allegiance had always been professed, })roclaimed 
and preserved. The justifying causes of the political revolution now attempted — 
the severance of the tie of allegiance — to be spread upon the record, were the 
acts of the King, and the King ©nlj'. He, indeed, is charged with confeder- 
ating with others "in ju'cteuded acts of legislation," but he is held personally 
responsible for that misgovernment and oppression Avliich were "the necessity 
which denoiuices our separation." 

According to the precedent of 1668, and the arguments of Somers and Jekyl, 
and other great champions of liberty, the King is deemed to have abdicated 
his thi'one, having violated the compact between himself and the peo])le, and 
having thus remitted them to the original amplitude of their natural freedom! 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 265 



SAOAOITY OK TIIK MKN OF Tril'. KKVnl.rTIoN. 

This review of the controversy between (ireat Biituiu and the North 
American eolouies — this exposition of the political doctrines, held with an 
enlarging coinprchcnsiun nf their tiuth, and a widening application of their 
effect, enal>les us to recognize the patiiotisni, disinterestedness and sagacity of 
that generation. Adherence to principle, love of constitutional liberty, a resolve 
to niainlniu .-lud I'elain it for posterity, impelled tliein to I'esistance of iJritish 
law, and the war of the Revolution. They understood the crisis; they saw iu 
this attitude of things an inevitable collision. They saw impending near the 
great I'esult for which |ireparation — preparation of a century, nevei' reniitte<l, 
though unnoted — had been made. Men had indeed roughdiewn as they would, 
but a divinitv had shai)ed their emls. It was not the instant feeling and ])ressure 
of the arm of desjiotisni that roused our ancestors to combat. No intolerable 
oppression ground them to the (hist. They were not slaves rising in desperation, 
from the agonies of the lash. They were freemen, snuffing fi'oni afar the tainted 
gale of t\iann\'. I'lies' could ha\(' ]'aid the duties, all of them, inci'cased a 
thousand fold, aiul not have felt them as they did a tithe of the e.xpenses of 
the war. The worst encroachments of the British ministry were all compatible 
with their enjoyment of life. True, they would have held that enjoyment by 
a precarious tenure, dependence on a foivign power, at the fiat of a king, and 
of a legislature in which they had no voice. But they spurned "inglorious 
ease." They realized that the burdens, light to them, would be grievous to 
and insupportable by theii' descendants. They accepted the saci-ifice in their 
own persons. "Against the recital of an act of Parliament," says Mr. Webster, 
"they took up arms. They went to war against a ])reandile. They fought 
seven years against a declaration. They poured out their blood and treasure 
like water, in opposition to an assertion, which those less sagacious and not so 
well schooled in the jtrinciples of civil liberty, would have regarded as barren 
phraseology, <>!■ a mere j)arade of words. Upon a question of pi'inciple, and 
while yet actual suffering was afar oft", they raised their flag against a power 
to which, foi- pui])oses of foreign su1)jngation, Kome in the height of her glory 
is not to l>e com[)ared ; a powei- which has dotted over the surface of the 
globe with her possessi<ms and military posts ; whose morning drum-beat, 
following the sun and keeping company with the lioiu-, circles the earth daily 
with one ccmtinnous strain of the martial aii's of Kngland." 

"The right to take ten pounds," thundered James Otis, "ini])lies the right 
to take ten thousand. If this system be allowed, we shall be thankful that 



266 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

I'ain and dew are not dependent upon Parliament, otherwise tliey would be 
dried and taxed, ^'ou are li^litinL;' up a tire in these colonies tlie Mood of all 
.Eni;-land cannot e.\tini;uisli."" 

sirKiioi;N iu,iNi)NKss OF iiiK lutnisn caiunki'. 

Hut the otticial forinality of (Trenville, the hrilliaut sophistry of '^rownshend, 
and the lethargic ainiahility of Lord North were unmoved l>y a]ipeals, unalariued 
l)y a[i2)earances, and uiitauuht liy <'\pei'ience. There was thi' lilood-stained era 
of the First Stuart; theic the tah^ of ari)itrary taxntiou and its issue; the 
Hery rush of popidar indignation; the JNIitre, the Mace, .-nid the Sce])tre ; 
tlie Prelate, the Pi'eniier, and the Kiny' ; Land, Stratford, and Charles himself, 
laid upon the scaffold. 

Put this infatuated caliinet drew their rules ami measures from the tiles. 
They heard a. distant pro\ ince was tui'hulent and resisted a law. What is the 
remedy^ Send two reo-iments to B<iston. A Provincial Conu'ress, so called, 
nieetiuii' without a proclamation from (To\ernor (Tai;'e, in fact, in disobedience 
to his prorogatiiMi, were takiu<;' counsels stdnersive of allegiance.' The ministry 
were advised by the' crown lawyers, that it was the case of a I'efractoiT 
corpoi'ation ; holding lands of the crown, in free and conunon socage, as of the 
royal manor of Greenwich, in the county of Kent; that a mandannis was the 
]n-opei- [)rocess, and that failing, its franchises might be declared forfeited, and, 
if necessary, abrogated by force! Miserable pedantry! Fanatie folly! Well 
did Edmund Purk in after years tell such technical functionaries, arguing that 
a dissolution of the Mouse of Connnons abated the prosecution of AVarren 
Hastings instituted by it, before the Lords, that national complaint, that great 
indictment preferred Iw civilization and Christianity against the sjioliatm- of 
empires, that they were no more coni[>etent to understand the operations of a 
government than a rabbit to compi'ehend the gestation of an ele]iliant. The 
frame-work of a corj)oi'ation to hold compressed and inactive the expansive 
power of Freedom ! the generous sjiii'it of Liberty ! Plant an acorn of the 
British oak in a flo\ver-\ase, and bid it remain un^erminated, as if it were not 
l)ound to strike its root to central eai'th I to push its top to upmost sky! its 
green foliage opening in tlie siudight ! its mighty limbs defying the storm-wind ! 

ADllKliKNCK I'O rUK SI'IIUT OF IIIK LAW. 

The educated men of the colonies generally had become very good consti- 
tutional lawyers dtiring the controversy we liave examined. The liberties of 
the subject, the poweis of Parliament, the prerogatives of the crown, as 



CENTEN^'IAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. i'67 

t'stalilislicil hy the M;ii;ii;i Cliarla, the statute n( Five Tallia-vs, the IVtitioii of 
Kiglit, rli»' Ilalieas ('.nims Act and rlit^ Act of Settlement, every stej) taken, 
every ac(|iiisition made l)y the civil icxolutions of Kii<f|aiid. tlicx liad dilij^ently 
read and tliofouuhly understood. '■■" ■•■ '■" "' •'' '•■ ■"■ * 

And the planters of the south, the farmers of the niid(He and nortliein 
colonies, in fact, all cdasses of city and country popidation, manifested the 
same intelliirenee, kn()\vled<:e of their riiihts, and of the le<fal mode of defending 
them. Sagacious and tiini. they were foiliearing ; determined to keep to wind- 
ward, and to hold the ministry of (ilreat l^ritain and hotli their civil and 
military representatives in America as unprovoked and unjustifiable aggressors. 
* '^' " Burke, who. in the House of Commons, under the verv shadow of 
the throne, advocated the cause of the colonies. ha<l ai:al\zed the character and 
stated with i)hilosophical e.\])licitness the growth and inthience of the initract- 
alile spirit of the colonists. "In no country in the wurld," says he, " is the 
law so general a study. The |irofessioii itself is nunu'rotis ami powerful; but 
all who read (and most do read) endeavor to obtain some snnttteriim- of the 
science. I have been told by an eminent bookseller that in no line of his 
business, after weeks of po])ular devotion, were so many sent to the colonies 
as on the K-nv. Nearly as many of Blackstone's Commentaries have been sold 
in Amei'ica as in Kngland. (General (Cage's letters, on yoiir table, show this 
disposition clearly. Aheunt stadia in ukhu-x. This stndy makes men lititiions, 
impiisitive, full of resources, [ii'om[>t in attack, ready in defense." 

"■To |)i'()C(.'0(I iicfdnling to law' was (■niiiiriill\ llic iniipost' and llio abilily of Massachusetts," the 
oialion proceeds to say, and cites the steps talien to ascertain tlie e.vact facts regardinir Hie Lexington 
and Concord raussacre. Tlie account rendered l)y Me|)zibelh Davi.s of personal damages on the occasion, 
is worth preserving: 

t s. u. 

One pair of sheets I) is (I 

Two pair pillow cases s () 

Tliree napkins 4 

Two lableclollis 4 

Three smocks t:! 

Three aprons (i 

Caps and other articles 2 s 

And over tlic mark of Hepzitjetli, this account is certilied to Ijc eoinpiiled "at llic lowisl rale tlial 
things can lie Iiought for, at this day." 

SKCO.Ml .\NI) IJlli;!) STAOICS ol- I'lll': |;F.Vo|.I'I'IO.\. 

The w:ir of indejiendence, the second .stage of the Revolution, we have no 
time to remai'k upon. It was a war which, considering the means we had and 
the enemy we encountered, it would be deemed madness to have commenced; 
and there wi-re seasons, during its progress, when the Lffeat cause of Americti 



2(i8 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



had perished but for the folly of tlie enemy — seasons when we wei-e disbanding 
one army and in vain endeavoring- to (Mubody another within point blank shot 
of the enemy's silent cannon — when the (Uspirited host was without anmuniition 
for an half hours contest — Avhen famished Jind almost nal<('d soldiers must have 
subniittt'd, however rehu'fantly, to the fate of captivity, had the providence of 
God permitted this i-csnU. Ibit soon victories produced I'rieiids and allies in 
France, Spain, and Holland, and otiicers in Lafayette and other persons of 
distinction: and in 178.'> the colonies of (ireat Britain were baptized into a 
national existence tuuler the name oi the United States of America. 

But when the last great scene of the North American Revidution opened — 
when those who had declared independence on the Fourth of July, 177(), and 
had maintained it, by the wise counsels of the Continental Congress, the 
unfainting negotiations of Versailles and St. James, on the embattled cliffs of 
Abiahani, the heaving sods of Bunker Hill, the bkxxl-dyed waters of the 
Brandvwine, the snows of Valley Forge, and the blazing lines of Saratoga and 
Yorktown — wei'e called to the more arduous laboi's of constructing a govern- 
ment, destined thereafter to present a model tV>r all civilized ]>eople; to lay the 
foundations and rear the fairest structure of constitutional freedom that ever 
floated on the tide of time; they approached the consununaticui of their 
inunortal labors, and this was accomplished, and the Federal Constitution, under 
which we now live, devised in wisdom and ap]iroved by trial, was the last 
crowning achievement of their lives on earth. 

" Great were the hearts, and strong the niiuds. 
Of those who framed, in high debate, 
The immortal League of Love wliieh binds 
Our fair, broad empire, stale with state. 

And deep tlie gladness of that hour, 

When, as the auspicious task was done. 
In solemn trust the Sword of Power 

Was given to Glory's unspoiled sou." 

The memory of the dead — the ekxpient ruins of nations — the wrecks of 
ages — admonish us. They ail jure us not to darken or ([uench the lights thus 
kindled and now shining over the world I tJod grant that liberty — educated 
liberty and constitutional law — rescued from the prison-houses and seaffohls of 
Europe, mav here forever maintain her rightful dominion! 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND 8EKM0NS. 269 



MK. THEODOltE Ko.MEYN, AT DETROIT. 
(»\K jir.\i)i;i:i) veaus aoo. 

Uiu' luiiiiliud yfui-.s ago the suu sIiDiie on less than three millions of people 
in these colonies, living along the narrow l)elt east of the Alleghanies, with no 
claim to the territory west of the ^rississippi, or to its month, i.i- to the shores 
of the (rulf, or to the Floridas. West of the mountain range and north of the 
Ohio was an untouched ^\•i!del•ness, except so far as occupied Ijy Indians and 
by a few French settlements. Some of the.se had been made along the watei-s 
that bound our own State. In all the Northwestei-n Territory, now comjirising 
the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, and containing 
more than ten millions of inlmbitaiits, there was not a .settlement of English 
origin, an<l the white population did not exceed five thou.sand. A centurv has 
passed, aa<l we meet to celebrate the Iieginning of another. 

Our own city, one hundred years ago, occupied a space of about three acres 
on the banks of the river, enclosed by pickets and defended by block-houses 
and guns, and travt-rsed Ijy streets or alleys from ten to .sixteen feet wide. Its 
Ijopulation was less than four hundred. It was, during the war of the Revo- 
lution, the seat of the British jtower in the Northwest, and it remained in the 
possession of Great liiitain until it was surrendered to the Tnited States 
in 1796. 

Sir Christopher Wren was the architect of St. PauFs Cathedral, in London. 
He was ]>uric(l within its walls, and on one of them is the in.scription to his 
memory: 'SSV iiiia-ris m<yiiiiiii<-idiiiii (■ircinnsjiicer We have borrowed this for 
our State's motto and applied it to our pleasant peninsula. In contrasting our 
city with the Detroit of 177i;, I will use no words of description, but say to 
each, " c//v/////.sy//VY' " (look around)! 

THK COXSTnUTIOX SK( I I.AII (JOVKU.V.M KXT. 

Eleven years after the Declaration of Independence, and four years from 
the close of the war, the (Constitution was framed and adopted l)y the people 
of the United States, who declared that — "AVe, the peojde of the United 
States, in order to form a moi-e perfect union, establish justice, secuie domestic 
trampiility, pi-ovide for the common defense, promote the genei-al welfaie, and 
-.fcuic the blessings of liljcrty to ourselves and our [Histerity, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution for the rnlted States of Aniei-ica." 



270 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

One of its most notable provisions is found in the first ^vords of the first 
article of the amendments, to wit: "Gdiigress shall make no law respecting an 
establishment of religion or prohil)?tu;g the fi'ee exercise thereof." This was 
the first time in history that the foundation of religious freedom was secured 
in the fundamental laws or institutions of a state, if we except the provision 
for it in the little colony of Rhode Island. The j^ersecuted Puritans became 
forthwith jiroscribers of those who did not believe in their tenets, and who 
adhered to otiier forms of worship. Every other colony, excejtt the Catholic 
community of Maryland, made distinctions between different sects of nominal 
Christians; and even in Maryland a profession of faith in Christianity in some 
foi-in -was required. Tn our country this disposition to secure sectarian legisla- 
tion, and by governmental influences to discriminate between one form of faith 
and another, has not been eradicated. Some of the earlier state constitutions 
did not forbid such legislation, and, in fact, gave preference to some forms of 
belief; and even now the friends of an entire, and consistent, and pure sepai'a- 
tion of church and state have to combat this pro2:)ensity in legislation, in 
municipal ordinances, and in official administration. 

SLAVERY STATP: KIGHTS NATfONAL UXri'V. 

The C(mstitution undoubtedly recognized the legal existence of slavery as 
an establislied fact. The relations of the citizens to their several states and to 
the Federal government were not so distinctly traced as to prevent the intro- 
duction into politics of a false and pernicious theory of State Rights, and of a 
paramount allegiance to the state over that due to the nation. The influence 
of slavery on the character of the people whei-e it prevailed, and on their 
views of the worth and dignity of labor, Avas fast making us two peoples. 
Mr. Lincoln was right when he so said, and that thei'e must be all slave states 
or all free in our system. Interwoven with the social fabric, and with all 
business relations, tlie wisest could see no way of disentangling slaveiy and 
getting rid of it. Its friends, clamorous generally foi- State Rights, nevertheless 
insisted that the inhabitants of a territory should not decide for themselves 
whether it should be subject to slavery ; and they even denied the right of a 
free state to forbid the introduction and employment of sla\es within its own 
limits. How should this state of things be met and redressed { What way of 
escape could l)e found from the perjilexities, and collisions, and l)itterness 
yearly increasing ? It came in a way that we know not of. The slave OAvners, 
in their contempt for the laboring men of the North (where all labor) brought 
on the conflict. It deepened, continued, and Avas intensified, until it ended in 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 271 



layiujr tlie ax at tlie root, and in the extirpation of the bitter and poisonoiis 
!2;ro\vtli. Tlif wrath of man \va8 made to praise God. The sword severed the 
shat-kle — it fell tVoni the slave, and he stood, and stands, redeemed, regenerated, 
and disenthralled, and the amended Constitution of what is now his country 
secures to him the inalienable rights with whicli tlie Creator endowed him — 
life, liberty, and the juirsuit of happiness. The supremacy of the Cnion over 
all its citi/.t'iis is now unrjuestioned. The docti'inc of a right to secede from 
the Union, or to nullify its laws, while remaining nominally witliin its protec- 
tion, is dead and buried and sealed up beyond re\i\al oi- resurrection. There 
is the old Hag, with its stripes unrent, with its clustered stars in their places, 
and not running lawless through the sky. 

This civil conflict bore other fruits. it proved the military strength and 
resources of our country, and the patriotism and the coui'age of our citizens. 
We in the North weiv unwilling to believe that there was danger of civil war, 
yet when it had been actually commenced, how grand was the spectacle of the 
nation springing to arms to protect its integrity of territory and institutions. 
Intcrlacc'l by railroads and rivei's, there was no practicable place for a line of 
(Ii\isinii, which would free the separated re])ublics from interference and col- 
lisiiiu. A confederacy resting on slavery certainly \vould be insolent, aggi'essive, 
belligerent. Our people in the North instinctively pei'ceived that oui- institu- 
tions could not live if disunion triumphed. Here in our State the farmer left 
his plow, and the woodman dropped his ax. Othei's went from their shops or 
their desks. More than ninety thousand were enrolled or enlisted. More than 
fourteen thousand perished from wounds or disease. Again and again were 
thinned and wasted regiments filled by new volunteers; and when the good 
fight had been fought, and the conflict won, the sui'vivors returned to their 
homes and former avocations, .-ind "hung uji theii' bruised arms foi' iiKmuments." 

THK cnizKN - SOLDI i:i;v. 

In his history of England, JNIacauley tells us that when fifty thousand 
troops were to be discharged after the restoi-ation of monai'cln^ it was believed 
that "this change W()uM inoduce mncli misery and crime; that the discharged 
\eterans would be seen l)egging in every street, or would be driven by hunger 
to ])illage." And it seemed strange at that time that no such result followed, 
and that "in a fewnioutlis there ivmained not a trace indicating tiiat the most 
f(>rmiilal)le army in the w<trld had just l)een absorbed in the mass of the 
counnunity." The close of our civil struggle found in the armies of the North 
an<l South more than oiii' milliun soldiers, and all of them -noiitaneonslv and 



1'.-' MUllUiAN AND 11 IK TKN TKN M Al.. 

rlu'iM-rullv "l>r;il their swoids into plow sliares and t licit- sprats into pfittiitui'- 
liooks." atid fcttifiicil itilo cix il life atid iiidiistfial ptii-siiils. 

\MNt:st'Y itit: sot iti. 
At'tcf tlio I'loso ol' tlio waf atid tilt' rcstoiatioti of tiic iiatioiuil stipiviiuu-y, 
our ^'o\ I'l'imuMtt ii'fatitcd titii\ cfsat atiiiirsty atnl, sui)staii(iall\ , ttitix cfsal fcstora- 
tioti to civil riu'lits. This is a new thiiiL;- in histor\. Wats have lu'cii and for 
ji loiii;' titin" will bo atiioitu' tiicn. While amoiiii' all eivili/.ed nations they havi' 
boeoiue more litiinatie, out' >i'o\ etiiment has iiiveii the lifst t'xain|>le i>( eleiiieney 
and patdou to all, afti-f the sneeesst'iil elose of eivil waf. Kejoiein^- in this 
ivsult. uovoftiioless 1, fof one. do not wish t»> elasp liatuls with (he plotters 
!uul atitlioi's ivf (he tenilde strife. l( w ;is delil>era(ely phiiined aiitl set in 
motion for person.nl ends, hy p.-irlies who saw their polilieal sii|>reniaey in 
dangt^r of departing'. So soon as. throttnh their own sehemiiius, a President h.ad 
lu'eii eleeted without the votes of tlieir seetion. they proeeeded to earry into 
etVeet their trtiiloroits plottiiiu'. lie^tm m;ni_\ ye.ai's before. 'They entieed into 
the eoiifederaey state after state. The soiitlieni people liad been trained to 
believe that they i>w«>d no allegianee to the nation as a>i'aiiist their respeetivt' 
states. M.iny of the ediieated men of the South so thoui^ht. Thonuh opposed 
to seeessitMi. they wciii with tlieir states, and in so doiiio- they were honest 
and loyal to what they believed their true alleyianee. We do not exult over 
the del'eat of these brave ineii. exeept for the re.-ison that it w .as neeessary to 
eviiupter tlieni in order to erusli tlieir eause. Again ;it i>eaee, and with all 
aekiiow lediiing the supreniaey of the nation, we rejoiee over these, our bretlux'ii, 
who were lost and are found. \\'e he.irtily reeo<;iii/.i' .and ^teet tiiem as sueh. 
Their eonntry is our eountry ; and on this oeoasion, it is meet that they and 
we should join in proelaimiu>:- that wo have "one eonstitution, one eountry, and 
one destiny." But those w lio .si'henied to inauiitirato revolution, to kill the 
ii.ation, to overturn its institutions, so that they mig-lit sit hiu'li on tlu' ruins, 
althonuh they would have to wade thronuh blood to roaeh their bad omineneo: 
who e.ared nothing- for the |>rosperity, and pe.aee. and supieni.aey of "their own, 
their native l.aiul." 1 wouKl not aoeord the eharity of forgot fulness, the shelter 
of i>blivion. .\iid while 1 thus express iny sentiments, I boliovo 1 sliaiv thoni 
with most of the loy;il men of the l.-uid, of all jnirties and loe.-ilitios. 

e\iMi\i. \M> t vt;ot;. 
Marked eh.angos have taki'ii plaee in tlio mode of living, in eonimeroial 
trausaetions. aiul in the distribution of [>opulation. Associated wo.-dth is the 
ilvti;ist\ of modern states. The v.-ist aeeumul.-itions of it in few hands, in eon- 



CKNTENMAL < »i;.\TI< ».\s AM) sKIC.MONK. 273 



iifM-timi with till- r,iili<ia<l, \\\r nIciiiici-. .hkI the Irlcirrapli, coiicditrates htiHirifHS 
iiinl |ii>|.iilal inn ill \\^,^ lai'jcr cilics. I iii|ii>l rial |iiiisiiits, inu-.t- coiimioii In our 
villaj,'('rs, liasr ilisa|i|ican'i|, 'I'hc iiiili\ i<|iial artisan ;iihI IIic >iiiall ■•lio|)-k(M-|)er 
work to irvi-Ai (lisailvaiitaiif, \\ lii'ii llir\ \\i.il< al all. ( 'a)iilali~ls rca<lil\ ciilcr into 
coiiiltiiiiitioii uilli otliiT caiiilalisls, and w aii'c- lia\i' not a<l\ani-i-i| in |>io| portion 
witli till' profits of capital. 'IVadcs' I'liioiis lia\ c iiatiirall\ Hpniiig' into «xiHt(-:nce, 
ami it is idle to dcti\ that lln-rc is an incrcasin-j- conflict lictwccn capital and 
lalior. i l)c|ic\c lliat the s<»lntio]i will lie found in the piim-iplc of association 
and co-operation, and tli.it woikmcn will unite and carry on llicii- lalior in 
concert, for tlicir joint hcnctit, or will enter into coinhination with capitalists, 
on specified and eipiitahle terms, for the division of jircjfits. 

I'Kiiii.s .\.M) s.\ii;(ii .\i:i).s. 
^^ e cannot fail to .see other |ir<Mninent dangers. Among these is the peril 
of inefiicient government of tlic^ masses gathered in oiii- great cities, and having 
the jiositioii and jiower of voters. To meet this ue must rely on the general 
(lisjMisition of the Ameiican people, as individuals, oi' in communities and 
ijinnicii»al organization.s, to suhmit to the law, to ac<piiesce in the decrees of 
its ministers, and to comjiel their eiifoiceiiient. Aiiotiiei' safeguard is the 
e.\'i»anding intelligence of the peoj)le. Keputjlican governments (cannot continue 
over |ieoples who are c<jiru|>t, or who do not love and prize lihertv, or who 
are ignorant oi- nnediicati'*!. The masses of oiir citizens .-n-e honest, jtatriotic 
and conseivative, and the means of education are geneially supjilied and UHct\. 
Mu(di remains to be done in the .southern .states, hut theie is a moral certainty 
of its ultimate acconipli-liment. 

s( iiooi.s .\.\i) .\i;\vsi'.\i'i;i;s. 

<Jui' jKjlitical and social institutions rest ujx))! the conunon school as their 
chief corner-stone. It is meant for all. Its object is to furnish th<^ means of 
education for all, of whatevei' i-ace or creed. Sujiporteil in varying ilegrees, by 
taxes paid by people ui different religious beliefs, it should be confine<l in its 
teachings to what is objectionable to none. Kept free from sectarianism, 
furnishing intellectual culture, in-, iting and receiving and eriucating the children 
of all classes and creeds, without di.stinction or favor, it will be the strongest 
support and bulwark of our institiitionsT 

Ne.\t to the common school, the most potent agency in educatiuLT the jieople, 
and the inost influential in its effects on their ojtinions and actions in political 
matters, is found in the great and increasing u.se of newspapers and peri<idicals. 
The influence of individual -tatesmen and jxiliticians is much lessened. The 



274 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

.debates in 'Congress arid harangues from the hustings no longer form or direct 
pul)lic opinion. People read the newspapers, to a great extent, judge for them- 
selves, or adopt the views of their favoiite editors. Wherever :iii ;i venue is 
opened tlie newspaper goes like sunlight into every place from' which it is not 
positively exchided. The results of each day, in every part of our own land, 
anil in foreign lands, are reflected by the telegraph into a concentrated mass 
of information, which gives every reader an opportunity of knowing whatever 
is deemed worthy of note in the world's daily doings. The action of rulers 
and of pul)lic men generally ; the suspected or disclosed schemes of ti'icksters, 
and jo])l)ers, and speculators; the combinations of capital; the commercial trans- 
actions of the day; ]>olitical news; criminal deeds, and the othei' things that 
make life's daily hues, are illuminated by the press and l)rought before the 
observation of its myriad readers. Who can estimate its present influence or 
surmise what it will be in the future i Considering the temptation and oj^por- 
tunity for being otherwise, most American newspapei's are singularly free from 
corru])tion by money, and are generally honest in their narratives of fact. The 
condensed statements of the telegraphic column are ])repared for all the 
associated papers, without regard to party, and are meant to be correct and 
impartial ; and thus successful misrepresentations of public affairs cannot be 
maintained. Tlie infc>rmation derived from the newspaper tends to lead the 
citizen to decide and act for luTuself in political matters. It furnishes the means 
and materials for forming his t)\vn judgment. Its powei' is vast and increasing. 
While it has unworthy members, who, for notoriety or money, invade pi'ivate 
life, or give distorted or false statements of passing events, yet it has of late 
years increased in ability, and enter})rise, and independence ; and foremost 
among the agencies which we tnist will combine in maintaining republican 
institutious in vigor and purity, we place the honest, truthful newspaper. 



MR. DAN. P. FOOTE, AT SAGINAW.* 

TUE FTKST t'ENTKNNI.\L. 

Mine is the honor and pleasure, on this auspicious Centennial anniversary 
of your nation's birth, to congratulate you, freemen and citizens of the great 
Republic, upon the felicity of your situation, in a land whose free institutions 
have secured to you the fullest measure of earthly happiness and pi'osperity. 



*Hon. Uan. P. Foote, State Senator for the twenty-third senatorial district (Saginaw county), term 
commencing first Wednesday in .Januarv, 1877. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 275 



With you .1 Imndi-od years' success has demonstrated the capacity of the people 
for self-i2;o\'ei'iiiiiciit, niid t'nlsiticil llic prcdicticms of \()ur enemies, that Nour 
attempt at freedom would I'esult in anarcliy. Kacli year of the liundred has 
marked your continued growth and steady progi'ess, has increased your res))ect 
aiiioUL;- the nations of the eai'tli, and (h'epeueil your devotion to constitutional 
government, ^'our system has lieeii tried liy tlie severest tests. Foreign war 
lias neither weakened it nor demoralized tlie ])eo]>le with the idea of foreign 
comjuests. C'i\il war, such as no other nation e\cr exjierienced, has served 
only to strengthen it, by inducing needed ivform, as the storm successfully 
weathered teaches the wat(diful mai'iner new ])recaution against future dangers. 
To you has fallen the rai'e good fortune of celel)rating youi' couiitr\\s tii-st Centen- 
nial anniversary, and a hundred years must pass away before another generation of 
freemen will rejieat the ])i-oceedings of this day. As patriotic citizens of a united 
country, frou) .Maine's jiinendad hills to the sumiy jtlains of Morida and Texas, 
from ocean to ocean, we congratulate oui'selves and one another tlnit we ai'e 
permitted to celebrate this Centennial anniversary of anni\ersaries. 

WHAT THK CKiN'TKNMAI^ COM M KMOI! AIKS. 

National independence may exist with an entire absence of tliat individual 
liberty of the citizen that distinguishes this country from the less liberal govern- 
ments of the Old World ; and it not unfrequently ha]ipens that the freedom 
of the individual is aliridgeil, just in proportion to the increase of the power 
and national independence of the government that cdaims his allegiance. In 
such governments the people are thought to exist for the government, not the 
government for the people, and every attempt of the people to attain greater 
cinl and religious freedom is piomptly suppressed as a political disorder tending 
to natifinal decay. It remained tV)r the great men \vhose names we this day 
recall, and the ci'owning act of whose lives we celebrate cm this Centennial 
anniversai-y, to found a system of government that has denionsti'ated that the 
mo.st unlimited personal and individual tVeedom to act, s[)eak, or do, whatever 
does not interfere with the exercise of a corresjxmding right on the part of 
others, is consistent with national independence, and with the most unexampled 
national and individual ])ros23erity. And this result was made possible because 
the foundation upon which their system was constructed, recognized the prin- 
ciple that the people are the legitimate soui-ce of all governnii-ntal power. 
Other nations have their anniversary days; days that commemorate a hero born, 
a battle W(m, oi' a concession forceij from power; but this day excels them all 
in interest, for it commemorates the birth of a nation, the formation of a system 



-7(> MICHIGAN AM) TllK CENTENNIAL. 



that hiis stood the test of time, the establishiiu'iit of a o(i\criniieiit wliere 
lilxTty regulated l>v law exteiuls a waiin WfU'onic, and atVuids a suit as\ luiu 
to the oppressed of e\ ery laud. 

NKCKSSnV OK XliMI.ANCK. 

The positiou of the I'ohiuies was well uiideistood iiy the great Kdunuul 
Burke, who, iu his s[H'eeh on " eoueiliatiou with Auierii'a," delixcred iu I'arlia- 
meut ou tile '2'2(.\ day of 3lareh, ITTT), said: " iu t>thcr t'ouutries the people, 
more siuiple aud of a less niereurial east, judge of an ill priueiph' of goveruuieut 
ouly l)y au aetual gi'ievauee : l>ut here they autii-ip.ite the evil, aud juilge of 
the pressure of the gi-ievauee by the badness of the priueiple ; they argue 
luisgovernmeut at a distanee. aud snuff the ajiproaeh of tyrauny in every 
tainted breeze." '"*' * •" Whether the tax >vas luueh or little, was a matter 
of no eousideration. It was eijually the part of prudeuee and wisiloui to resist 
it, aud not to allow an insignitieant ta.x, submitted to. to be drawn into a 
precedent for the imposition of .a larger one, just as it is the part of wisdom 
and prudence at this time, at all times, to allow no invasion oi tlie constitution 
to become a precedent for its final abrogation. If you would pi'eserve your 
liberties as your fathers won them, imitate their example, and meet at the 
threshold the tirst attack u|>on them, let it t'ome from whatever source it uuiy. 

lOi.oNiM. wm;s ano wai;i;ioi;s. 

The people of the colonies, though wanting in military discipline, were 
nevertheless soldiers, born, as it were, upon the field of battle, and bred iu the 
camp, for hardly a year had elapsed from the tirst English settlement njuni 
the continent that had not seen them in arms for the i>rotection of their ever- 
expanding frontier, and for the disj>ersion of their warlike, savage foes that 
disputed, inch l>y inch, the advance of civilization. The old French war not 
only taught the colonies many a military lesson, by which the\- piotited twenty 
years later, but it developed leadei's who apj^eared again at Bunker Hill and 
Saratoga, at Trenton, Ib;uidywine aud Yorktown. Such leaders as Putnam, a 
lieutenant-colonel at the close of the French war; Stark, who, in 1 ToS, covered 
the retreat of Lord Ilowe from the disastrous expedition of Ticonderoga : the 
brave and scholarly ^^'illiam ^Vlexander, native of New York, better known in 
Americaii history as " Lord Sterling," and i-ightful heir of the Scotch earldom 
of Sterling; ^lontgomery. native of Ireland, who entered the British army at 
the age of eighteen, served thri>ugh the FYench war, aud became a citizen of 
New York bet\>re the troubles with England : Sehuvler aud mauv others, who, 



CENTENNIAL OKATIONS AND SERMONS. 277 

in the war of 1758, rlistino-uished themselves under the red cross of St. George, 
while they were acciuiriiig a military education that fitted them to serve their 
country effectively in 1770. The old Frcncli wai' made the whole (•(.imtry 
ac(iuainted with Washington ; and moi-e than tliis, it brought the colonies into 
closer relations with ea(Oi other, and gave them an accurate notion of their 
nundit'is and powei-. AikI oh many a well contested field they had (lemon- 
stratcd tliat Amci'ican endui'ance, valor and experience were e(iuai to either 
Freiu'h or Hritisii discipline. 

MKX WISH IX COUNSEL AXO HKAVK IX DEKD. 

Though the country was in its earliest yontli, it was in an eminent degree 
the golden age of America. It was the age that produced Franklin, whose 
philosophic mind trained the lightning of Heaven and taught it obedience, and 
whose great learning was surpassed by the greater natural abilities he brought 
to the service of his country. It produced Richard Henry Lee, the author of 
the first resolution of independence ; and Henry, nature's own orator. It pro- 
duced Jefferson, whose masterly mind conceived the language of and put into 
form the great indictment of George Thii'd, that united the colonies for 
independence, and Justified them before the world. It produced John Adams, 
father of statesmen, always wise in coimsel, and " a to\ver of strength upon the 
floor of Congress" when the Declaration was under discussion. It gave birth 
to Hancock, whose name appears first upon the title deed of our independence. 
It produced Robert Morris, the congressional " Superintendent of Finance," who 
freely expended a private fortune of millions in furnishing the army with food 
and clothing when the public resources failed, and of whom it might be said, 
as it has been said of Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury under Wash- 
ington, and then a captain of artillery, " He smote the rock of our national 
resources, and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth ; he touched the corpse 
of the public credit, and it stood upon its feet." It produced Warren, Gates, 
Green, and Putnam, Marion, Sumpter, and Sterling, Stark, and stout old Ethan 
Allen. It gave A¥ashington to America and mankind. Among no people in 
the world, at that time, was education so general. Says an enemy, General 
(iage, writing home in 1775: "All the people in my government are lawyers 
or smatterers in law, and in Boston they have been able, by successful chicane, 
wlioliy to evade many pai-ts of your capital statutes;" and one year later they 
])ublished to the world the Declaration of Independence, that swept them away 
entirely. * * * The spirit that animated the ])eople of that day is illus- 
trated by a conspicuous example. As Charles Carroll, the last survivor of the 
36 



278 MICHIGAN ANJ) THE CENTENNIAL. 



signers of tlic ncilaraticn, laid dtnvii the pen, a ineiiihcr near liini, John Adams, 
it is said, ivniaikcd : "There are several Charles CarroUs in Alar\ land, and when 
King- (ieorge eonies to hang ns all, he \\ill h.ardly know whieli une to take." 
"1 will," said IMr. Carroll, resuming his |icn, " relieve His Majesty of any doubt 
n})on the suKjeit ; thei'e is Init one Charles Carroll of Carrollton," and wrote 
after his name the words, "of Carrollton" — a better patent of nobility than 
CeorgH' Third eould have givt'n. IMay we not fani-y that Providenee, for tliat 
aet, long sp.-u'ed him, the sole sur\ i\'or t>l' the illustrious sages of ITTi) ? 

iNsi'iniNo oruKi; i'koim.ks .\xn otmim! i.anhs. 
The institutions the fathers haxc left us possess the rare ([ualitv of inspiring 
the profoundest sentiments of Ameriean patriotism in the hearts of our adojited 
eitizens, until they out-Ameriea Americans. No matter wliat land ma\ ha\e 
given them birth England, the native home of our literature and laws; Ireland, 
brightest gem of the sea, home of wit and eloquence; Germany, lanil of learning, 
ami the cradle of the Anglo-Saxon race — once on the soil of Amerii-a and nndev 
the shield of the Constitution, they are Ameriean citizens all; .-lud in our own 
day, side by side with our native-l)orn citizens, have proved their devotion to 
Ameriean institutions and constitutional liberty on every battle-field from 
Gettysburg to New Orleans; ;ind they will lie found ready, when the time 
for it arrives, to plant "the banner of the burning stripes and ever-raultij)lying 
stars" upon every foot of the American contineid. The spirit of American 
liberty animates tlu> Dominion oi Canada, and sweeping over the plains of 
Mexico and South America, has even inspired Spanish- American society with 
something of its genius. It has intrenched itself in France, where it threatens 
the st.ability of every throne of Europe. The tli\ ine right of kings has become 
its sport, and aristocracy, [unver, }>i'ivilege, and proscription, are everywhere 
purchasing a temporary resjnte by concessions to tlie constantly increasing- 
demands of the people. It ins[>ired the Fedeial Constitution, upon the model 
of which the Spanish-.Vmerican governments to the southw;U(l of us have been 
framed. 

i'oi;i:uiN ni;i.i' and uim.i'kks. 

Foremost among them, the youthful Lafayette, the friend of Washington, 
who freely shed his blood to establish a principle that proved fatal to his own 
privileged order; the Baron Steuben, whose military etlueation connuenced 
under the great Frederick, before he was tifteen yeai"s of age, and who brought 
to the service of ^Vmerica thirty years' experience in the armies of Prussia, and 
who. by the discipliiu' he introduced' in ours, nniterially aided to organize 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 279 



victory; Kosciusko, the brave Icidci- <>\' tlic Poles, whose skillful defense of 
i)einis Heights drove Biirgoyiit- li.nk ii|iiiii Saratoga and compelled his sunen- 
diT, for wliicli he rcc('i\cd tlic |>iil)lii' lli.iiiks of Congress. And with these 
canic otliiTs, wlio wi'iitc llii'ii- names in bhx^d uj)on the pages of American 
history, and arc ln'ld in oi^atdul remembrance. 

'iiiK siMiMi' oi i.iiiKinv r.\i.Mi'Aii;i:i). 

Could some hero of that dark ic\ ohitioiiary jicriod i(!turn to the land his 
patriotism made sacred to libcity and jn'ogi-ess, what a s<tene woidd burst upon 
Ins bewildered sight. * "' * But in one thing he would find that an hundred 
years had wrought no change in the people — that they ai-c still imbued witli 
the spirit of 1770. We stand upon the threshold of a second century of our 
national existence, in the well secured possession of the rich inheiitance bought 
with the blooil of the fathers whose memory we this day commemorate. Let 
us remember that this inheritan<;e is oui's, not to impair or destroy, but to 
enjoy, t<j preserve and to transmit to those who may come after us. Let us 
remendjer that a bad principle of government is as noxious in 1876 as it 
was in 1776. Let us so deal with this inheritance that its value and estima- 
tion in the hearts of the peo])le will increase with each recui'rence of this 
anniversary; aud let us teach our children, and oni- (diildreii's (diildieii, to so 
deal with it that the orator of l!»7<) may say that this century has transmitted 
it to that unimpaired. 

MR. MARK S. BREWER, AT MILFORD.* 

THE TIJKE OK I.IUEIJrV. 

As time rolled on, and education and intelligence became more and more 
difEused, so the "Tree of Liberty" planted by our fathers has grown in strength 
and beauty, and the breezes from Heaven have wafted fi'agrance from its 
blossoms to other nations. France has been struggling for years for a repub- 
lican government, until a Bonaparte has been hurled from his throne, and a 
repuldic, in name at least, has been established. Englan<l has long since been 
compelled to adopt more liberal views, while her people ha\e had guaranteed 
to them a higher degree of political and i-eligious liberty, and her government 
has become more and more subject to the control of her citizens. In fact, all 
the civilized nations of the earth have made ra])id advanctement in all that 
tends to the improvement of the people. 

♦Hon. Mark 8. Brewer, member elect of the Forty -fifth Congress from the Sixth Congressional district. 



?so 



MU'UKiAN AND 11 IK CKN'riCNN lAL. 



imiUWTKI'N STIMI'T.A'I'KS INVKNTION. 

What clli/cii (>r Micliii;;iii is iiol |>n>ii(l of llic t'diii'ational facililics of liis 
state: With a I ' ui\ crsitN' sccoikI t«> iioiir, with lit'i' uradcd and 11111(111 scliools 
ill cvcTN citN and \illaL;'r, w licrr tiic irn;lu'i' hraiu'lics arc taii^lit to all who 
seek therefor; and last Wiit not least, her system oF eoiiinioii stdiools, where the 
ehildren of all, rich and |'oor, white and Maek, .alike ina_\ seeiire an eiliiealioii 
wliieh well tits lliein for all the duties and res|ionsil)ilities of life, without 
inoiie\ and without price. \\ C know full well the hurdens tliat .are Laid ii|toii 
tlie |ieo|ile to niaint.ain this systein of free .and nnixcrsal education, Imt he w lio 
si'cks to ;iri;'iie that it is not iiioney well spent, ill_\ eoniprcheiids the duties 
!ind res|ioiisliiirnics of citizenship in ;i free country like ours. Kiiowlcd^'c is 
not oiiU ,a pre\('nti\e of \ ice .and crime, luit ;iii iiieenti\c to iii\'eiitioii .and 
Iiiipro\ emeiil, in those things tli.at lend to the comfort, h;i[)piness and relino- 
meiit of man. Tell me, fellow citizens, ha\c the wonderful inventions of man 
hceii devised in the states where education has liceii limited to the few, ov 
where it has heeii universal .and free to .al!. Clearly, in (he Latter. 

MKiaiAMCVl, INVKNl'loN AND S( 1 KNl'I I'lC 1 USCOV KK V. 

* * * Had anv ni.an ;i hundred years ;mo prophesied the construct ion of 
these wonderful works of his r.ace duriiii;' the lirst centiir\ of our IxcpuMic, he 
would h.a\e lu'cn tre.ated .as a lit suliject for the mad-house. And who of us 
to-da\ d.are assert that ecpially as L;a-i'at improvements will not be wrought out in 
the iuindiH'd ve.ars to come' \\'lio can tell l>ut w li.at .at the end of the si'cond 
ceiiturv of our counlrv's .ndvaiicement, commerce will l>e carried on in aeri.al 
ships llo.atiii>;- on the w inu's of the wiiidf Who can tell hut w Ii.at electricity 
will \h' used not onl\ for the communication of thought, .as it is to-day, luit 
also as .a propclliiiL;' power, l)y which sulist.ance as well as thouuht may be 
transported from one p.art of the ^lobe to auotlier^ No one d.are prophesy as 
to the wondeiful works w liicli the mind of educated man mav not briii^ forth. 



VAijiois iHU'ies. 

Our countrv li.as Iuhmi sli.akcn from ceiilcr to circumi'eiviua^ l>y those who 
had sworn allogi.ance to her llaLi;. The vacant chairs at our liresido:^, the 
nininied and wounded to whom the ^'ovevnniont justly owes .a genorous su^^port, 
tostifv how l>ra\t"ly the men of tlu' north came to tlie rescue in defense ot" free 
institutions and a united country, hy which our heritage of freedom was .saved 
to us. * * ** This oeut'ration kiu)ws the horrors of war by sad e.\}H>rienee. 
"War — cruel war; it not onl\ breeds death and destrnctiou, luit demoralizes 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 281 



society, defltroys wi^jillli, iiml wcaki-iis tlic jiiililic ricdil. Would thai iinlionH 
and ])eop]e8 roiild Icaiii lo a|i|ical li> atliilraliuii and reason, I'at licr than totho 
swoi'd, as in tlic sctth'incnt of Ihi- Ahd)iiiM;i chiinis. ■" * ''■ Tlic, liciuidiitiou 
by yen and nir ol' the IniiiMMise puMic di'ht h^l't lis at the elosfi of the. vviir, 
iH hut a portion of the |irlee which ih to he paid for the lilxTties we now 
enjoy. Aceiiised ho lie w lio w oiihl hrini^ di.sLjracc and shame upon the country 
hy adxoealinii' a rejmdiation of iis just ol)liL''ations. ■■' " ■•■ Tlie hi.vity of 
morals anioiiL;' lh<' people, hotli in piilili<' and |iri\ale life, is one of tlie vvornt 
legacies h'ft us by tlie war, due In a meat ineaHurc to exti'iivagaiice and the 
overstraining of credit. Let ns learn once more to practice economy, to h've 
within our income, to shun delit, ami "pay as we go," if Wi', would liave a 
renewal of financial and husiness pro.sjiei'ity. * * * Let us I'ccjuire honesty 
and economy in oiii- puhlic servants, and elect no Jiiaii to office whose past life 
is not a guarantee of honesty and integrity. ■''■ ''•■ * F liave great lailh in 
the American peojjle, and helieve that their intellectual and nioi'al pi'ogre.ss in 
the next liundred years will far exceed that of tln^ p;ist, and that the wisdom 
of oil)- fathers as manifest in the formation of icpuMieaii go\criiment will ^row 
more and more manifest everyday. The creation of their minds must eonliniK! 
to be the jniiding star of all the nations of the eaith. 



MK. L. D. DIIMU^K, AT BATTLE CREEK.* 

I in; ( iiv OF liATTJj'; c'I!Kkk. 

In the ex[)re.ssive language of another, we can truly sa}- that "the fii'st 
settlers of the wilderness have a j)eculiai' ex]»erien(;e which the country once 
occupied and improved can never afford. They had juivations whicli their 
successors, on the eidtivated fields, and in the thriving cities which their enter- 
pi-ise lias Ijeen tlie means of picidiicing, may some of them fail to appreciate, 
but the proud consciousness that their early trials and labois, and their once 
united and liopeful energies, gave the fiist impulse toward these magnificent 
changes which they now witness, is, of itself, something of a reward. They may 
have labored, and in some cases others may seem to reap the benefit, but we 
may be sure that the Just and the wise will always award honor to men in 
proportion to the real benefits arising from what they have accomplished." 
Forty-five years ago the first log hut was built in Battle Creek, on land costing 

•Mr. Dibble's oration waH largely hiHtorical as relates to Battle Creek and vicinity. The concluding 
remarks on this head arc given, as also some extracts of more general application. 



282 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre ; to-day the value of the same land 
is estimated at not less than ten thousand dollars per at-re. Then there were 
no schools, no churches, no manufactories, no business ; all was a wilderness 
peopled by the aborigines of the country. To-day, eleven religious denomina- 
tions meet in their respective churches and lay their supplications before the 
Throne of Grace. To-day there is invested in school buildings, libraries and 
apparatus, nearly or quite two hundred thousand dollars, and fifteen hundred 
and seventy-three scholars, between the ages of five and twenty years, receive 
an education sufiiciently advanced to place them in good standing in the famous 
University of Michigan, free of cost. To-day, fine brick ])locks for l)usiness 
piu'poses, beautiful residences, vieing with the palaces of eastern cities in 
splendor; manufactories turning out their millions in value of manufactured 
articles of world-wide renown annually, have taken the place of the forests of 
forty-five years ago. Then, all of the travel and all supplies for the infant 
colony were transported on wagons drawn by oxen. To-day, two railroads 
transport annually to and fi-om the city hundreds of thousands of pounds of 
freight, and tens of thousands of passengers over their iron ways, at from 
twenty-five to forty miles per hour. 

DEPENDENCE UPON VIRTUE, INTEGPJTY AND INTELLIGENCE. 

A century is ended ; one hundred years have j)assed since the Declaration 
of the Independence of the United States of America was published ; three 
generations of men have come upon the stage of life, acted their parts, and 
have passed away, and the curtain has dropped, shutting them from view 
forever ; and to-day, this nation enters upon the second century of its existence. 
Will it enter upon another, and another, and liow many? The answer to the 
question will depend upon the virtue, the integrity, and the intelligence of our 
rulers and our people. 

MEN AND AVOMEN OF THE KEVOLUTION. 

Well do I remember back to the time when they, who fought in the 
armies of the Revolution, occupied an honored place in all celebrations of this 
day ; some of them I knew, but all of them have long since gone to their final 
rest ; earth has mingled with earth, ashes with ashes, and dust with dust ; and 
in the far off time, their names and their exploits will only be known in history 
and tradition, and will be taught to our children's children, and their praises 
will be sung to prattling infants, as were two thousand years ago the names 
and the exploits, and the deeds of daring, of the founders and the heroes of the 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 283 



repiil)lics of Greece and Rome; and a future mythology may exalt them to 
the realms of the gods. Tlieii' disinterested patriotism, their sufferings and 
privations in the sacred cause of that national and political liberty of which 
we this day enjoy the 1)enefits, entitle their names to an everlasting remem- 
brance. ^\n(l tile men of those days are not the only ones who are entitled 
to credit in securing our national inde[)endeuce. The women of those days, the 
mothers, the wives, the daughters, and the sisters of those brave and noble 
men, were no less brave and nobh' than they. They cidtivated the fields, 
raised and harvested the crops for the support of the armies in the field, and 
in time of battle ]n-ei>are<l the deadly ammunition to annihilate their foes, and 
acted as nurses and eared for the sick and wounded. SucJi men and such 
women were the progenitoi's of forty-four millions of people, who, this day, are 
celebrating the great and glorious achievement of our national independence, 
one hundred yeais thereafter. And to them alone does not belong all the 
honor and the praise — to tlie "God of l)attles," who presides over the "destinies 
of initions," let ns also give hearty praise and thanks. 

AX uisToiiic cam;. 

The ai'ts of peace succeeded the terrible struggle, and the nation prospered. 
In 1812 another war ^vith the mother ccnintry was brought upon us. In that 
contest we fought for national honor, and the protection of our citizens on the 
high seas and abroad. Again we won the victory, and our claims and rights 
were again acknowledged. Then brave men stood l)y the mast as the ship 
went down. In the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, Commodore 
Perry commanded. After a bloody fight, in which the loss on each side was 
about one hundred and fifty, the flag-ship Lawrence went down, but victory 
Avas ours. Perry reported to General Harrison: "We have met the enemy, and 
they are ours." The sunken vessel was raised in 1886. Harrison was elected 
President in 1840. After his inauguration, a cane made from a ])lank of the 
shij) was presented to him. An exact duplicate, made from tlie same vessel, 
by Captain James B. Laugliead, is now owned by Mrs. Lovinia Laughead, bis 
widow, of this city, and is this day used l>y ILni. Cliarles Austin in presiding 
over this celebration, and whieh T take pleasure in exhibiting on this occasion. 

I'KOGUESS AND UKSOUKCES OK TUK COUNTRY. 

From tile close of the war of 1812 until the year 1861, our nation pros- 
pered; its limits extended from ocean to ocean, between the British possessions 
on the iiortii, and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. We can stand upon 



284 ]\ri('Hl(!AN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Pl_\iuoiilh Rock and soc (lie sun rise out of (lir Atlantic's stDi'iuy waves, aud 
staiulinLi' on tlic n'oldcii sands oi Calil'ornia, tra\crsin<i' only our own possessions, 
SiH' it sot in tlio still Paoilic. The New bhiL;-land States liave hoeome the work- 
shops of the world. Their machinery forms an alnmst eontinued mannfaetory 
over liundi'eds df si|u;u'e miles, while their produets flood the niai'kets of the 
wi)rld. The Si.ilcs of Maine. New llami>shire, Mieliig'an, Wiseon.sin, (Jeorgia, 
California and ( )reL;'on aic supplying hnnher for the world. Our agrieultural 
states are produeing grain for the starving millions throughout the world, and 
wool and cotton to elothe them. Tlu' "blaek diamonds" of the I'nited States 
are seemingly inexhanstihle. I'he mines of gold and silver, irt>n and copper, 
turn out their millions annu.illy to enrich \is. Seventy thousand miles of 
railroad checker this country, transporting the iiroducts of every country .nnd 
every climate. Our majestit- inland lakes and rivers are white with the 
flaunting sails, decked with streami'rs and thigs, and boasting of oui' i>rosperity. 

STUIFK .\ND lii;N'i:wr.l> IKA IKKNIl'V. 

In IStU, amid all of this boasted prosperity, a rebellion i)n)ke out between 
the slaveluMding and m^n-slaveholding states. Fathers, sons, aud brothers were 
urrayetl against each c>ther in the bitter contest. Hundreds of thousands of our 
best and bravest men wei'c killed oi' wounded : hardly a household in all this 
bi'oad land th.il did not nioiuMi for some one missing from the iireside. The 
curse of hum.in sl.avery was its cause, and it has been blotted out f(n'ever. 
The blight has ceased to exist, and to-day, by tlu> Constitution of oui' land, 
"all men are eipial befoi-e the law," and .ill of the states are reunited, without 
a star bU)tted out of the constellation, or obscured by that hideous cloud, ^ye 
moui'u the loss of absent ones, but feel that they fell in a noble cause, sustain- 
iuLi' the nation's inti>gi'ity, and supporting its honor while carrying aloft its 
star-spangled lianner. Tt»-day the religious denomin.ations of the North and 
South again fraternize: eommeree between all of the states has been resununl ; 
political jiarties from all ]>arts meet in common and fratern.il council : the 
blood-stained fields of battle again yield up their treasures to the husbandm.in, 
and all is harmony aud peace. 

rui: iiriKK. 

What is to be our future? Who will be our prophet? What will the 
prophesy be ( Ni>ue can foretell. The history of past republics carries with it 
fe.iifnl forebodings, aud a record from which we should take warning, (xreeee 
became the land of science and the arts; Rome from its seven hills governed 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERjMONS. 285 



the world. Vioos ami iiuiiioiality. wcallli and amliilioii, oorniptii)ii in liiij^h 
phu'cs, cri'iit in: the juirfsl fountains ol' i;i)(>(| intentions were tuincd I'luni their 
sources; and both ot" those nations were l)k)tt(Hl out, and time lias covered 
their glor}-, and. their languages, and their history, and their magnificent ruins, 
only remain. The empires mid the nioiiai'chies of all the earth teach us that 
the same results folldw the same causes. Kcvolutioiis l)egin and end, and 
governments cnimhle into dust. Columns of inarlile are erected, bhicks of 
2;ranite are placed, but constant attrition, hardly i>erceptible, wear them away. 
So may constant approaches, no matter how insidious, sap the foundations of 
the noble constitutional structure of our government, and before we sus[>ect it, 
the columns may totter, the sui)erstructure may ti'embie, and we may be buried 
deep and forever under its ruins. Let us set our "ruby" in a constellation of 
"diamond" stars. Let us love and cheiisli it. Yoiii' speaker will [U'ojjhesy 
that whoever lives at the ne.xt Centennial of our nation will see it crowned by 
the grandest inventions of the human mind, l)ound together from its most 
distant limits by the stnmgest bonds, and its varied interests connected by a 
nervous system that will give it increased and increasing vitality and sti'ength, 
and the element that would destroy it would shake to the center and ci'unible 
into ruins every political system in the universe. 



JUD(;E ISAAC MAKSTON, AT 15AV CITY.^^ 

The orator opened with a felicitous figure, pictui'ing our country as an 
infant nation brought into the world by Thomas Jefferson and his coni])atriots, 
and followed its successive stages of gi'owth and development until, in its 
Centennial year, as a lusty, full-grown ])ower among the nations of the earth, 
it invited the whole worM to come and Ixdiold its magnitude and strength. 

The orator also reviewed the political history of the country, and traced 
the growth of the sentiments which led to the l^eclaration of Tnde]iendence 
and the maintenance of that Declaration. The founding of this nation was 
not the work of any one man, but a spontaneous development of free ])rinciples. 
Its irerni was nurtured in oppivssion. Under a mild and beneficent govern- 
ment the great (pialities of our ancestors would not have been developed. 
Had (ieorge the Thir<l l)een a wise ruler, America might to-day have been a 
British colony. lie then traced the operation of ))olitical and moral causes, 
and showed iiow diniculties ami adxcrse eir<'nmstances (le\elop heroes and 

•Judge Marxlon, of the Supreme Court. From an ubstracl in llic form of u newspaper report. 
37 



286 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

statesmen. The Revolution developed George Washington, and the late war 
bi'ought out (Jrant and Lincdln. 

The speaker then proceeded to enquire into tiie dangers whicli threaten the 
country, and came to the conclusion that the country was iu no danger from 
foreign conijuest or o])])r('ssion. We had demonstrated our power to repel all 
outside attacks. Nor t'ould he see any peril from foreign inunigi'ation. The 
vast body of our foreign citizens were ])atri()ts, as was demonstrated to-d.-iy in 
this celeln'ation, which was conceived, originated and carried out almost exclu- 
sively by the ^■ari(^us civic societies composed of citizens of foreign birth. 
When others were lukewarm and indifferent, and had almost abandoned the 
idea of getting uj) any celebi-ation iu l>;iy City, these societies came to the 
rescue, and resolved that there should be a celehi-ation A\orthy the day and 
the 3^ear. And it was highly ju'oper that our foreign citizens should thus show 
their ap])reciation of the blessings they here enjoy. 

Here the s])eaker addressed himself moi'c })articularly to the foreign societies, 
who had invited him to make the address, showing the all-powei'ful motives 
which should animate them to participate as American citizens, while still 
cherislung a pro})er affection for their native lauds. He api)ealed to Frenchmen 
by the memory of Lafayette, one of the most efficient soldiers of oiu' Revolu- 
tion, and to I'olanders by the nu'mory of Kosciusko, the patriot soldier of two 
continents, and by the menun-ies of Poland's own heroic- struggle for freedom. 
With these examples before them they coidd not be false to this couutr}- and 
its liberties. lie drew a glowing ])icture of the gallant conduct and j)roud 
recoi'd of the tTterman and Irish soldiers in our late civil war, and I'emarked 
that America has the best blood of every land to defend her. The blood of 
foreign boi'n citizens lies commingled with that of Americans on every battle- 
field. The loyalty of oui' adopted citizens is, and must always ivmain, 
uiupiestioned. 

The. orator then touched upon rather delicate ground in a. brief discussion 
of the JNlongolian question. He ivbuked the spii'it of persecution manifested 
toward the Chinese on the Pat-itic coast and endorsed in the platform of a 
great party. He thought the scojie of legi.slation on the subject should be 
confined to regulating treaties so as to ]irevent the impcn'tation of ^longolians 
for servile or immoral piirposes. He thought that if we could not civilize and 
Christianize the few Mongolians that came here we ought to sui'reiiiler oui- ])i-oud 
boast of enlightenment anil [)o^ver. 

Alluding to the school question, he exhorted Ins hearers to remembei' that 
our ]>ublic school system was the foundation of our liberties, and that it must 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. '281 



be kept free from sectarian influence. "Reiiicniber," he said, "that thr tendency 
in r(dif;iiins matters is toward jicrseiMition. I'hi- Pilgrim Fathers came over to 
these shores to escape religious persecution, but at first did not scruple to 
practice it on others. Avoid religious intolerance, and beware of any steps 
toward a union of church and state, because it is inconsistent with oui- liberties. 
Tlu' only safety is to keep the schools jtei-fectly secular in theoiy and jiractice." 



MR. J. E. TKNXEY, AT LAXSINfi. 

I 111; OCCASION AND TIIK OAY. 

I esteem It a high honor to address you at the capital ol the Peninsular 
State on this one hundredth birthday of the nation, and to speak in commo^m- 
oration of the great and gloi'ious services rendered by our patriot sires in the 
cause of country, hunjanity, liberty, and God. And while I do this, I cannot 
toi'get that there are others here whose names are linked with the inception of 
the life of this capital, and whose rich expei'ience embraces the period of 
foi'ty years of the I'ounded existence of Michigan as a member of the glorious 
company of states of the American Union, and whose career, marked l)y 
a rare comljination of ability and eloquence, might more fitly lender this 
interesting service. 

It is an honor which any person may well covet on oidinary occasions; 
but at this grand Centennial of the repul)lie, it is an Inmor doubly dear, and 
from my heart of hearts I thank you for it. I do not come liere to-day to 
inculcate lessons of jtoHtical science, economy, oi' philosophy, i)Ut in a discur- 
sive way, witliont any i-egai-d to the I'ules of logic or continuity of thouglit or 
expression, to i-elieai-se tlie old theme, so dear to every true Amei-ican, of 
Liberty — her trials, suil'erings, dangers, safeguards and triumjihs. 

This Centennial Uay is sacred to liberty. Other days have their significance 
and their peculiar consecration. Thanksgiving is dear to us, for then there is 
a reunion of the family circle around the hearthstone. Cliristmas is dear to 
us, as it touches the religious chords in our natures and inspires us with 
renewed faith and hope in the severance of the soul from its tenement of clay 
when summoned from earth to immoitality in the world to come. New Year's 
is a day of hilarity and good will, spoi'tive pleasures and innocent joys; and 
while, ])er]iaps, we shed a silent teai- as the old year passes away, we freshen 
in our strength, and resolve manfully to run the next heat. But of all the 
holidays in the American calendar, the FoMith u\' .luly is the merriest, maddest, 
gladdest day in tlie year. 



288 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

niK n.\wx OF i.ii!i:i;ty. 

Tlic sti'ug'u'U' for liln'ity l>t'u':iii in Kiijj,l;m(l, and oi'i^iuatfd in tlu' cliiirch. 
Tlic i-liuivli of Kiiglaiid tlu'H as now was national. l>nt not tlicn as now were 
the people allowed to worship God according to tlic dictates of their ow'u 
consciences. Every one was compelled to square his t'aitli witli the tenets of 
the established cluiroh. Many i-oidd not consistently do this, and they resisted 
the magisterial authority which sought to i-ompel them into obedience to certain 
prescribed rules of worship and Christian life. No description by ]\Iacauley is 
more beautiful, statelier, or more intensely interesting than that wiiich pictures 
the progress of this popular cM-ganization, first under the name of Brownists, 
and then as Sepai'atists, and finally as Tnde{)endents, which, with Oliver Crom- 
well as leader, and John ]\lilton, the great poet, as seci'etarv, revolutionized 
England, and triumphed everywhere in parliament, in church, and in state. 
From this revolution sprang the heritage of liberty in our land. How luunble 
the seed! how glorious the result! how noble the lesson it teaches! It is the 
voice of faith, more potent than armies, prefiguring final triumphs to all 
the devotees of right. * " ""■ Then came another change, so stai'tling 
that the thrones of Europe tottered to theii- very foundations. That change was 
the American Revolution — a change not merely in the form, but the principles 
of government. For the first time in the history of the world was then enun- 
ciated a practical philosophy of democracy. The ideas of despotism, autocracy, 
and moinirchy, whether absolute or limited, were all discarded, and the great 
political a.xioms. the very front and basis of the Declaration of Independence, 
were declared to be the foundation ]irinciplcs of all ti'ue govei'nment. 
* * * The accepted principles of the Declaration of Independence led tci the 
adoption of the Constitutiim of the United States, September 17th, 1787. The 
results of the revolutionary war exerted vast influence on the nations of Europe, 
stimuhxtiug struggles for liberty in Ireland, Poland, and Italy. Everywheiv 
history justifies the assertion that free government is true government for all 
races of men, and that the revolution which began in America with asserting 
the rights of man to self-government, will never cease until the wrongs of men 
everywhere are redressed. 

iiiK civil, WAi;. 

l?ut while freedom and self-government have prospered so well in America, 
and have done so much for the w^orld, it nuist not be forgotten that quite 
recently this SN'stem received a mighty shock, and "for some time wise and 
t^rave men stood au'lnist, ami doubted if' it would survive. Ir was a bloodv 



CEISTENMAL oKATloNS AND SERMONS. 289 



picture in the book of time. \\ luit a sacrifice tliat war cost u.s ! Out of 
2,.'^Hr),951 who enlisted, 204,41 ('. iljcd in the service, of whom 85,2.'»1 were 
killed ill J)attle ov di(Ml of wounds. This was the sacrifice on the I'liioii side, 
when Liberty and Slaveiy, with inaile<i hands, contended for the mastery. 
The extent of the sacrifices which the lirave boys made for us in support of 
the Tnioii. no living lips may tell. 'J'hey lost not tjieii- eom-age before Bull 
Run, or in tVont of Richmond. They rolled back the rebel hordes at Gettys- 
burg, entered with radiant banner into Donelson and Vicksburg, climbed the 
bristling heights of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge, threaded the narrow 
passes from Chattanooga, crushe<l the rebel cohorts at Nashville, niai-ched from 
the mountains to the sea, visited the punishment of war upon the Caroliuas, 
and finally oi-dained an enduring peace at Appomattox. Througli years of 
marching and fighting they bore aloft their country's banner and maintaine<I 
its unsullied honor. They .settled forevei- the right of the majorit}- to rule. 
They made deeper, and broadei-, and firmei', the foundations of free government. 



SOMK SOCr.VL ST.VTISTIC 



In 177G we had a population of 2,500,000; to-day we have upwards of 
40,000,000. One hundred years ago our territory was a little strip of country 
east of the Alleghanies; now its area contains 3,000,000 square miles — nearly 
equal to the area of all Eiu-ope. '\\''e send thi-ough the mail 750,000,000 of 
letters every year, or 19 letters to each inhabitant. We have 75,000 miles of 
rarlroad, and meshes of telegraph wires encircling the globe. Our imjiorts in 
the year 1874 amounted in value to $567,000,000; our exports to $586,000,000. 
During that year we exported 71,000,000 bushels of grain, but this was less 
than one-fourth part of what was raised in our country. According to the 
census of 187U, the annual value of all the manufacturing industries of the 
United States amounted to $4,000,000,00(1. 

There are in this country 72,0(»0 religious societies, 6P),(M)(( church edifices, 
and church property to the value of $854,000,000, with sitting accommodations 
for mi^re than 10,000,000 persons. There are 43,000 clergymen in .the United 
States, and the amount annually raised for religious worship is $3(),000,t>00, 
besides the large sums given for missions and other religious purpo.ses. 

There are in the United States 141,000 schools, and more than 7,000,000 
pupils in attendance. The money expended in 1870 for puljlic education was 
$95,0(10,0110, and two-thirds of it was raised by ta.vation for the public schools. 
One hundred years ago railroads, telegraphs, steam ploughs, steel jjens, reapers, 
mowing machines, friction matches, and pull-backs Avere not knowMi in this 
country. "The early settlers fouml but little coin and many graves." 



290 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



THE IIEHITA(iK. 

The <listurl'inii' elt'iuciit of shncry that arrayed the states l)eiiig removed, 
we may hope for the gr<)\vth ol' a higher statesmaiisliip. Larger views will be 
taken of the relations of the country, its manufactures and its commerce. The 
great idea of an in\incible and indissoluble i-epiddic is about to be realized. 
We shall fulhll Berkeley's glowing prophesy, " Time's noblest ott'spi'ing is the 
last." Our great I'esources, oui' \vide geographical extent, bounded on the one 
side by the waves of the stormy Atlantic, and on the other by the calm waters 
of the Pacific, our growing jiopulation, spreading to the foot of the llocky 
Mountains, and seating oui' institutions upon shores which confront the rich 
countries of the east ; our laws, language, and religion, all tending to develop 
the highest civilization, may well arouse oui' piide (tf country on this Centen- 
nial day. The republic bears undisputed sway over a continent washed by the 
two great oceans of the wn>rld; It recalls the beautiful illustration of Mr. 
Webster, when describing the breadth of our teiTitorial possessions. He sai<l 
that the country resembled Homer's desci'iption of the shield of iVchilles : 

The shield complete the artist crowned 

With his last hand, and poured the ocean roinid. 

In living silver seen the waves to roll. 

And beat the buckler's verge and bound the whole. 

Long uiay the republic enjoy these possessions. My task is done. The 
h.-uitl on the dial-])late of our national chi-onometer points out one hundred years. 
The first Centenuarv of the nation has oone forever. 



MK. A. L. MILLARD, AT ADRIAN.* 

My task as historian is done. As during the century ])ast the Ignited 
States as a people, a nation, have so mar\elously, under the favor of Provi- 
dence, grown and iucrc.ised in idl the elements of greatness and power, 
extending itself and its population from tlie iiari'ow striji along the Atlantic, 
which it occupied in ITT*!, by a wide and magnificent belt across the heart of 
the entire continent to the Pacific ; and as our own county has, on its smaller 
scale, during the half century, in like manner grown, and developed, and 
increased, to take its place in the foremost i-ank of the counties of our own 

* The bunU'ii of Mr. Millard's oniliou Wiis a histoiiciil sketch of Lenawee county. The closing portion 
only is e;ivcii. 



CENTENNIAL ()l{\TI(tXS AN[) SERMONS. 291 



State, and to rival most of the aiii-it-iiltiinil counties in the older portions of 
tlie country, let us hope that the future has still greatei- thino-s in store for us. 
Let ns cherish union, ami set our faces aiiainst everythini;- calculated to create 
sectional strife and dissensions. 

Hushed be the voice of party and tiie noise of part\ sti-ife, this day, at 
least, as we join together in its celebi'ation as one people, having a common 
interest in that which it commemorates, happy tliat at the end of one hundred 
yeai-s the goodly lieritage which our fathers bequeathed to us remains unim- 
paired for us to transmit to those that come after us ; that our goveinment, 
our institutions and our Union have survived the shock of war, foreign and 
domestic, and the perhaps still greater danger from corru])tion from within. As 
both the great political parties have united to ])ut down treason and rebellion, 
so let both jiarties and all parties unite to rebnke corruption, \vherever found, 
in whatever party. And may- the close of another century find us, as a people, 
as to-day, united, happy, and free. 

MK. JONAS II. McGOWAN, AT COLDWATEK.* 

KEVIEWINO IIIK I'AST AN'I) I'liKSKNT. 

There are times in the life of every indixidual when nothing is proper but 
to remain quiet, and think. A great crisis in your life is upon you. Muscle, 
and nerve, and thought are driven with the whip and spur; every force of 
your existence is called into action, and you live at a fearful rate. It is over; 
what can you do but sit down and thinks What should you do but just that? 
Like the thoughtful master of a vessel after a storm at sea, you quietl}^ make 
your reckoning, compute the force and effect of the storm, get your latitude 
and longitude, find how far from port the roaring winds have left you. The 
same is true of national life. This is a good time for us to pause a moment 
for quiet thought in our capacity as citizens — as members and stockholders in 
that great corporation we call the nation. The nation has had a crisis. The 
storm was upon us and beat about us. The thunder and the lightning came. 
Now it has passed and the calm is here. The time for thought and recupera- 
tion has come. Two grand i-easons exist to-day to make ns stop and think; 
the crisis is over, and we have reached our one hundredth birthday. We have 
traveled the long i-oad with one hiuidi-ed stopping places. Now, from this last 
station reached, let us glance backward and with gratitude tell the blessings 



* Hon. J. H. McGowan, member elect of tlie Forty-fifth Congress, from the Tliird Congressional District. 



->;)2 MICHIGAN AND THK CENTENNIAL. 



tlial all along have been showered ilowu upon ns, and with a look forward 
let us aspire lo hr \\or(li\ of the y'loi'ious past and the lii'and riitui-c wliicli if 
prophesies. 'I'lic tlioUiihr is worlliy of (lie hour. Its e.xpressiou could hardly 
be conijiassed in (en uiinutes. in our minds we I'an hut barely Lilance at the 
g-ood thiuiis behind us. We shall not sto]> to huds up Christojdier CoUnubus 
or Ferdinand and {s.-dudla. \\ C shall not now seareli for the linger of Provi- 
denee that ]H)inted out to ihe GentM^se enthns^inst the tia(l<less way aeross the 
itriuv dee|i to a new world. We shall not even take yon away to Plymouth 
Hoidv, nor stop to glory oxer the struggle with wild beasts and wild men in 
the wihlerness. The tlay we celebrate shall lie our lioundai'y ti.u Ivw ards. 

The ringing words you ha\(' jnst heaid read ushered it in. it was a grand 
beginning for the young nation. < )ut from the jjcrsonal government ot a 
monarcln into the hroad and wholesome freedom of demoeracy ; ont from the 
rule of a king into the rule of ihejieople: away from the hampering traditions 
of tlie past strode the young rej)ublic. \\ ith a liiin leliance upon God, and 
frtitb in its own power of self-governmeni, it began the new existence. For 
the courage, and skill, and intense lo\ e of liliert}' that inspired this lioui', one 
humlivd years ago, we cannot be too fh.-iukfnl. 

N Ai!o\ Ai. I'i:o(.i;kss. 
•;;• -x- ■:;• ^,, gi'ander events than the Iiirth and early struggles of the American 
republic wciv ever desci'ihed in his(or\. .Vnd how we have grown from that 
paltiy three nullioiis to our present forty nnllions is truly marvehnis. It is 
true that the histoiy of these hundred years lias not been one of unmixed 
good. ]\[any of our best lessons have cost us fearfully. We may have some 
moi'e prices to ])ay. The mandi of civili/.-ition is not a steady going forward. 
It is composed of a series of .-uhances and halls, ami, perhaps, sometimes 
countermarches. St>mebody has said that revolutions never go backward, but 
it does seem that freciuently, \vhen the I'l'vohition is over, all the elements of 
progress that have gathered uj> and pressed into active life, settle back, and 
for a time, at least, society seems to retrograde. Be that as it may, these halts 
or breathing spells in the life of a nation. I believe, are natural, and should be 
utilized in the direction of a healthy national life. And on the w hole, we now 
know, in looking liackward, that (Mir ad\ance, if not steadx and uniform, has 
yet been ]iositive and glorious. The great curse of human slavery, which began 
with the beginning of our existence, has beim wiped (mt. The once possible 
dissolution of the Union of the states is now, we gladly believe, no longer 
possible. The fearful stroke that sundered the shackles of the bi.udsman also 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 



drew fortli tin- rctl tide lluit (•ciiiciitctl (lie Ihiion fovovpr. Peace and oppres- 
sion ciiiiiHit travel tin- same road. The Scylla and ( liaiylxlis tliat threatened 
to wreck our young and stately sliij) ai'c jiasscd. Tlie dangers of the launching 
and the tnal-trip are over, and we arc fairly atloat ujion the ]>road ocean of 
national existence. Tlie \vinils arc I'aNorahlc, and no dark storm links in the 

horizon. 

i:i;si'oNsiiiii.nii;s ok iiik imjksknt \yi) lUTriiE. 

To us and to future generations is now entrusted the task of caring for the 
ship of state. If the barnacles fasten on and impede its progress ; if, through 
neglect, the sails decay and the timhei's rot, the odium and the curse will be 
ours. The past bids us, and I he fnliirc beckcms us, to better things. For 
better things we hopefully and I'ontidently look. Fi'om this breathing-place in 
the race, stretching away aliead, we see most glorious things. From ocean to 
ocean, from lake to gulf, upon tlic hillside and the [)rairie, we see an immense 
throng which no man can luunber, happy, intelligent, free. Out of the heat 
and toil, out of the suffering and the anguish, has come to us, at last, and 
been ap[ilied as a living pi'inciple, the gi'eat lesson that " I'ighteousness exalteth 
a nation." That ignorance which maketh for vice has slunk away, and that 
intelligence which maketh for virtue has gone evervwliere. There can be no 
good government with cori'upt citizens; virtuous and inttdligent citizenshij) is 
only possible as the outgrowth of good homes. Even the pure air and sweet 
sunshine cannot make a grand tree. It must have the rich soil in which to 
ind)e(l its roots, and the breast <»f mother earth from whence to di'aw its nour- 
ishment. So neither perfect constitutions nor faultless laws can make good, 
citizens. The best statesmanship is to care for tlie nation by caring for the 
in<livi(lual ; when eai li indi\i<lual is ](ui-e, the government will need no purifying. 
No collection of j)eople can be righteous in their coi'])orate capacity. They can 
oidy thus represent the average virtue ()f the mass. This, then, is the lesson 
of the past and tlie work of the futuic, namely, to labor for that iiidi\idua] 
righteousness whi<di (\\alteth a nation. 

.mi;, ckoik;!'; w. wilson, at ciiaulottk. 

I'.vi i;ioi ISM rxivEiis.vr.. 

We ha\e asseinliled here to<lay to commemorate llie old. It is not my 

l>urpo.se to provoke a smile when singling out of a vast vocabulary a word so 

<|Uaint and antique to describe the action this day participated in, in common 

with myi'iads of oui- fellow-citizens, to mark the Centennial epoch of the exist- 



294 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

eiice of this Kepublic. We are using terms wliich we inherited, and applying 
them to e\'euts transpiring in an age of great activity and unwonted rapidity 
in the transitions which foUow, each so closely upon the footsteps of his fellow. 
In another sense it is old. It is the offering that patriotism makes at her 
venerated shrine, in all circumstances, and in all ages. Differing liowsoevei' it 
may in form, the controlling pi-inciple is ever present to assert itself, whether 
in the remote past, Abraham avenges the indignity offered to his kinsman, or 
the near present, when the Schive joyfully commemorates the millemiial of liis 
national existence in his bleak, sea-bound Norway. It nerves alike the valiant 
David to repel invasions of a sacred pati'imony ; a Maccabees to strike for the 
temple and altar of his own and his fathers' God ; or the warm-hearted Garri- 
baldi to draw his sword for his own sweet Italy. It was this principle, so 
universal in humanity, that fanned the zeal of our forefathers into a consiiming 
flame which illumined a woi'ld and wrought deliverance of a people from the 
perils of rebellion, and carved for them undying fame as the conc^uerors of a 
revolution. This principle is as honorable as it is universal, and as cosmopolitan 
as it is local. A facidty innate to humanity, that is not d^varfed by avarice 
or saturated with mendacity, cannot be sectional, but must be as broad and 
far-reaching as humanity itself. And though it may flourish Avith more vigor 
in some sections of the globe than othei's, and in some ages than at all times, 
it is one of the evidences of the nobility of man. Sordid indeed must be that 
heart whose love for his home and his country's ensign is measured only by 
his love for gold, or the adulations of Jealous rivals. Worth}' of honor is that 
aspiration that yearns for his countiy's glory and the peace, pi'osperity, and 
happiness of his countrymen. It is to this view that I hope to lead you, 
fellow-citizens, on this Centennial birthday of this republic. 

DKVELOPJMKNT OF COLONIAL UNriY AND MARTIAL PROWESS. 

The various wars in ^\'hich the colonists became involved, as the King 
AVilliam's War, ltj89; Queen Anne's War, or " War of the kSpanish Succession," 
1702-171;^; King George's War, 1744, or the "French and Indian War," based 
on the rival claims to the same territory, gave them practice in the art of war. 
The matter that brought our own George Washington to the foreground in the 
history of those days was the action taken by the French commandant, St. 
Pierre, and Governor Din\vi<ldie, of Virginia, who appointed Washington, fii'st 
as a commissioner, in liis tweuty-first year, and afterwards as lieutenant-colonel 
of Virginia troops. And, as touching the anniversary, may be mentioned his 
galhint defense of Fort Necessity, near Fort du Quesne (Pittsbui'g), and liis 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 295 



final surremler to the overpowering forces of the French, on the Fourth of 
.lulv, 175-t, with the honorable condition of being permitted to return witli his 
troops to Virginia. 

We have uoav reached n time in tlie histor}" of the coh)nies that gave an 
impetus to the events wliich terminated in the final separation from the imperial 
government. Doul)tless liecause of the biii'dcii and risks of repeated wars with 
France, and perceiving that another war was impending; and knowing that 
America was in some measure the battle-field in which serious blows might be 
inflicted: and learning sonictliing of the strength of those vigorous young 
colonists, England proposed that the colonists meet in convention or congress, 
and devise means for self-protection. Truly was this practical lesson well 
followed in later years. An<l on this occassion there assembled representatives 
from seven colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
New York, Pennsylvania, and INIaryland), in the city of Albany, June 19, 
1754. And again on this anniversary that (-ongress adopted a constitution 
drawn by Dr. Franklin (^July 4, 1754), which gave in terms to the colonial 
government to be formed, consisting of a chief magistrate and council of forty- 
eiuht, the power "to declare ^var, levy troops, raise money, regulate trade, 
conclude peace, and do other acts necessary for the public good." That 
comprehensive plan was, on submission to the several assemblies and the board 
of trade (consisting of a president and seven members, called "Lords of Trade," 
ai)pointed V)y the crown), rejected by the assemblies as being too aristocratic, 
and by the Lords of Trade as being too democratic, because the forty-eight 
councilmeii were to be elected by the respective asseinblies. But the seed was 
sown and the harvest grew. "Man proposes and God disposes." 

The apprehended war came, and its clangor reverberated in these colonies 
for nearly eight years. Unwittingly, possibly, yet surely, were those colonists 
being inured to the hardships and art of war that shoidd facilitate their 
triurapli only a few years later. Washington's skill was manifested at and 
following Braddock's defeat (1 755), ;in<l his experience gieatly enhanced his 
knowledge of the art of war. 

Kc^i AijTV OF \ii:n- dkfinkd. 

The fundamental principle upon which the Dcdaiation of Independence is 
based is that opposed to the so-called dixlnc light of kings to rule by inher- 
itance to succession of the tlirone. "That all men are created eipnil." This 
equality must have some tangible significance. It could not refer to tlie social 
relations, for among those who joined in that act weic to be found social 



296 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



disparity. Nor could it refer to the physical being, foi- sui-ely every one who 
stUK'tioued the utterance had observed tlie graud divisions into wliicli tlu' human 
family was separated, and various sliades to be found in each divisi(jn. It could 
not allude to civil privileges, for many were the distinctions to which millions 
Avere l)oni in every generation under the different governments of the world. It 
could not embrace temporal possessions within its scope, for the poor and the 
opulent had lived in all ages and every clime, side by side, and no human 
laws had ever been sufficiently jiotent to disi-o])e a Dives of his jiurple, or 
clothe a Lazarus in fine linen. It could not allude to longevity ; for though 
born to life, " the silver cord " is often " loosed " and " the golden bowl broken 
at the cistern," at every stage of human existence. None of these were self- 
evidently equal. But on the contrary the whole testimony of history, the constant 
wail of the weak, the suffering and tlie oppressed, the imiversal observation 
of every genei'ation, make the opposite "self-evident." It must tlieivfore refer 
to this one thing, the e(|uality of political ])rerogatives as opposed to dynastic — 
a denial of the assumption that any are born sovereigns, and exercise the pre- 
rogative of ruling their fellows in virtue of their birth — the groimd upon which 
King CJeorge claimed it as a right to subjugate these colonies to his behests. 
In this light the Declaration was not the utterance of a new principal, biit its 
application to a new sphere. This jirinciple had been a\'o\ved, and u]H)n it the 
republics of tlie past had been erected. The republics of Greece, and Rome, 
and Venice, among the ancient ; and Switzerland, France, and of South Ameri- 
can i-e]>ublics, and of Mexico, among the modei'n, have avowed this principle. 
We are dealing with the question of what is the true basis of the Republic. 
Monarchies and empires do not of necessity enter into the consideration of the 

question. 

Tnrrn, EQuri'v and .iustice kssentiaj>. 

In so far as the principle of Truth, Equity and Justice have prevailed in 
their councils have repuldics been successful in establishing and maintaining an 
existence. But when these are lost sight of, and immorality' and debauchery 
in the public administration shall abound ; with unblushing trafficking in the 
honor of public men and public trusts re})Osed in them by a confiding people 
or power, their dislionor, decrepitiide and decay are the inevitable doom. * * 
As we would seek oui' own and our country's prosperity, we should cling to 
those undying principles of Truth, Equity and Justice. 

In what consists the prosperity of a state 'i It is not merely material 
greatness or strength. Pros[)ei'ity is essential, but A\hat is [irosperity i Some 
would have us to believe that it was commercial and industrial o-reatness — 



CENTENNIAL OKATIONS AND SERMONS. 297 



that grand scIipiik^s for vast enterprises, and iiiinicrous arteries for tlie flow of 
coramenu' a^ i)utlct> foi- iiidu-;ti'ia! [irodui-ts, would reii\'nerate tlie Rt^puhru-. 
Others, that iiupreu'nable fortresses and invincible armies and navies, will ])urifv 
and ]ii'eserve a people. It is not merely in the multiplicity of manufactories, 
nor tlu'ir magnitude, the avenues of commerce, nor the vastness or number of 
private fortunes. All these may hd evidences of material prosperity, but at 
the same time, monuments of oppression, and fraud, and baseness. They may 
be the price of a people's honor offered at the shrine of avarice. 

England was greater when she struggled for England's honor, than to-day 
when she stultifies her faitli and menaces Europe with war to secure to her 
money-gatliei'crs indemnity for their loans to the Turk, She was mightier as a 
nation of men than as a horde of shop-keei)ers, peddlei's and money-lenders. 
India's magnificent splendor and regal potency will never compensate for the 
sacrifice of principle, nor justify the enforced thraldom of the Christian ])i'inci- 
palities. The voice beyond the Byzantine, demanding freedom for Christians 
from Mohammedan massacre, has a deeper potency, a more thrilling tone, than 
any clamor about the map of Europe oi- the treaty of ISn;! So will those 
undying principles, Truth, Equity and Justice, ring with more force throughout 
this land, though uttered by whitened lips or ashen cheek, than the dull recital 
of the value of increased facilities for augmenting wealth oi' bombastic strains 
about material greatness. 

Do you ask what is meant b}- these tei'ms, Ti'utli, Equity, Justice!^ They 
are terms which the God of nations has given to man. They are what He 
demands, as the sovereign of nations as well as individuals. They are His 
laws, promulgated alike for the happiness of His subjects and the Jionor of the 
Eternal Sovereign. No maudlin sentimentalism grown of crazed brains, no 
"cunningly devised fables," but sharp, fclear-ringing enunciations of the will of 
God. Truth before God, Equity towards men, Justice in the ncknowleilofincnt 
of God's Idessings. 

PERSONAL IIONOI; AM) OKiNriV. 

On this CcHtiMniial day, "when the little one has become a tlumsaiid,"" Icl 
us heed this lesson. Let us make it our own as we gird our loins for the 
battle of the ojiening century. Tlie ])ast cannot be recalled. We may be 
guided by the nionuments strewn along the j)atliway of the closing century. 
The cy[>ress wreath hangs in many a household, and shattered hopes sadden 
many hearts. Hut the olive branch now liaugs beside the cypress, and the laurel 
wieatli may yet entwine, aye, many an aching brow. Be men I Be patriots! 



298 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



and wrest from the grasp, even of fate, a Future radiant with glories rivaling 
the halo of tlie past. Fling t() the winds selfishness and soi'did aspirations, and 
scorn every attem])t to Itind in scrvih^ sluxme oar own <n- ouv hrother's hand. 
It were better to luiiiutain the honor and dignity of ni.-nihood tliough elothed 
in coarse garments, than to l)e liound by a servile chain, though it he lieavy 
with gold and in halls of gorgeous .splendoi-. 



MR. (iE()U(;E II. .lEROME, AT NIEES.* 

oioxiiv OK ( rriZK.Nsiiii'. 

I M'onld inij)ress ujion all the unsurpassed dignity and liigli pi'ivilege of tlie 
Americ.-ui citizen. It is well to knnw and to remcinber wlioni and what we 
are. In a ie]>ul)lic all are c(|ual bcfoi'e the constitution and tlie law. That 
good, law-abiding citizen who wc»rks at the forge, on the bench, at tlie counter, 
or in tlie mine or the (|uarry, is the peer of every citizen, be he Governor, 
Prime iMinistei', or President. The xcry economy of true repnblican govern- 
ment necessarily makes it so, since there can clustei' in the liigliest and most 
Inmored, not one right, not one power, not one jirivilege that does not pertain 
to the humblest citizen in tlie land. To any and to eveiy one who attains to 
citizenship, wearing its honored badges, and feeling the omnipotence that ccmies 
of desire and manly jiridc and liope, tliere is no rank to which he may not 
aspire, no goal to which he may not look. •■■ "■ "■ How imperative, then, 
that the citizen lie all that is possiMe and hoped for by tlie Republic; for be 
lie ignorant, be he iiidiifertMit, be he disloyal, the Republic sliai'es in and suffers 
from all his delinquencies and vices. But be he uncorrnpt, incorrn])tible ; belie 
\\ise ; be lie vigilant — the Republic is honored in them all, for the Hepnldic is 
Init tlu^ g'"i"gt^ 'Hid tlie mirror of the citizen. It cannot well get below him, 
nor can it rise much above him. The smaller cannot contain the larger. You 
cannot drive the gnarled and iin\\ edgeable oak baid< into its original acorn, 
nor by might or ahdiemy hitheito known can you send the stream above its 
I'ounlain head. So neither c;in you make the Republic gi'eater, purer, better, 
than its citizen, for he is tlie Republic, not its symbol, or simulaticm, but the 
Rejaiblic embodied and all \ital, and it is through, and of and by him that 
its subtle sju-iiigs and wheels and vast machinery fulfill their high and appointed 
functions. 



*]loii. George II. .Icroiiic. .Sccrfl;nv of llic Slali' lio.'ird i>f I''i>li CoiiuniN'.ioMcrs. 



CENTENNIAL OlIAriONS AND SEKMONS. 299 

- \( i:i;i>NI>S OF TIIK liAI.I.dT. 

My fellow-citizens, there is one thing, .■iml the thing, too, which seems to 
me to be the coruer-stone and tlie cap-stoiic <<{ our repnblican edifice, concern- 
ing whicli I greatly fear we have made no advance exce[tt it be a backward 
advance. I refer to the baHot and the baUot-box. The century has stamped 
advance, advance, on nearly all we see and hear and touch. But how is it 
with the ballots More ballots are cast, nothing plainer then that, but what 
their com[)lexioii and significance? The free baUot of a repuVdican government 
is a mighty thing. Whether used wisely, beneficially, do])ends largely upon 
the virtue, the intelligence and the patriotism of the people. The free American 
ballot, too, is a saci'ed thing, more precious than gold or ruby, more to be 
desired and guarded than were the fabled ap[)les of Hesperides. But if it be 
a "stuffed" ballot, a purchased ballot, a ballot soiled and smirched by igno- 
rance and all the vices! How then? Why, it is not a freeman's ballot, but the 
ballot of a baser than a galley slave. The absolute, unstained and unstainable 
purity of the elective franchise I regard as the sine (jua non of all free 
government. The ballot derives its essential power from its essential purity. 
I hold the willful corruption of the ballot and the ballot-box to be treason, not 
moral treason alone, l)ut actual treason, committed against the peace, the dignity 
and the safety of the state, and that there should be meted out to the base 
offender a retribution swift and terrible as if a Cataline or an Arnold Avei'e on 
trial and awaitins; sentence. 



MR. AARON CLARK, AT MIDDLEVILLE.* 
rxrrv nv skntimk.nt. 

Among this large concourse of familiar faces I look in \ain foi' a Repub- 
lican, a Democrat, or a Liberal — for a defendci' of Prohibition, or l>icense. I 
look in vain for an advocate of the theory of Predestination or of Free-will — 
I only see l)efore me an assembly of Americans, convened by no authoritative 
call to discuss eitlici- morals, religion, or ])olities, but convened as are the 
citizens of nearly every liamlet, village and municipality in all this broad land, 
to gratulate over their lil)ertie.s, and to celebrate the first Centennial of the 
nation's birth. 



''TliiTi- is no record of a celebration al Middlcvillc on tlic Fourth. 



•■>0(> MlCllUIAN AM) THE CKNTKNNIAL. 

iM'.iiciors i.ir.i;i;rv. 
Tlic |iniM('ins <il' ihc sc|i;ii-;ili<'n of cliiircli .'inil st.-itf, aiul of |u)|iiil;ii' 
('(lucMliuii, li;i(l lu'xcr liccii s<il\('(l in iMiidpt', mihI I'oi- llicsc rcasniis i('|iiililic;m 
i:(>\ I'liiiiicnl I'oiilil iioi lie iiiaiiitaiiu'd llicrc, altlioii^h dcsirt'd ami l'rc(|uciitl\ 
at lc'iii|it<'d li\ llir |ico|ilr. I'',iii;'laii(l liad piMxcd Iici'scll' llicmosi lilicral iiovcni- 
iiifiil oil ilif caitli, liy liiniliiiu' llic riLi'lits of her kiiius, and li\ adniittiiiL;- licr 
sul>j('cls lo rcprt'scnlation in (he Icuislal i\ c dcparlniciil of licr i^'oxcrMincnt, thus 
^•ivini:' llicni a foi'dasic of civil lilnTlx : luii slic still cliinL;- to tlic ])i-i'val«'iit 
lull niistakcn idea llial a iialiniial rclii:-iiiu wonld d('\('l()|i llic intrlli^cncc of 
llic |i('o|>l(', and al llic same (iiiic lie a lower oj' si rciiL;-! ii lo llic ^'ovi'i'iiiiUMit. 
Tlic slalcsnu'ii ol' (ileal Urilain had nol y\ learned ihal I he intelliji'ent-o of 
(he man dielaled ihe eliaraeler (>!' his reliuion ; neither had lhe\ learned (he 
less(tns of (oleialioii w hieh Ameiiea has since tan<;ht them, luit wilh a shorl- 
siii'hted jtolicy which has marked the record of a majority of her lon^' line of 
statesmen. atlem|iled to Wind the coiiseieiiees of her snl'jects. In |irescriliinijj a 
parlienlar mode of w(>rslii|>. in the estal'lishmeiit of a national (.■hui'ch. 

nii: ri iMiANs. 
( )n the ninth of Noxemher. \(''20, ilicy cast anchor in the liarhor of ("ape 
Cod. before !e;i\ ini;' (he ship, in I he lidle crowded c.aliin. tlu'y drew up .and 
solemnly scaled ;t comi>.acl the lirst coiisiitution of New Kuglaiid— democrat ie 
in foiin. and I'cslini:' on the conseiil of the u'oxcrned. The iustnimcnt is in 
these words: 

III llu' nsuno ot tiod. aiiu'U : We wlioso luuuos rtro uiulorwiillcii. llic IovmI siihjccts ot' our 
ihvad sovoroign, Kiiii; .laiius, iiaviiiL; mulordikon, for tlio lilory ot (iml. ilic ailvaiiccnuiit of the 
Christian oluirch. ami iho lioiior ot' our kiiisj iliiil coimliy, a voyage (o ])laiil llio liist colony in 
tl\o northovn |>arl ot' \'irj;iiiia, ilo liy ihivo pro.sont.-;, in llic prcscMcc o{' ( ioil ami one anotlicr, 
covi'liaiH ami couiliiiu' om-sclvcs louctluT into a civil lioilv politii'. lor our Inltcr ordcrinii' ami 
in'i'scrvatioii ami ihc furthoraiicc of llic cmls aforcsaiil. ami liy \irluc hereof lo ciiart, coiislitutc 
ami frame such Jii.-il and ei|ual law.'^, ordinances and aet.<, eoiK-<titntion.>i and otHees, from time to 
time, a.s shall In- thouuhl mosi convenient for the general good of the colony, unto which we 
lU'omisc due suhmission and ohcdicnce. 

MK. A. 11. FKNN, Af ALLKtJAN. 

i;.\ riNcrioN oi' s1,a\ i:i;v. 

It rem.-iined for the last (Hi.artt'r of this eventful eeiitury lo witness that 
graud struggle between tlie priiioipk^s of the l)i>(d:iratioii on the one hand .and 
tlu' hast expiring remnants of feudal times on the otlier, ineorporated 1>\ the 
lathers, .as a matter lA' |>olicy and compromise, .among the provisions of our 



CENTEJSNIAL (HIATloNS AM) SICIIMONS. 301 



Federal Constitution, at tlie glorious tfriiiiiialioii ui wliidi, tlii-oiigli the agency 
of Ahraliani Lint'ohi, tlic martyred President of the liepublic, tlie dor-trine of 
liiiiMaii ciiiialifv 1riiiiii|ilic(l. 'Ilie reKellioii of ISCil was Itiit the natural and 
legitimate result of two antagonistic principles incorporated in one and the, 
same government. Each struggled for tin; mastery, until at last passion took 
the place of reason, crimination llie place of argument, and as the natural 
outgrowth of this, animosities and hatreds, dark, dangerous, and implacable, 
were aroused, and as a last resoi-t, the advocates of human slavery appealed to 
the stern arliitrament of the swnid. TIhi friends of liinn.iii equality sprang to 
the rescue of the imjteriled l\epul)lic, and with the sentiments of the Declaror 
tion inscribed on their bannei-, marched on to ciM'tain victory, complete, absolute, 
and final, thus demonstrating the fact that a republican form of government 
has the elements of strength sufficient to defend itself against invasion from 
without, or the still more dangerous assaults of domestic insurrection from 
^vitllIn. It is well that the first century of the republic should have witnessed 
the struggle and decided the mastery, for now the elements of discord are 
removed, the cause of foniier dissensions, pai-tisan strife, and sectional jealousies 
no longer i-emain to disluib the harmony, the |)eacf and (piiet of coming years. 



I'UK IWo CKXTIIIIKS. 



The history of the republic during the century that has just closed chal- 
lenges the admiration' of the world, and justly ai'ou.ses the pride and [)ati-iotisni 
of eveiy true American citizen. It has been a century of com|)arative peace, 
of rapid progress, of wondeii'ul growth, f)f astonishing development. 

The past is secure, and the retrospect is all that the most ardent heart 
couM desire, and far more than the most sanguine friend of republicanism 
could have exjjected ; but the future, with all its grave responsibilities, with 
all its grand issues, freighted with concerns of gi'ave and momentous import, 
are ojiening up before us as we bid adieu to the glories of the first and enter 
upon the active scenes of the second century (»f oui- national existence. 

And now, fellow-citizens, at the very threshold of the new century let us 
pledge ourselves anew to the prin(i])les (»f the fathers. Let us drink deep at 
the fountains from which the men of 177() drew the glorious inspiration of a 
patriotism that weldetl their hearts togetln^' in bomls of fi'atei'iial love, and 
actuated them in the formation of a Federal Fiiion that to-day reflects its 
gohlen lustre throughout the length and breadth of the civilize<l worhl. If we 
are true to the lessons of wisdom that come to us from the past, true to the 
instincts ..f our lietter nature, true t<i lli.' seiiiinients of the Declaration, true 



302 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

to ourselves, our conntiy, and our God, tlie second Centennial of American 
independence will be even more grand ami glorious than the first, and then, a 
hundred years from this very day, a hundred million of free and independent 
people will pause in the midst of public rejoicing and will rise up and call us 
blessed foi-evermore. 



CAPTAIN C. H. DENISON, AT PORT IIl^KON. 

JIKN OF l.A'l'Ki; TIMES. 

But we cannot bitl the ])ast farewell without a passing tribute to some few 
more of that bright array of i-adiant names which have made i-e.splendent the 
moi'e recent yeai's of our history — to Webster, wliose vast and mighty genius, 
woi'king tlirough Herculean labors and eloipieure unknown bt'l'ore, awing senates 
by that " majesty of brow and eye," and teaching tlie peo})le to know and 
inwardly feel that under the protecting shield of the Constitution was tlieir 
only safety, did so much to iiear up the pillars of oi'dei' when the forum was 
being Idled witli contention ; to Everett, avIio bj'ought to the service of the 
state the shining )>anoply of a broad and varied learning; to Choate, whose 
weird and matchless ehxpience, l)urdened always with the theme of liberty, was 
like the strains of an unearthly music, heard from unknown sources in the 
clouds, at twilight on the mountains; to Seward, who borr upon his shoulders, 
Atlas-like, the boundless res])onsibilities of stafe, standing tirudy to his post by 
the helm, guiding the noble vessel, fi'eighted Avith a nation's life, through 
ti'oubled seas, when the skies were blackest and the storm burst in its utnutst 
fury. The former saw with prophetic eye the distant tempest gathering, and 
welcomed death that removed them from its anticipated terrors. The last lived 
to see the heavens bright again — a race redeemed from boiulage, the harbinger 
of peace descending, and heard a nation's glad song of victory following his 
triumphal journey round the world. Well did they serve their times, and no 
age shall rise that will not pronounce their eulogy. 

FKEEDOAr AND CIVILIZATIOX ADVANCIXO. 

Fortunate, indeed, is our lot, fellow-citizens, who have livt'd to lu'liohl the 
sun go d()wn for the last time on the first century of the Kepublic. But 
yesterday it was with us — to-day it is in eternity. (ireat are the changes it 
has wrought on the face of the world. Thrones have crund>led, and em})ii-es 
have c-hanged their boundaries, but free ])riiu-iples have bt'cn extended, and 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 303 



everywhere are e^ndences that civilizntion is tending upwards — that the better 
day is ajtpi-uju-hinu; towaids \\lii<li the luiming eyes of humanity have ever 
been looking- steadfastly forward, lint acioss our own favored land it has left 
a luminous ])atlnvay. It has left monuments of jd'ogrcss that will outlast the 
pviamids. It has left us great examples which will l)riglit('n all the future. 
It has hastened the day of rest for the overtaxed hand and brain by imple- 
ments to lessen the hours of necessary labor. It has swept away the one 
fruitful cause of federal contention. It has left us cultivating harmonious 
relations with the ends of the woild \>\ means of the great exposition at the 
ancient capital of the Republic. It has left us grounds only for gratitude and 
rejoicing. 

.MEN AND STATESMEN WANTKI). 

And now, from this shore between two eternities — from this high tower of 
vision between the old century and the new — we look backward through the 
golden years and bid the old fai'ewell ; and turning, we look forward, and in 
the words of him whose life adorned the old centui-y, we bid distant genera- 
tions hail, and welcome the century that is now upon us. Hail, and farewell. 
And standing here, in this auspicious hour, "dipping into the future far as 
human eye can see," I seem to hear fioni out her home in the azure, the fair 
genius of Columbia echoing back, "Hail, and farewell," and sajnng to us her 
children, "Give me .aien to rule my Republic — men who would find a richer 
reward in the applause, than in the ti-easury of tlieii- countiy ; men who would 
not barter a repute for integrity, for the gold of all the mountains; men who 
would prize a good name above the crown of the Ctesars ; men whose giief 
would run deeper for a wounded honor, than for the loss of all their fortune; 
men who know their duty, and knowing will do it to the end, though it leave 
them penniless; men whose j)atriotism will disdain to stand within the limits 
of a section, but will range thi-ough the widest circumference of the Republic ; 
men who will scorn to make diafts on the applause of a day, to be redeemed 
at the treasury of their consciences ; statesmen, with hearts to rise above the 
tangles of partisan warfare and the penury of statecraft, to the fairer domain 
of a wise and humane philanthropy; statesmen who will pluck the sei-pent tongue 
of malice from the teeth of treason by the benignity of their enactments; 
statesmen who know, and understand, the truth proclaimed by Cicero two 
thousand years ago, that the i)atriotism which embraces less than the whole, 
induces sedition and discord, the last evil of the state ; statesmen who know 
that the best ends of republican government can oidy be attained by the 
harmony (.f all its members — that the schemes of the politician must be held 



;W4 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

subordinate to the interests of tlie people, and will form the laws so wise in 
tlieir objects, so salntary in their application, so immaculate in e(piity, so 
benign in justice, yet so strong to enforce obedience at last, that even the 
wrecked and disordered South shall be beguiled back to her first love for 
tlie Union, and co-operate in consummating the highest ends of the enlarged 
and amended Constitution. (nrive me these, and the earth and sea shall not 
outlive your prosjterity." 



CENTENNIAL OKATIONS AND SKRMON^;. 305 



III.— THE MICHIGAN PULPIT ON THE CENTENNIAL. 

IN rliis I'liapter the ohjeot has been to giv'e the heading thoughts of 
represeiitutive clergymen of the different denominations. There was no 
concert of action on the subject among the religious bodies, and the discourses 
that follow were kindly t'lirnislied upon application to the gentlemen by whom 
they were written. The discourses will be read with intei-est, and will have 
an especial value in the years to come, as showing the lines of thought flowing 
from the pulpit on the Centennial occasion. 

A MEIUCA \S CENTEXNIA L MEM R lES. * 

Hebhews, X: :ffi: For ye ha\c need of patience, that, after ye have done the! will of God, ye nii^'ht receive 
tlie promise. 

This scripture has its confirmation in the history of the last one hundred 
years. It means that they who do their duty receive their reward in good 
and advancement of some kind. Each year of the last one hiuidred has proved 
it a thousand times. 

The Congregational State Ass(ji'iation, at its late meeting in Pontiac, voted 
a Centennial sermon to-day from each of its one hundred and seventy-four 
ministers. This being the first Sabbath of the second century of our nation's 
e.xistence, it offers the first suitable sacred time for a glancing review of the 
first hundifd years' progress since the declaration of American independence. 

I. THE CONDITIONS OF THE PROMISE. 

Before considering the gains, we may well considei- the conditions of the 
promised blessings. 

PHILOSOPIIU' A.M) Clli:iS'ri.\N I'ATIE.NCK. 

L "Ye have need of patience, that " "' * * ye might receive the 
promise." Patience is rooted in faith. Christian jiatience is i-ooted in the 
Divine. The allotments and cares of this life demand of us a serene and 



♦ A Centennial Sermon, preaclied on the day designated for Centennial discourses by the Michigan 
General Cr)n{rregational Association, at Ea'«t Saj,'inaw, Sunday, -Tuly i), 187<>. by Wni. De Loss Love, Pastor 
of Eu.si Saginaw Congregational Clnircli 



30(5 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



patient spirit. Not a serenity dwarfed down into coldness and dull placidity ; 
not a patience wliicli lias all zeal and fervor wilted out of it; but serenity 
given by comprehension antl true nobility, patience ner\ed and endowed for 
all the duties and trials that befall its ])ossessoi'. 

It is a blessiuii- in itself if one lias learned to labor and to wait. There 
are only two classes of persons that can wait. One is composed of philoso- 
phers, and the other of Christians. Plnlosophy, when it sees the causes in 
operation to produce certain effects, or gets personal promises of fultillineut 
from the visible, can wait till the event is brought to ])ass. Even a child on 
this basis can be a pliilosopher. Children often are philosophei's. But that is 
waiting at sight. It is recpiired to see the [iroinised good, or the proniiser, or 
the causative laws. 

But the Christian l)elieves in a Cod whom he has never seen, and even an 
image of whom he is forltiddeu to make. He trusts that he has felt his God 
in his soul, he believes he has seen His footsteps in His works. In Him he 
has faith, religious faith, which is high above natural faith. With Christian 
faith one can serenely, confidently look forward towards distant results not 
known, not yet wnmglit out. With either philosophic or Christian faith, one 
can ti'ustingly confide in the divine natui-al laws, and calmly Avait the fruit 
they will pi'oduce. Such faith, one kind or the other, has girded many souls 
with sti'cjigth during the last one hundred years. 

2. "That, after ye have done the will of God, ye might receive the promise." 
Doing the \vill of God is a condition of the promised blessing. AVe may do 
the will of God in the philosophic realm, heeding and fulfilling the divine 
natural laws; and we may do it in the Christian, spiritual sphere, which 
stretches along with the soul's innnortality into the world beyond material 
things, beyond death. Patience is obedience elongated. Putting even partial 
obedience to God's laws into operation for a whole century produces astounding 
results. These fruits may be materi.-d, intellertual, and s[)iritual ; 'and the three 
may l)e, must l)e, more or less united. 

II. AMERICA'S CENTENNIAL MEMORIES. 

(UIOWTII OF THE COUNTRY. 

Having considered the conditions, we now review the blessings: 

AVhat a theater our countiy has had for growth dui-ing the last century. 

The outstretching, new-born states are a marvel. The world has never seen 

the like befoi-e. The original thirteen states, how they all skirt along the 

Atlantic; and the thirty-eight states, h'ow their grand tread moves sublimely 



CENTENNIAL UKATIONS AND SEKMONS. 307 

at>ros.s the continent. The battlefields th.it won the victory demanded by the 
Decliinition of Independence, how naiiow tlic ai-ea they dot on the country's 
chart, compared wirli tlic martial fields (if the late war that now sprinkle nigh 
a half hemisphere, and still thrill and rcxcilicrate through the hearts of forty 
millions of 2)eoi)le. The Wdodiiiau's a.xc in a hundred years, how it has com- 
pelled the I'eceding forests into submission ; and how Indian liunting-frrounds 
have been converted into a million fields of waving grain and golden oix-hards. 

TlIK IM.OW AS AN INSTIUMKNT OF CIVILIZATION. 

The single instrument, the plow, has made signal conquests the last century 
over countless acres, and more signal victcn-ies over itself. The ancient Egyptian 
plow, even in the age of the pyramids, was only a few pieces of wood, partly 
matched, partly tied together, with pei'haps, as Wilkinson thinks, a metal sock 
over the sharpened stick-point. The modern (Jrecian plow, and the East Tndiau 
plow, in this nineteenth century, is no improvement over the Egyptian one of 
foui- thousand and three thousand years ago. Among ancient Americans, Pres- 
cott says the Peruvians were the best plo^vmen. And tlieii' plow was oidy a 
shari)-pointed stake, with a cross-piece for the plowman to use in settling the 
stake into the ground. Si.x or eight men, with ropes attached to it, drew the 
plow, while women went behind to break up the sods with their rakes. 
During tlie last two thousand years, among the moi'e enlightened, a few rough 
wrought-iron i)ieces wei'e attached to the wooden part of the plow that entered 
the ground, but not until the close of our revolutionary war was the cast-iron 
plowshare invented; and then in Ipswich, England. Not until the year 1797 
was the first cast-iron plow patented in this country, having share and mould- 
board in two i^arts ; and not till the year 1800 were there even a few such 
plows. in use, even around New York cit}' and in New Jersey, where they were 
manufactui('(l. In 1797 Thomas Jefferson wrote an elaborate article concerning 
the mould-board of a plow; and during the nineteenth century many inqtrove- 
ments have been made in this implement of civilization. 

The plow, in our present theme, is representative. Even a\ itliin forty years 
past have come forward in husbandry the threshing machines, reaping machines, 
drilling machines, raking machines, and in some parts the steam plow ; while 
in woman's domain have ajijjeared, within a quarter of a century, the sewing 
machines, knitting machines, and so on. 

i;i;kat discoveuiks ani> invkntioxs. 
But some may ask. What has all this to do with Sunday and leligion ? 
Just tills : Dr. Lindlcy, from Soutli-eastei-n Africa, recently told us that, wheieas, 



808 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



a native man there, before his conversion to Christianity, slept on tlie grcmud, 
as soon as he liecanie a Cliristian lie made himself a bedstead, and called for 
the clothing of civilized life; and the woman, when she became a Christian, 
sat no more on the ground, bnt in a chair. So Christianity everywhere exalts 
the very physical life of human l)eings. It seeks improvement, utility, comfort, 
hap])iness. And this we sliall see more emphatically, if possible, in the intel- 
lectual and spiritual than in the physical j^i'ogress of onr nation. The Baconian 
philosophy, full of analyjfsis and the investigation of causes, so fi'uitfnl in means 
of advancement and useful inventions in these last days, it is generally agreed 
has sprung out of the elements and life of Chi-istianity. The i-eally Christian 
spirit is looking always for the highest good unmixed with evil, and llial with 
the human intellect and life always means advancement. 

Some of the more obvioiis properties of steam were kno^vn and treated of 
two hundred and thirty yeai'S before Chj'ist. But that knowledge was stationary 
until after the era of printing commenced. The little long-known information 
Avas then circulated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of our Lord. 
The steam engine is l>ut a trifle over a century old, in its simplest foi-m ; and 
Just one hundred years ago this year it received important improvements. Not 
until three years after the close of the revolutionary war did John Fitch pi'opel 
a small Ijoat on the Delaware, at very slow speed. And on the morning of 
August 7th, 1807, Robert Fulton, Avith a few friends and mechanics, and vsix 
passengers, amid an incredulous and jeei'ing crowd, started from New York 
city in a small steamer for Albany, making that distance, one hundred and 
fifty miles, at the speed of foui- and a fraction miles an hour. The great cou- 
(piests of steam navigation have been made during the century we now review 
and chiefly b)- Americans. The first raihvay for cai'rying passengers was not 
opened till 1825, and the first locomotive was not introduced on a raihvay 
until 1826. Eoads of every kind have ever been civilizers of mankind. They 
caiTv light, intelligence, comforts. Of immense consequence in its time Avas the 
old Appian way, leading four hundred miles from Rome to Brundusium. Also 
the great I'oad of that age from Scotland to Rome, and from Rome to Antioch, 
making, in all its windings, nearly four thousand miles. So tlie raihvays of 
this coimtry and century have had immense powei', in drawing and locatino- 
population, in can-ying knowledge and hapj^iness among the people, in clearino- 
up forests, tilling fields, and beai'ing })ro(lucts to market. 

The electro-telegi'ajjh is the creation of this century. That of Prof. Morse, 
generally recognized as superior to all othei-s, Avas first publicly exhibited in 
1887. And Avhen it is considered that the authoi's of inauA' of these inven- 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 309 



tions were Amerieaii boi-n, or Ainerk-au <iri)\vii, generally both, the conviction 
forces its way upon iis, tliat our National Freedom has given to the human mind 
in tliis land the ninst remai'kaMt- and IVuilful spring and energy it has ever 
received. Aniei'ica gave to the woidd some eighty years since, Eli Whitney, the 
inventor of the cotton gin, a little machine which, by separating the seed from 
the green seed cotton, lias done more toward clothing mankind than all the 
fleece-bearers that have fed in pasture. America in this same centuiy, took 
the son of a Connecticut minister, and made him not only the inventor of the 
electro-telegraph, but of the electro-magnetic recording telegi'aph. America 
took the son of another Congregational minister, and gave him intellect and 
energy to lay the electro-magnetic thought-road on the ocean's bed from here 
to Europe. America gave the two sons, John Fitch and Robert Fulton, both 
natives of Pennsylvania, who made the world forever indebted to them, 
especially Fulton made it indelited to himself, for steamboat navigation. 
America produced Oliver Evans, to whom belongs the credit of inventing the 
steam carriage, or locomotive. Another Amei'ican invented the iron monitor of 
the ocean. America in tliis century produces another great revolutionist, the 
sewing machine, and sends the swiftest ships across the ocean, and builds the 
best war steamers, and performs the most wonderful marches in war, wages 
the greatest war known among tlie nations, and overthrows the greatest rebellion 
of all time save one — that which began in the garden of Eden. 

PROGRESS IS EDUCATION. 

Common school education belongs specially to the list of nineteenth century 
blessings. In no country of all antiquity was there a general provision for the 
education of all classes, except as the Hebrews made some approach to it. 
Private schools there were among the Grecians and Romans, but not the 
benevolence of education to all. The greatest philosophers of those countries 
and ages held that education would unfit the lalxiring classes for their business. 
To primitive Chi-istianity belongs the credit of the doctrine that rulers should 
educate their subjects. A great advance was made in practical school education 
by the Puritans that settled New England. And New England herself at the 
beginning of the present century excelled the world in both practice and 
tlieory concerning public schools. The principles prevalent there then, which 
have come to rule substantially in most states of the Union, are these : Fii-st, 
Tlie instruction of all the children of the state in the rudiments of an English 
education. Secondly, This to lie accomplished i)y a school in every district of 
about fifty families. Thirdly, Each district independent of every other in 
4(» 



310 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



fiuauees, employment of teacliers, etc. Fourthly, A siiperiiitendent or school 
board iu each town, — almost invariably including one or more ministers and 
otlier professional men, to examine teachers, inspect schools, prescribe text-books, 
etc. Fifthly, Exemption of the poor from school tax bills. Sixthly, Giving 
power to the town authorities to require the attendance of children upon tlie 
schools. These, and like principles, have done more for tlie education of the 
masses than any others ever instituted. 

CIIIUSTIAN JIISSIONS. 

Modern Claistian missions have had their rise and cheering progress, too, 
in the last century. The eighteenth century was widely pervaded by scepti- 
cism. The churches had little ambition or thought to extend their labors 
beyond their own territoiy. Between the years 1732 and 1792, no Protestant 
missionary society was formed in Christendom. But a new awaking of interest 
in the subject at length began. An extensive reaction from the long-prevailing 
Rationalism and mere Tntellectualism took jdace. Prayei-, and faith, and 
Christian energy, took new hold. Octobei- "2, 1792, William Casey, a Baptist 
minister of England, ]:)reached a foreign missionary sermon that aroused his 
audience, and finally, with other agencies, awakened a large portion of Christen- 
dom on this subject. It was then that the English Baptist Missionary Society was 
formed, and others, in various denominations, soon followed. Casey himself 
went as missionary to India. The society foi'med to send him began with a 
subscription of thirteen pounds two shillings and sixpence. When its yearly 
income was five hundred pounds, the celebrated Rev. Andrew Fuller, one of 
those most obedient and patient to receive the promise, said he did not doubt 
the yearly receipts of the society would some day reacli five thousand pounds. 
Its annual income now is about two hundred tliousand dollars. The London 
Missionary Society foHowed, and Avhen the yearly income was five thousand 
pounds. Dr. Bogue, one of the founders, said he believed faith and exertion 
would one day increase it to twenty thousand pounds. Its annual income for 
years past has been considei'ably more than ;v half million of dollai's. 

The most extensive missionary society iu America, the American Board, to 
wdiich we contribute, was formed in 1810, and its first year's receipts w^ere 
about twelve hundre<l dollars. Its last years receipts were about four hundred 
and fifty thousand dollai's; its number of laborers sent from this country — 
four men and their wives at first — is now little less than four hundred, and 
its whole number of paid laborers, American and foreign, is at ])resent about 
fourteen hundred. Fi'oni nothing to these givat proportions in two-thirds of a 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 311 

century ! These missiouaiy societies on this and the eastern continent are only- 
representative of various others. 

Along w itli their rise was a great increase of Christian fellowsliip and unity. 
It resulted in part from enterpi'ise in Chi'istinn ;ic(piaiutance, which was greater 
under republicanism than unihT monarchy ; Imt more from the reviving of true 
I'cliuioii. and the greater indwelling of the Holy Spirit in Christian hearts. 

The history of modei'u Cliristian missions is also a history of the opening 
of the world to ivceive tlicm. When the hrst five young men with whom 
oi-igiuated modern missions in tliis country, were ready to enter the mission 
field, those that landed with the lianner of the cross on India's far-off shore, 
were repulsed by emissaries of the British East India Company, as intruders, 
coming to turn tlieir money-making affairs upside dow n. Tlien China was still 
a sealed empii-e, and Japan was little known, and the Turkish Mohammedan 
power in the Eastern world held an iron rod ovei' the consciences and lips of 
scores of millions. 

Now, India for a half century has been pleading for more and still more 
missionaries ; the Chinese coast is dotted with mission stations of various socie- 
ties and countries, and the heralds of the cross sail up the Chinese rivers and 
go back to mountain sides with the gospel, and the Chinese wall is nearly 
prostrate. Now the Japanese government has adopted the Christian Sabbath 
and American schools, and has widely given the superintendence of educational 
affairs to Christian missionaries. Now Burmah has long been in the process 
of disenthrallment from Paganism through the gospel's power; and salvation by 
faith through Christ is being preached in the 'J'urkish empire even more than 
it was in the same territory by apostles of old ; and the Sandwich Islands 
have been transformed from heathenism to a Christian nation; and South Sea 
Islands have been converted from cannibalism to Christianity. Trulv, "What 
hath God wrought ! " 

UELIGIOIS I.N'lKltKST IN THE COUXTKV. 

Not tliat all offenses against the gospel have ceased, not that persecution 
has lost its hatred or its fangs, not tliat false professions are numbered no 
more, or tliat conformity to the world is unknown, or that the lo\e of any 
does not wax cold ; but that it is proven, a thousand times over, that if we 
have patience and do the will of God, we shall receive the promise. Mr. 
Evarts, at the Centennial, in Philadelphia, last Tuesday, ])ut into our lips a 
sad anil humiliating confession. "It is (juite certain," he said, " that the present 
day sliows no su(di solemn ahsoi-ptioii in tlu- exalted l hemes of contemplative 



.■?Il> MlClllCAN AND I'llK C'KN rKN>; lAL. 

[liclv ;is marked llu' |)|-c\alcul tluuiuiit el' tlu' |ici>|)li' one liimdfcd Ncars ai;-o ; 
uof so lii>in'rnl ail rut liusia-;iii for thf spt'cdv rciioN atiou of the world, as luii'st 
upon us ill the luarvcloiis and wide systom of volu'iiu'iit ivliiiious zt-al ami 
praotical i;ood works, in (he caily pail of tlu' uiiU'ttHMitli cciiturv." Mr, Kvarts 
is a disjoin iiiL;- man, tlic son of ;i l.iw vi'r. who w.is .also an early and very 
etlieient sceret.irx of the Amoricau Board for i'\)rfimi Missions. lie is well 
informed as to the history of relieion. Hut others li.i\e seen the same l.-iek 
wliieli he eoiifesses, and have l)een iirayerfully tr\iiiL;-, while holdiiii;' last what 
has Keen uained. to re^iain wh.at li.as lieeii lost. 

Mr. l''.\arts wtdl .alluded to the lueeious ;ind |)owt'rful re\i\al of reli^;iou 
enjoyed in this eoiintry at the liei;iiinine' of the present eeiitiir\. W lien the 
I'^reiieh eanie over to help us liL;lit our hattles, near the elose of the Resolu- 
tion, the) liroULjlit with them what has loiu^- Ih'ou known as Freiieh iulidelily. 
Those mental forees, joined with liki' init>eliefs here, pi'odneed .a witle seed- 
sowing of seeptieism in our re\ olutionary army and throughout our land. 
There was life eiuuigh in the >eed to bear fruit, sad fruit. So evil w ;is it 
sueli a dep.irtiire from religion, .and even good iiior.als, ensued that many 
C'hristi.aus and other men beeame ahu'iued at the jtrospeetixe results. The 
elosing years of the last eeutury weie baptized with ]irayer by tlie faithful 
few. So deep and wide-spread was the unbelief, that — taking it as a represeii- 
taii\e faet in \'ale t.V)llege, among the numerous students, the eoninioii talk 
was that the Christian religion was an e.xploded system; .ami among all those 
students, oiil\ one was found to t.ake his stand as a professed Christian and 
member oi the eoUege eliuieh. The n.ame Christ Jesus h;id passed with nuuiy 
well-nigh into eonti'inpt. Hut ['resident l>wigiit kept on preaching those 
doetrin.al sermons that now eonstitute his four volumes in theology, with an 
e([ual number of [)raetieal ones, one of iniu h note being on intidelity ; ami 
earnest Christians kept j>raying and holdiui;- up his hands. At length, in 1S02, 
a long-uathering eloinl of Hivine ineivv broke over that institution .and other 
parts of the eountrx, and from the nearly one liundred ^ ale students then 
oimverted eaine forth some of the le.ading ministers, physieians and jurists of 
the nation. Among them was the ehief narrator, long afterw.ards, of the 
re\i\al itself, Kev. Hr. Porter, of Farmington, Conneetient, fatlu'r of Tresident 
Porter, now of the eollege. From that day to this, many eitutpiests have beiai ni.ade 
ovei' the liuinan mind respeetiug the nature, desiral>leness, and etfeetiveness of 
true revivals of religion. Probablv they never received sueh geiu'ral assent 
before in tlie liistorv of the world, as now. 



CENTENNIAL OKATIoNS AND SERMONS. 313 



ii;i IIS (II i:i:i,i(.ii)i s i;i:\ i\ \i.. 

That ivvival <>!' iclluinii in llic cai'ly |i;iit df tlic niiiriccnt li cimiI iir\', which 
Mr. Evarts calls a " inai\ cIimi-^ ami wide s\>t<'iii of \ « licniciii religions zeal, and 
practical good works," hmv tlic incist valuable fruit. Foreign miHsion.s arose on 
distant slmres a.s bright indniiiig slais. The temperance reformation sprang up 
in niir <i\\ii American families and coiiiiminities. Moui-n over present intera- 
pciaiicc as wc will, sucicty in general is m.w \('i\- iliU'erent from what 
it ciicc was, whfii nearly cvciy household in iiiaiiy <-(imiiiiiiiities contained a 
drunkard, and tin- fasliloii \\;is in <-\('iy family lo treat fi'iends ami callers 
nearly always with Intoxicating drinks. lm|iro\(Ml prevailing customs now 
save thousands and millions by pi('\ mt Ion, which is better than icformation. 

The anti-slavery I'ei'oi'ni was born of |iiiic ;ind iiiideliled r(digion. Chi'istianity 
once liberated the slaves of the lioniaii emplrf, and of late has libei'ated those 
of all Christendom. The advaiuje of the human conscience on the subject of 
slaveiy in these later years, is amazing. A lenluiy ago nearly all thought that 
the slave traffic between the wilds of Afi-ica and the shores of England and 
America was entirely legitimate. \ow it is a ])ublic di.sgrace before the nations 
to practice it or sanction it. 

In the year of the Declaration of IndepiMidence, the American Continental 
Congress resolve(l that slave-importation should cease. I>ut when the Consti- 
tution was foi'ined, after freedom from the English govei'nnieiit had been won, 
it wa-; ]i|-o\Ided that the sl,i\c tiaflic might continue twent}- Ncars more, until 
1808. it did continue, but in this blaz<i of light could stand it no longer, and 
then ceased e.vcept as carried on by slave piracy. 

The last British regulation of the slave trade was in the year 1788, and 
that same year commenced parliamentary action towards the abolition of the 
trade. England abolished the slave trade after a long struggle over the (piestion, 
iu 1807. Then the leformers set to work to remove slavery itself, with but 
little success, however, for sixteen yeans, and accomplishing emancipation not 
till after twenty-.seven years, in ]H'M in the West Indies, and nine years after 
that, in 184.'i, releasing twelve millions of slaves in the East Indies. 

In the United States the two jirinciples, freedom and slavery, long contended 
against ea<li otiiei- foi' the mastery without success to either side. As President 
Lincoln said, and Mr. Komeyn re]ieated in Detroit last Tuesday, "these two 
states of society were fast making us two ])eoples. It was inevitable that at 
length all must l)e slave, or all be free." ^'oii know the strife that ended the 
(piestion kept us one people, and al>olished slavery forever in this greatest 
republic of the world. 



314 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



The ringing bells of victory from many a "well fonglit field of reform, 
announce anew the doctrine of the text, "Be patient; do your duty, and you 
shall inherit the promise." As we look upon earth's evils remaining, all dis- 
couragement before them is forbidden: "Ye have need of patience, that, after 
ye have done the Avill of God, ye might receive the promise." 



THE HAND OF GOD IN AMERU'AN HISTORY* 

Isaiah, xliii; il: This jjcople have I formfd for m}'sclf; they shall shew forth my praise. 

Histor_y has been likened to the gradual unveiling of some godlike figure. 
The imtigination of the inspired artist can divine its ^^erfect form from the 
contemplation of the first fragment, but to the common sight it passes slowly 
from stage to stage to the fullness of its finished beauty. And hence it is that 
the actors themselves in any grand e^ioch see only the little pai't of history 
which they have helped to make, leaving to future generations the satisfying 
vision of the completed whole. The unveiling of the figure of Jewish history 
was so gradual that those -who died before the advent of the Redeemer, when 
it stood forth in all its symmetrical proportions, had but a faint conception of 
what that figure was to be. But we, who see the finished statue standing in 
its appointed niche in the great temple of the world's history, cannot fail to 
recognize and adore the foi'ming hand of the great Artist. We ]-ealize and 
appreciate, as it was imjjossible for the Israelites themselves to do, the truth 
of Jehovah's declaration in regard to them : " I have formed this people for 
myself; they shall shew forth my praise." And in like manner, in reviewing 
from our superior point of view the history of all the great epochs and nations 
of the past, we see far more clearly than did the actors themselves, that their 
history is not a tangled skein — that civilization springs not up by chance, but 
grows by a law, not human, but divine ; that amid the mingled play of the 
evil and the good, there is the unbroken chain of a Divine purj^ose. The 
heathen nations no doubt attriljuted to Moses the honor of rearing the Hebrew 
commonwealth, and emancipating Israel ; but we see that the hand which led 
forth the chosen people and moulded their history was the mighty hand of the 
great I Am. " There are those," says the excellent Melancthon, " who think of 
God as of a ship-builder, who, when he has completed his vessel, launches and 
leaves it." In opposition to this, we claim that the history of the "\va)rld, so 



*A Thanksgiving Sermon by Rev. George D. Btiker, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Detroit. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 315 



far as it lias pri>gTef?sed, is tlic unfoldino: of God's desifrn ; that every successive 
revolution of the wheel has proved that a divine hand is eontrolling it. Yes, 
liistorv is God's plan. It is His arm that has overturned and delivered the 
nations; that hath exalted one and del)ased another. But as we have already 
substantially surmised, God's forming hand and moulding providence are prob- 
ablv more conspicuous, more clearly discernible, in the history of Israel than 
in that of any other nation which has thus far had existence. They were 
peculiarly His own peo})le. Theyweic eliosen for a special and grand , purpose, 
namely, to jiivpare the \\()rld for a Kedeemer, and be the medium of His 
reception. Hence, being so closely cimnected with the grand central fact of 
all history, it is not strange that God's hand should he so conspicuous as to 
warrant His declaration in regard to them, "I have formed this people for 
myself." 

(ioD'S HAM) VISIBLE TX AMEIUCAN JIISTonV. 

Now it would re(juire no superior ingenuity or unusual effort of imagination 
to draw a marked, and in some respects surprising parallel, between the history 
of the Jewish nation and our own, so far as the latter has been unveiled to 
our gaze. But without entering upon this attractive field, I desire to press the 
resendjlance only so far as to be able to assert that of this nation, just as 
truly as of Israel, it may be said, " I have formed this people for myself ; " 
that God's hand is most wonderfully and distinctly visible in American history. 
I know that that history is as yet but brief — that l)ut a fragment of the 
statue has as yet been unveiled. But that fragment is sufficient to evoke from 
us the grateful acknowledgment that a divine hand has carved our destiny thus 
far. Nay, we may even now almost discern the radiant, completed figure from 
the glowing fragment ! Now, true gratitude is always based upon adequate 
intelligence. An acknowledgment, to be sincere, must proceed from au 
intelligent conviction that a favor has been rendered. We have assembled in 
God's house to-day with a hearty d(;sire to thank God for His goodness to us 
as a nation, and I have thought that if we could all be constrained to trace 
and acknowledge His forming hand ami moulding j)rovidence in all our history 
hitherto, our thanksgiving to-day woidtl be both s[)ontaneous and overflowing. 
As a nation we are, I believe, shamefidly ignorant of oiu" own illustrious history. 
In the all-eugrossing business of the i>resent, we omit to study the past, so 
fruitfid in all its instructions. And we owe it to ourselves, as well as to the 
great Jehovah, wlio luis so manifestly guided us hitherto, to acknowledge, not 
blindly liut intelligently, our obligation as a ]>eople to His forming hand. And 



316 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



if I shall only succeed in impressing your minds with the fact that God has 
indeed formed this nation, I know that you will he I'eady to give unto Him 
in joyful acclaim the glory clue luito His holy name. 

GOD PKEPAKKl) THE DWELLING-PLACE OF THE NATION. 

In the first place, then, let me call your attention to the manner in which 
God prepared the dwelling-place of the nation. In the order of His providence 
it was first the land for the people. And how manifest the exhibition of 
divine wisdom and foresight in the preparation of the land destined to be the 
home of this great people ! We beg you to look upon the country as it lay 
waiting to receive the new nation in the future to l)e its possessor. Physical 
nature had literally exhausted its means of action for producing a land of 
wealth and plenty. In the language of another,* "America, before its discovery 
by the Old World, was glutted with its vegetable \vealth, unworked, solitary. 
Its immense forests, its savannas, every year covered the soil with their remains, 
which, accumulated during the long ages of the world, formed that deep bed 
of vegetable mould, that precious soil, which awaited only the hand of man to 
work out all the wealth of its inexhaustible fertility." Meantime the I'ecl man, 
the primitive owner of this vast territory, showed himself incapable of the 
work. Never had he opened the soil with his plow-share to demand its treas- 
ures. TJjJon a soil able to support millions of men in plenty, a few scattered 
inhabitants led a wretched life in the bosom of the wilderness. Ah, my 
hearers, God was reserving the land for the new nation which in the fullness 
of time he put upon its fruitful bosom. Its vast extent, its fruitful plains, its 
numberless rivers, its apparently exhaustless mineral resources, its wondei-ful 
facility of communication, all prepared it for what we see now to be its destiny, 
to be the home where all the races of Europe may meet and mingle, with 
room enough and sustenance for all. And who sufficiently atheistical to affirm 
that chance, not God, thus formed the land for the people ? 

GEOGRAPHICAL UNITY. 

But still further, God's providential preparation of this land for the nation 
about to possess it is most gi-andly apparent, in that before ever the white 
man set foot upon its soil, it was constituted geographically one land. In its 
physical constitution God wrote the prophesy of the unity of the nation \\ hich 
should inherit it. * * * Yes, God meant, that one nation, and one only, 

* Professor Giiyot. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 317 

should dwell in this land, and therefore he made it physically one to insure 
the unity <»F its organic life. God so constituted it that it could never be 
permanently dissevered. * * * * "• * * * * * 

im;ki'ai:ix(; .\ I'Koprj; loi; rui; i.am). 

Bui let us pass now to the observation of (iod's forining hand in preparing 
a jteople for the land. Why was it that the existence of this contiuent was 
so long ke[)t fi'oni the knowledge of the Old World ? Simply because the 
civilization of Europe was not yet sufhciently advanced to be transjilauted. 
God did not intend that the ignorance, the su[)erstition, the religious intolerance 
of the Old World should be transferred to another continent. Not until men 
shall have learned the value of numhood and liberty shall they lay the final 
foundations of that nation which is to be the final goal of civilization. God 
had determined that the foundations of social life in this land should be laid 
l>y those who should estimate civil and religious freedom as of more value 
even than life itself. And therefore by His own mighty ocean He held 
America in sacred reserve until, by His pi'ovidence, through the slow discipline 
of ages, he had formed at last a libertydoving band worthy to possess the 
land. And so it was not until the very evening of the fifteenth centuiy that 
the fii'st glimpse was given of this magnificent theater for a new nation to play 
its part in the world's great di-ama. And why was this boon of discovery 
granted to the fifteenth century ( Because it was the era of re-awakening and 
of promise. The fii'st faint streaks of the approaching dawn of the Reformation 
were then visible. A violent movement against tyranny in the state and 
oppression in the church agitated Europe from one end of the continent to the 
other. An army of " reformers before the Reformation " had ali'eady commenced 
the battle, and Luther, by God a])[)ointed to lead his con(|uering host, drew 
forth the dust-covered Bible from the liln'ary at Ei-furth at the very moment 
that Columljus discovered the New World ! And what thiidving man will dare 
to atfirm that this coincidence was purely accidental ? But while it was given 
to the fifteenth century to discovei- the existence of a new woild, the opportu- 
nity of transplanting its civilization was not accorded it. Columbus set out as 
the representative of Catholic Spain ; but God nevei- reserved Amei'ica for the 
papacy to curse. Columbus sailed due west, l)ut God was at the helm I Had 
his coui'se not been diveited by Him who holds the winds and waves in His 
hand, he would then have ])lanted the royal standard of papal Spain u]iou 
our own fair shores. I'lit history records tliat so apparently slight a I'ircum- 
41 



318 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

stance as the flight of birds directed him south of west ; and so it was that 
he took possession of San Salvadoi', instead of America, for the crown of 
Castile and Leon. 

Time will not permit us to trace in detail all the subsecjuent efforts to gain 
a permanent foothold upon the virgin soil of America. E\'en after the discovery 
of the mainland, more tlian a centur}' elapsed before the pei'manent founda- 
tions of society were laid upon it. The earliest colonists, tempted only by the 
prospect of gold, sojourned Init for a time. But at length (rod has gathered 
the band to whom he will give the land to possess it. The hour of liberty 
has struck, and the Mayflower is wafted by the Avinds and the currents in 
safety to Plymoutli Kock. Well lias it been said that "God put the fi-eight 
of an old world's hope into a fragile bark and floated it to the new." The 
landing of the Pilgrim Fathers on New England's rock-fringed coast marks the 
beginning of that civilization which is destined to govern the continent. It is 
beyond dispute that thus far New England has moulded the nation, and they 
formed the first permanent settlement in New England. * * * And God 
committed to them the glorious honor and sacred responsibility of being the 
founders of social order in America ; and logically deduced from their unflinch- 
ing principles are those political and religious docti'ines wdiich to-day distinguish 
America from all the other nations of the earth. 8a}' what you will, the germs 
of that civilization wherein Ave as a people now rejoice are to be found in that 
little band of Puritan exiles whom history names the Pilgrim Fathers. Civil 
and religious li])e]iy are the distinguishing chai-acteristics of oui' nation, and it 
was to maintain and enjoy these that the English Puritans sought an as\lum 
upon these shores. The Spaniards came hither in search of gold, but they in 
quest of freedom; and hence the Almighty allowed to the former no ])ermaneiit 
abode, while to the latter He gave the land in its length and breadth. Oh ! 
there is something grand in this working of God's providence. By long, patient 
and severe discipline He raised up a people for himself — a band of men who 
feared God and regarded liberty as man's inalienable right ; and to them He 
gave the land, held in reserve for them through the ages ! Shall we not lay 
the tribute of thanksgiving at His feet, and gratefully ackno\\ledge that He 
hath formed this nation for himself? 

ELEMENTS OF POLmCAL AND SOCIAL UNITY. 

AYe have now traced God's forming hand in preparing first a land for the 
people and then a people for the land. \\'e have seen the beginning of the 
nation in the English Puritans at Plymouth Rock. And now, as the history 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 319 

proper of the nation betrius, let me call your attention to some facts which 
"will account for the crystallization, if we may so term it, Avhich very soon began 
amoiiii' the colonies. It must l)y ni> means be foryottcii that while the founders 
of civil order in America were refuii'ees from oj)pressiou, they nevertheless came 
from the freest and best governed nation which then e.xisted. We glory in 
the fact that our foi'efatlicrs were by far the best governed people in Kurojje, 
and ac(puesce fully in the statement of the histoi'ian, "that at that earlv period 
the political institutions of England were regarded by the most enlightened 
men of all nations with admiration and envy." She had then her glorious 
Magna C'hai'ta and her representative government in Parliament. Her govern- 
ment was indeed then, as now, monarchical ; but it was a limited monarchy. 
The people had a voice in legislation, and the several counties into which the 
kingdom was divided had through their chosen delegates the opportunity, at 
least in some degree, to assert their claims and wishes. But not to be too 
minute, I desire to fasten it upon your minds that God had distinct pur])oses 
in view in giving this land to exiles from Englaiul rather than fi-om any other 
European nation. '■■ * " Now, history is very explicit in atiirming that 
while the colonists were fii'iu in their defense of their rights, thev had in the 
beginning no intention or desire to renounce their allegiance to their sovereign. 
But (rod was forming a peo])le for himself. He had determined that His 
people should go free, and like that of Pharaoh, the hearts of the British King 
and Parliament were hardened, and with a suddenness and lack of premedita- 
tion which is Avonderful, the immortal Declaration of Independence was made, 
and a nation was l)oi-ii in a day! Who does not see that it was not the will 
of man, but the will of God '. And moreovei-, wiio will fail to acknowledge 
that providence which prepared them for that constitution afterward adopted 
by knitting their hearts together through seven long and Aveary years of toil 
and suffering in behalf f>f a cause equally dear to them all '. Having been 
rocked in the same cradle, and having passed through the same crucible of 
suffering, they were prepared to live together under one constitution and one 
flag. And so, their independence being secured, they took their i)lace among 
the nations, E Pluribus Unum. * * * * * * * * * 

SL.\\"i:iJY .\NI) SIATK IIinilTS. 

But .lias I there were destructive evils that had grown with its growth .ind 
strengthened with its prosperity. History records the sad yet significant fact 
that in Itji'it, the very year in which the first permanent settlement was made 
in New England, twenty negroes wei'e carried to \'irginia and sold as slaves. 



;5-20 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

And tlie foul blot, so early cast upon the virgin soil, steadily spread nntil it 
darkened the land, and distui'bed and threatened to destroy the life of the 
nation. But funph'd with it there was another gigantic evil, utterly subversive 
of the national unit}. It is an historit'al fact that the 2)eruicions doctrine of 
State Sovereignty — and by this we mean the theory which makes a man's 
allegiance due first to his own state and then to the United States — came very 
near preventing in the first instance the adoption of the Constitution. Some 
of the states were exceedingly averse to binding themselves by any compact 
which would compel them under all cii'cumstances to |)lace the flag of the 
Union above the symbol of their own sovereignty. These states wished to 
adopt the Constitution on condition that they might be permitted to withdraw 
whenever tliey should see tit. This petition was indeed formally rejected, and 
they came into the Union Avith no I'ight of secession. But nevertheless the 
poison which then manifested itself was not destroyed. It lingered in the veins 
of the body politic, until at length it attacked its very life. These two mighty 
evils united themselves against the nation. But had God forgotten His own 
people, whose past history so wonderfully indicated His guiding hand { Was 
He an indifferent spectator of the perils which threatened His heritage? Not so. 
The storm came, but God was in the storm. The nation trembled from turret 
to foundation, but God was in the earthquake ! Statesmen well versed in 
diplomacy, and generals skilled in the tactics of wai-, thought to nip the deadly 
flower in the bud, and end the conflict in a few days. But their well-laid 
schemes wei-e foiled. Disastei- followed disaster, and defeat defeat. The nation 
was cast down, though not destroyed. A strange fatalit}- seemed to accompany 
the army of the Potomac. Officers were skillful and soldiei-s bi-ave, but still 
their enemies defied them. Men could not understand it, and some of weak 
faith began to think that perhaps after all we were fighting against God. 
Ah ! \\'e see it ncnv. What was once thick darkness is now as clear as the 
sunlight. Had the war been ended after the first battles, little or nothing 
would have been accomplished. God ke])t us in the furnace until the two 
evils wdiich had deformed and tormented the body politic were burned oft' it. 
Not until the nation had renounced slavery and secession did God lead it forth 
from the heated furnace of war into the grateful atmosphere of peace. Blind 
and worse than blind must he be who fails to see God's sjiecial ju'ovidence of 
love toward this land in those terril)le scenes of war througli which this people 
have so recently passed. While the Idack cloud of liattle hnng over us it was 
not so easy to divine God's purposes ; but now that it has been rolled away, 
we see written on the azuiv al)ove us, as with a sunl)eani, the I'eason of His 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 321 

dealiugs with us. Two facts liave been burned into the very consciousness of 
tliis nation. One is tliat "all men are created e(iual, and endowed by their 
Creator with certain iiiali<'iial»lc rights, anioiiL;' which arc life, lilicrty and the 
pursuit of happiness." The other is that this nation henceforth is one nation, 
these states inse])arable. And God oidy knows liow essential they are to the 
future which lie lias prepared foi' us; how needful they will be in the accoin- 
plishnieut of the mission appointed us by the Almighty. Yea, verily, l)y the 
lurid light of the war now happily ended we read anew in living lettere 
tlie declaration of Jehovah, " I have formed this people foi' myself." 

HEALTH AND Sl'AIULITY OF TilE NATION. 

Yes, if ever God's providence was conspicuous in the liistory of any initicm, 
it has been so in our own. Verily, "lie hath not dealt so with any people." 
We have found. IVoiu the very beginning until the present, the evidence of 
His sovereign supervision. Let us, then, as a nation, recognize His abiding 
presence with us and care ovei- us. It is time that those who prophesy evil, 
and looking into the future cry constantly, "who will show us any good f 
ceased their ungrateful utterances. There are those today wlio, notwithstanding 
God's care and guidance of the nation hitherto, see no hope in the future. To 
them all looks dark, uncertain, ominous. These are they who look upon the 
late struggle as but the Ijegiiuiing of sorrows, and pi-edict anai'chy and discord 
for long years to come. Oh ! it is ungrateful, it is impious, for an American 
citizen to doubt but^that this nation is destined to stand through coming ages 
as the bulwark of civil and religious freedom. The evidence in all the past 
that God has formed this people for himself is too plain to allow any place 
for despair of the futuie. O, ye of little faith, "how is it that ye do not 
undei-stand f Has not Jehovah done enough mighty works among us to secure 
your confidence ? You tell us that you cannot trust in men or parties, for they 
are selfish and corrupt. Then "trust ye in the I.oid Jehovah." He is guiding 
this nation to its final goal and destiny; for "He hath formed it for himself." 
You liax'e no right, nay, it is absolutely wrong, for you to moui-n over the 
nation as one whose star of glory is declining. Criticise men and measures if 
you will, l)ut with the overwhelming evidence before you that (Jod has destined 
this land to untold greatness and infiuence in the coming manhood of the 
worl<l, talk not of her ilestructioii, write not Ichabod upon her walls. 

CAUSES von TUANKiri.NESS. 

For my own pari, I rejoice heartily at the appointment of these annual 
days for i»ublic thanksgiving and j)raise. I am glad that the day is of national 



322 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

as well as state designation. Tliei-e is something sublime in the spectacle 
wliicli tliis nation presents to-day. Tlic jteoplc cvcin wlierc arc [traising (lod. 
The courts of Ziou throughout tlic land arc vocal with thanksgiving. A 
grateful nation, a redeemed people, arc uttering tlicii' "Tc Denm" of joyful 
acknowledgment, saying, "Not unto us, () Lord, not unto us, but unto thy 
name, give glory." Thus do they atti'ibute their gi'eatness, their wealth, and 
their exalted place ani()ng the kingdoms of the earth, not to their own strength 
()!■ wisdom, liut unto Hiui wlio hath l>y His marveh)us doings formed them for 
His own praise. Tlie scene is impressively gi'and, and itself calls for thanks- 
giving. Tliank God that the people know wherein lies their salvation. That 
nation is safe whicli acknowledges God in its histor\ and councils. 

Let us tlien lay aside to-day all rancor and bitterness, all envyings and evil 
speaking, and as ehildien of a conunon Father, and citizens of a country dear 
to us all, unite with glad hearts and voices in the general thanksL;iving. Let 
us thank God for the sunshine and the shower; for the singing of birds and 
the appeai'ing of flowers upon the earth ; for the golden grain and the ruddy 
fruit; for valleys smiling with plenty and hills vine-clad; for the bus\' lium of 
mills and the cheei-ful song of the forge ; for the mai-ked [trogress in the arts 
and sciences which the passing months have witnessed; for l)ooks and scdiools 
and colleges, and tlie countless blessings wliieh follo\\- in the train of educatioTi; 
for the glad tidings which reach our ears from other lands, telling us that 
God's purposes ai'e ri])ening fast ; that the shackles of superstition and igm)rance 
are being strickt'u tVoni the nations, and one by one they are taking their 
places in the great army \vhich shall yet l)eeome the sacramental host of God's 
elect. But especially at this Centennial of our nation's history let ns I'cverently 
and gi'atefidly acknowledge His forming hand and moulding ]ii'ovi(lence in all 
our history hithertt). Let us thankfully remember that God, our own God, our 
fathers' God, has made us what we ai-e ; that He has greatly exalted us, so 
that for the glory of His great name we may send light anil salvation to all 
the ends of the earth. Let ns, in evidence of our heartfelt gratitude, renew 
ai'onnd God's altars oui- vows of devotion and h)yalty to the land wliieh He 
has gi\en us, and with unwavering faith and calm confidence in Jehovali Jireh 
conunend and commit the nation to Him who hath formed it for His own juaise I 



CENTENNIAL OKATION.S AND SERMONS. 323 

COMI'MIAJIVK I'liOURESS OF THE CENTURY* 

Xlmbkhs, xxiii: 2:i: " Wliiil lialli (iod wrought!" 

"What hatli (iod \vnnii,dit for Israeli" was tlu* exclaiiiatioii of Balaam. 
What hath God wrouglit for us ! we may exclaim with uo less reason and 
anhn- of soul. The IleLrew people were under tlie })rotection and guidance of 
the divine hand; is not the cai'e of God over this nation as plaiidy marked, 
and a,s signally gracious? 

I)I\IXE PROVIDKXCK IN THE NATION'S HISTORY. 

It becomes us this morning to make most grateful mention of the provi- 
dence of God displayed in our national career. In the division of the earth's 
surface into land and water; in the separation of the western from the eastern 
continent by the intervening Atlantic ; in the delay in peopling this land until 
the daik ages were gone, and man had again entered upon a career of progress; 
in the planting of Protestant Christianity in New England with the first seeds 
of ci\'il government, we recognize a wisdom far above that of man, and the 
working out of events which no philoso^iher can rationally attribute to chance. 
Fn the distribution of lantl and water over the surface of the eai'th in the order 
and ratio as we find them, there are important physical conditions controlling 
the great problems of animal and vegetable life. Here the fact of design is 
clearly seen. The vital connection with human pi-ogress of the relations 
the continents sustain to each other is of great significance. The Atlantic 
Ocean has made this government j)ossible, and hence republican institutions and 
the trium{ih of popular rights over hereditary despotism. 

One hundred years ago to-day — the second of July — the first formal declara- 
tion of independence was adopted. When the day's work was completed, John 
Adams, his heart ami liraiii both full of the great event that had Just been 
consummated, wrote : 

The greatest question \va.s dfcidc-d which ever wiis del):ited in America, aud a greater, perhaps, 
never was or will be decided among men. Britain \va» been iiilod witli folly, and America with 
wisdom. It is the will of Heaven that the two countries should be sundered forever; it may be 
the will of Heaven that America shall suffer calamities still more wasting, and distresses yet more 
dreadful. If this is to be the case, the furnace of afHictiou produces refinement in states, as well 
as in individuals; but I submit all ray hopes and fears to an overruling Providence, in which, 
unfashionable as the faith may be, I firmly believe.f 



♦A Sermon preaclied in the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Detroit, on Sunday, July 2, 1876, by 
Rev. L. B. Fiskp. 

♦ The discourse further iiuotos .Mr. Adams' famous prediction, as found on page 28 of tliia worlc. 



324 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

The Declaration of Reasons wliicli was adopted on the foui-th closes with 
these words: "For the support of this Declaration, witli a firm reliant-e on tlie 
protection of Divine Providence, we mntually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes and oui' sacred honor." Tlius we began our nationality in a 
recognition of (rod and Providence. 

"What hath God wi'ought r' Thirteen feeble states were banded together 
for protection, and as the beginning of a united government. There were three 
millions of people, about the same in number as the Israelites who fled from 
Egypt under the leadership of Moses, and apparently almost as unfitted to 
cope with England as the Hebrew people were with the power of Phai'aoh. 
God did not over^vhelm the mother country with some Red Sea miracle, but 
there was no less a providence shaping events, felt at that time by Adams, 
Washington and others, and of wdiich we should not be unmindful to-day. 
* * * But I must not, at this time and place, plunge into these great 
secular interests which })roflaim our prosperity. Because thei-e is a God over- 
head we speak of the progress of these lands. In our nationality we are the 
most secure of any people on the face of the eaith, and the five or six great 
powers of Europe combined could not comjuer us. With our vast internal 
resources, our distance fi'om the Old World, and the friendly Atlantic lying 
between, if death ever comes to us, it will be by suicide. 

One hundred years is but a brief time to mount up to such toAvering 
eminence. Considering the nature of our growth, no three of the j^ast centuries 
united can present to us an eipial. 

THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE. 

If the moral and intellectual have kept pace with the material, then is our 
progress both \\onderful and gratifying. There is an enormous, amount of 
wickedness in the land — pt)litical coi-i'uption, business dishonesty, social vice, 
the conscience dethroned by avarice or pleasure, ambition or lust. Yet in 
comparing the present with the past, people are liable to make serious mistakes. 
The temptations to wrong in connection \vith the American government are 
much greater now than eighty or a hundi'ed years ago, but we do not believe 
it was all patriotism then, and that it is all corrupt selfishness now. Some 
may not agree with me when I say that the public conscience is not less quick 
to discern that which is evil, or less peremptory in enforcing the right, than 
formerly. In comparison with the amount of money handled, peculation and 
fraud are not more notorious than half a century ago. The gospel has not lost 
its hold upon the heai'ts of the people.- The public instruction of the children 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 325 



is, in some respects, receivi-iig moi-e attention than formerly, ami we hope that 
in their private ti'aiiiing tliere has been no waning in wisdom and zeaL 

TliK Hllil.K IN TIIK SCIIOOI-S. 

I (h> not forget that the demand is made tliat the Bible be (b'iven fj'om 
the publie schools. 1 leave it for you to judge whethei" the dispcsition on the 
■|)art of so many to yield to this ciy is evidence of a tendency to drift away 
from the s[)irit of reverence for God's word that formerly existed. We hold 
that the Bible was given for some further pui'pose than to be a companion in 
pi-ivate life. Tt \vas intended to enter into the training of the young in every 
position ill wliich they are jdaced, and to shape the policy of government and 
take hoKl of the ]>ul)lic life of the people. To vote the Scriptures out of the 
schools is taking a responsibility 1 should very much dislike to assume. I am 
sure I should liesitate a long time before uttering the decision that the Bible 
is an intruder in tlic cdiiiiikhi st;hoi)ls. 

INTELLECTUAL ACUIEVE.MENTS OF THE CENTURY. 

In view of the opinion we hold, that God is seen in history, and is lifting 
up the race througli the progress of the ages, we shall not be considered as 
violating the saci'edness of the Sabbath in referring briefly to the great intel- 
lectual achievements of the century. 

The history of the world in this respect is undergoing a wonderful trans- 
formation. And the last century, taking a general outlook, has been glorious 
above all others. Within this time nearly the entire range of science, as now 
known, has been developed. Newton, it is true, had a little while before 
demonstrated the law of gravitation, but a large part of our accurate knowl- 
edge of astronomy has been gained within these bundled years. lie who has 
not given special attention to the subject can have but little idea of the 
influence exerted by the science of chemistry over the arts, and indeed the 
civilization of the race. You prostrate the arts of man and you take away his 
means of progress, and he drops back into the very heart of the dark ages. 
The perfection of the arts is an expression, on the material side, of the perfec- 
tion of human civilization. Chemistry has moulded and wiuught out the arts 
to a greater extent than all other sciences combined. All the grand triumphs 
of chemistry have been achieved in the century just passed. Like a super- 
natural agent, it has moved, as though by magic, through the circles of 
business, and gives unto them a majesty and power which has multiplied 
many fold the productiveness of human labor. 
42 



326 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

How startling are the facts, and how wonderful are the truths evolved 
from the stony layers beneath our feet during the cycle of ten decades of 
years ! When our forefathers walked upon the earth, they thought not of the 
strange foi'ms that were sleeping amid the strata of the solid I'ock, of the 
history which millions of ages had laeen preparing before the dawn of human 
life. They knew not that their feet I'ested on the cover of a mighty volume 
full of lessons of deep intei-est to man, a vohime inscribed with the evidences 
of God's omnipotence, and written all over with tlie laws His Omniscience had 
planned. But we now gaze into these rocky beds, and wondrous visions of 
life ilit befoi'e us from the depths of the buried past. Jehovah has carved 
upon the solid stone, all along througli the numberless ages before man's 
creation. His own grand thoughts and sublime |)urposes, which now are clearly 
revealed unto us. 

The field of human learning has l)een extended to a degree that fills us 
with profound astonishment. The mind seems to have just awakened to a 
sense of its wondrous powers. It mounts the heavens and wanders through 
the illimitable i-egions of space. It penetrates into the caverns of the earth, 
passing over untold cycles of years, until it reaches a point in the early history 
of this world so remote from the present that the six thousand years of the 
annals of the race dwindle into utter insignificance.* 

THE OCEAN TELEOIIAPII. 

* * * But that man sliould have devised a means by which we may be 
al)le to communicate almost instantly one with the other, though the distance 
be hundreds or thousands of miles, is more wondrous as a fact than the wildest 
di'eam of the enthusiast. Even the liai-rier to a free and speedy interchange of 
thcHight between the eastein and western continents reared by tlie vast ocean, 
has been overcome ; and now, while the Atlantic is a highway of commerce, 
adding to the wealth of all nations ; while it protects us politically from the 
designs of ambitious European powers, thus making our position secure, and 
rendering it possible foi- us to wield greater iutluence over the destiny of the 
race, it puts us in direct communication \vith the centers of European ti'ade 
and civilization, and the world must move onward by a grander mai'ch and in 
a more glorious career of progress. This seems almost like the incredible tales 
of ancient mythology, more wonderful than the fabidous feats of Hei'cules, oi- 

*Some thoughts on the development of steam and electricity, and the influence of the press, follow. 
These topics are generally treated of elsewhere in tlie work, and are omitted here, except some reflections 
on the ocean telegraph. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 327 

the achievements of the heathen gods. That along the bed of the sea, over its 
mountain ranges and down in its valleys, ujxju Jutting rock and in cavern; on 
the wrecks of commerce, its ships, its iiuMi'liaiidise, its gold and its silver; 
among the debris washed out from the shore by the retreating waves; sur- 
rounded by tlie skeletons of sea monsters that have sunk to rise no more, or 
the bones of men and women that have gone down from some ill-fated vessel 
on tlu- <leep — that many thousand feet below the surface of the ocean, Avhere 
n() huiii.in lieiiig had ever been or could go — that there man has stretched the 
bands which have converted two worlds into one, in their business, civilization 
and thoughts ; that there he has opened up a highway of intelligence ; that 
through the deep, among those dead bones, is made to ilash the electric fire 
which thrills the world with the pulsations of thought, so that the throbbings 
of the great national heart in any land is felt immediately by all the peoples 
of the earth — that all this has now been done seems to us like the remem- 
bered dream of some midnight reverie. With the realization of this event we 
now occupy a lofty standpoint, whence we may look back upon the past, and 
also seek to gaze into the futui'e. 

COirPARATIVE GltOWTII OF RELIGIOUS HODIES. 

Ten years ago we celebrated our Methodist ceuteiuiial, 1866 being one 
hundred years since the foi-mation of the first Methodist society in this country. 
The church was not organized, however, until eighteen years thereafter, namely, 
in 17S4, so that we have not yet completed a century of our ecclesiastical life. 
On the twenty -first of May, 1776, a Methodist conference met in Baltimore. 
It was composed of twenty-nine ministers — that is, this number included all 
who received appointments, some of whom probably were not j^resent. The 
membership of the entire church at that time was repoi-ted to be 4,9'21. We 
were in every respect feeble, except in faith in God and determination and 
zeal in the work to which the Great Head of the Church had called us. 
AVithout social influence or church property, or institutions of learning, or a 
denominational press, or wealth of membership, the prospect did not seem an 
encouraging one as a look was taken toward the future. The founder of these 
societies, John Wesley, being a sul)ject of (rreat Britain, and the leading minis- 
ters also having come from England, and now hastening back again \vhen the 
Revolution had become fully inaugurated, with the suspicion which would thus 
naturally attach to these Methodist preachers, sei'ved to ])oint to an early day 
when our societies would be ovei-borue by the public sentiment of the country. 

But what is the Methodist Church of to-day? Speaking only of our own 



328 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



church, there are 24,001 » ii;ivcliii<i- and local ministers, l,t)UO,()00 members, 20,000 
Siuulay schools, with 1,4(I0,00<> i-hildrcu in these si'liouls, and 2(Mi,()0(i otticers and 
teachers ; a chuivh having eighty-nine annnal conferences, taking the most favored 
])ortions of the American contim'nt, with missions in Asia, and Europe, and 
Africa, and Catholic portions of the Western Continent, and projicrty in churches 
and [)arsonages amounting to over $81,00(),(K)0. C)ur peojde pay annually for 
the su])port of tlie gospel $17,000,000, and the amount is increasing year by 
year. As an index of the present j)i-osperity <if the chnivh, it is pi'opcr to 
state tliat within four years the numbci' of chunh cdilices has been increased 
by 1,11>;{, and of parsonages by 70S, and the value of the property lias been 
augmented by more than ij;! (5,000,000. The net increase of memliers during 
this time is 1(30,-Ki0. 

Including the other Methodist chundies of this counti-y with our own, the 
nuMubership amounts to ."i,! 7;>,'2"2!) — the outgrowth of the societies which one 
lunuli'ed years ago contained less than 5,000 mend)ers. Indeed, all the Metho- 
dists on both sides of the waters, in 177(), were less than 85,000, financially 
and socially feeble, both here and in (bvat Britain. As we compare the 
present w ith the past, we can but exclaim, " What hath God wTought ! " How 
wonderfully He has helped us! Of our ju'esent membership, 800,000 have 
united w ith the church in ten years. Not boastingly, but gi'atefully, we remark, 
that our growth surpasses that of any other church on this continent. And 
this incivase has not been the result of social influence thus contributing to 
swell our numbers; it has not resulted from that which is human in the 
fostering partiality of the government, the learning of the ministry, or the 
educational facilities afforded to the young men and young women of the land; 
it has not been caused by the influx of jtopulation that had end)i'aced the 
Methodist faith on the other side of the waters, for more than three-fourths of 
all the ^Methodists of the world belong in this country; the only exjdanation 
we can find is that (iod has owned the work of his people in convei'ting souls 
through the agency and power of the Holy Ghost. Strength that is worth any- 
thing must be gained in this way. To Him who hath called us be all the glory. 

Iluiunu ]irophecies ai'c not as sure of fulfillment as divine prophecies. A 
writer in the North American Keview bir January last calls attention to the 
following prophetic tleliverance. I (|Uote his words: "In 17S;> the famous 
Dr. Stiles, the president oF \'ale College, preached the election sernuui before 
the legislature of Connecticut. His inspiring theme was, 'The future glory of 
the United States,' and w;irming to the hazardous role of a jirophet, he declared 
'that when we look foi'waid and see this ctiuntrv increased to forty or fiftv 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 329 

niillions, while we see all the religious sects increased into respectable bodies, 
we sliall (loiil)tless find the united body of the Cougretjational and Presbyterian 
churches making an ecjual figure with any two of them.' Then enumerating 
the lesser sects, he considerately adds, 'Thei'e are Westleians, Mennonists, and 
others, all of which will make a very inconsiderable amount in c(mipanson 
with tliDsc wliM will give the religious coiiijjlcxinn to America.'" 

This writer continues: "We liave now reached the limit of forty millions, 
and in liie light of the census of 1870 the vaticinations of the learned president 
well deserve to be I'egarded as curiosities of literature. The Congregationalists, 
who were double the size of any other body, now rank as seventh, while the 
Westleians, whom he hardly names, stand largely in advance of all the rest. 
A century ago the more important religious bodies were raid<ed in the follow- 
ing oi'der: Congregational, Baptist, Church of England, Presbyterian, Lutheran, 
German Reformed, Dutch Reformed, Roman Catholic. By the census of 1870 
they stood, Methodist, Baptist, P]-esbyterian, Roman Catholic, Christian, Lutheran, 
Congregational, Protestant Episcopal." I quote the foregoing, not because of 
any disj)aragement to otlier churches in the comparison, but because of the 
wondei-ful progress of our own church, as here brought out. In the first list of 
eight churches ours does not a[>pear at all. We had in 1783 some societies, 
but the church with authority to administer the sacraments was not organized 
until the meeting of the Chi-istmas conference in the yeai- 1784. Li the second 
list the Methodist stands at the head, and considei-ably in advance of any other. 

Historical facts are both interesting and valua])le. .\s 1 have referj-ed in 
Licneral to the growth of the churches during the centuiy, it will be best to 
speak a little more in detail. The same wi'iter from which 1 have quoted puts 
us under obligation by furnishing the material for the following comparisons: 

At the Ijreaking out of the Revolution the Congregationalists possessed not 
less than seven hundi-ed chui'ches. They were sti-ong in eveiy particular, from 
the learning of their ministry, their social standing, as well as their numbers. 

Next to the Congregationalists stood the Baptists. They had about three 
hundred ami eighty churches. They were not confined to New England, but 
had their organizations generally through the colonies. They did not possess 
as nuich social influence as the Congregationalists, and were, to a considerable 
e.\teiit, objects of disfavoi'. 

The third in oi-dei- of nundieis was the Clmich of England. It was also 
socially influential, especially outside ot New England. "It was the oldest 
religious body in the colonies; its impressive liturgy," we are told, "was read 
at Jamestown seven vears befon- the I'iliriiin^ landed at Plvmouth." 



330 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Next oonies tlie PresLyterians, having, at the date of whicli we are speak- 
'n\<j:, ihvvv liundrcd cliiirclics. Their strciigtii was mostly in the iiii(hlk' states. 
The authority from which Ave draw tliese statistics makes tlie Reformed Dutcli, 
the Lutheran, and German Reformed, to be very nearly e(|ual, having cacli 
about sixty congregations. The Roman Catholics, being the eiglith in the scale 
of numbers, had some twenty-six priests, and \vc hnd that only in Phihidcliihia 
"were their rites publicly cclcbratcHh" 

But to-day the Cathdlic cluirdi, wliich then was ciglitli in ()r(h'r, is the 
fourth; and the jNIcthddist church, which was scarcely worth mentioning at all, 
and which did not indeed assume to be a distinct church, depending on the 
Church of England foi- the sacraments, now stands at the head of the list, and, 
taking the entire Methodism of the land, exceeds even the Baptists by more 
than a million of members. 

The I'ichest church in the United States is the Methodist Episcopal, next 
comes the Roman Catholic, tlien the Presbyterian, next the Baptist, and then 
the Protestant Episcopal and the Congregational. We have over twenty-one 
thousand church edifices, and are building a])out two to each secular day of 
the year, liaving neai'ly twice as many as the Baptists, and about three times 
as many as any other. Nearly the same ratio holds in churcli sittings. The 
writer fi'om whom I quoted a moment ago says, "The most extraordinary 
increase of ecclesiastical wealth is seen with the Methodists and Roman 
Catholics, because a centuiy ago they had al)solutely nothing." The conjunc- 
tion of these two names is signiticant, as Romanists feel that our church 
antagonizes them more than any other. In luunbers and wealth we ha\'e not 
fallen behind. Ihey are gaining advantages in cities, for there the\' mass 
almost all their strength. There are some lessons in the execution of ])lans 
which we might learn from them. 

The causes of the success of these twH) bodies ai'e quite unlike. Romanism 
has transferi'ed a considerable portion of Ireland to our shores, and has sent 
her adherents in large numbers from many othei- jiarts of Euiope. It has been 
a growth from immigration. They lia\c made no progress here in the propa- 
gation of tlu'ir faith, but rather have they lost largel}' of the young through 
the iulluence of our public schools, the spirit of American society, and the 
intense and enlightened type of our ci\ ili/.ation. The Methodist church has 
grown through the heart conversion of tlie people, the power being spiritual, 
and the agent the Holy Ghost. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 331 

1:1:1, 1(;l(i,\ KSSKNllAI, I'D TllK KMSTK.NCK IIF TIIK STAli:. 

^^V here desire to .say that a state without reli<iioii.s convictions in the 
niiiHls of the subjects must speedily perish ; and the more rationally potent 
tiiese convictions are the fii'mer the foundations of tlie state. Chi-istianity is of 
incalculable sei'vice to our republican institutions ; there is no factor in society 
so vital to the stability xif the iroverniiieiit as the gospel of our Lord Jesus 
Christ. But to grant any chuicli [xilitical franchises would be an infringement 
of the very theory of our govei'ument, and dangerous to our liberties. Either 
to ta.\ religion for the sup))<)rt of the state, or the state for the support of 
religion, would be the iutnxluction of evils of vast magnitude, and a trampling 
upon rights. The state is a political organism for political ends — the church 
a divine institution existing for religious purposes. Their functions are 
widely different. 

Sl'IIUT OK CATIIOLICIS.M. 

Religion we have said is essential to the existence of the state, and the 
2)rogress of the churches in this land is a most gratifying fact. The census 
shows us that their strength has been increasing at a nioie rapid rate than the 
population of the country. "While the popidation during the century has 
multiplied eleven fold, the cluirches have niulti})lied about thirty-seven fold." 
This fact would create in uur licaits unmixed joy were it not for the spirit 
and attitude of the Romish cliuich. The government may not assume to decide 
which holds the truth. Catholics or i'rotestants. It is only when one or the other 
seeks to usurp political power, or in some way enters the political field, that the 
peo])le in their political capacity are justified in open opposition to their work. 

A conflict of great magnitude has Ijegun. Romanism is the champion of 
tyranny. The corner-stone of her inuuense ecclesiastical structure is mental 
disfranchisement and the slavery of conscience. The church carries in her 
hands the destiny of the member. She binds or looses; she is thought, and 
conscience, and will, to the individual. He may not even engage in the investi- 
gation of truth of his own right. No slave toiling under a remorseless master 
is more completely in bondage. Tliis serfdom extends both to that which is 
political and to that which is religious — it relates to time and to eternity. 
We .speak of it this mornii;g Ijecause she avows her determination to control 
the government. And were she in authority no despotism of the middle ages 
would l>e more tyrannical than hei- aii»itrary rule. 

As Christian people we liave a twofold duty to ])erform — to preserve the land 
from Catholic domination In politic.-il aiVairs, and to save society from the 



332 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



delusions of the pernicious Romish faith. I am convinced that the numerical 
strength of the Papal church is Ly mauy overestimated. There are more com- 
municants in the Methodist church in this country than in the fold of Rome. 
But at the great centers of population her forces are massed, and as these 
centers ai-e more prominent tluin other portions of the land, this false estimate 
is apparently confirmed. But politically and ecclesiastically controlling these 
centers she holds the keys of this great country. This displays shrewdness and 
foresight. And acting as a hody in everything, the Catholics wield immense 
power. No other person on the continent exercises so despotic and dangerous 
a rule as the priest. And hence, if we suffer any of those influences which 
antagonize the Romish church to become feeble or inactive, we are guilty of 
criminal neglect. The church therefore ought to liave more zeal and spiritual 
power, and be ready to make greater sacrifices for the cause of a pure Christianity. 

WHO WILL BK THE PROPHET OF THE FUTURE. 

What will the next century bring forth ? To answer this question requires 
a prophetic vision. God has not opened up the glories or failures of coming 
ages to us. One hundred years will see the population of this land swollen to 
four hundred millions. The government, the states, the cities, the institutions 
of learning, the press, the. Methodist church, the other Pi-otestant churches, the 
Romish church, the wealth, the religion, the civilization, the material and 
spii'itual power will be — * * * let him who is able to paint the picture seize 
the brush and unfold the canvas — we dare not even attempt the outline. 



LESSONS OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION* 

I propose in this discourse to bring together some of the impressions and 
lesions of the great Exhibition, which in the past summer has drawn so many 
thousands of our people away from their homes, and has roused such unwonted 
curiosity, activity, and enthusiasm. I do not suppose that these impressions are 
peculiar to myself, or that the thoughts which I shall offer can have even the 
appearance of originality. They are only such as almost inevitably occur to 
any one who has had, in visits to the exhibition, an open eye and a clear 
mind. In these impressions there has been a wonderful unanimity, and all the 
reports and the letters which we read in the Journals seem only to speak oiu' 
own feeling, and to say just what we have in our own minds to say. When 



*A Sermon preaclierl in Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 1, 1876, in the First Unitarian Church, by 
Charles H. Brisrham, Minister of the Church. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 333 

those wlii> liave visited this great Exhibition confer together concerning their 
observations, they are surprised to find that they agree much more than they 
ditl'ei'; that tlu-ir prfjudices are ad joiirnt-d. High ('Imi'cli, Low Cliiirch, and no 
Church, Kepublicans and Democrats, old and young, men and women, discover 
a happy and une.\))ected harmony of sentiment. I have, therefore, little fear 
of contradiction in what I shall say. 

SUCCESS OF TiiK i:\iiiiiniox. 

The first and the universal impression of the Exhiljitiou is that it has been 
a success — a great success, a vast success, greater than any belief, than any 
prediction. It is larger, finer, more beautiful, more satisfying, more various 
and complete, than any of us had supposed that it could possibly be. It has 
baffled and disappointed all the sceptics in the abundance of its treasure. 
Nobody supposed that such an exhibition on this side of the ocean could rival 
or approach in fullness or in breadth any similar exhibition in the nations of 
the Old AVorld. Yet here is a show which, by the reluctant confession of not 
a few foreigners, and in the joyful certainty of many of oiu- own people who 
have seen the previous exhibitions, surpasses them in many and important 
particulars ; which has a broader area, a more bewildering profusion, a more 
characteristic display of the products of human skill and industiy, a more truly 
cosmopolitan character, than any international show thus far, and which seems 
likely, in the pooi- pecuniary sense of the word, to be moi-e successful than 
any other. Amazement at the vastness of this grand collection was the first 
and the abiding impression, which does not pass, but is just as strong after 
we have come away as when we were there. No one can justly apply to this 
great Exhibition any epithet of contempt, however he may criticise some mis- 
takes in the arrangement, or point out some defects. It is worthy of the 
nation and worthy of the anniversary. Those who prophesied failure, an 
ambitious effort, with a poor performance, and who said that it would disgrace 
us before the world, have been proved false prophets. It has been the object 
of as genuine a wonder to the ruler of an em[)ire as to the humble citizens of 
a repuljlic. All confess that it has surpassed their expectation and e(|ualed 
their hojx-. 

MOIIAL AS AVKLI. AS .M ATKltl A L KESOURCES. 

Next to this, I think, is the impression given of the resources of our 

own land, the possibilities of the country. The Exhibition has restored some 

of tliat buoyancy of spirit which is the natuial temper of a young nation, and 

removed the despondency which has been weighing so heavily upon our souls, 

43 



334 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

in the pressure of moral and social abuses, and of multiplied commercial disaster. 
We see liow much wealtli tlie land holds in its soil and its mines, and 
what good things its industry can produce. In tlie sight of tliese marvels of 
ingenuity and pains-taking toil, we come to have moi'e faith in the future of 
our land, more assurance that it is a garden of the Lord, for whicli a noble 
fate is i-eserved. We are not ruined yet, noi' shall we be. Man may be 
perverse and ungrateful, but the prospect pleases, and man is not altogether 
vile. This show, in the infinite abundance of its gifts and appliances, seems 
to echo the Psalmist's voice, in the promises of tlie Loi'd to Israel, and we are 
moved to exclaim, "Surely the Lord hath not dealt so with any nation." It is 
not merely the show of crude products, in which no moral quality appears, 
but the show oi patient, conscientious, exact human labor, the application of 
soul, which makes the ground of confidence. It is the comfortable feeling of 
one who goes through this great display of the contributions of so many 
workmen, of so many trades, in which each have brought their best things, 
and who sees, moreover, these orderly crowds that look on, that the heart of 
the nation is sound; that it has not been enervated by luxury or debased by 
vice ; that it honors beauty and use, and that the nation, with all its losses, 
and all its sins, has what it can need, and enough for its salvation. No 
columns of statistics, no volumes of official reports, can show the wealth of the 
country so distinctly, with such convincing force, as this picturesque ordering 
of the things which it is actually producing for the luxiuies of life and for 
the necessities of life. In this great store of wealth, neither fire nor famine, 
neither the arts of demagogues nor the unfaithfulness of rulers, shall destroy 
the nation. 

PKOGRESS AN UNQUESTIONABLE REALITY. 

And then a third impression is, that progress, of which so much is said, 
is no unmeaning woi-d or l)oast, but an unquestionable reality. We see liere 
the sure evidence that the world is not going backward ; that in constructive 
skill and in the conveniences of life the former days were not better than 
these ; that the children have more than their fathers had, and that this gene- 
ration is an improvement upon tlie last generation, much more uj^on the ancient 
centuries. In spite of the specious pleading of the popular lecturer upon the 
" lost arts ; " in spite of the regrets, sad and sentimental, over the good old 
times which are gone, we see what innumerable changes for the better our age 
has made, and we dismiss the feeling that we have come into the world too 
late, and only feed from the crumbs of the Lord's table. Not only in the 
happy thought which has set in the Exliil)ition old forms by the side of new 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 335 

forms, so that the two may be compared, but where we see only the new 
forms, we note the proi^ress. The arts that are lost ai'e as nothing to the arts 
that liave been gained ; the degeneracv is insignifieant compared with the 
advance. On every side thei'e is progress, in what is done with the hand as 
Avith tlie brain, in ihc pi'cxhict ()t' geiiins as in the prothict of toil. Tlie con- 
trivances that were once marvelous in tlieir cnnning are now antiquated in 
their lieaviness and their ugliness. NN'ho would ])refer the locomotive of forty 
years ago to tlic locomotives now running so smoothly and gracefully on the 
tracks of our present roads ? Tliat grand, engine, plying so noiselessly in the 
Hall of jMachinei-y, as still as the rocking of an infant's cradle, yet quickening 
into life with the power of a thousand giants the myriad wheels and bands 
of all these delicate machines, is a clear rebuke to those who deny our gains, 
or insist that this age is no better than the ages gone. In our constant and 
daily use of tlie products of these im])rovements we are not brought to see 
that they are improvements. The sight of a Jacquard loom at work shows 
tlie gain in the making of the carpets which were fastened to our floors, which 
we never notice while we are trampling upon those carpets. We have become 
so accustomed to conveniences that we never think how much better these are 
than the things which they have superseded. In these last years the antiqua- 
rian spirit has brought from garrets and closets the old furniture, the relics of 
what were once the indispensable utensils of life. How awkward these articles 
now seem ! And how reluctant piety and reverence are to give them any place 
of use! Their worthlessuess l)est a])[»ears M'hen we note the contrast which 
they have with the new things, with the later inventions, with what is l)rought 
as the last production of skill or study. This exhibition teaches that in no 
combination of linuian skill or conti'i\ ance has the end been reached; that the 
finest work of to-daj' may be surpassed by the work of to-morrow ; that there 
may be progress in the most obvious and simple of processes as much as in 
the most complicated — in the art of })!•('] )ai'ing food, as mucli as in weaving, or 
working in iron. The houses which the sevei'al states have built upon the 
exhibition ground, with their comfortable furniture, only show how coarse and 
mean are the New England log cal)in and its apixirtenances, which invited the 
sons of New England to such cheap luxuries. The optimist finds in this Exhi- 
bition a magnificent confirmation of his assertion that the world is improving, 
and even this outcome of better things in the work of meirs hands, of improved 
agriculture, ai-t, and industry, is a pi-oof by analogy of the scientific doctrine of 
evohition. The doctrine of a Paradise lost, of degeneracy and decay, finds no 
help in this display of what man and nature are doing together in this age and 



336 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



in ih\^ land. The wise Solomon never imagined what the hundilest visitor may 
here see and study. Ptolemy Pliiladeljihus, accoi'ding to tlie story, thought 
himself greatly favored in getting seventy wise rabbins to translate for him the 
sacred books of the Ilebi-ew law; but in our Philadelphia thei'e ai'e a thousand 
works of skill beside which the work of those translations, even with the aid 
Avhich they claimed of the Divine Spii'it, is defective and bungling. The 
oriental scholars of to-day understand the sacred volume and interpret it better 
than did the scholars of ancient Egypt. 

W01!I<S PROPERLY -iriKiEI) BY THEIR (iUAlJTY. 

Another lesson which the Exhibition seems to teach is of the equality 
of human employments, and the essential dignity of all. Work in itself is 
honored in the admiration and praise of its product, and all its varieties share 
in the honor. The products of the farm are as respectable as those of the 
factory, or of the studio. The dresser of skins has as large a room for the 
display of his wares, as the painter upon glass, or the manijiulator of the sun- 
light. No occupation is mean, where all are brought so close together, and 
it is so hard to tell in which most worth and ingenuity is shown. The ])arts 
which have iisually poorer fame, have become comely, and are set in prominent 
places. Nay, the coarser fabrics have a better light thrown upon them than 
the gold and Jewels, and you may see as many watcluDg with curious interest 
the machine which cuts little nails from iron l)ands, as the machines which 
make watches. All these products and contrivances seem in their peaceful 
coming together to symbolize the harmony and mutual help of the various 
occupations of men, that the new are not more honoralile tlian the old ; that 
the complicated are not more honorable than the simple. In ordinary social 
life, the teaching is different: there are grades of dignity in the callings of 
men — the husbandman seems to rise in the \vorld when he becomes a trafficker, 
the trafficker when he becomes a lawyer or an artist, a teacher or a j)reacher. 
But in an exhibition like this, the teaching is, that not the kind of the work, 
but the quality of the Avorkmanship makes its real dignity ; that the spiritual 
qualities put into it, and not the material wrought upon, give it title to con- 
sideration and praise. This lesson is taught, indeed, to our people constantly 
in the local fairs and festivals which are held all ovei' the land in this autumn 
season, but it has never been taught so emphatically, or on so large a scale, as 
in this great Exhibition, from which no kind or variety of human service seems 
to have been omitted, in which not even utility seems to be the measui'e, but 
things are shown which seem to have, no particular use, only made to show 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 337 

tlie workiiiairs skill or fancy. Jnst as in Natiii-e, the thing which is snper- 
riiioiis, or seems so, is often tlie most beautiful and i'ascinating — the ferns, 
^\ liii li lic.ir no blossoms, and are not tit foi- food, the bees wliicli make no 
honey, the l>irds which have no song — so in human industry, even what seems 
to liave been an i<llc waste of time extorts praise and ccmipels honor with the 
other fruits of toil, when it bears the niai'ks of thought, of feeling, and of faithful 
IhIkii'. a patcluv()rk bed-(]uilt, made by the patient fingers of a ]»oor wcmian 
in the hospital, takes rank with a finished landscape of Bierstadt, or a piano 
of Chickerlng. Even iusti'umetits of |)aiii and destruction claim due recognition. 
Xo feature of the Exhibition is mt>re conspicuous than the huge cannons, the 
revolving lifles, the torpedoes and the weapons of warfare. These are the 
principal contributions which the national government has made to the show. 
.Vnd no works of nice art are moi'e remarkable than the shining and excpiisite 
dentists' tools, which suggest torture in their glittering steel as much as the 
screws and racks of the incpiisition. The things which have only slight and 
occasional use are as good here as the things which are in general and constant 
use ; the harsh .sound fastens attention as much as the sound of nuisic ; the fog- 
horn is louder than the organ. The measure of judgment is democratic; and 
it is much more spiritual than utilitarian. The arts are all on the same footing. 
They are all useful arts because they minister to hiunan comfoi't and pleasure; 
and they ai'e all fine arts, because their products are finished, nice, and excpiisite. 
'I'liousands of humble artizans, both men and women, who come to the Exhibi- 
tion with sad hearts, perhaps, that the}' were fastened to a low and ignoble 
calling, must have gone home with new coui'age, cheered in the sight of the 
good place given to their occupation, that it was judged and rewaided by the 
same measure and rule that j-eward the work of the painter and the astronomer- 
Even that poor toil and skill Avhich spent itself in making a bust of butter 
gets almost the praise of the work of a sculptor. 

THE KXnilUTIOX AS AX KDICATOU. 

And all the journals have repeated luitil it has become comnion[ilace, 
that this E.xhibition is an immense influence for the education of the people. 
Perhaps too much has been said of this, and probably tlie slight study which 
in a collection so large any have had time to make of particular articles or 
processes has not taught the secret of their construction very thoroughly. But 
even the superficial examination which the.se myriads of visitors have been able 
to make in theii- sauntei-iugs, has given an amount of new ideas and knowledge 
wliich is incalculable, and which years of reading and quiet home life could 



338 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

not give. Aotiiul vision teaches mucli more accurately than books can teach. 
Probably nine-tenths of those who walked in amazement through the seventy 
rooms of the picture gallery saw what was wholly novel to them, the fii'st 
good pictures they had ever seen iu their lives. To nearly as many, the 
machines, though they may have read about them and used their products from 
childhood, were almost as new. Not one of the visitors in all the thousands, 
could say with trut . that he had seen nothing new, had learned nothing, even 
in wandering with listless eye, and in avoiding fatigue by determined neglect. 
The Exhibition has been a magnificent school for the whole land, for the 
intelligent and educated as well as for the common people, a post-graduate 
season for the college graduates, a normal school for the teachers, giving them 
wonderful store for their future work. And one of the most cheering sights 
of the great show was the long files of busy and persistent teachers, scrutin- 
izing, with tablets and pencils in hand, these endless objects of curious study. 
The schools of the land will, more than anything else, get the benefits and 
returns of this national show, which, in what it does for them, Avill be worth 
more than all its cost. And not the least valuable of the materials of the 
show is the contribution of the schools themselves, justifying their claim, and 
proving the quality of their work. Never, in any year of their histoiy, have the 
people of the country learned so much, of so many things, as in this Centennial 
j^ear. Never have we had a means of so diifusiug knowledge, of teaching so 
much directly and in a way which will keep it in memory. Almost all of the 
knowledge which comes in the schools and colleges is lost by the failure of 
memory or in the distraction of new employments and impressions. But the 
things studied in the Exhil)ition experiences will not be so readily lost. They 
will be joined to an epoch in the lives of thousands, and will stand in relief 
out from the recollections of the past. To some they will be the supplement 
of the memories of travel, recalling foreign scenes, as the White Mountains 
recall the Alps and the Appenines, but to many more they will be the sub- 
stitute for such memories, giving to the multitude what has been the privilege 
only of the favored few. The Exhibition has been a true national polytechnic 
school, with all the people for its jiupils. 

A LESSON OF HUMAN BROTHERHOOD. 

And the Exhibition has been a most impressive teacher of the doctrine 
of human brotherhood — a doctrine which, as Christians, we confess with our 
lips, but which our hearts secretly deny. We echo the words of Paul, that 
"God has made of one blood all the .nations of men, to dwell on all the face 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 339 

of the earth;" but we do not believe this heartily. But here we see, side by- 
side, the works of the nations, and of the races of the woi'ld — of the cultivated 
nations not oiilv, but of savage and barl)arous nations and races — and we see 
how well their work compares with our own. It is a surprise to see contribu- 
tions of New Zealand and Fiji along with the contributions of Italy and 
England; of the Negro nations of Afi'ica by the side of the work of Europe 
and .\inerica. We see that all the peoples have something to offer, and some- 
tliiiig that lias use and value and is not contemptible; that good things come 
from the isles of the sea, and i'vom the Pagan idolaters. Our pride of race and 
our conceit of privilege are rel)uked in the evidence that the heathen can bring 
ixifts to the Christian, as much as the Christian to the heathen, and can meet 
and excel us in oui- own work and on our ow'ii ground. No Christian country 
has a more striking show in this grand collection of rare and beautiful work 
than Japan, an emjiire only I'evealed to the world within these last years. We 
learn here that Pagan civilization is not, after all, very different from Christian 
civilization, and that human nature is the same, under whatever sky, with 
whatevei' color of skin, with whatever form of faith or style of wt)rship; that 
the native instincts of men are nuu'h the same, and that the civilized races of 
the world only do more perfectly what the other races do well when they 
apply their souls ; that there is no radical difference in capacity, and that the 
neetls are counnon. In wandering through those great lialls, one feels as much 
at home in the departments of Russia or Austi'alia as of our owm favored land. 
We do not feel any sense of incongruity or discomfort in this close society of 
the races and peoples. The world seems to be larger than we had thought it, 
our human bi'otherliood intinitely vaster. Even comparisons between the work 
of these various races become unpleasant and impertinent. And the perpetual 
question, ''What part of the Exhibition pleased you most?" becomes a vexation, 
so impossil)le is the answer. Where the parts blend so w^ell into a grand 
whole, there is no satisfaction in dissection. The living unity will not bear the 
separation into greater or less, of the eye from the hand, oi' the hand fioni the 
foot. Are they not all of the body 'i I confess that I fotmd it far more 
agreeal)le in the Main Building to sit on the raised platform in the center and 
let mv eve move leisurelv along the grand lines of jjcautiful objects, takimr 
them all together into the survey, than to bend over the special work of this 
oi- that people, with the thouglit of its national peculiarity, that it came horn 
this oi' that region of the earth. Most of those who were upon that platfoi-m 
were there to examine the silver vase made in honor of oui- oldest poet, to trace 
the meaning of its emldematic jtictures, and the nicety of its figures and reliefs. 



;540 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



But it seemed to ine jilniost |)resiimption tliat a thing so significant of national 
pride slionld be set in tliat place of honor and observation. If anything were 
there, it sliould be what would iv})i-esent the whole- — the union of all these 
worhs and parts. 

DAWN OK A MII.LKNM Al. I'KIMoK. 

This E".\liil)ition is called the "Centennial," as it conies in the hundredth 
year of oui- national life, and celebrates oui- anniversary. But it might as well 
be called the " Millennial," as it represents what lias been foi' ages in the world 
imagined as the Millennium — the new reign of Christ upon the earth, the time 
when the nations shall have concord and unity, when they shall help each 
other, shall dwell together, shall forget their strifes, and recognize their broth- 
ei'hood. The Millennium has not yet come, indeed, and it is not likely to come 
for ages yet ; but we may have more faith in its coming, in the sense of the 
joy which we feel in such a sign. It seems to be moi'e a possibility, something 
which is wanted and is longed for, something to anticipate and be glad in. I 
think that many of the visitors here, who had no sym})athy with the crude 
fancies of the millennial intei'preters of Scripture about the circumstances of 
the second advent of Christ, must have felt, in this sign of the mingled souls 
of the nations of the earth, tlnvt the millennial kingdom is more a fact than a 
di-eani, and that by this sign it is at hand. Wars have not ceased, certainly, 
and the implements of war are here along with the instruments of peace, 
terrible in their threat and their contrivance. lint these do not change 
the sentiiniMit of the show, whicdi is a sentiment of peace and fraternity. The 
arts that are here displayed ai'e the arts of production, more than of destruc- 
tion — of brotherly love more than of mutual injury. I saw regiments upon the 
ground, marching to nuisic in martial array; but they were not there for 
fighting — they were there for a holiday. And presently their rauks were 
broken, their arms were stacked, they were mingled with the throng of peaceful 
men and ^vomen, and there was no menace in tlieir uniforms or their weapons. 
I seemed to see not only that vision of the Hebrew pro]>het of streams in the 
desert, and of the humble wayfarer, ccMitident in his path, but that grander 
scene of the first Christian Pentecost, when Parthiaiis, and Medes, and Elam- 
ites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and in Cappadocia, in 
Pt)ntas and Asia, Phrygia and Paraphylla, in Egypt and the parts of Lybia 
about Cyrene, and strangei's of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians, 
were all ania>2ed because they had a common heart, and were found under- 
standing each other and speaking in a common tongue. The eyes of all 
understood what tliis gathering of works ami peo])les really said: ''We are 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 341 

liietlireu; God liatli made us so. We need one another. We cannot dwell 
apart. We are coniinon lieirs of the Great Kingdom." 

iMri;i;ssi<).\> sim\iai;ii.y si'atkd. 

ThesQ are the impressions wliicli cainc to nic in (lie days wliicii I was 
])rivileged to spend at this great national and iiitt'i-iiutioiial Kxliiliition ; not all 
the impressions, by any means, but tlie impi-essions -which most positively 
remain. T Inive seen other e.vhibitions in \vhich single things were as l)eautif(d, 
as extpiisitely wrought, as ingenious, as striking, as anything which 1 saw liei'e. 
But I have seen no dis])lay, in Europe or in America, which taught the same 
lessons, or had such stinndus and cheer for the soul. A friend who was with me 
at the Kxliibition said, as we were sitting togethei' in the great Machinery Hall, 
and watcliing the luige engine in its function, "This ought to give you sermons 
for a wliole year." I could oidy answer, "It gives me a psalm now, which will 
be worth more than all the sermons." If David had lived to see thi.s, what a 
new song it would ha\-e given to him of the glory^ of God and the worth of 
man, of the goodness of the Lord in His manifold mercies, and His wonderful 
works by the children of men ! I low he would have sung of all things under 
the dominion of man, "all sheep and oxen, yea, and all the beasts of the field, 
the fowl of the air, the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passeth through the 
])aths of the seas." How grandly his full strain of the dignity of man would 
fit to the [)i-aise of the nation to the Lord for His protection and deliverance. 
" Blessed the people that hear this joyful sound. God hath not dealt so with 
any nation ! " I heard that song in the deep notes of the great organ as they 
were played to show its combinations and beauties, and it seemed to me that 
the jilayer, too, uuist hear them. And in the swelling of the heart which so 
many nuist have felt in pacing these long avenues, and looking upon this world, 
of l^eautiful tilings, there was the unconscious movement of a jjsalm of praise 
to God, who lias led us so far, and thanksgiving, that we see the signs of His 
favor. We liave come through tlie evil times which liave tried our souls, but 
now we remember the covenant with the fathers, which God will not break. 
The seed of David shall endure forever, and His throne shall be established as 
the moon and the sun. 
44 



342 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



THE ('ENTENARY OF 3IISSI0NS.* 

Amid the many prophecies and promises relating to the extension of the 
cause and kingdom of God among the nations and peoples of this earth, I do 
not know of any more pointed and comprehensive than the text. It declares 
that God's name shall be great among the Gentiles and among the heathen, 
from one limit t)f the earth to the other ; and that the incense of gratitude, 
and love, and praise, from hearts purified by the spirit and love of God, shall 
go up to Him from all lands, and kindreds, and tongues. Such is the prophecy, 
and now what are the prospects, the means and evidences tliat it is being or 
sliall be fulfilled? 

THE COMMAND TO PREACH THE GOSPEL. 

This directs attention to other predictions of Scripture of the same import — 
to the commission and command of Christ concerning the discipling of all 
nations, to the condition of nations M'ithout the gospel, and to the missionary 
work that has been and is being done in the line of the fulfillment of the 
prophecy of the text.f 

In the line of these and many other similar prophecies Christ's commission 
and command was and is, " Go ye into all the world and preach the gosj)el to 
every creature," and the condition of the nations of the earth shows the need 
of the fulfillment of this commission. Should not the whole church of Christ 
be aroused to put forth an arm here and an ai'ui there to I'escue some of the 
multitudes daily sinking clown, and to stay the onward flow of the mighty 
current of death and destruction. 

Men talk about secular education and the development of natural faculties 
and powers as that which can regenerate, and elevate, and purify man ; about 
natural religion and native instincts. But what has natural religion done to 
enlighten, to elevate and bless mankind ? Her footsteps may be traced in all 
lands in numerous barbarous rites and in all forms of idolatry, from the feath- 



*Tlie discourse, of which an abstract is given herewith, was prepared by Rev. John P. Scott, pastor of 
the United Presbyterian Church, of Detroit, and delivered to his congregation May 7, 1876. It was subse- 
quently repeated, by request, before the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Cliurch, at Philadelphia, 
May 28. Text, Malachi, i: It: "From the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the .same, my 
name shall be great among the Gentiles, and in every place incense shall be offered unto my name, and a 
pure offering for my name shall be great among the heathen, saith the Lord of Hosts." 

f Psalms, ii: 8: "Ask of me, and I .shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost 
parts of the earth for thy possession." P.salms, xxii: 27: "All tlie ends of the earth shall remember and 
turn unto the Lord." Ilabakuk, ii: 14: "For the earth shall be tilled with the knowledge of the glory of 
the Lord." 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 343 

ered gods of tlie South Sea, and the mis-shapen logs of Afi'ica, to the 33,000 
gods of India, of all manner oi form and material. This is natural religion 
(letilcd bv men's c-ori-uptions and passions. 

Tlie tendency ()f all nationalities without the light of the gospel is to deeper 
and ])laoker crimes. In Palestine, Egypt and portions of Asia Minor, where 
tilt' liulit of divine ti-utli once slioiu' hrightl}', l)ut where it was rejected and, 
as far as possible, banislu'd. the j)eoj)le have relapsed into a state of semi- 
barharism and heatlienisni, until those native churches, which claim to be 
Christian, and are spoken of as oriental cliurches, are such a mixture of 
ignorance, erroi-, superstition and idolatry, that in many of them you find it 
difficult to discover any traces of Christian principle, uuich less of Christian 
practice. 

Though a missionary spirit and missionary labors have never entirely ceased 
since the day when the small chui'ch at Antiocli, in Syria, sent Paul and 
Barnabas on the first mission to the heathen, yet after the first tvyo and a-half 
centuries little was really accomplished until the present ceutur}'. For centuries 
vital Christianity was at a very low ebb ; the true church never wholly ceased 
to exist, but, driven from her ancient homes, and j)ersecuted wherever she 
sought to obtain a home, she almost ceased to be known as such. The world 
has never known a nobler example of steadfastness of faith and endurance of 
hardships and sufferings for Christ and His truth, than the history of the 
Waldenses. 

But though true Christianity was apparently driven into the shade and 
almost lost amid the jargon of human opinions, and superstition, and idol- 
worship, yet she began to emei'ge from the dai-kness, and to send foi'th her 
rays of light with a new energy and power, at the reformation of the sixteenth 
century, and continued to do so during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 

( o\i\ii:xtKMEXT AND PHOtJitEss OF :missionai;v woi:k. 

But it was not until about the beginning of the pi'esent century that she 
took on her missionary spirit and engaged vigorously in aggressive work on 
the powers of darkness. And the progress of mission woi-k has been onward 
ever since, breaking down one barrier after another, at home and abroad, until 
for very shame, if no higher motive, no denomination dare claim a place in the 
great brotherhood of Christians without her mission work; and until the 
onward tide of Christian civilization has compelled nation after nation to permit 
and })rotect the gospel missionary, and to allow the free circulation of the Bible. 

At the clo.se of the tenth century the Scriptures were to be found in twenty 



344 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

different languages. Scarcely anything was done to give the Bible to the people 
from the tenth century to the sixteenth. During the sixteenth, seventeenth and 
eighteenth centuries considerable progress was made in this work. During the 
last one hundred years one hundred and thirty vei'sions have been made in 
languages spoken over a vast })art of the earth. In all, the Bible is to-day 
translated into about two hundred and fifty languages or dialects, and this 
largely the result of the labors of missionaries. We do not know the exact 
number of languages spoken by the human race ; the number has been vai-iously 
estimated. The lowest estimate places the number at three hundred, so that, 
notwithstanding all that has been done, the Bible must yet be translated into at 
least fifty languages or dialects before all people can read it in their own tongue. 

As to the results of missionary labors, it is found by actual computation 
that there are more conversions to Christianity from heathenism, in proportion 
to the number of laborers engaged and the money expended, than there are in 
this country or the British Isles. It costs more, man by man, to save a soul 
in Philadel])hia, New York, or Chicago, than it does in Egypt, India, China, or 
in almost any other foreign missionary field. 

This some of you will not be prepared to accept, but I believe it is true, 
and you will be the more disposed to accept it as such when you consider this 
one fact — that the interest on the money expended in some chiu-ch buildings 
in our large cities, and in the support of an attractive and showy form of 
worship, would support at least thirty missionaries in foreign fields, and the 
membership of one of these churches, involving a pecuniary expense equal to 
the siipport of thirty missionaries, may not at any one time exceed from four 
to five hundred. 

As to mission work, the Moravians may be said to have been the pioneers 
of the missionary efforts that have so largely characterized the present century. 
They organized for definite mission work as early as 1738, and sent two 
missionaries to Greenland ; soon afterwards to the Indians in North America 
and to South America, to the island of St. Thomas, to Lapland, to West 
Africa, Labrador, and various other places; but it was not until near 1800 that 
they entered upon the mission vvoi'k with a spirit of self-sacrifice and self- 
consecration which has made their work the wonder of the world. The Baptist 
Missionary Society was organized in the year 1792; the London Missionary 
Society in the year 1795, and the Netherland Missionary Society in the year 
1797. All other missionary societies have been organized and all other missionary 
work undertaken within the last seventy-six years. 

It was not until 1810 that the first missionary organization was formed in 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 345 

America — the American Board of Comraissioners for Foreign Missions. So that 
i-eally the great niissioiiarv work of the Cliristian era, except tlie short period 
during and subsequent to tlie Apostolic age, has been performed witliin the 
past seventy-five to eiglity yeai's; and considering the number of laliorers 
emph)yed, the nituiey e.\[)eiided, and the dithcidties to be encountered, the 
lesults are really wonderful. 

Any one will see at a single glance that you cannot measure the missionary 
success of the last one hundi'ed years by the nund)ers actuallj' brought into 
the fold of Christ, for there has i)een a vast work done in the way of clearing 
away obstructions and hindrances, and much seed-sowing which only yields 
fruit in the second and third generations; and a very large portion of the time 
of missionaries has been spent in getting ready for work; but notwithstanding 
all these things, the actual result in numbers has been great. The gospel has 
shown itself suited to regenerate individuals, and to change the whole face of 
society. Our own V)lessed ju'ivileges are in evidence of this fact — our social, 
civil and political privileges as a nation are fruits of the gos])el. It is only a 
few centuries ago since our ancestors were just as deejdy siudv in ignorance 
and superstition as heathen nations now are. 

These things were not an original inheritance, nor did they come as a result 
of any kind of educational development from within, nor from any contact with 
Roman or Greek civilization from without, independent of religious light and 
knowledge. Without the gospel man has always retrograded, never advanced. 
The evolution theory of Darwin, Huxley, Tyndall and others is historically 
false. The state of society now in a large part of Europe, and which we enjoy 
in this country, compared \\ith the condition of onr ancestors ten, twelve or 
fifteen centuries ago, is not and cannot be ascribed by any careful and intelli- 
gent student of liistory to anything but the power of the gospel of Christ, 
regenerating individuals, pervading the whole state of society, and effecting the 
most thoi-ough and radical changes. 

CIIRISTIANrrY ADAPTED TO ALL ItACES. 

Christianity has shown its adaptation to all races of hiunan beings and to 
all nationalities. It has shown its power wherever it has gone. The North 
Amei'ican Indians have resisted every merely human instrumentality to civilize 
them — from the most extreme measures of cruelty and exercise of compulsion, 
to the peace negotiations of Quaker honesty atid love. These wild men of the 
forest, who have resisted every other influence, have in many instances been 
chaiiged, and lost their savage state, solely through the power of the gospel. 



."Ud MlClIUiAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Ill isci' the I>;u'(>t;ih Indians, as ci'iicl and savage a tribe as ever roamed 
(lie finest, I'csdlxcd to cxlcrnilnatc all (lie white settlers within their reaeh. 
^\ war followed, in which L',000 prisoners were taken; .">(><) df these were tried 
and sentenced to death. President Lincoln interfered in behalf of a majority 
of these, and they were set at liliei'ty. Missionaries soon obtained access to the 
tiilie, and in three years fjOO iiad professed their faitli in Christ, and gave evi- 
ilence of gennine convi'ision. 'J'lie nnndx'r lias greatly increased since that time. 

The inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands, and of the South Sea Islands, 
were, at the beginning of the present century, in a wild, savage state. Tliey 
were cannibals of the lowest order, and lielicvcd by main to be utterly hope- 
less. Ibit through till' power of the gospel they have been elevated and 
blessed, until they have become an industrious, oiiler-K)ving and peaceful peojtle. 
They have scdiools, churches, and orderly society — they have Chi'istian life ami 
Christian power. Missionaries began their labors in the Sandwich Islands in 
liS'-Hl. In just fifty years from that time the islands had ceased to be missionary 
ground, the peojile having become so thoroughly imbued with the spirit and 
power of Christianity as to have si'lf-sup|iortiiig churches, generally, over the 
Islands, and nati\e pastors, and being jirepared themselves to engage in 
missionary work elsewdiere. Besides inaiiitaiiiing their own churches, they have 
sent out and maint.iined fifteen missionaries in other islands. 

In IS'Jf) the iiilial)itants of the Hawaiian Islands lived more like \\\U\ 
animals than hiimaii beings; now a large niimber are Christians, and some of 
these, through the educational system which always accom[)aiiies Christianity, 
show a culture that will compare favorably with the educated in any laiuL 
The largest church membership of any Christian church in the world is in 
llilo, on the Island of Hawaii, the commiinicaiits iiiinibering nearly r),ObO. 

In 177<> there was not a single civilized man in all Polynesia, and down to 
181(» there was not a native Christian. The first convert reported by the 
Wesleyan Missionary Society was in 1825, and in ten years from that time over 
1,000 were repoi'ted. Since that time, missions in Polynesia ha\e hail remarkable 
success. In many of the Islands of Polynesia more than onedialf the })opulation 
regularly attend church on the Sabbath. In 280 islands of Eastern and 
Southern Polynesia, idolati}', which in its grossest forms was once practiced, 
has disappeared entirely, and the church membership in these 2S0 islands is 
over four thousand. 

At the beginning of this century the Fiji Islands contained a population 
of 180,000, all cannibals. No etVort was made to Christianize them until the 
year 1835, when the Wesleyan missionaries entered the held. According to a 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 347 



iiiissi(>ii;iiT report iiiiide in 1874, tlici-<' were over 2r),()(H» chiiicli luenilx-i's in 
full cnmriiuiiion, !• H'> iiiitivc prcaclicrs, and 4;"), 000 cliildivii under iiistiuctidu in 
the seliools. 

In the yeai- ITTd the Island of .Madai:as(ar conlaiiicd a population of about 
tlii'ee and onchalf millions. In ISls, under the London Missionary Society, 
missionary work was conunenced. The missionai'ies were at first welcomed by 
the rulers; but on the death of Kinu' Ka(haina, in 1S2S, a series of persecutions 
bei^'an, which dro\c every missionary from the Island, ami the native converts 
were exjtosed to all mannei- of ci'uellies. 'I'hcy were tortured, stoned, hung, 
and burned to death. In the ten years durim;' which missionary labor was 
allowed pivvious to the persecution, there wei'e only about fifty converts; yet, 
in the face of the most cruel persecutions and deaths, the nund)er increased, 
and as converts were put to death othei's came out an<l avowed theii' faith, 
tnitil aliout L*,r)0() had snil'ered maiiyrdom; and ai the close of tln^ fierce perse- 
cution in is.-).'], it was believetl that at least 4,000 more stood ready to die for 
their faith. The ]iersecution was wholly stoj)ped in lS(n, and Christianity 
again welcomed, and now there are over 2,000 native ])reachers and Evangelists, 
and 50,00(1 mend)ers of Christian chui-clies. Trufy, in Madagascar, has the 
blood of the martyrs proved to be the seed of the chuirh. In the islands of 
the Indian Ai<hIp(dago, missionary labor has been alik(^ ci-owned with success. 
On the western coast of Africa thei'e are 125 I'egularly oiganized churches, with 
18,(tO() members. In Sieri'a Leone and Liberia much has been accomplished. 
In South Africa, end)racing a population of at least two millions, thei'e are 
over 500 foreign and native missionaries, with many native helpers, and a 
church meinbeiship of 42,000, and as many children and youths under instruc- 
tion in the scliools. Missionary work has been a success amongst the lowest 
tribes of all countries, and if it can save, and elevate, and bless such, what 
will it not do for nations and j)eoples who occupy a comparatively higher 
position in the scale of civilization, such as the inhaliitants of Egypt, Palestine, 
Syria, Asia Minor, Turks, (iiveks, Russians, Ilinchxis, Chinese, and Japanese? 

Ii\nr,\, CIII.NA, ,\N1) .I.M'.W. 

At the beginning of the present century the two hunch'ed and iil'ty millions 
of India seemed to be forever sealed against gospel ti'uth and light. What 
religious li^ht may have Ijeen there jjassed thi-oiigh various phases down to the 
year 1793, which may be said to have been the beginning of missionary work 
proper in that land, and little was I'eally accom])lished until after the year 
1825. In 1850 there were over 100,((00 native Christians in all India. In 



348 . MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



1870 tlie number was believed to be over 200,000, and the actual church 
membership was about 80,000, and the increase since tliat time has been equally 
as rapid. These numbers seem large, but they are a mere speck among the 
millions of India. Seventy years ago China was virtually barred against the 
gospel. The first Protestant missionary effort was by the London Missionary 
Society, in 1807, and the first American missionary effort was by the Amei'ican 
Seamen's Friend Society, in 1829. Since that time missionary work has been 
carried on with vigor and success. 

There are now over 100 ordained missionaries, with a larger number of 
female helpers, and about 400 native Chinese preachers. The actual chiu'ch 
membership is about 12,000. Missions have been established in forty walled 
cities and 360 towns and villages, and the time seems rapidly approaching for 
the four hundred and twenty millions of China to hear the gospel and to be 
pointed to a living Saviour. Japan is one of the very latest countries opened 
to missionary efforts. Eleven missionary societies have already entered the 
field with fifty ordained missionaries. 

ECiTPT, AFRICA, AND ASIA 3I1X01!. 

In Egy[:)t, though the converts are not numbered by the thousands, yet 
much has been done in proportion to the laborers employed and the money 
expended. As in other fields of a similar kind, the first generation is usually 
largely a time of seed-sowing. A richer har\'est ^vill soon be reaped. Through 
the direct missionary laboi's and the schools, the learning process is going on 
rapidly, and the land of Moses and Joseph, and the Pharaohs, will ere long be 
a center of Christian light and life, sending her influence far south in Africa, 
to meet the Chi'istian rays coming from the southern, eastern and western shores, 
when Africa, benighted, degraded Africa, shall be presented as a Christian 
continent. 

To me one of the most interesting groups of nationalities for missionary 
labor to be found anywhere, is that group around the shores of the Mediter- 
ranean sea — Egypt on the south, Palestine and Syria on the east, and Asia 
Minor on the north. In this circuit, churches in this country and in Europe 
are laboring vigorously; substantially the same methods of labor are employed — 
schools, colleges, churches, Bible reading, and personal appeal. For the train- 
ing of native pastors and teachers, there are in that group of nationalities six 
theological seminaries : one at Osiout, in Egypt ; one at Beirut, in Syria ; three 
in Turkey, at Marsavan, at Marath, and Harpoot, and not far east of the 
Mediterranean ; one in Pei'sia, at Unuwijah. Tlie number of schools connected 



CENTENNIAL ORATION;^ AND SERMONS. 349 



with these missions is abunt 4on, with not less than 15,000 pupils. There 
are several female seminaries of a high oi'der in Syria, Turkey, and Asia Minor, 
and two I'olli-gvs propel', one at Constantin(>])lc and one at I^eirut, Syria. 

OENKItAL SIMMAUV. 

I have tried to give you a genei'al idea of the mission field and of the 
mission work done by the various churches and missionary societies during the 
century, and only going into detail in i-egard to a few of the mission fields, 
and some that .seemed the least hopeful. As a result of Christian missions, 
there are in the aggi-egate, outside Christendom, 4,(»00 centers of Christian 
work, 81,000 missionaries and laborers, ()00,000 converts, and 700,000 children 
in Christian schools. The piinciple of Chi-istian missions is the spread of the 
gospel among all the nations of the earth. Christ's commission and command 
was and is: "Go ye into all the woi'ld and preach the gospel to every 
creature." 

In view, then, of wliat is being done at home and abroad, in almost every 
land, does it not look as if the prophecy of the text Avas being, year by year, 
gloriously fulfilled. "From the rising of the sun even unto the going down of 
the same, fi-om the farthest east to the farthest west, from one limit of the 
earth to the other, my name shall be great among the Gentiles, among all 
nations, kindreds and tribes, and in every place incense shall be offered unto 
my name and a pure ofi'ering, for my name shall be gi-eat among the Gentiles, 
saith the Lord of Hosts." Let us resolve to have a more active part in this 
great work, which blesses others and blesses ourselves. Let us resolve that as 
a church and as individuals we will perform our part in that mighty host that 
is moving on to victory and gloiy. Let us resolve that our money, our prayei-s 
and our effoi-ts — that we and all that we have — shall be ready for any opening 
that God may present, and though much has been done, let us remember that 
millions upon millions are yet in great darkness and heathen degradation. The 
world is to be converted to God, and in the light of actual results, it is per- 
fectly clear that the gospel of Jesus Christ is the power of God unto the 
salvation of every one that believeth. 
45 



350 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



THE FAB AMOUNT ALLEGIANCE. 

Note. — Rev. Ur. Alfred Owen, pa-stor of the Liifayette Avenue Baptist C'huicli, Detroit, preached a 
sermon July 2, 1870, with special reference to the Centennial, and the duties of citizenship, his text being, 
Psalms, T8: 7: "That they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God, but keep His 
commandments" The discourse commences by saying: "We have here a reason why the history of Israel 
was written and constantly repealed. The way God had led them, the laws he had enacted, the seasons of 
prosperity and adversity, great lessons and hard, were memorials of the Divine Justice and authority which 
no man might safely forget. Prom these things they were to learn that there is no help for a nation but in 
God, and no safety hut in keeping His commandments. When men or nations turn from Him and forget 
Him, they lose their strong support and fall into manifold troubles. This was especially true of the Jews, 
who were a chosen people selected to preserve the truth they received from God, and to prepare the world 
for the coming of His Son." Succeeding passages trace a similarity between this and the Jewish nation, as 
being specially an object of God's care; and treat also of the causes leading to the early settlement of the 
country, to the national growth and development, and to religious influences pervading society and influencing 
governmental progress. Similar thoughts run more or less through the preceding pages of this chapter, and 
it is to avoid repetition that the first part of the discourse is thus briefly summarized. Starting from the 
premises, Dr. Owen's conclusions are given entire. 

THE NATION AND ITS BLE.SSING.S. 

In the growth of this nation we may see the hand of God as plainly as 
they could who in David's time looked back to review the history of the 
chosen people. All who believe in God should keep this histoiy prominent 
for the reason given in the Psalm, "that they might set their hope in God and 
not forget the works of God, but keep His commandments." A nation exists 
by the will of God. A man does not exist for the sake of the nation, but 
the nation for every man who inherits its blessings and privileges. We have 
reason to be grateful for our inheritance, and gratefully to acknowledge God 
in the personal good that comes to every one of us through the traditions and 
spirit of our national life. But we should prize most that which is best in it. 
The best things in our nation are not its vast territory, nor its almost limitless 
resources, nor its growing population, but its freedom, rather, and the religious 
life, which has grown with its growth, and, weak as it sometimes appears to 
be, exerts a power greater than in any other nation in the world. The glory 
of our inheritance is a living Christian faith, inwrought into the family, the 
laws, the schools, and exercising a powerful control over the government. 

ELEMENTS OF N.WIONAL GKEATNESS. 

We make a great mistake when we regard a nation as great solely because 
of its teiritory and material i-esources. Judea was little if any larger than 
New Hampshire, just a little point on the great surface of the world. Yet 
deeds were done there whose memory will live forever ; laws put in force that 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 351 

man can never repeal ; thoughts wrouo;lit into life for the instruction of all 
ijenerations of men; songs written tliat tlie lioly will sing with gladness while 
cai'thlv voices l)IeiHl in nielddy, and wliicli may rind a jdace in Heaven; 
in'opliets inspii'ed, wliose utterances are the hope and joy of the \\(>rld ; the 
Kedeenier given, whose glories are as bright in Heaven as here on the earth. 
What otiier nation ever left such a I'ecord ;■ Not China noi- India, nor even 
Impei-ial Konie, could eiiual in ]H'i-nianent power little .ludca. Greece was a 
small country, populateil liy divided tribes, yet statesmen and philosophers lived 
and wioiiglit there to w liom tlic world will ever listen and find instruction in 
what they did. Holland is a little country, but it stood as a barrier to papal 
oppression and intolerance, and saved modern Kurope from being chained to 
Rome. England is small teiTitorially, but its moral power is very gi'eat. 

A country is great not in proportion to its e.xtent, or numbers, or resources, 
but in proportion rather to its power to diffuse intelligence, to maintain civil 
and religious liberty, and to pivserve its ])eople from degradation. It- is great 
wlieu it .shows [)o\vei' to develop I'eal men, and especially when it can accept 
and hear those who are sent. Rome never was so weak as when she held the 
empire of the world and all tlie nations \vere tributary, for her best and 
truest were under the ban of the ambitious and the dissolute. Even then a 
Cicero Avas possible, and a Cato, late products of the earlier vii-tues that were 
disappearing. But they were overwhelmed in the flood they could not stay, 
and so Rome got ready for the bai'barian. When Judea sunuued u[) the long 
catalogue of her crimes in the rejection of the Lord, then the houi- of her 
doom came on. 

In this respect our country has shown some of the elements of greatness. 
It has ever produced genuine men. Those who laid the foundation of the 
national life were the best productions of the old world. They who presided 
over the destinies of the colonies from \\hi(di tlu; nation was born, were excep- 
tional men, and yet they represented well tlie peo})le who called them together. 
Even in our own <lays, while corruption is prevailing, and many hearts are 
an.\ii>us, the false are brdnded, and the virtue of the people does not fail. 
From this land have gone forth missionaries to the heatlien as worthy of 
remembrance as any who have gone out to such work since the days of the 
apostles. Everywhere ai-e found men toiling patiently for God and righteousness, 
and the gospel holds men with ever increasing power. A people that can 
produce men of exceptional vii-tue is itself e.\cepti(uial. The virtues that 
become conspicuous are the manifestations of the virtues that are lowly, and 
nnich out of sight. Despite all corruptions, all betrayals of trust, all dishonor 



352 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

in liigh places, all tlie sorrowful tilings of the last few yeai's, I believe the 
people are sound at heart, and loyal to righteousness, and that a brighter day 
is coming. Not yet does the future look dark to me, or gro\v great with 
sorrow. God is among this people yet, leading them with His own right hand. 

THE ELEMENTS 01" lUGIIT GROWTH AKE HERE. 

There is universal recognition of human rights. There is a pi-evailing and 
aggressive life in the churches. They grow and multiply, and out of the world 
men and women are being gathered into the fold of Christ. It is not a small 
proportion of this people who believe that a righteous Lord rides in Heaven 
and earth, and that godliness is profitable for all things. It is not a small 
part of this people who see growing up in the earth the eternal kingdom of 
the heavens, and with dim and often vague, yet real aspirations, are pressing 
on to gaiii a part in it. 

Of course, I see much that i*^ foreboding. The millennium is not begun yet 
in any part of the world. There are dark places. There are ruined lives. 
" The whole creation groaneth and travaileth togethei'," and the groaning Avill 
not cease till the sons of God are manifested. In every nation the good and 
the bad are mingled. The tares and the wheat gi'ow together. It has ever 
been so. The most bitter traitors to David came from his own house. The 
betrayer of the Saviour was one of his own company. AVhile sin is in the 
world things cannot all be bright and glad. The good is in conflict with the 
evil, and lights and shadows are commingled on every picture. All these 
hopeful things are only relative. The real happy land is farther on, and only 
faith's vision can discover .it dim and distant. When we see great" things 
gained, and the possibility of greater good yet to be achieved, we must bear 
in mind that all earthly gain is relative. The absolute and changeless good 
appears only in the kingdom of God. Comparing our condition with that of 
other peoples and other times, we have reason to thank God and take courage. 

SUBORDINATION OF EARTHLY KINGDOMS. 

All kingdoms in this world exist with a certain relation to the kingdom of 
Christ. If in their main result they aid its progress, they remain. If they 
hinder it, they pass away. It may not gratify national pride to think of our- 
selves as subordinate to another kingdom, but it is really so. The world itself 
endures for the sake of that kingdom. The stars are set in the bright heavens, 
and the wheels of time roll on for the sake of Jesus the King and the people 
He redeems. To build up that kingdom and to people it from the present 
world, is now the work wi'ought out ^vith patience and power by the Infinite 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 353 

God, and He gives Himself to this with all His resouices, as once He gave Him- 
self to the work of (M-eaticii. 

A Christian's patriotism is tlierefoi-e always relative, always snljordiuate. 
We owe certain dnties to the land of onr birth, which surrounds us with care, 
wliicli defends our lives and possessions, and wliicli brings us the means of 
culture. We ought therefore to stand as its defense against those who would 
desti'oy it, and to labor for its progress in knowledge and vii'tue. But our 
suitrenic allegiance is to the Lord above us, an<l what we do for men we do 
out of love for Him, and the desii'e to advance His kingdom, and give florY 
to His name. No disciple feels as though the Avorld is lost because a nation 
perishes. All nations have their duration, and all kingdoms, save only one. 
So long as we have a citizenship in that, nothing good can really be lost. 

IIIK HUE CONSEUVATOKS OK THE XATION. 

AVe shall Hud, then, that those things that really serve the kingdom of 
Christ are the true conservators of the nation, and the nation will survive 
longest, and be the greatest and happiest, in which the kingdom of the Lord 
has most power. The real source of the nation's strength and permanence is 
to be found in His church. The true rulers of men are not those who sit in 
high places and receive the honor, but mothers ^vho teach their children 
righteousness, teachers who unfold the eternal wisdom, churches where the 
Lord's spii-it answers to His word, and human lives are refreshed, and heavenly 
vii'tues nurtured. The food we eat grows not on the mountains, but in the 
valleys. The harvests are not watered by the water-spout, but by the gently 
falling shower. These influences fiom Heaven, dropping like the lain and dis- 
tilling noiselessly like the dew, really form and conti'ol the thoughts of men, 
and produce the best growth. Every home' Avhere Christ is honored is a center 
of powei-. Every church, every little Sabbath school, the hymns of praise, the 
broken prayer, all help to bring the eternal kingdom of God and the passing 
life of man together, and to establish the relation of fellowship an<l love that 
shall be eternal. 

THE I'lJOVIDEXCE OV GOD VISTHI^E IX XmS NATION. 

While, therefore, we call to mind the dark and weary time which brought 
our freedom, and rejoice in our heritage, we should do so mostly because we 
can trace the peculiar providence of (rod therein, and His purpose to build up 
through this nation the kingdom of His Son. And we should, each one of us, 
be grateful if in the humblest sphere, or in the lowliest task, we are permitted 
to toil for that Loid whose influence on earthly affairs is ever beneficent, and 
whose eternal kingdom will be eternal joy to those who inherit it. 



354 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



PROG BESS THE LESSOX OF THE CENTURY* 

EccLESiASTES, 7: 10: " Say not thou — What is the cause that the former days were lielter than these, for 
thou dost not in(|uire wisely coneernins tliis." 

The government of God is not a tyranny, or an accident. Thei'efore the 
world under His administration is growing better, and not worse. The croakers, 
who tell us constantly how much better the good old times were than the 
present, are not wise — first, because they are mistaken in theory, and then 
because they misintei'pret the facts. Their theory is mostly that of the 
millenariaus, who claim thtit the world is l)Oun(l to gi-ow worse and worse 
till Christ comes to set up his personal reign. But it is dishonorable to God 
to say that He cannot, on His present plan of government, bring the world 
over to Himself. 

VALTE OF REPUBLICAN (iOVEKN.MENT PROVEN. 

This first century of our history has proved the value of a re^iublicaii form 
of government. The experiment has never really been made befoi'e, or any 
where else than in our own land. In Greece the slaves, of the same white 
race with their masters, were three or four times as numerous as the free 
population. In Rome they were fully equal. If a master chose to cut up his 
slave and thi'ow him into his ponds to improve the flavor of his fish, there 
was no help for it. x\ud then, in respect to her free population, Rome was 
never anything better than an odious and turbulent aristocracy. The Dutch 
republic was a most unmanageable specimen of the same. So far, Mexico and 
the South American republics are only anarchies, and not governments. 
Switzerland is the only country, besides our own, that has ever really been a 
true democracy. But she is so small, so hemmed about by powerful monarchies 
and institutions of the dark ages, so sure to be overrun by foreign armies in 
every great European war, that she cannot be said to be a successful experiment. 

Our own slavery is no olijection to these views. For it was not an out- 
growth of our system, but rather of English aristocracy. Virginia, where it 
began, was settled mainly by two sorts of men. First the j^ounger needy sons 
of noblemen and great families, and broken-down adventurers, too proud to 
work. The other were the sweepings of Jails, and almshouses, and London 
streets, were sold into the colony often as slaves, for limited terms, and were 

* Abstract of a Centennial discourse delivered in the Congregational Church at the village of Hudson, 
by the pastor, Rev. T. G. Colton, Sunday, .July i, 1870. 



CENTENNIAL OKATION8 AND 8ERM0NS. 355 

too lazy to work, if they could help it. Captain John Smith, celebrated in 
their colonial iiisti>r\, was (•oniju'licil ti> drive them out into the fields to work 
to keep the settlement fi'om starving. When the slaves were brought into 
James River, in 1020, all classes were delighted. 

No other government but ours could ever liaxc tlirowii off the iucultus of 
this sy.stem, or have gone through with the deadly conflict of the slaveholders' 
war, safely. Our Republic, like a ]»yramidal form of building, has the widest 
and strongest possible basis for stability. Of tivc ]iun(hc(l thousand emigrants 
to this country, Wra. H. Seward used to say not one but that would be glad 
to overthi-ow the government of tlie country from which he came. Of all our 
millions of citizens not one wished to change ours. 

JIAXHOOD, AN'I> KKSPECT FOI! JIAN. 

< )ur history during this period has shown an increase, I'atlier than an 
abatement, of real maidiood among our 2)eople. The war showed that we had 
heroes in every neighborhood among otir boys, where we had little suspected 
it. Before that, we thought that the manly endurance of the revolutionary 
heroes had died out from among us, and that our soft and effeminate habits 
had taken all courage and manhood out of us. What a glorious refutation of 
this gloomy impression did the State of Iowa furnish, when she sent seventy 
tliousand — one out of every ten of the inhabitants — to the war! English 
and French public men refused to believe it, for they said no nation had ever 
done it — not even Napoleon by his merciless conscriptions, when he Avas in 
the Jieight of his power. But most of our men, and all those of Iowa, did 
not wait to be drafted — they volunteered. In our revolutionary war, in seven 
years, we sent only one in twenty of tiic inhabitants. In • France they have 
never gone higher than one in twenty-five. 

It has been fashionable to tell how pure and jialiiotic our fathers were in 
the good old times. A nearer ac(iuaintaiice witii their history shows that there 
was a vast amount of party spirit in those days, and very mean jealousies and 
inti'igues against \\'ashington, so as greatly to imperil his position and that of 
the army under him. So indifferent were the people that the army nearly 
starved to death in their winter quarters. AVhen the Constitution was foi-med, 
by the laboi-s of such men a.s Washington and Fi'aidvlin, the people wei'e so 
inditVerent about it that it was nearly a year before a (|Uoium of states adopted 
it, and three years Ijefore all the thirteen agreed to it. And yet they knew 
that without it we should never pay our wai- debt, and that we were running 
imminent risk of di-iftiiiir into eivil war. 



356 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

About the commencement of this century party spirit ran fearfully high, 
resulting' in many nuii'ders and duels. It has never been worse in these latter 
days. JVIueh is said about the gigantic rings and briberies of our day. Our 
fathers did not fall into these practices for lack of tiaining and opportunity. 
They had no canal and railroad rings, for we had no canals and railroads out 
of which they could be made. " Corners " could not be made in coal and iron, 
and flour and gold, because trade was not so developed as to make it possible. 
And they had not " oui- own correspondent," oi* a myi'iad-eyed press to spy out 
and })ul)lish all the sins of our public men. Now, both political parties are 
com}>elled to put pure men upon their tickets, because the people demand 
reform. There has never been a time when stainless purity in candidates for 
oifice was so much demanded by popular sentiment. 

There has been a great advancement during the century, in the estimate of 
man for \vhat he is in himself. Manhood has risen in the public estimation, 
and not the accidental trappings which surround him. The King of England 
could not now, as he did a centuiy ago, buy up ten thousand soldiers from 
the petty Gerraan pi-inces, for his wars, while the masters pocketed the money 
and they did the fighting. No people in Europe would now suffer it. No 
king or duke in Europe could now. Just to please his mistress, shoot a peasant 
that she might have the pleasure to see him fall. ]\Ian has become too 
valuable now for all that. Once all Europe was somewhat in the condition 
of the Fellahs of Egypt, who are compelled to work on the Khedive's land 
without a cent of pay and find theij- own provisions, and if they resist, are 
bastinadoed till they yield. 

EXPENSIVENESS OF WAR. 

War is a trade which is rapidly getting too expensive to follow. Bayonets 
are beginning to think, and that is dangerous for the aristocracies, who, on 
one side or the other, or both, are always the provoking cause of wai'. When 
it costs three hundred dollars to explode a shell, and the iron-clads average 
two million dollars in cost, the people ^vill soon see that this trade of war 
has gone far enough. 

A BETTER LTrERATURE. 

Literature has made very great advancement during this time. Theological 
writings in those early times, and the political writings of Franklin, Jeft'ei'son, 
Paine, Hamilton, Madison and Jay, have never been excelled in any age or 
nation, but the poetry was usually execrable — mere prose measured oft' in feet 
and ornamented ^vitll I'hyme. Now, in every village newspapei', you will see 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 357 

poetry every week, better than the best in the authors of those days. Some 
of our popular hynnis are bad poetiy, l>ut tlu-y are >>() sanctified and glorified 
by the sweet luiisie to wliieh they are sung, that we lose sight of the tame 
and tasteless style of the vei'se. 

BENEVOLKNT AND l!Kl-OK>r ATtHtY MKASl'ltES. 

The centuiy under review has produced nearly all the great benevolent 
institutions and reform movements of tiie day. The city of London alone is 
the seat of more than two hundred benevolent societies. Especially the. 
temjiei'ance reform is the product of this century. We have seen that the 
people can be trusted to overthrow the rum-maker's and the rum-seller's trade. 
What they have done is a guarantee of what they \vill — that that monsti-ous 
excrescence iqion the face of our civilization, the haunt where drunkards are 
made, w'lW in time be cut out and cast away from us. 

THK WORLD ,M0ItE KEI.KUOUS. 

Lastly, the people of this country, and the world, are inoi'e religious now 
than at the lieginning of the century. "What is the cause," says some moui-nful 
voice, " why there are so many less that go to church than tliere used to be in 
old times!" "No cause at all," saj"s Mr. Gladden, "for the simple reason that 
it is not true." Statistics show us that there was then one. church for every 
seven hundred inhabitants. Now there is one for every five hnndi'ed, and they 
will average a good deal larger in size. The supply always shows what the 
demand is. Religion is now more a thiug of principle and benevolence, and 
less of form and routine. The same old docti'ines are still preached. They 
always must be, just as we still breathe the same air that Adam did. But the 
forms of expressing truth are different. Calvinism is as much preached as ever, 
because in its essential elements it is God's everlasting truth. But the old 
cast-iron forms, in which it was expressed, we thankfully say have passed away 
forever. Let us be thankful that we live in a world where God is always 
making all things new, and that the new is always better than the old. 
46 



358 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



FRESBYTEIUANS IN THE REVOLUTION* 

On sucli a day as tliis, and with tlioiiglits tliat file like a mighty procession 
past the mind, the limits of a single discourse, or a single hour, fill one with 
despair. My relief shall be in the selection of a single topic: Presbyterians in 
the Revolution ; their influence and their acts at that eventful and all-important 
period of our country's history. Not to dwell upon this would be to do 
injustice to the memory of great and good men, at once the fathers of our 
country and of the glorious church whose name we bear. 

PRESBYTEP.IANISM AJIOX(; THE EARLY EMIGRANTS. 

Presbyterians had much to do with the settlement of this country. Many 
do not know how large an eleuient the Pui'itanism of New England had within 
itself. It is estimated that about 22,200 emigrants arrived in New England 
before 1640. Cotton Mather tells us that previous to that same year, 4,000 
Presbyterians had arriv^ed. Dr. Charles Hodge, in his Constitutional History 
of the Presbyterian Church, when speaking of the union between Congrega- 
tionalists and Presbyterians in London, says: "The same union had subsisted 
between the two denominations for many decades of years, that is, almost fi-om 
the first settlement of the country. Of the two thousand Presbyterian ministers 
cast out of the Church of England by the act of uniformity, a considerable 
number found a i-efuge in New England." Dr. Dales, of the United Presby- 
terian Church, in his discourse at the tri-centenary celebration of Presbyterianism, 
at Philadelphia, in 1862, says: "The Puritans of England were, long after 
their rise, unquestionably largely Presbyterian. Robinson distinctly affirmed 
that his church at Leyden, the mother church of the Plymouth Colony, was of 
the same government as the Protestant Church of France, which was Pi-esby- 
terian. Fourteen years before the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in New 
England, Brewster was chosen an elder by the congregation, and when, neaily 
ten years after, he was chosen to be an assistant of Robinson, he declined to 
administer the sacraments expressly on the ground that the ruling elder's office, 
which he held, did not entitle him to do that which he believed belonged to 
the minister or teaching elder. With this office and with these views, Brewster 
came to this country in the Mayflower, with the Plymouth Colony, and thus 



*Oii Sunday morning, July 3, Rev. Wm. Aikman, Pastor of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, 
Detroit, gave at that church a Centennial discourse upon the important part taken by Presbyterians in the 
Revolution. The portion here given is from an abstract published in the " Detroit Tribune." 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. ^59 

lie li('l|H'(l to I'oriii tlic I'lymoutli cliuivli. 'riiciRH'fni-ward, for a loui;- pt'iiod, 
the carlx rliurclics oF Salciii, Cliarlcslowii, Hostoii, and olsewliciv, had ndiii<^ 
elders, while in 1()4(> and ItiSd, all the ministers and one elder from each 
chiurli met at Caml)i-idy:e in synod, and li) a distinet act I'ecognized tlie Presby- 
terian form of elnuvh liovernment. They went so far as to adopt the confession 
of faith of the Westminstei' Assend)ly." From this we may infei- that tlie 
sturdy patriotism of New England liad mueh of P]'es])yterianism in it. 

The French Protestant Church was Calvinistic and Presbyterian. Tlie 
massacre of St. Bartholomew and the i-e vocation of the edict of Nantes drove 
500,000 ui the best men and women that France ever knew from the land. 
Toi'tni-e and death compelled them to Hee, some to England, some to the ('ape 
of Good Hope, and many to America. Some of these Huguenots went to New 
England. Faneuil Hall, in Poston, that cradle of liberty, was built and given 
to the city by the son of a Huguenot, and bears his name. Others of them 
went to New Yoik. The larger jwirtion of them went to South Carolina. We 
shall see how this Pi-esbyterianism bore fruits of patriotic toil, suffering and 
heroic deeds when the great revolutionary struggle came on. "When," says 
Bancroft, "the treaty of Paris for the independence of our country was framing, 
the grandson of a Huguenot exerted a pt)werful influence in stretching the 
boundaries of the State to the Mississippi." And he well adds: "The childj-en 
of the Calvinists of France have reason to respect the memory of their ancestoi's." 

AVhat men of might Dutch Presbyteriauism gave to our country ! The first 
settlement of Maidiattan Island, in lii'2o, was made by thirty families fi'om the 
Belgian provinces. In 1(328 a clergyman came, an elder was cliosen,-and- the 
Lord's supper administei-ed to fifty pei'sons. Under the pi-otection of the city 
of Amsterdam, a body of Waldensian Presl)yterians emigrated to New Nether- 
lands, afterwai'd New York. French Huguenots were so uumei'ous at one time 
tliat ])ublic documents were issued in Fi'ench as well as in Dutch and English, 
and the name of New Rochelle tells of the old Kochelle from which some of 
them had fled. 

Scotch-Irish Presbytei'ianism was a large elcMuent in the early settlement of 
our country, and the communicants who fled fi'om intoleiance in the old countiy 
found i-esting places in South Carolina, in New England, and tVom New Jeisey 
to Georgia. In Pennsylvania they peo]iled many counties, in Virginia they 
went up the Shenandoah, and in the beautifid uphiuds of North Carolina. 
Their training in Ireland had kept the spirit of liberty and the readiness to 
resist unjust ti-eatment as fresh in their hearts as though they had just been 
listening to the preaching of Knox, or musing over the political creed of the 
Westminster Assembly 



-'HUl MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



A^' nirOUTANT KI.F'MKXT TX TIIK rtKVOT.T. 

l\'(>lil(' w lio had ruinc to lliis ruuiitrv w itli such anlfccdt'uls ualui'allv inade 
tlu'ir piiwcr fell w lien the o|i]ii'c'ssi(Ui of tlieii' inotluT country lieuau to manifest 
itst'lf. Wo tiiul that Pivsbyti'riaus wore aiuoug the foremost to ivsist. So far 
Avas this the oasi-, it was uiulorstood that to be a Proslntei'ian was to be in 
o]>]iosition to Britisli rule. One monarcliist, areordin^' to Iliidgo, "as early as 
17(14, aseribed the revoU and revohition mainly to the action of the Prosbyte- 
I'ian I'lergy and laity." Another wrote: "Believe me, sir, the Presbyterians 
have been tlie ehief and ]irinei]ial instrunicuts in all these tlaming measures, 
and I hey always ilo, and evei' will, aet against government from that restless, 
and turbulent, and anti-monareliieal spirit which lias always distinguished them 
evt'ryw heic wlieic they had. or l>y any means would, assume power, however 
illegally." 

Colonel Harre, in ;i speech in Parliament, styled the Americans "Sons of 
T-iberty." The c<ilouists adopted the title, and formed associations all over the 
land under it. It became a widespread and very jtowerful organization. So 
prominent were Presbyterians known to be in these organizations that the two 
terms, " Sons of Liberty" and " Presbyteri.-uis" came to be almost synonymous. 
In New York these " Sons of Liberty '' were styled by the royali.sts " tlie 
Presbyterian Junta." Dr. Gillette, in his history of the Presbyterian Cliurch, 
says: "To the privations and cruelties of the war the Presbyterians were 
pre-eminently exposed. Their Presbyterianism was prima facie evidence of 
guilt. A house that had a large Bible and David's psalms in metre was 
suppo.sed, as a matter of course, to be tenanted by ivbels." ^^'illiam H. Eeed, 
an Episcojialian of Philadelphia, wrote: "A Presbyterian royalist was a thing 
unheai'd of. The debt vi gratitude which independent Aiuerica owes to the 
dissenting clergy and laity can never be paid." Panci'oft, the historian, states, 
in as many word.s, that "the tirst voice raised for independence in America 
came from Presbyterians" — refen-ing to the celebrated Mecklenburg declaration. 

rilE 02sLY JIINISTKR IN THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 

Rev. Dr. Witherspoou, president of the College of New Jersey, and a 
Presbyterian minister, was the only clergyman who sat in the Continental 
Congress. He made an eloquent and forcible speech ujton the adoption of the 
ever-memorable bill, and is called by Bancroft "as high a Son of Liberty as any 
in America." Tlie great soul of \\'asliington was often made sorrowful at the 
disti'ust and unjust reproaclu's of some of the foremost men in Congress. But 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 361 

wlicn such piiro patriots as Samiiol and John Adams were distrusting and 
censiii'iiig liiiii, and he was bcarini;' with incckncss and dignity tlieir reproaches, 
Witherspix.n was always on the side of the Father of his Country. Wasliingtou 
couhl alw.-ivs look to liini for sympatliy and support. 

iMi.ri;N( !■; i\ riii; ioi;m.\tio.\ ok tiik (iovKi:\MK\T. 

This \ icw of Prcsliytt-rian intlucncc in the Revolution \vould be incomplete 
if it failed to speak of its relation to the formation of our government. The 
aflinity between Presbyterian and re])ublican forms of government has been 
always recognized. Presbytcrianism is founded on representation. Representa- 
tion is its fundanifiital idea. With such men as Witherspoon in the national 
counsels, and with such hosts of men whose lives had been passed in a Presby- 
teriau atniosphei'e, it is not wondei'ful that the great Presbyterian principle of 
representation passed into the form of government of these United States. 
"While speaking of his own chui-ch, and giving a prominent position to it, Dr. 
Aikman did not seek to throw otlier denoniiiuitions into the shadow. Wash- 
iu'^'Ion himself was an Kpisco])alian. Alth(»ugh (Ik; ^Methodists at that time 
were very small as a denomination in the country, yet Wesley had spoken 
words of commendation of the course ])Ui-sued by the colonists, and had 
a]ipeale<l to Lord North to bring alxiut a cessation of hostilities. The Baptist 
denomination, moreover, w'ere among the pioneers of civil and religious liberty. 
Yet Presbyterians have every reason to chei'isli an honorable pride in their 
own church and denomination. In all lands and in all times it has stood out 
for the freedom of churidi and state, and may its good work ever continue to 
increase ! 

!!/(,' //TEOUSNESS EXALTETII A NATION* 

The discourse compares the first century of the i-e])ublic to a biidge, the 
first aljutraent of which was laid hy the adoption of the Declaration in 1776, 
amid turbulence and strife, the second being (completed in peace in 1876. 
After enumerating the various steps in pi-omulgating the Declaration, it is 
stated that on the ninth of July the commander-in-chief of the American forces, 
General Washington, issued a general order, requiring it to be read at the head 
of each l)rigade <»f the army. The order sets forth: "This important event 
will serve as a fresh incentive to every officer and soldier to act with fidelity 

•Abstract of a Centennial dittcmirse preached at Coldwatcr, Sunday, .July 2, 1870, by Rev. .1. Gordon 
.lone.s. Text, Proverbs: xiv: :14. 



362 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

and emirate, as knowing that now tlie peace and prosperity of his country 
depend, under (xod, solely on the success of our anus; and that he is now in 
tlie service of a state possessed of sufficient power to leward his merit, and 
advance him to the higliest honors of a free country."* 

Several kinds of righteousness tliat should exalt a nation are enumerated, 
namely: 1, The Rigliteousness of Truth; 2, The Rigliteousness of Liberty; 
3, The Righteousness of Intelligence; 4, The Righteousness of Worsliip. 

VUK i!UiUTi';orsNEss OF ritrni. 

Truth is the oiiginal living germ — the character of God in the character of 
man. Inhering in it and growing out of it, as the plants and trees of Pai'adise 
were rooted in and s})rang from the virgin soil of Eden, are and have been 
Integrity, Freedom, Right. The Righteousness of Truth, in every epoch of 
history, has been the parent, the life, of every nation th.-it has done honor to 
mankind. It actuated Moses in leading the Israelites out of bondage, and it 
actuated the Anglo-Saxons in their I'esistance to oppression. The Righteous- 
ness of Truth was confided to the Pilgrim Fathers. As the messenger of the 
northern eoutpierors said to the head of the tottering Roman state, " Prepare a 
palace tV)r //i;/ lord and M// loi'd," so God, in exemplifying the Righteousness 
of Truth, had said : Prepare a palace full of Liberty, and Right, and Honor, to 
every man, and every tribe of men, long o[)pressed, held in bondage, and 
trampled under foot. 

Tin: KIOUTEOCSNESS OK J.IHEUTY. 

The Righteousness of Truth in the heart and soul of man makes itself 
known, speaks, and sometimes breaks forth, loud, majestic, terrible, through the 
Righteousness of Liberty : libei'ty of thought, libeity of s^^eech, liberty of citi- 
zenship, and liberty of conscience. These form the cardinal points of Human 
Freedom. In the remoter ages liberty was a thing practically unknown, but in 
the course of time a new id a was forced upon the human conscience — the 
idea that liberty could make no concessions, form no alliances, agree to no 
compromises. This spirit s[)oke through W'illi.-im of Orange, and through the 
men of 1770. And we are witnesses to-day, at this end of the great bridge of 
a hundred years, that it took the world six thousand years to coucenti-ate the 
four cardinal pi>ints of human freedom in one nation, recpiiring for its fruition 
a new land and a new people. 

*Irving's Life of Washington, 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 363 

TIIK KKillTKOUSNESS OK INTI-:i,LI(JKNCK 

Libei'ty can iievei- live without knowledge. As the i-ain-drops unite to i'oi'iu 
the rills, and these the river, so have the elements of intelligence, rooted far 
hack ill the jiast, converged at this time and this age to foi'ni the great stream 
of intelligence that is its peculiar glory. liKjuiry beams out from every eye; 
restless thirst for knowledge pervades every spii'it; independence of thought, 
independence of mind, ind('|)eiidence of judgment, making every man a king 
and every woman a cjueen. The world never beheld such a scene before, 
wliich seems to have been kept in reserve for the great nations of this latter 
day. Rome fell because of the ignorance of her masses, but no such calamity 
can befall a nation possessing independence, together with the nation's nurseries, 
the public schools, where knowledge is ft-ee, and where the cliildren of rich 
and poor sit together, side by side, where no priest nor ])(>wer dares enter to 
shut the door nor turn the key. These form the rills which unite in the three 
great tributaries. Free Speech, Free Schools, Free Press. 

■rilK KKillTKOUSNESS OF WcUiSIIIJ'. 

This is something more than the righteousness of conscience. The right- 
eousness of conscience is e.\emj)lified in the faith and suffering of the mai'tyi's. 
The Righteousness of Worshi]) is seen when the soul of man, iintrammeled 
and untaxed, may commune with its Maker at its own free will and in its own 
free way. I believe I am trut; to histoi'v in the affirmation that this I'ight does 
not tliis day exist in any nation under heaven save this. To this fact, more 
than to any other, we owe, as a people, the glory of tliis day. Christianity, 
tree and full, is what has made so rugged, so mighty, so irresistible, the nation's 
manhood. It has been the vigor of its blood, the stronghold of its power. 
\\ hen the nation, one hundred years ago to-day, sevei'ed its alliance with the 
King of England, it was launched into greatness by its alliance with the King 
of Kings. Its fidelity to that King is what has sustained it, enriched it, 
glorified it. 

From this end of the bridge of which I spoke in the begiiniing, resting 
upon the pier planted amid peace and prosperity, we scan over the thankful 
eyes along the wondrous span, and amid the myriads, and the tumults, and the 
struggles; amid the sorrows, and the joys, and the conquests which we behold 
here and there upon it, all the way from 187(5 to 1776, Ave find that the 
nation's e.xaltation has been l)rought aljout b}' the foiii-fold righteousness of 
Truth, Liljerty, Intelligence, and Worship. 



364 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



THE Til AXKSa TYING OF THE PATRIOT* 

Deuteronomy, S: 10: Wlicn thou Irist Ciilen and :irt salistiLMl, tlipn thou shall iiiaisf the Lord Uiy (lod for 
the good hiiid uhicli he hath niveu thee. 

Beloved brethren and slstei's : C)u a certain day, duce in every year, the 
houses of public worsliip, of every possible creed and denomination, become 
crowded with a mtdtitude, assend)led to offer thanks and devotions to the 
Supreme Being — devotions not laitl down in the almanacs or required by the 
rituals of the respective creeds, but yet not less fervently ottered. 

What is it, then, that makes these congregations group together in the 
house of God? What event has inspired their melodious hymns? What makes 
them listeu to sermons and meditations, all testifying of our dependence on 
the abundant gifts of the Almighty and man's important duty of thanking and 
acknowledging divine munificence ? Surely it is not the recommendation of the 
political authorities; it is cei'tainly not that recommendation alone; for if so, 
these prescribed devotions would but little differ from the sacred exercises 
practiced in countries where kings rule, and where their ministers and lieuten- 
ants exact their pleasure through rigid laws and ordinances. 

A COJIJION FEELING OF PATRIOTISM. 

I will tell you at once the difference, and one brief sentence will express 
all that distinguishes the prayers of a subject from the devotions of a free 
citizen. It is a true patriotic feeling which impels and inspii'es all these various 
services ; it is the lofty thought of being the equal member of a great and 
honored body; it is, in one word, the gratitude of a patriot which thrills the 
hearts and crowds the temples. Freedom and adoration — unbounded libei'ty 
as related to the lower, cheerful service and ready homage to the upper 
world — how curiously they seem to complete one anotlier, to crown and to 
limit one another. For freedom, 3*ou must admit, is but too apt to make man 
feel independent even of the divine rule ; fi-eedom has that in it tliat it 
engenders a noble pride which at times may outstep the limits of human 
infirmity, and level the distance between man and his Maker. It is not a 
slanderous enemy; nay, it is an ardent votary of freedom, who makes this 
remark — one who is ever wishful to reconcile her gifts with all the higher 
aspirations of man. Freedom, therefore, seems to require a counterpoise to 

•Sermon delivered on the public Thankss:iving Day, November 30th, 187G, at the Beth -EI Temple, 
Detroit, by Dr. Henry Zirndorf, Minister at tlie Teniple. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 365 



fliwk and etiuibalauee the presumptuous fliglits of our niiiuls; may be that a 
day like this, hallnwcil hy tlic licvotioiis of millions, can serve to re-establish 
the authority of a heavenly i-ei,Mon above us. 

Whilst tlie prayers of bondsmen and menials have always tended to link 
nioiv closely the fetters of bondage, it is different with the petitions and 
jisalnis of a free citizen. Patriotism shai-es them with religion; nol)le citizenship 
reclaims tlicni fi'om the altars of bigotry ; they are and remain dear and sacred 
to tlic s])ii-it of (rue freedom. 

By this thanksgiving festival, I at least can understand nothing else but 
the grace of a patriot, tlie subserviency of a mind chastened in the school of 
liberty under the dominion of the Most Merciful. Let nie, then, tiy to expound 
to you, in the light of our Scri[)tural te.xt, what the thankful devotion of a 
patriot should really inijily. ]\Iy sul)ject naturally divides itself into four parts. 
'To ihaiik in such a sense: (1) in the first jilace presupposes an enjoyment that 
preceded our present grateful ilisiiosition ; ( •_> ) it implies a lively sense of con- 
tentment with the gifts of the Almighty; (;5) to thank, in the' third place, 
means to acknowledge a supreme guidance; and (-1) finally, such gratitude, if 
uttered in a true sense, will at all times serve to link man more closely to the 
society of his fellow-citizens, and to the great union of mankind. 

EX.IOVAIEXT IXDISPENSAHI.E TO TI [ .\ X K I'' TLN KSS. 

Enjoyment is the indispensable condition of thankfulness; it foreruns satis- 
faction, and prepares the human heart for the overflowing sense of gratitude. 
No tie of love and friendship can e.xist without the gentle acceptance of, and 
the sincere enjoyment in, gifts liberally offered, sjiread out foi- an ungrudijed 
fruition. There is really not less kindness and affection evinced in the dispen- 
sation tlian in the i'ecei)tion of graceful munificence. And on the other hand, 
overl>earing pride nevei- exhibits itself more cruelly and offensively than in its 
rigid abstinence from loving donations. The noblest sentiments and the holiest 
institutions are based on this social law of freely accepting the mite of 
brotherly liberality. In friendship, hospitality, sociability, neighborhood, and 
above all, in love, man divests himself of a portion of his inboi-n freedom, and 
consents to be the humble retainer of some lordly dispenser and benefactor to 
whom lie declares himself bound by the sweet vassalage of tenderness. 

However, the most abundant gifts we all hold IVom the hands of our 

llea\enly Dispenser. By these gifts we live and thrive — we partake of them 

in eveiy hoiu- of our existence. B.y the sinijile acceptance we are disehargino- 

a pious duty, and to make our accejitaiice complete, little else is needed but 

47 



366 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



a sincere consciousness of our eminent dependence on His constant benefaction. 
To enjoy fully and ti'uly whatever Divine Goodness pi'ovides for our wants, 
means to acknowledge and realize our continual need and dependence upon the 
cornucopia of His mercy. 

Every season, every condition and avocation of life, can and should l:)i'iug 
us nearer to our fatherly benefactor. Whateve]' we reap of the bee-like 
industry of human faculties, both physical and intellectual ; whatever navigation 
floats to the harbor of a more refined enjoyment; eveiy golden fruit of invention 
and heaven-born art — all, all forms a golden chain of loyalty which fetters and 
prostrates our human pride before the Supreme power. 

Look at the beautiful picture of a I'ich harvest emptying the fields of 
numberless golden sheaves of corn and filling the barns with the inexhaustible 
spoil of the plains ; behold the costly spoliation practiced on mothei-ly nature ; 
glance at the variegated hues of the foliage decking the autumn forest — and 
admit, O man, with the words of oiu' text, "We all have enjoyed until we 
rested satisfied." 

Gifts of such extent and preciousness should indeed not be set aside for 
solitary fruition. The enjoyment of a patriot is a public and common enjoy- 
ment. By placing our acceptance before the eyes of Our fellow-men, we, as it 
were, place ourselves willingly under the control of some soi't of republican 
inspection. We admit by this method of partaking, that we do not wish for 
any exclusive enjoyment, but join in the prevailing custom that infuses a spirit 
of cordial unity through the whole social body. 

There was in ancient times a renowned and gallant republic ruled by the 
stern discipline of simplicity and abstinence — a republic whose citizens were 
required to sit down for their meals at a common table and forbidden to enjoy 
themselves in the retirement of their private houses. Now, such regulation 
would be a little too narrow and coercive for the complicated state of modern 
society; but mentally and virtually let us, like brave Spartans, still sit together 
at an imaginary public table, and fancy our enjoyments still being placed under 
the watchful eye of the great human republic. And since it is this rule of 
pure and harmless enjoyment which ccmnects man with his fellow ci-eature, and 
brings good and warm-hearted people into mutual and beneficial contact, let 
us not forget that it is the duty of an enlightened Isi-aelite not to turn away 
as a stranger from the table of common rejoicing, but to associate himself with 
the pleasures and recreations of the great community, so long as they are 
offered at the festival board of human sympathy and concord. A fellow-sufferer 
makes us always suppose a fellow-euj-oyer, and where there is no concurrence 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 367 



ill jov, a sincere condolence in sadness is in vain to be looked for. Tlie times 
are happily past and gone when the Jew stood as an outsider hehiiid the bars 
of free society, and scarcely throiiuh casual chinks and crevices in the wall 
(hired to behold a civic repast from which he was excluded through bigoted 
and senseless laws. Eveiy mitigation of stern religious formalism which tends 
to diminish the distance between the Jewish and the Gentile world, and to place 
the Israelite nwirc prominently at the table of society — I do not mean so 
much for the jjurpose of eating as for the partaking of sound mental and 
moral noiirislimeat — is hallowed and dear to the tolerant spirit of Judaism. 
Vca. let him rejoice with the joyous, and study to be satisfied. 

COXTENTSIEXr ALSO INSPIRES THANKFULNESS. 

Indeed, the sense of satisfaction, the feeling of a contented desire, is the 
second element in the patriotic ride of thanksgiving which our text suggests. 
Contentment stands at an even distance between penurious want, grudging to 
itself even the most a(lmissil)le enjoyment, and from gi'eedy satiety of the 
senses, a greed unworthy of the loftier tiights of our natui'e. "Rest and be 
thankful!" says the populai- adage; yes, rest from fruition, in the happy 
consciousness of your contented sjiirit, and prepare your mind for the liigher 
ct>ndition of a thanks-returning creature. Satisfaction, a mere instinct with the 
animal world, becomes almost an attribute of holiness with the ennobling 
aspirati<nis of tlie human nature. To thank for notliing, that is, to thank 
liefore the sense of contentment has entered our heart and elated our whole 
being — it is a base subterfuge of fawning hypocrisy, and the noble spirit of 
Jewish teaching has nothing to do \vitli it. It is held illegal and improper by 
Jewish I'itual, to pronounce the benediction of the Most Benign without liaving 
first tasted from His nourishing l)read, and drawn from His refreshing cup. 
Such a futile and vain mode of gratitude is denounced as a meaningless, 
frivolous prayer — Beracha lehatahi — and a desecration of the holy name, by the 
fathers of our religious code.* The wanton nature of the act appears to lie 
in the misproportion between lips full of praise and a mind reluctant to the 
acceptance of attainable blessings ; in the conceit of a devotee .Avho means to 
please liis Maker by I'obing Him with senseless eulogy, rather than by thri\ing 
on the gifts of His goodness. 

Neither is it well nor wisp in tlie social republic to abstain from that sense 
of true contentment which, in all human concerns, forms the basis of grateful 

* Bcrachot 33a: Mnimonuk-s, Ililcliot Rornoliot, c. i. 



368 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

disposition. A dissatisfied mind is as little apt to feel tliankful for the 
l)lessings of peace, welfare and good government — as little, I say, as an over- 
contented and over-sated natui'e. Truth and godliness, and social manners and 
civic virtue, after all, seem to dwell equidistant between tlie two extremes of 
discontented abstinence and sated luxury. And not vainly is it said, " Thou 
shalt enjoy and rest contented." 

I'lJAYEliS OF l>ETrriOX AND PRAYERS OF GRA'm'UDE. 

The premises of patriotic gratitude have been expounded ; to partake 
joyfully and to rest contentedly has been shown to be the basis of our moral 
and political pyramid, and as such, I trust, will be generally adopted. Thank- 
fulness is to be the corner-stone of our building; such grace as an unfettered 
mind is ever ready to offer is about now to ci-o\vn our moi-al structure, to form 
the climax of all civic merits and virtues. 

If praying is one of the distinguishing perfections of human nature, who 
will deny that prayers of gratitude are the best, the noblest, the purest of all 
supplications i As for petitions and beseeching requests, who does not pray for 
something ! who does not seek the Lord in his wants ! AVIio, in need , and 
distress, forbears from thro\ving himself on the generosity of the Supreme ? 
And to think of hymns of jji'aise : They are beautiful in their way ; but what, 
after all, can p<ior mortals add to Divine greatness and majesty ! Let the 
infatuated mind be doomed to silence who, by bombastic and cumbrous 
verbiage, essays to elate and uphold tlie Most High, " to Avhom," as the 
Psalmist says, " silence behooves as the fittest eulogy."* There had been indeed 
once such a conceited antl self-contented person, of whom the Talmud relates — 
a public reader of prayei's, \\ho quite wearied his audience with ovei'flowing 
attributes of the Divine greatness, until the presiding teacher bade him to be 
silent, and for heaven's sake not to ofPend sensible ears any further by his 
misplaced quotations. t To thank God, however, will always be considered a 
noble aspiration of the human mind ; a grateful mind will easily keep aloof 
from the aberrations of sanctimonious loquacity. To "thank" the All Merciful — 
Jiodah in Hebrew — is identical with "recognizing," and signifies nothing short 
of acknowledging Him and rendering homage to His greatness. It is the only 
gift which human frailty can offer to the King of Heaven. 

It is a great and edifying aspect to behold an entire and mighty nation 
proclaiming repose and solenm intei-missioii from worldly affairs, assembling in 



* Psalms, Ixv: 2. f Benicliot, 33 b. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND 8EUMON8. <369 

miml)erless temples <'iii<l before countless altai's, ])rostrating themselves before 
the seat of divine glory, and making the air, from the coast of the Atlantic to 
the coast of the Pacific, re-echo with the ivcognitiou of His goodness and mere)'. 
Such nnaniniitv in the prayers of peace, snch concord in the devotions of good. 
\vill, is uiijiaralleled in the countries of serfdom, and only iH>ssible where 
fi'eedom lias redeemed the majesty of liumaii nature. Dcvtttions of such force 
and extent. I might say, cannot fail to be heard, to be graciously accepted. I 
do not mean this in the vulgar sense of heaven-storming bigotry — nay, I Would 
rather, in this sense, individualize and sechide the homag(» of the worsliiper. 
l\nt still, in the co-action and concurrence of large bodies and communities, 
there underlies a certain s])irit of brotherhood and reciprocity, of human dignity 
and organizing strengtli, which guarantees success, and is uiiheld as a jtromoter 
of godliness by the more enlightened ivligious spirit. 

When our rabbis maintained that the jietitions of a community are sure to 
be heanl and fullillcd."' tliey in tiicii' peculiar and synd)olicaI language gave 
vent to an important truth portrayed all through the history of mankind. To 
the earnest majorit\ belongs the power and the success, and whatever an 
enlightened multitude wills and jnirsues, that is sure to come forth and to be 
effected. Now, to will what is good, and righteous, and honest, means to urge 
God on His side — that (iod of truth who necessarily sides with objects of truth 
and sincerity. 

A community immei'sed in grateful feelings for the profuse gifts of provi- 
dential mercy seems to jironounce its o\vn justification, and to bear testimony 
to its own moral Avortli, for whatevei- Supreme goodness dispenses to the mortal 
tends to enhance and cany upward his better nature ; as it is said, " He shall 
receive a blessing from the Lord and righteousness from the God of his 
8alvation."t 

Such blessing to the happy receiver means wealth and real substance, 
unmarred l)y the drosses of bitter remoT-se ; for, as the royal Sage has it, " The 
blessing of the Loid eni-iches, and conveys no st)rrow with it.";}; 

Once more, let us insist on it, whatever constitutes a religious mode of 
gratitude will at all times dignify and adorn the gracious acknowledgment of 
the patriot ami the citizen. 

CAUSES FOi: III.WKKULXESS ON THE P.\I:T OF THK ISi: AKI.II'KS. 

But to thank God in puldic, it is further nuuntained, links man more closely 
to human society, and serves to rec<nicile him with the bond of general broth- 

♦Bcrachot, 6 a., 8 a. t Psa'ms. xxiv: 5. J Proverbs, x: 22. 



370 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

erhood. This is forcibly shown in the words of our text: "When thou hast 
eaten and art satisfied, then thou slialt praise the Lord thy God for the good 
huid wliicli He hatli given thee." Whereto sliall we look for this promised 
land of noble and costly produces ? Surely it is not merely a country of 
earthly abundance, flowing with milk and honey ; it is not a province of merely 
historical significance ; it is not an Eldorado of the 2)ast, immensely distanced 
fjom the channel of our present exei-tious and loving desires. By "the good 
land " I can only denote a Godly land of blessed immunity, of noble freedom, 
of encouraging activity — a laud wherein the citizen ma}^ move his hands at 
liberty — "a domain of vast circumference."* 

Suppose it could be satisfactorily proved to us that the ^ii'omises of divine 
goodness wei'e limited to the land of Palestine: why, it would perhaps be 
much better to blot out these words from our ritual than to repeat them daily 
with a meaningless devotion, .in the fertile plains of a western hemisphere. 
But far from blotting them out, we mean to apply them most forcibly to all 
the advantages which America holds out to our longing spirit. What earthly 
domain, in blessings, both physical and mental, can equal the United States — 
that beloved harbor of freedom for so many millions of the opjiressed and 
persecuted ! In these vast territories which Washington redeemed for human 
dignity and rights, let us recognize a goodly land which God has given to our 
manly laboi'. What America, in its milder and more benignant rule, has done 
for the homeless Israelite and his outlawed creed, from the fli'st day when its 
stripes and stars wei-e unfurled, until this date, it would be impossible to 
compress in a few passing oi-atorical remarks. It was the United States that 
has wiped away tlie word " exile " (galuth) from the pages of Judaism — that has 
erased it out of the vocabulary of Jewish feelings. O, that gloomy phrase of 
the exile (f/alufh), which, like a shadowy cloud, had so long enwrap2)ed the 
Jewish hoi'izou, how juany of you heard it sung at your cradle ! how many 
hopes of infancy it has stifled, how many joys of manhood it has blighted ! 
Now, I do not believe that even our oithodox brethi'en of the most benighted 
and most stringent i-itual ever speak of an exile in conuection with America. 

And permit me, at this juncture, to join my personal gratitude with the 
thanksgiving of the myriads. Little did I dream, at this time of last year, that 
so soon I might become the humble medium of your devotions, and be deemed 
worthy to carry your inspii-ed thanks up to the throne of the Almighty. And 
now I, too, have become a dweller and a sojourner in the blessed land of 

* Genesis, xxxiv: 21. 



CENTENNIAL ORATIONS AND SERMONS. 371 



freedom, and my whole nature is elated by the proud hope of remainin<i- its 
active citi/eii. 

Tlicrt^t'ore let us ;ill jointly thank the Lord for the goodly land of labor 
and of freedom, laboi's crowniuL;' rewai'd. And pray do not miv the gloomy 
antieij)ations of politic'al warfare, tiic ])ic(lietions of endless party spii'it and 
injui'ious dissension, \vi(h the solemn sensation of this happy hour. Pray do 
not believe in tlie evil auguries of so many political soothsayers that forebode 
strife and calamity to this land and to this nation. 

Be suic the sound spirit of freedom can and will discard all the disastrous 
clouds which overhang our present hopes. De])end upon it, the moral resources 
of tliis free homestead will give the final denial to all the false prophets 
conspii-ing against its woi-ld-wide fame. A free and mighty commonwealth like 
this can liear a great deal of dissension and strife, and yet u])hold its gloi'ious 
part in the council of the nations. And, last of all, take it at its worst, T, at 
least, and no doubt all of you with me, would rather suffer b}' the deficiencies 
and shadows of liltei'ty than thrive and fatten by the advantages of servitude. 

Yes, let us thank the Lord, as patriots ought to do, and by such gratitude 
be linked more closely to the goodly land of independence. Amen. 



MODERN SPIIilTUALISM—A CENTJENiVIAL LESSON* 

The rise and growth of modern Spiritualism is one of the signs of the 
times m)teworthy in oui' Centennial. In less than thirty years it has reached 
the four quarters of the globe, and counts illustrious names of noble and true 
men and women among its advocates. In our country its believers are variously 
estimated from a million to four millions. In our State fifty thousand would 
be a moderate estimate, and to this might be added ten-fold that number whose 
hearts have been touched by the subtle sweep of this influx from the supernal 
world. 

THE SI'IIMTI'AL AWAKENING. 

This spiritual awakening is vital and significant. Immoi'tality is an intuition, 
a truth of the soul. The future life is not merely a dream, it is a fact patent 
to the senses as well as to the soul. In an old hymn, in the Hindoo Vedas, 
it is said, "Come, O Great Father! along with fAe q)ii-i(s of 01/ r fathers." Paul 
speaks with triumj)hant faith of the mortal putting on immortality. Here come 
the facts of Spiritualism, old as history, for thei'e was ever the same divine 

•From an address by Giles B. Stebbins, at Detroit, March 31, 1876. 



MlCIIKiAN AM) TIIK ( KNI'KNM A 1>. 



law, but rirluT ami liiuT in llicsc last days. Tlic loNcd ones, "not lost, but 
gone bt'i'orc,"" can and do conit' to us. 'I'lu' niotlu'i's love is uudNing, and slie 
makes lier guardian |>i-esenee known to lier eliild. The golden link is lasting 
and unbi-oken. Through tlu' outwai'd senses we get glimpses of tlie hereafter, 
as in the ai>ostolie days, and the \oice within, which says, "Tlmu slialt never 
die," speaks all the moie (dearly. l-'i'auds are detected, but only as the dust 
in the sunbeam, making the light more palpable, kee]iin>i- tlie jud<iinent and 
reason awake. The sjiirit world is impartial, and pays small lieed to eailhlv 
rank or wealth; the poor in |iurse are rich in sjiirit, .and the favored of eai'th 
are favored of Heaven as well, if lit for such high jU'lNilege. 

In lit time, amidst our absorbing business activities, comes tins awakening 
to the soul's wealth and worth; this i-evival of intuitive etliies and morals; this 
recognition of the lu'auty and supremacy of spiritual law; this ideal (»f man 
as microcosmic in body and s[iirit, related to all the world of matter and mind, 
of time .and eternity. The spiritual idea of the future meets and tills our 
sympathy and atVection, feeds the he.art hunger that yearns for our loved ones, 
and tinds tlu-m near and living in ;i higher life. Teaching- no bibliol.atrv, it 
will make the tr;uistigurati«ni scene and the a])ocalyj>tic visions glow with new 
beauty as signitieant and wondrous \ ct natural fai-ts. It will spiritualize 
science, and recogni/.c intuition and deduction as pioneers in discovery, with 
induction and experiment to verify and ('ontirni. and so complete the now 
fragmentary and imjieifeet pi'ocess. 



~i:i'ai;a ri()N ok ciiiiaii am> siati-: 



A\ e have esiH'cial occasion to connect Spiiitualisni with the Centennial, in 
view of its broad scope and generous spirit, which .accoids with the Amerit'.-m 
idea of liberty of conscietice and separation of church and state. It asks for 
equality of rights, that mutual charity may increase. It would tax the church 
as we do the jioor m.-uTs cottage, and by this simple justice check ecclesiastical 
pride and costly display. It would give no favor to any class or sect in our 
free schools, and would I'cmand Bible reading and all religious exercises to the 
home and the (diurch, \\ hci'c each can use his own methods, with no injustice 
to the conscience of others. It asks the st.ate to .avoid all interference or favor 
touching religious opinions an<l jiraetiees. 

To study the events of the century, seidving any lessons therefrom, .and 
leave out Spiritualism, would be sti'angely unwise. As yet we cannot see its 
full signiticance ; the modern movement is too near, too large and too new, but 
surely it deserves candid .and fair attention. 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 373 



PART IV. 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 



I.— PRELIMINARY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION. 

THE inception of the great Centennial Exhibition rests with Professor J. L. 
Campbell, of Wabash College, Indiana, and secretary of the United States 
Centennial Commission since its organization, who, in December, 1800, wrote to 
lb)ii. Moi-ton McMichael, mayor of Philadelphia, suggesting the holding of an 
intei-national exhibition in 1870, as the most suitable method of observing the 
completion of the first century of Amei'ican national existence, and presented 
many reasons why such Centennial celebration should be held in Philadelphia.* 
Mayor McMichael, in reply, cordially endorsed the proposition in his own 
behalf, a.s well as on the part of many prominent citizens of the city, and 
promised to take measures, at the proper time, to secure its accomplishment. 
In November, 1808, Professor Campbell wrote a second letter to Mayor 
McMichael, urging immediate action, and to this received a reply concurring 
in the opinion that the time had arrived when an active effort should be 
made to carry out the suggestions previously submitted and considered. 

The agitation of the subject was continued in various ways, and on the 
twentieth of January, 1870, John L. Shoemaker, Esq., a member of the Select 
Council of Philadelphia, introduced resolutions, which were unanimously adopted 
in that and in the Comm<jn Branch, endorsing the proposition to hold an 
international exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876. These resolutions were the 
first official act relating to a Centennial celebration. The Legislature of Penn- 
sylvania, and the Franklin In.stitute of Philadelphia, promptly endorsed the 

•Many of the facts here given relating to the early history of the Exhibition, arc stated in condensed 
form in pamphlet pul)lication8 by the Pennsylvania Railroad Companj'. The rhnpter, however, is largely 
compiled from the proceedings of the United States Centennial Commission, for which, and for many other 
favors, the editor is indebted to the sccrelary, Professor Campbell. 
48 



374 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

movement, and .appointed committees to iinite witli the joint committee of City 
Councils in presentins;- a memorial to Congress, showing the design and scope 
of the enterprise, and the importance of its being held nuder the aus[>ices of 
the government oi the United States. 

Tlie memorial of these committees was presented to Congress in January, 
1871, and in accordance tlierewith, Hon. D. J. Morrell, a representative from 
Pennsylvania, and chairman of the House Committee i>n Manufactures, intro- 
duced a bill creating the United States Centennial Commission, which bill was 
enacted into a law on the third of March, 1871. The bill, after reciting the 
premises, provided for the appointment of a Commission, to consist of not moi-e 
than one delegate (or alternate) from each state and territory of the United 
States, whose (\iitj it should be to prejiai'e and superintend the execution of a 
plan for holding the Exhibition, and to iix upon a suitable site within the 
corporate limits of the city of Philadelphia, where the Exhibition should be held ; 
the Commissioners to be appointed within one year from the passage of the 
act, by the President of the United States, on the nominatittn of the governors 
of the states and territories ; the Commission to repoi't to Cougi-ess, at the first 
session after its appointment, a suitable date for oj)ening and for closing the 
Exhibition; a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or dedicating the 
same ; a plan or plans of the buildings ; a complete plan for the reception and 
classification of ai-ticles intended for exhibition; the re(piisite custom house 
regulations for the introduction into this country of the articles from foreign 
countries intended for exhibition ; and such other matters as in their Judgment 
might be important. The act also provided " that whenever the President shall 
be informed by the Govei-nor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has 
been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the 
exclusive control by the Commission of the proposed Exhibition, the President 
shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting 
forth the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place at which it 
will be held ; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of 
all nations copies of the same, together wdth such regulations as may be 
adopted by the* Commissioners, for publication in their respective countries." 

On the third day of July, 1873, the President issued his proclamation, 
announcing the time for the opening of the Exhibition for the nineteenth of 
April, 1876, and the closing on the nineteenth of October. This was snbse- 
quently changed to the tenth of May and November respectively. The 
presidential proclamation adds : " And in the interest of peace, eivilizatitin, 
and domestic and international friendship and intercourse, I commend the 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 375 

celebration and P]xliiI)iti()U to the people of the United States; and in behalf 
of this government and people, I cordially commend them to all nations who 
may be pleased to take part therein." 

A circular note from the Secretary of State to American ministers abroad, 
inviting participation by foreign countries in the Exhibition, was prepared Jul)' 
5, 1873, but its tone of caution in failing to represent the Exhibition as of a 
national character, was not satisfactory to the Centennial Commission, and the 
passage of a further act of Congress, which was approved June 5, 1874, was 
procured, extending an invitation to the governments of other nations to 
paiticipate in the Exhibition " imder the auspices of the government of the 
United States," but with the proviso "that the United States shall not be 
liable, directly or indirectly, for any expenses attending such Exposition, or by 
reason of the same." 

The legislation gave the proposed Exhibition the prestige of a national 
enteqirise, and the Commissioners authorized under it were appointed. The 
Commissioners met in Philadelphia on the fourth of March, 1872, representa- 
tives being present from twenty-six states and territories. Hon. Joseph R. 
Ilawley, of Connecticut, was elected President of the Commission. At a 
subsequent session Hon. A. T. Goshorn was unanimously elected Director- 
General of the Exhibition, and Professor John L. Cain]>bell, of Tndi.ina, jterma- 
nent Secretary. 

In 1872 Congress passed an act, which Avas approved June first of that 
year, creating a fiscal corj)oration entitled the " Centennial Board of Finance," 
the corporators comprising t\\o from each congressional district and four from 
each state and territory at large. The capital stock was limited to §10,000,000, 
in shares of ten dollars each. The stock was largely taken throughout the 
countiy, rather fi-oui patriotic than from speculative motives. The Centennial 
Commission and the Centeiniial Board of Finance were two distinct bodies 
working to a common end, namely, the success of the Exhibition. Generally 
stated, the jn'oviuce of the Board of Finance was to provide ways and means 
for the erection of buildings and defraying necessary expenses, while that of 
the Commission was to supei'intend and govern the exhibition feature of the 
enteiprise. Munici]ial and other corporations were authorized to become sub- 
scribers to the stock of the fiscal corporation, and up to December 15, 1875, 
the city of Philadel[)hia is reported as having subscribed $1,575,000, the State of 
Pennsylvania §1,000,000, the State of New Jersey $100,000, the States of Connec- 
ticut, New Hampshire and Delaware §10,000 each, and the city of Wilmington, 
Delaware, $5,000. It would seem that the large subscriptions of the State of 



376 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia were not paid in full, for the total 
amount }>ai(l in up to April 24, 18V6, from all states and countries, is stated 
at $2,132,140, including from Pennsylvania (presumably state, municipal and 
other subscriptions) $1,613,148.* An appropriation of $1,500,000 was made by 
Congress in the winter of 18V6. Tliese were the principal sources of revenue 
on which the Exhibition was organized. A more particular statement of its 
financial results Avill be found in pages following. 

On the twenty-third of January, 1874, the President of the United States 
made an executive order referring to the Exhibition, and setting forth that "it 
is desirable that from the executive departments of the government of the 
United States, in Avhich there may be articles suitable for the purpose intended, 
there should appear such articles and materials as will, when presented in a 
collective exhibition, illustrate the functions and administrative faculties of the 
government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby 
serve to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the 
wants of the people." The order further directed the formation of a board, to 
be com})osed of one person to be named by the head of each of the executive 
departments, and one person to be named each in behalf of the Smithsonian 
Institution and the Department of Agriculture, to be charged with the pi-epa- 
ration and direction of that feature of the Exhibition. Congress subsequently 
appropriated $505,000 for the purpose of carrying out the object of the order, 
and it was under these auspices that the Government Building and its contents 
became part of the Exhibition. 

The states of the Union made appropriations to aid in the representation 
of their own products at the Exhibition, as follows : 



Massachusetts $50,000 

New York... - 25,000 

Nevada 20,000 

West Virginia 20,000 

Connecticut - 15,000 

Arkansas 15,000 

Ohio - 13,000 

New Jersey 10,000 

New Hampshire 10,000 

Illinois -. 10,000 



Delaware $10,000 

Michigan 7,500 

Arizona 5,000 

Indiana. 5,000 

Kansas 5,000 

Montana '5,000 

Colorado 4,000 

Wisconsin . 3,000 

Oregon 1,000 

Minnesota 500 



By act of Congi'ess of June 18, 1874, articles for exhibition from foreign 
countries were admitted free of duty. 



■ See Report of Executive Committee of Centennial Commission, May, 1876, pages 32 and 66. 



Japan. ' 




Ru.ssia. 


Mexico. 




Spaiu. 


Netherlands. 




Sweden. 


Norway. 




Switzerland. 


OraDge Free 


State. 


Tunis. 


Peru. 




Turkey. 


Portugal. 




Venezuela. 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 377 

The foreign countries reported on the first of July, 187(i, as participating 
in the Exhibition, were: 

Argentine Repul)lic. Denniark. 

Austria and Hungary. Egypt. 

Belgium. Gt. Britain, with Colonies. 

Brazil. France, with Algeria. 

Canada. Germany. 

Chili. Hawaii. 

Ciiiua. Italy. 

The ealenihu' under wliich the Exhihition was conducted was as follows: 

Reception of articles begins . January o, 1876. 

Reception of articles ends April 19, 1876. 

Unoccupied space forfeited - April 26, 1876. 

Exhibition opens.. - - May 10, 1876. 

Exhibition clo.ses - November 10, 1876. 

Goods to be removed by . - — December 'M, 1876. 

SALE OF LIQUORS ON THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS. 



permits for the sale of liquors on the grounds, a number of remonstrances 
against such action were presented at a meeting of the Commission on April 
26, 1876, which were referred to a committee. This committee on the following 
day made a majority report, in which, without discussing the merits of the 
question, they declined to recommend any change, in view of pecuniary rights 
that might be effected by contracts already made with the executive committee. 
A minority report, signed by Mr. Nye, of Maine, and Mr. Spooner, of 
Massachusetts, was presented, in which they quote a law of Pennsylvania, "that 
no intoxicating liquors shall be allowed to be sold within said park" — Fair- 
mount Park, where the Exhibition was held. The report further dwells upon 
tlie legal aspect of the case, and upon its moral feature saj'S : 

In conclusion, we submit a few words upon the moral aspect of the question. Some of us 
have been looking forward for years to the present International Exhibition, trusting that God 
would enable us to set an example in morality and sobriety worthy in every way to be followed 
by all the nations of the earth. Had we banished all that intoxicates from our buildings and 
grounds, we should have accomplished this glorious result. It is not now too late to accomplish 
what is so much desired by the petitioners and millions of the people of this and other lands. 
If illegal concessions have been sold, it is not too late for this Commission to cancel the same, as 
scctiim seven of the act creating this Commission expressly declares that no grant conferring 
rights or privileges of any description connected with the said grounds or buildings, or relating 
to said Exhibition or celebration, shall be made without the consent of the United States Ceuten- 



378 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



nial Commissipn ; and said Commission shall have power to control, change or revoke all such 
grants. It is always safe to do right. It is better to suffer in purse than in purity of character 
and life. The money voted to defray the expenses of this Centennial Exhibition, in part, by 
Congress, makes every person in this land part owner of its property, and in part responsible for 
its results. If this Commission suffers the law of Pennsylvania to be violated by selling intoxi- 
cating liquors in the park, either by ourselves or agents, without protesting against it, each one 
not so doing is guilty, in part, of that violation. We believe, with Senator Morrill, of Maine, 
who, in a speech in the United States Senate a few months since, declared that " this alcoholic 
traffic was the gigantic crime of all crimes. It caused more pauperism and more misei-y than all 
other agencies combined." We propose to take part in no such traffic, or give any encouragement 
to others in so doing. 

The subject was referi-ed to the solicitor of the Commission for his opinion 
upon the legal points presented. The report of that officer was made May 
fourth. It sets forth that the legal inhibition of the sale relates only to 
Fairmount Park, as, by the law of Pennsylvania, any person may engage in 
the general traffic in licpiors by first taking out a license. The solicitor then 
enumerates a number of things that are forbidden to be done within the park 
by the same law that foi4)ids the sale of liquor, but which are done by the 
necessities or convenience of the E.xhibition, and says : 

There being no state legislation, relative to the Centennial, affecting any one of the above- 
recited prohibitory rules, regulations and j)rovisions for the management of the park which may 
not apply to all of them, can we finally arrive at any other conclusion than that they are either 
all in force, or that the whole of the eighteen paragraphs have been abrogated and suspended for 
the time being for the purpose of the Exhibition, so far as relates to the Centennial grounds and 
the management thereof by the Centennial authorities. 

It is held that in the organization of the Commission something in the 
nature of a contract was entered into between the State of Pennsylvania and 
tke government of the United States, as a patron of the enterprise, that the 
Commission should have " exclusive control " of the exhibition. The solicitor 
concludes : 

In reviewing the subject, however, as a question of law (to which alone I understand my 
answer is required), has any one of them to-day any more binding effect than the others, as 
applied to the ground set apart, as aforesaid, to the exclusive temporary use and control of the 
Centennial authorities for the purpose of the Exhibition? That they have not can scarcely be 
questioned ; and if all these intended park regulations are in force on the Centennial grounds, the 
official and formal information to the President of the United States, from the highest officer of 
our commonwealth, that said grounds have been set ajiart for the exclusive control by the Com- 
mission — information given, too, in pursuance of the act of Congress requiring the same, and the 
various acts of our State Legislature recognizing those facts and appropriating a million of dollars 
at one time in aid of the accomplishment of the object for which said exclusive control has been 
given — must be taken for naught, as against a set of rules previously laid down by the Legislature 
for a commission in the management of a local park intended for no other purpose, and which, as 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 379 

a whole, arc not consisteut with nr api)licahl(> to the luros^ary pivparatioii and management of 
the International Exhibition. 

The couclusiou is inevitable, that, nuiler all the cireunistauces, those prohibitory regulations 
for the park, so tar as relates to the Centennial grounds, are suspended for the time being, and 
inoperative whenever they interfere with any of the deelared purposes of the Exhibition. 

The proclamation of the President, to which reference has been made, the subsequent acts of 
Government, and its correspondence with foreign nations, seem to contemplate the arrival of 
visitors and exhibitors to the Exhibition from all parts of the world, and the Centennial authorities 
have the power to judge whether or not suitable places for refreshments, conducted under their 
own rules and regulations, are necessary to promote tlie comfort and convenience of the exhibitors, 
their emjjloyes, the visitors, and the object of the Exhibition. 

If, in making such rules and regulations for the conduct of the Exhibition, the Centennial 
Commission deem the retail sale of the liquors referred to in the contracts for concessions of 
restaurants, caffe, etc., to be necessary and proper, it is not unlawful for the Commission to consent 
to the contracts made by the Board of Finance for such restaurants and caf6s, my opinion being 
that the prohibition contained in the park laws does not apply to those having obtained the 
regular required license from the State and the United States, as well as the consent of the 
Centennial authorities, to make such sales within the Centennial grounds. 

Such, in my opinion, being the law, and the contracts having been made and executed, with 
the consent of the Commission, under the general powers vested in the executive committee, during 
the recess of the Commission, and nec&ssarily having to be made during such recess, on the faith 
thereof the contractors having, in many instances, invested large amounts of money long before 
the Commissiofl again convened, I seriously doubt if, in their present condition, they are within 
the power granted by tlic act of Congress to the Commission to change or revoke. 

The further consideration of the subject was indefinitely i)ostponed, by a 
vote of nineteen to ten. 



THE QUESTION OF OPENING THE EXHIBITION ON SUNDAY. 

At a meeting of the Commission, April 26, 1876, petitions for and against 
the ojjening of tlie gi-ounds on Sunday were presented, and the subject was 
referred to a committee of five members, consisting of Messrs. Sweeney, of 
West Virginia, Williams, of Minnesota, Nelson, of Alabama, Corliss, of Rhode 
Island, and Griffith, of Ohio. 

Ou April twenty-eighth majority and minority reports were submitted, and 
as the subject will have some importance historically, the substance of these 
reports, with the action of the Conmiission, is given : 

MA.IOKITY KEPOUT. 

The special committee to wliich was referred various petitions asking for the opening of the 
Centennial Exhibition on Sun(hiys, and akso the remonstrances against such opening, beg leave to 
report that the question of keeping open International Exhibitions on Sundays seems heretofore 
to have been determined by the prevailing customs as to the observance of that day in the 
countries where they were held. 



380 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

The Loudon exhibitions were closed on Sundays, whilst those of Paris and Vienna were kept 
open. At Paris, however, when other departments were exhibiting on Sunday as on other days 
of the week, the whole English section was covered to exclude it from view ; the American 
department was also covered. 

The same spectacle was presented again at Vienna. The English-speaking exhibitors, acting 
in accord with the prevailing sentiments of their countrymen at home, and representing before the 
world their traditional reverence for the Christian Sabbath, carried out their convictions of duty 
on foreign soil, and truly represented their national characteristics. 

The prevailing sentiment of this country on the subject of observing the Christian Sabbath is 
distinctly set forth and palpably felt in the legislation of the United States, and of the several 
states and municipalities, and in laws enacted not only to secure to the peojile one day in seven 
as a day of rest, but also to prevent such secular business operations as tend to disturb the quiet 
enjoyment of such religious observances as the individual preferences of each member of the com- 
munity may dictate. Any action of this Commission which is in conflict with the public sentiment 
expressed in these laws and in their practical observance will, in the judgment of your committee, 
so shock the moral sense of the country that it will jeopardize the success of the Centennial 
Exhibition, and turn the most powerful agencies throughout the laud from active support to 
decided opposition. 

Your committee therefore recommend that the Commission adhere to the policy which has 
heretofore governed its action on this subject, and adopt no measures which shall interfere with 
the proper exhibition of the American Sunday as it has been observed during the first century of 
our existence as a nation, at the grounds of our Centennial celebration. 

All of which is respectfully submitted. 

^Signed) GEO. H. CORLISS, Ch.\irman. 

A. J. SWEENEY. 
W. W. GRIFFITH. 
MINORITY REPORT. 

The undersigned members of the committee to whom was referred the petitions for and against 
the opening of the Centennial grounds on Sunday would respectfully beg leave to dissent from 
the views exjiressed in the foregoing report of the majority of the committee. 

We feel that there are two sides to this question, and that it is due to the large class holding 
the views on the subject which the undersigned present in this report that they should have a 
hearing in this Commission, and have their wishes and feelings represented. While we sympathize 
to some extent with the motives, at least, and possibl}' with the views of the majority of the 
committee, we are of the ojiinion that much can be said in favor of the opening of the Exhibition 
on Sunday. Among other reasons, the following occur to us : 

That there are many thousand persons in this vicinity who will be prevented, by the nature 
of their occupations, from visiting the grounds on week days, who wish to and will attend on 
Sunday with their families. To exclude them on that day will amount to excluding them entirely, 
which would neither be justice to them nor good j)olicy on our part. We must take into account, 
also, the large multitude of persons employed in the nine thousand manuf;icturing establishments 
of Philadelphia and vicinity — those belonging to that class termed " the toiling masses," who labor 
hard six days in the week, and who, if they visit the Exhibition at all, must do .so with the loss 
of an entire day's wages at every visit. Give them the opportunity to visit the Exhibition on 
Sunday, and they can do so without a pecuniary sacrifice, which we should not compel them to 
make, while it can be so easily obviated. Sunday being generally a day of leisure and recreation^ 
called justly by many the "poor man's holiday,'.' the attendance on that day will be very large, 
and the receipts very considerable. There are twenty-four Sundays during the period between the 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL KXHIl'.ITION. 381 



oix'iiiii^ and closiug of the Exhibition, an<l tlie aggregate recei()t,s of these days will amount to a 
sum wliieh we should not feel justified in willfully refusing, as long as the peeuniary success of 
the Exhibition is in a large measure dependent uimn our management. 

It hsis been urged that many persons are conscientiously opposed Id the opening of the 
Exhibition on Sunday; that many of the warmest and most liberal friends and supporters of the 
Centennial regard it as wrong and sinful. But the opening of the grounds for those who do not 
so regard it, for those who can visit it at no other time, or who, for any rea.son, may wish to 
attend on Sunday, in nowise compels the attendance of any of the first-named class, nor interferes 
ill any iiianncr, or in any degree, with their jiersonal rights, con.scienee, liberties, or privileges, 
that your cnmiiiittee are able to sec. This Commission represents the whole people, not any part 
of it, and in our advocacy of the opening of the grounds on Sunday we were impelled mainly by 
a consideration oi' the rights of the people at large, and not of the wishes or views of any partic- 
ular class or portion. The question which we had to meet was. Can we rightfully exclude anj' 
citizen who wishes to obtain admission on Sunday ? Has he not before the law a right to enter 
on that day as well as on any other, himself being the judge as to what day is or is not proper 
and seemly for him to visit it, and not we? * * * * * * * 

A considerable cause for llic wish lo close the grounds on Sunday, we believe, ari.ses from 
the idea that the Exhibition is an " amusement," and that Sunday amusements are indecorous and 
improper, ov even sinful. Some doubtless are, but our Exhibition is not an "amusement" prop- 
erly ; we believe, as remarked above, its aim is higher. It is to instruct, to cultivate, to implant 
higher aims and ideas, to ennoble, to elevate. Is this, then, a sinful work on any da}' ? Can it 
not be properly classed with the lecture-room or the public library? The latter institutions are 
now generally kept open on the Sabbath, giving those whose occupations deny them leisure during 
the week the opportunity to study on that day. Can they not also visit our Exhibition to 
study? It may be art, or machinery, or geology, or horticulture, or any of the thousand subjects 
which will be there represented. How can we deny them such a proper privilege? For those 
with ample leisure and means, who can attend easily on week days, we ask nothing. We plead 
the cause and the rights, under the spirit of our institutions, of the humble working classes, who 
have petitioned us for this privilege. We have built these buildings and carried on the Exhibition 
with the mouej' of the people, contributed at our request; are we justified in refusing this class 
the enjoyment of their property according to the dictates of their own conscience? 

We cannot judge for them what is proper or what is not. That is their individual right and 
duty. Nor are we justifiable in compelling those who differ with us on this question to conform 
to our views. Their opinions, wishes and rights ought to be respected ; whether one side or the 
other, on this que.stion, is in the majority, is immaterial ; it might be but a small minority of all 
the people who desire admission on Sunday, or who sfre willing to allow others the ])rivilege. It 
is not a (piestion of numbers, but it is one of rights. We must act with the most liberal and 
scrupulous impartiality on this ((uestion. 

And it has been very pertinently asked, if we vote to close the grounds on Sunday, which 
and whose Sunday shall we adopt? There are certainly two Sundays ob.served by different classes 
in this city now, and among our foreign visitors i)erhaps sects will be found observing almost 
every day of the week a.s holy. How, then, can we fix any one day as a day for closing, or 
another? For the above very hastily prepared and imj)erfectly expressed reasons, the undersigned 
beg leave to recommend that the Centennial grounds and buildings be opened on Sunda)% with 
the exception that the machinery or other motive power shall not be in motion. 

Hispc'Ct f ull v siiliniittod. 

(Signed) J. FLKTCIII':K WILLIAMS, 

RICIIAKD JI. NELSON. 
49 



382 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

The proposition to open the Exhibition on Sundays was negatived, by a 
vote by States, nine to twenty-seven. 

A vote was taken, without a division, giving free a(buission to the gi'ounds 
on Siuiday, but not to open tlie Exhibition buihlings, but this was subsequently 
reconsidered and the gi'ouuds ordered eh)sed on Sunday. 

The action of the Commission I'eceived the approval of many of the repre- 
sentative religious bodies and other religious organizations thi'oughout the 
country. The INIethodist Episcopal (reneral Conference, in session at Baltimore, 
May fifth, declared: 

Whereas, TIh' Commissioners of the Ccuteunial Exposition have, by an almost unanimous 
vote, determined to close both buildings and grounds under their care on the Christian Sabbath; and, 

Whereas, Such action, we are satisfied, is in entire harmony witli tlio moral and Christian 
sentiment of a large majority of the American people; 

Resolved, That the hearty thanks of tliis body be teudin-cd to the; Commissioners for tlicir 
prompt and decisive action in this matter. 

The Presbyterian General Assembl}', at New York, May nineteenth ; the 
Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, at Pittsburg, May twenty-fourth ; 
and the German E\'angelical churclies of ludianajiolis, Indiana, made similar 
declaration. 

The following CL>mmunication was aiklressed to the Secretary of the Michi- 
gan State Centennial B( )ard of Managers : 

Detroit, May 17, 1870. 
Dear Sir — Please transmit, through the Centennial Commissioners from Michigan, to the 
Commissioners of the Centennial Exposition, .the following resolution, unanimously adopted on the 
fifteenth instant, by the Ministerial Association of Detroit, and which I was requested to forward 
to you. The association is a representative one, being composed of some thirty ministers in 
connection with the Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist and Methodist Episcopal churches in the 
city and vicinity. May the Commissioners persevere in the right path, to their own honor and to 

the welfare of the nation. 

Vcrv rcspectftillv, 

GEORGE M. MILLIGA^', 

Secretary Ministerial Association, Di-troil. 

To the Honorable the Ctjinmissiouers of the Ceiiteuuial Exposition: 

The Ministerial Association of tlie city of Detroit desire to convey to tlie Commissioners of the Centen- 
nial Exposition their congratulations and their thanks for tlie determination of tlie Commissioners to close 
the Exposition on Sundays. 

This determination is deeply gratifying to us personally, to the churches which we roprosent, and is, 
we liclieve, in accordance with the prevailing sentiment of the American people. 

WILLIAM AIKMAN. President. 
George I\I. Milligan, Secretary. 

The subject was re-opened July sixth by the introduction, at a meeting of 
the Commission, of the following resolution, by Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho: 



TH1-: INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 383 

Resolved, That tlu' Exliibitiou of 1876 shall be opened to visitore upon each and every day 
of the week : provided, that no exhibitor shall be compelled to be present upon Sunday ; neither 
shall st<'ani be used in Machintry Hall on said day. 

GetU'ire W. BicUlle, Esq., 2)ivseiited a petition signed Ijy over f)0,00tt persons, 
and one signed b>- 500 stockholders, with remarks in favor of opening tlie 
Exhibition on Sunday. 

Mr. Will air. Secretary, etc., i-ead tlic headings of the petition as presented 
by Mr. liiddle, and also presented a paper signed by 844 Avomen, as well as 
several other petitions from various portions of the country, in favor of opening. 

Mr. ¥. E. Abbott, of Boston, presented the protest of the National Liberal 
League against the closing of the Exhil)ition on Sunday, with a statement of 
their reasons therefor, and was seconded by Kev. William J. Potter, of New 
Bedford, ^Massachusetts. 

Mr. Lsaac Davis, of Pcnu.sylvania, presented preamble and resolutions as 
pa.ssed at a meeting of and signed by over 1,'200 workmen, opj)osed to tlie 
closing on Sunday. 

Rev. T. P. Stevenson, rejjresenting tlie National Reform Association, presented 
the views of that association in favoi- of closing on Sunday, supporting and 
indorsing the former action of the Commission on this subject. 

Rev. Dr. Agnew, representing the National Sunday-School Convention, 
followed in support of this view of the subject, presenting the views and 
wishes of the various Sabbath-scliools throughout the country, in a written paper. 

The subject was finally disposed of by the adoption of the following reso- 
lution, proposed by iNfr. Latrobe, of ^Taiyland : 

Tlie United States Centennial Commission have heard with great respect the statements that 
have been made to it on the part of those who desire the opening of the grounds and buildings 
of the Exjwsition under their charge on Sunday, and fully appreciate the sincerity and earnestness 
with which they have been pressed upon the Commission. Nor have they been unmindful of the 
memorials to the same effect that are now upon the table. Nevertheless, the Commission are of 
opinion that their action heretofore in this connection, on the strength of which they do not doul)t 
that many have been induced to contribute their means and the products of their skill and industry 
to make the Exposition what it is, ought to be regarded sis a pledge to the public, which, in good 
faith, they are bound to keep, and so believing, the Commission respectfiilly decline to make any 
change in the rule that closes the grounds and buildings ui)on Sunday. 

The vote on tlie adoption of the resolution stood thirty to nine, Alabama, 
Arkansas, Dakota, (ieorgia, Idaho, Missouri, Oregon, South Carolina and Wash- 
ington Territory voting in the negative. Hon. V. P. Collier, Commissionei-, and 
Hon. C. B. Grant, alternate, represented Michigan, casting the vote of the State 
in favor of the resolution. 



384 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



OPENING OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.* 

Tlie Exliiljitioii was fomially o])eiie(l ou the tentli day of May, according 
to the })rograinme. Tlieve had ])een much rain, and the morning of the opening 
gave promise of a rainy day, but before the time for the exercises arrived tlie 
weather became cleai-. The city was crowded witli visitors from abroad, the 
streets were all ablaze with flags and patriotic decorations, and throngs of people 
ou foot, in street cars, carriages, wagons and steam cars, poured toward the 
Centennial grounds, the gates of which were opened a little after eight o'clock. 

A spacious platform had been erected at the side of Memoi'ial Hall, north 
of the center of the Main Building. Seats were arranged on the platform for 
officials and other invited guests. At the right of the center were the seats for 
the Pi'esident of the United States and members of the Cabinet, and fui'ther 
to the right the seats of United States Senators, memljei's of the House of 
Representatives, Govei'nors of the various States with their staffs. Governor, 
State officers, Supreme Court and Legislature of Pennsylvania, and representa- 
tives of the army and navy, the Smithsonian Institute, United States Judges, 
officers of the Executive Bureaus and members of the Women's Centennial 
C'ommittee. On the left center were the seats of the United States Supreme 
Court, and further to the left the seats fo]' the members of the diplomatic 
corps and members of the Centennial Commission, Board of Finance, AVoman's 
Executive Committee, Foreign Commissioners, Mayor and Councilmeu and other 
officials of Philadelphia, mayors of other cities, state centennial boaixls, Board 
of Awards, judges, yacht and rifle clubs, and along the front of the platform 
were seats for the members of the press. An orchestra of one hundred and 
fifty pieces and a chorus of one thousand voices, under the direction of 
Theodore Thomas and Dudley Buck, were stationed directly in front of the 
jilatform. 

TIIK Ol'ENING EXKKCISES. 

At 11 o'clock the President and party, with officials j)reviously designated, 
proceeded to the platform, the President having been escorted to the grounds 
by Governor Hartranft and a division of military. The platform was at once 
crowded, and all surrounding space and all available points of elevation in the 
neighborhood were alread}' occupied by ci-owds of visitors. The orchestra, while 
the seats were being secured, played national airs, and after the party on the 
platform had arranged themselves, played Wagner's Centennial Mai'ch, which 
was received with applause. 

* Compiled exclusively from telegraphic reports in the newspapers. 



THE INTERNATIUNAl.- CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. "^So 



OI-KXtXU I'KAYI 



Alniigiity aiul Evoihistiug Goil, our Ho'uveuly Fatlicr, Heaven is Thy throne and the earth 
is Thy footstool. l$;'fore Thy iiuijesty and holiness the angels veil their face.*, and the spirit,< of 
the juc-t, made peifect, how in humble adoration. Thou art the Creator of all things, the preserver 
of all that exist, whether they he throne.s, or dominions, or prineipalities or powers. The minute 
aud the vast atcims and worlds alike attest the ubi(iuity of Thy presence and the importance of 
Thy sway. Thou alone art the Sovereign Ruler of nations. Thou raiseth ujj one and castcth 
down another, and Thou givest the kingdom of the world to whomever Thou will. The past, 
with all its records, is the unfolding of Tiiy counsels, aud the realization of Thy grand designs. 
We hail Thee a.< our rightful ruler, the King eternal, immortal and invisible, the only true God, 
blessed forever more. We come on this glail day, O Thou Cod of our Fathei-s, into these court-s 
with thanksgiving, and into these gates with praise. We blfess Thee for Thy wonderful goodness 
in the past, for the laud which Thou gavest our fathers, a land veiled from the ages, from the 
ancient world, but revealed in the fullness of time to Thy chosen people, whom Thou didst lead 
by Thine own right hand through the billows of the deep, a land of va.st extent, of towerino- 
mountains and broad plains, of unnumbered products and of untold treasures. We thank Thee 
for the fathers of our country, men of mind and of might, who endured privation and sacrifices, 
who braved multiplied dangers rather than defile their conscience or be untrue to their God, men 
who laid on the broad foundation of truth and justice a grand structure of civil freedom. 
We praise Thee for the closing century, for the founders of the republic, for the immortal 
Washington and his grand associates, for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firmness 
and heroism which, under Thy blftssing, led them to triumphant succe-ss. Thou wast their shield 
in the hours of danger, their pillar of clonil by day aud their pillar of fire by night. May we, 
their sons, walk in their footsteps and iniitati' their virtue.s. We thank Thee for social and 
national prosperity and progress ; for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions ; for labor- 
saving machinery, relieving the toiling masses ; for schools free as the morning light for the 
millions of the rising generation; for books and periodicals scattered like leaves of autumn over 
the land; for art and science; for freedom to worship God according to the dictates of conscience ; 
I'or a church unfettered by the trammels of state. Ble.ss, we i)ray Thee, the President of the 
United States and his constitutional advisers ; the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Senators and 
Kepresentativcs in Congress, the governments of our several commonwealths, the officers of the 
army and navy, and all who are in official position throughout our land. Gui<i,e them, we pray 
The*', with ('ouu.sels of wisdom, and may they ever rule in righteousness. Wo ask Thy blessing 
to rest upon the Pre^sident and members of the Centennial Commission, and upon those associated 
with them in the various departments, who have labored long and earnestly amidst anxieties and 
difficulties for the success of this enterprise. May Thy special blessing, O Thou God of all the 
nations of the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant lands. We welcome 
tliem to our .shores, and we rejoice in their presence among us, whether they represent thrones, or 
culture, or research, or whether they come to exhibit the triumphs of genius and art, in the 
development of industry, in the jjrogress of civilization. Preserve Thou them, we beseech Thee, 
in health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by loved ones again to their own, 
their native lands. Let Thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial celebration. May the lives 
and health of all interested be precious in Thy sight. Preside in its a.ssemblies. (irant that this 
iL-isociation in their cfl^ort may l)ind more closely together every part of our great republic, .so that 
our union may be per])etual and indi-ssoluble. Let its influence draw the nations of the earth into 
happier unity. Hereafter, we pray Thee, may all disputed questions be settled by arbitration and 
not by the sword, and may war forever cciuse among the sons of men. 



386 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



May the new century be better thiiii tho past, more radiMiit witli tlic liulil nf true pliilosopliy, 
warmer witli tlie animations of the world-wide sympathy. ^[ay capital, genius and labor, freed 
from all antagonism, be established, anil the aiiplicatioii of such priiiciplcs of justice and equality 
as shall reconcile the diversified interois, and liind in i in perishable bands all parts of society. 
We pray Thy benediction especially on llic wonicii of America, who for the first time in the 
history of our race take so conspicuous a jilace in a national celebration. May the light of their 
intelligence, purity and enterprise, shed its beams afar, until in distant lands their sisters may 
realize the beauty and glory of Christian freedom and ele\ali(in. We beseech. Almighty Father, 
that our beloved republic may be strengthened in every element (if true greatness till her mission 
is accomplished, by presenting to the world an illustration of the happiness of a free people, with 
a free churcli in a free state, under laws of their own enactment and under rulers of their own 
selection, acknowledging supreme allegiance only to the King of Kings and Lord of Lords. And 
as Thou didst give to one of its illustrious sons first to draw experimentally the electric spark 
from lu'aven. which has since girdled the globe in its celestial whispers of glory to God and the 
highest peace on earth and good will to man, so to the latest time may the mission of America 
under divine inspiration be one of affection, brotherhood and love foi- all our race, and may the 
coming centuries be filled with the glory of our Christian civilization. And unto Thou, our 
Father, through Him whose life is the light of man, will we ascribe the glory and praise, now 
and forever. Amen. 

CENTENNIAL HYMN, BY .lOIIX liKKKXLK.Vl" WIIlTTIIOi:. 

Our fathers' God! IVoni out whose hand 
The centuries fall like grains of s;uid, 
We ]neet to-day. united, free. 
And loyal to our land, and Thee, 
To thank Thee foi- the era done, 
And trust Thee for the opening one. 

Here where of old, by Thy design. 
The fathers spake that word of Thine 
Whose eclio is the glad refrain 
Of rended bolt and falling chain, 
To grace our festal time, from all 
The zones of earth, our guests we call. 

Be with us while the New World greets 
The Old World thronging all its streets, 
Unveiling all the triumphs won 
By art or toil beneath the sun; 
And unto common good ordain 
This rivalship of hand and brain. 

Thou, who hasl here in concord furled 

The war ffags of a gathered world, 

Beneath our Western skies fulfill 

The Orient's mission of good will, 

And, freighted with Love's Golden Fleece, 

Send back the Argonauts of Peace. 



TUIO INTKKNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 387 



For Art iiiid Liil)or mot in truce, 
For Bi'siuty iiuitlc the Ijr'ulc of Use, 
We thank Tliee, whUe withal we crave 
The austere virtues strong to save, 
T'lie honor proof to place or gold, 
The manhood never iwught or sold ! 

() make llnHi us, tlirough centuries long. 
In peace secure, and justice strong ; 
Around our gift of Freedom draw 
The sal'eguards of T'hy righteous law, 
And, cast in some diviner mold, 
Let the New Cycle shame the Old! 

I'KKSENTATION OK IllK lUI 1,I)IX< IS PO TIIK COMMISSION. 

After tlie siiiiciiig of tlie C'eiiteniiial liyiiiu, John Welsli, President of the 
C'entennial Hoard of Finance, formally presented the buildings to the United 
States Centennial Comniissiouers, conclndiiio- his aiidress as follows: 

Ladies and Gentlemen — If in the past we have met with disappointments, difficulties and 
trials, they have beeu overcome by a (•ousciousuess that no sacrifice can be too great which is 
made to honor the memories of those who brought our nation into being. This commemoration 
of the events of 177(1 e.Kcites our present gratitude. The assemblage here to-day of so many 
foreign representatives, uniting with us in this reverential tribute, is our reward. We congratulate 
you on the occurrence of this day. Many of the nations have gathered here in peaceful compe- 
tition. Each may profit by a-ssociation. This Exhibition is but a school. The more thoroughly 
its lessons are learned the greater will be the gain, and when it shall have closed, if by that study 
tiie nations engaged in it shall have learned respect for each other, then it may be hoped that 
veneration for Him who rules on high will be universal, and the angels' song once more he heard, 
"Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, and good will toward men." 

Next followed the .singing of Sydney Lanier's eantata by a full chorus, 
accompanied by the orchestra. The applause of the vast crowd was enthiisi- 
a.stic, and portions of the music were encored, especially the bass solo sung by 
Mr. Whitney, of Boston. 

rUESENTATIrjN OF THE EXIIIIJITIOX To THE VRESIDENT. 

Joseph G. Hawley, President of tlie Centennial Commission, in the following 
speech, made the presentation of the Exliil)ition to the President of the 
United States : 

Mr. Pi{Esii)i:.VT — Five years ago the Pre-idcnt of the United States declared it fitting that 
the completion of the first century of our national existence should be commemorated by an 
exhibition of the national resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in 
those arts which benefit mankind, and ordered that an exhibition of American and foreign arts, 
produce and raanufiu:tures, should be helil under the auspices of the government of the United 



388 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

States, in the city of JMiiiadclpliia, in the year lfS76. To put into ett'ect tiu' .suvi'ral laws rehiting 
to the Exhibition, the United States Centennial Cuniniission was constituted, composed of two 
Commissioners from each state and territory, nominated hy Ihcir rcs])cclivc Ciovernors, and 
appointed by the President. Congress also created an auxiliary and associate corporation, the 
Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy burden has been nobly borne, and the 
remarkable and j)rolonged disturbance of the finances and industries of the country has greatly 
magnified the task. But we hope for fayorable judgment by the degree of success attained. 

On July 6th, 1873, this ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty-one months ago 
this Memorial Hall was begun. All the other one hundred and eighty buildings within the 
inclosurc have been erected within eleyen mouths. All the buildings embraced in the plan of the 
Commission itself are finished. The demands of the applicants exceeded the space, and strenuous 
and continued efforts haye been made to get every exhibit ready in time. Bj- general consent 
the Exhibition is approj)riately held in the City of Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your 
view, stands the venerated edifice wlx'reiu occurred the event this work is designed to commemo- 
rate, and the hall in which the first Continental Congress assembled. Within the present limits 
of this great park were the homes of the eminent patriots of that era, where Washington and his 
associates received generous hospitality and able counsel. 

You have observed the surpassing. beauty of the situation placed at our dl.spo.sal. In harmony 
with all this fitness is the liberal suj^port given the enterprise by the State, the city, and the 
people individually. In the name of the United States you extended a resjDectful and cordial 
invitation to the governments of other nations to be represented and to participate in this Exhibi- 
tion. You know the very acceptable terms in which they responded, from even the most distant 
regions. Their commissioners are here, and you will soon see with what euei-gy and brilliancy 
they have entered upon this friendly competition in the arts of peace. It has been a fervent hope 
of the Commission that during this festival year the jieople from all states and sections, of all 
creeds and churches, all parties and classes, burying all resentments, would come up together to 
this birthplace of libei'ties to study the evidence of our resources, to measure the progress of an 
hundred years, and to examiue to our profit the wonderful products of other lands ; but especially 
join hands in perfect fraternity, and promise the God of our fathers that the new century shall 
surjjass the old in the true glories of civilization. And, furthermore, that from association here of 
welcome visito'rs from all nations there may result, not alone great benefits to invention, manufac- 
ture, agriculture, trade, and commerce, but also stronger international friend.ships and more 
lasting peace. 

Thus reporting to you, ^Ir. President, under the laws of government and the usage of similar 
occasions, in the name of the United States Centennial Commission, I present to your view the 
International Exhibition of 187(i. 

THE I'KEsidentV address. 

]My Couxtryjiex — It has been tliouglit appropriate, ujjon this Ceutenuial occasion, to bring 
together in Philadelphia, for popular inspection, specimens of our attainments in the industrial and 
fine ai'ts, and in literature, science and philosophy, as well as in the great business of agriculture 
and of commerce, that we may more thoroughly appreciate the excellencies and deficiencies of our 
achievements, and also give emphatic expression to our earnest desire to cultivate the fi'iendshii) 
of our fellow-members of this great family of nations. The enlightened people of the world have 
been invited to send hither corresponding specimens of their skill to exhibit on equal terms in 
friendly competition with our own. To this invitation they have generously responded. For so 
doing we render them our hearty thanks. The beauty and utility of the contributions will this 
day be submitted to your inspection by the managers of this Exhibition. We are glad to know 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 889 

that a view of the skill of all nations will afford to you untold pleasure, as well as yield to you 
a valuable practical knowledge of many of the remarkable results of the wonderful skill existing 
in enlightened communities. One hiuidred years ago our country wa.< new and hut partially 
settled. Our necessities have compelled us to chiefly expend our means and time in felling 
forests, subduing prairies, and building dwellings, factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads, canals, 
machinery, etc. iNEost of our schools, churches, libraries and asylums have been established within 
a hundred years. Burthened by these great jn-imal works of nece.ssity, which could not be delayed, 
we yet have done what this Exhibition will show in the direction of rivaling other and more 
advanced nations in law, medicine and theology, in science, literature, philosophy and the fine 
arts. Whilst proud of what we have done, we regret that we have not done more. Our achieve- 
ments have been great enough, however, to make it easy for our people to acknowledge superior 
merit, wherever found. 

And now, fellow-citizens, I iiope a caieful cxaminaiioii of wluit is about to be exhibited to 
you will not only inspire you with a profound respect for the skill and taste of our friends from 
other nations, but also satisfy you with the attainments made by our own people during the past 
one hundred years. I invoke your generous co-operation with the worthy Commissioners to secure 
a brilliant success to this International Exhibition, and to make the stay of our foreign visitors, 
to whom we extend a hearty welcome, both profitable and ])lcasant to them. I declare the 
International Exhibition open. 

Tin: i:.\jmiiTi(L\ itlly open. 

The ck)se of the Pi'e.sicl('iit's brief address was followed by the raising of 
the flag oil the Main Biiildiug, the signal that the Exhibition was open. 
Salutes were fired, bells oonimeneed ringing, the chorus began singing the 
Hallelujah choius, the chimes coninieuced ringing varit)us airs, and the President 
and invited guests, amid elu'eis fi'oni the crowd, began the })rocession through 
the priuci])al buildings. Machinery Hall and Memorial Hall were reserved for 
invited guests, and closed to the ])ul)lie until after theii' view by the official 
I'epresentatives, but this was brief and formal, and all restrictions being soon 
removed, the great Exhibition was fidly open to the jjublic. 

The opening exercises were celebrated in most of the jirincipal cities 
throughout the country, bv the dis])lay of flags and by 2)ul)lic jiaiades. 
50 



390 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



II.— THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, LOCALLY AND EXTERNALLY. 

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS. 

TO projierly understand the ini[)Oi'tanee and niagnitu<le of the Aiaeiicau 
Centennial Exhibition — to avoid patriotic exaggeration on the one hand, and 
depreciatory comparison, based upon false data, on the other — it is necessary 
to recall the pi'incipal facts connected Avith the vai'ious international exhibitions 
which have preceded onr own. It ma}' be well, also, to take a rapid glance 
at those noteworthy national fairs which led up, like so many successive steps, 
to the tii'st union of modei'ii nations in friendly industi'ial competition, at 
Hyde Park, in 185]." 

1 AIi:s OK IIIE MIDDLE AGKS. 

The great fairs of the Middle Ages, though undoubtedly international in 
character, were merely the means of gathering the products of distant lands 
for sale, in days when commerce had less rapid and convenient methods than 
at present of bringing sellei's and purchasers togethei'. The fair of Leipzig, 
dating from the twelfth century, is still an annual event in Germany. That 
of Nijni Novgorod, in Rnssia, is almost as necessary to eastern Europe and the 
Orient foi- the exchange of commodities, to-day, as was that of Leipzig to 
central and western Europe five hundred years ago. The Russian fair is now 
held in an ii'on building comprising within itself no less than 2,500 shops or 
large trading booths. Another international fair of the same pui-ely commercial 
character, and having an lionoralile antiquity of half a dozen centuries, is held 
between Alexandria and Cairo, in the delta of the Nile — the Eg3qDtian fail' of 
Tantah. Here, myriads of tents take the place of permanent buildings. 

But fairs of this kind, whatever their magnitude or importance, lack the 
one essential element of the modern " exhibition," namely, comjjetition in merit 
— the immediate sale of goods being a secondary consideration. 



* Credit is given tor nuuiy, indeed most, of tlie facts cited in this connection to Mr. Hugh Willoughby 
Swcny, whose valual)le researches liave left little to be desired, so far as concerns the brief review of the 
subject here needed. Mr. Sweny was a member of the staff of the British Execvitive Commissioners, and he 
wrote for tlicni the article entitled " Exhibitions — their Origin and Progress," published in the special cata- 
loiriie of the British section. 



I'llK INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. ;591 



FAIHS OF .M(I1;F. -M()I>K1:.\ timks. 

The first rcconleil iiiodcrii ('(illection of iiijimifactiircs, showing- tlu; iiuliistrial 
ooiiditioii (if a fouiitrv, Ofciinvd at Vmicc in the year 1268. The various 
artisans anil dealers of the ishind i-ity ilis[)layed tlieir wares in apartments of 
the diieal palace assigned to the purpose. The next noteworthy " exhibition " 
was held at Leyden, more than four hundred years afterward, in KUM). This 
seems to have been a collection of oddities and curiosities, rather than a display 
of industrial products. In the middle of the following century, 1756, the 
Society of Arts, in England, began its long series of exhibitions, distributing 
prizes for tapestry, carjjets and porcelain. There was also an exhibition in 
England, in 1761, of agricultural and other machinery, under the auspices of 
the same society. 

KXHIBITIOXS OF THE I'ASI' CKNTrKV. 

Ill the year 1798 occurred, in France, the first of that seiies of eleven 
national exhibitions, under ofhcial control, which leads us to the very threshold 
of the international exhibition of 1851. Now, for the first time, we have 
statistics showing a gradually accumulating interest among producers and 
visitors. These French displays may l)e taken as the natural and immediate 
progenitors of the great English World's Fair, and therefore of our own Cen- 
tennial Exhibition. The dates of these eleven exlubitions, and the number of 
exhibitors in each, show a constant increase in pojiulaiity, the comparatively 
slight advance between 180() and 1827 being readily accounted for by the 
disturbed political condition of France : — 

1798.-- no ixiy 1,662 I 1»:59 :V2H1 

1801 22!) 1823 l,(i48 I 1844 ;!,!)(;() 

1«02 540 1827- 1,79.5 I 1849 4,494 

180(1 - 1,422 ' U:U 2,447 | 

In the first of these French exhibitions, 171'8, were displayed the magnificent 
art works of which Ka])oleon had despoiled Italy — the Ijaocoon, the Belvidere 
Apollo, the Dying (xladiator, and othei' celebrated marbles, with paintings by 
Titian, I'aul ^ eronese, Raphael, and other masters. The great invention of 
Jac(|uard, from which the ti-ium[)hs of modeiii loom-work have come, and on 
which they now depend, is said to have had its origin in a machine displayed 
at the third exhil)ition of the above series. Our own Exhibition of 1876 is 
thus directly a.ssociated with that of Paris in ISit'i by the great Jacquard 
looms, weaving many patterns in silk and \vool, seen in full operation in 



392 ' MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Machinery Hall. Other nations of the continent evinced a deep interest in 
local <lisplays of industrial products between the years IS'JO and 1850. If, 
therefore, France beg-an earlier, and presents in her histoiy a more perfect scale 
of gradual progress, the interest of other counti'ies was a \ery important factor in 
develojiing a general European sentiment which made the first experiment of a 
world's fair successful. Fi'om 1820 to 1835 there ^vere many h)cal displays in 
various pai-ts of the Austi-ian empire, and in the latter year there were 594 
exhibitors at a national exhibition in Vienna; at another in LSoD there were 
732 exhibitors. Prussia held fairs in 1822 and 1827, with 176 and 208 exhib- 
itors respectivel} ; and in 1844 there was a general collection of goods from 
all parts of Germany and Austi'ia, in Berlin, at which there Avei'e .■'>,040 
competitors. National fairs in the Netherlands, Belginm, and Sweden, piior to 
1850, wei'e of less magnitude, but sufficiently important to show the growing 
interest. 

It is a curious fact that Great Britain, destined to the honor of leadership 
in the system of world's fairs now established, showed very little enterprise in 
this direction l)efore Prince Albei't stimulated the zeal of Englishmen to a 
grand special effort. The triennial fairs in Dublin, beginning in 1827, and 
ending in 1850, show, pei-haps, an exception to the general lack of interest. 
The "National Repository," in London, opened in 1828, and closed for want of 
patronage in 1833, was a melancholy failure, though a praiseworthy undertaking 
on the part of its promoters. There were a few feeble local exhiljitions in 
England, and one of some importance was held at C'ovent Garden in 1845; 
the Society of Arts, in 1840, 1847 and 1848, had successful disjilays, under the 
presidency of Prince Albert, there being 70,000 visitors in the last named year. 
In 1849 the Prince Consort announced his scheme " to form a new starting-point 
from which all nations were to direct their further exertions." 

Witli the full fruition of his plan we enter u])on the last stage of the 
subject; from this point We may follow the record of increasing magnitude and 
augmenting numbers of both visitors and exhibitors, to the culmination at 
Vienna, in 1873. From the 4,494 exhibitors, tlie greatest number pi'evionsly 
known, of the French fair in 1849, Ave suddenly spring t<)^the number of 
13,937 at the first World's Fair, held in Hyde Park, London, only Uvo years 
later, 1851. The buikiing, of iron and ghiss, covered more than twenty acres 
of ground; the total number of visitors was (),039,195; the total receipts from 
visitors, £423,792, or $2,041,153, gold. The greatest number of visitors on any 
one day was 109,915. The exhiliition of 1855, in Paris, came next, with thirty 
acres under covei', and 20,S;{9 exhibitors. The nundier of visitors was less than 



THE INTERNATIONAL tE.NTE^iMAL EXllimTTON. •ft;) 



those iit Hyde Park, Leiiiu' only ."),1 ()-i,."..'>0, aud tlie receipts were less tliuu 
^(j"JO,000. Tliis small icsiilt is acconiitcd for hy the extreme lowness of the 
adiuissiou fee at times, oidy four rents heiiiu; eliarg-ed on some days, while on 
one day, May tweuty-seventli, tlie entrance \sas entirely free. The ureatest 
numbei' of visitoi-s on a sin2;le day was 1-28, 017. Tliis, curiously enough, was 
not on tlie day of free admission. The cxhiMlion was open two hundred da\s, 
from ^lay lifteenth to November thirtieth. The Sundays are included, being 
in France the most popular days of attendance. The World'.s Fair of 1862, in 
England, under roofs covering twenty-four acres, was visited by ('),21 l,l(i.'5 
[teople in 171 days, the greatest number on one day being 67,8i>l. The receipts 
were £408,5:50, oi- $-2,i)77,285 ; the number of e.vhibitors, 2(i,848. The Paris 
t'xliiliition of 18<;7 was held upon the same spot, the Champs de Mai's, on 
which the first French orticial exhibition was held. Between forty and forty- 
one acres were covered by the buildings. The increase from !!(• to 42,217 
e.\liil)itors is a fair imlication, perha[is, of the increase in jtopular interest in 
displays of imlustrial products dui'ing the first seventy yeai's of this century. 
During the 117 days this e.xliibition was open, it i-eceived 6,805, 1)()9 visitors, 
paying $2,036,;^57. The largest number of visitors on one day, at this or any 
other exhibition, previous to oui- own, was 17;5,92P). The Vienna exhibition of 
1873 was open 186 days; the admissions, paid and otherwise, numbered 
6,740,500; and the receipts amounted to $9!)8,35;>. There were about four 
hundred buildings, all told, large and small, within the enclosure of the Prater, 
covering an area of about fifty acres. The only international exhibition in 
which the original outlay has been balanced by the receipts, was that of 1851, 
wlien there was a sur[>lus of about £186,000, oi- $900,240. The excess of cost 
over receipts at the gates in 1855, at Paris, was about $3,380,000, and in 1867, 
$2,560,406. The cost of the Vienna exhibition exceeded the gate receipts by 
between eight and nine millions of dollars. If we subtract the total receipts 
from visitors to the five great ^vorld's fairs from 1851 to 1873 ($7,686,718) 
from the total co.st ($22,210,763) we have a balance for the left of $14,524,045. 
(>idy a \ery small part of this could have been offset by the sale of privileges 
and old materials. The total nundiei- of admissions to the five exhibitions 
was 30,959,097. 

Having thus given the general facts in connection with ])revious international 
exhibitions, all comparisons are left to the reader, to lie worked out acc()rding 
to his own fancy, and we come more immediately to consider "The Intcina- 
tional Exhibition of 1876," as the popularly called "Centennial" is otliciallv 
named in the l)ydaws of the IJnited States Centennial Commi.ssion. 



394 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



THE EXHIBITION (J ROUNDS. 

Tlie gnmiuls on wliicli tlie KxliiUitioii was held lit' at the southern rxtreniity 
of Fairniount Pai'k, Philadelphia, on the western side of tlie Schuylkill river, 
and have an aiva of about two hundred and thirty-six acres, in the form of 
an irregular ti'iangle. The sui'face of this tract is broken by the Lansdowne 
valley, which extends from about the centei' of the triangle to and beyond the 
eastern side; another parallel depression lies north of this, foi'ining a ridge 
along which extended gardens of Howers and foliage ])lants dui'ing the summer 
and early autumn while the Exhil)ition was open. Both of the valleys are 
shaded by natural forest trees of Lirge gTO\\th ami rich verdure. A small 
creek trickled through each valley, that in the Lansdo^wne flowing from arti- 
ficial lakes near the center of the grounds. Five broad avenues, Belmont, 
Fountain, Agricultural, State, and the ^Vvenue of the Republic, led through the 
grounds in all directions, intersecting each other, and .so connected by winding 
lanes that every Iniilding was easil}- accessible. A passenger railway with 
naiTOW gauge and doul)le ti'ack was laid in a sei'pentine route along the 
nearly level plateau, on the southern and western sides of the triangle, the 
carriages passing near all the larger ])uildings and within a short distance of 
nearly every edifice. The valley lying between the Horticultural and Agricul- 
tural halls was spanned by a trestle-work bridge illustrating a novel form of 
elevated railway, the cars being suspended over and running on a single rail, 
with light side-rails below to hold them steadily in their places. A locomotive 
and one cai' ran over this light bridge continually during the season, carrying 
passengers to and fro. 

STATl'KS AND FOUNTAINS. 

Besides the natural ornaments in the shape of trees and the rich l)eds of 
many-hued flowei-s and leaves, the grounds were ornamented at a few points 
1)V bronze, marble and granite statues or groups, and hj fountains. ( )f the 
latter, the Bartholdi fountain, and that ei'ected by the members of the Father 
INIatthew Total Abstinence Beuefit Societies of the United States, were most 
conspicuous. The former was of bronze, consisting of a huge basin held aloft 
b}^ three colossal female figures, the basin being surrounded by lamps. The full 
effect intended by the designei' was never fairly shown, on account of the 
insufficient supply of water. The marble fountain of the benefit societies is an 
elaboi'ate structure erected as a jiermanent ornament of the Park. It was not 
completed dui'ing the Exhibition, and remained an unfinished suggestion of 



THE i>;teu^atio>;al centenmal exhibition. 395 

what it is designed to 1h'. A large iron fountain, twenty-six feet in lieiglit, 
surmounted by a figure of Wmius i-ising from the sea, stood at tlie eastern end 
of Ilo|-ticultui'al Hall. Tlic ice-water foiintalii. liefoi-e the Tnlted States 
Government Hiiildiiig, inclosed in a wooden [)avilion, made no pretense to 
artistic beauty, I nit will be remend)ered with gratitude by the visitors who 
attended the lv\Iiibitioii in -Iiine, ,Tidy and August. 'Die fountain in the large 
lake consisted simply of a bed of h)ose rooks, but the (kime-like effect produced 
by innumerable streams convei'ging towards the center was very beautiful. 
There were also little fountains in each of the sniaHer Lakes or jionds; and the 
two n.-itui'al springs in Lansdowne vaHey will share in the grateful memoi'ies of 
thii'sty visit(trs. Of the separate statues in various ]iarts of the grounds, the 
most notable was that of ("ohunbus, contributed by Italian citiztuis as a perma- 
nent feature of the park. Biith the pedestal and figure are of pure wliite 
marl)le. A marble statue of Washington, designed after the celebrated picture 
of Leutze, " Washingt(m crossing the Delaware," was a very pr<)minent feature 
between the Main Building and Machineiy Hall, Imt was not of such merit as 
to attract the admiration of the critical. A colossal figure, in granite, of the 
"Union Soldier," on a high wooden pedestal, painted to imitate tlie same stone, 
stood before the northern enti'ance of the ^lain Building. Two huge winged 
horses, of bronze, i-epreseuting "Pegasus," attended by muses, stood and now 
stand on high granite pedestals on each side of the flight of steps leading to 
the terrace on which the Memorial Hall rests. x\t one corner of this hall 
there stood, during the E.xhibition, a spirited na\al group, in lironze, by Larkin 
G. Mead, executed for the monument of Lincoln at SiJringfield, Illinois. At 
the opposite corner w^as an admirable group, in the same metal, by Professor 
AVolf, of Berlin, representing a wounded lioness surrounded by her cul)s and 
lier male companion. A bronze statue of Elias Howe, the oi'iginal inventor of 
the sewing machine, standing near the larger lake bj- Machinery Hall, was 
designed by ^Ir. Ellis, of New York. In. thus enumei-atiug the minor features 
of the grounds before proceeding to more impoitant matters, we must not forget 
u fragment which was one of the most remarkable curiosities of the whole 
E.xhibition. The right hand and wiist <<{ the colossal — we should rather say the 
mammoth — .statue of Liberty, which French citizens propose to contribute to the 
United States, to be erected in New York harbor, was completed in time to 
be sent liere a month or two before the day of closing. This mere segment 
of the statue was in itself of such si/.e that, when secui'ed to its iron frame 
and set u]) on the Ijorders of the lake, j)eople could ascend through the wrist 
to the torch held aloft in the hand, and walk around the edge of the lamp 



396 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

as on a lialcony. A gron]i of t]uvp men could easily stand upon one side of 
it. Tliei'e was a little house liuilt about the liase, at which subscriptions were 
solicited aud received, sulisci-ibers only being accor<led the privilege of ascending. 
The entire statue, one hundred and fifteen feet in height, will be first erected 
for the l*aris Exposition of 1878, the fragment sent here being returned for 
tliat purpose. Jt will be made of beaten brown co]ij)er, about one-sixteenth of 
an inch in thickness, and su]ij)oi'ted within by a^ -wiought-iron fi-ame with trusses 
aud gii'deis. 

THE MINOR BUILDINGS. 

The buildings, scattei'ed in all parts of the gi'ounds, consisted of seven 
principal edifices, which are elsewhere pai'ticularly described, besides one 
hundred and forty-six minor buildings, of various sizes and degrees of impoi'- 
tance. The latter i-anged from little cigar and soda-water stands up^\'ar(ls 
through a long list of foreign and native bazars and restaurants; buildings ior 
the special exhibition of manufactures; police and fire-patrol lieadquarteis ; 
offices of the Centennial Commission, the Board of Finance, and the judges ; 
annexes of the gi-eat halls; the representative buildings of twenty-two different 
states, and of six foreign governments. 

I'.AZAItS OU J'l.AlKS Ol'- ■l-KAFirc. 

Of the dozen or more "bazars" or other places for the sale of goods, about 
two-thirds were established by speculative foreigners, aud these for the most 
part fi'om uoi-thei'u Africa and the Orient. Syria was represented by a "Jeru- 
salem" aud a "Bethlehem" bazai', in which vai'ious trinkets of olive wood and 
other characteristic- nick-nacks were sold ; 'J'urkey Ijv a booth for the sale of 
sponges; Tunis and Algeria each by a bazai'; and a small "Moorish villa," 
constructed in Morocco by native ^vol■kmeu, did duty both as an exhibition of 
a peculiar architecture and as a place for turning an honest penny by the sale 
of Jewelry and ornamental \vearing apparel. The Japanese had tlie most 
extensive bazar upon the grounds, and the one most extensively patronized. 
For many days during the earlier part of the season the Japanese carpentei's 
erecting this building were among the most interesting curiosities within the 
grounds, working with native tools, in native woods, and clothed in national 
costumes. The "World's Ticket Office" of Messrs. Cook, Son <fe Jenkins, the 
famous conductoi's of traveling parties in all parts of the globe, belonged to 
this class of buildings, but it also contained some interesting oriental objects 
exhibited as cuj-iosities, among which was a representative of ancient Egypt in 



THE INTEK^'AT10^IAL CENTE^'IslAL EXHIBITION. iW 

the sliaj)!' of a well jnvserved mummy in liis liieroo-lypli-covered ease. Tents 
used 1)V travelers in Syria and Kgypt w ei e set u]) near this buildinii'. The 
Centennial riiotni^iaplue ^Vssociatii»n liad a lar^e jiavilion for tlie sale of photo- 
i,'ra])lis, sliowini;' views in all pai'ts of the grounds and the interior of the 
K.xliiliition Ijuildings. There was also a railroad ticket offiee, an express office, 
and a small paxilion for the sale of liihles, established \>\ the American Bible 
society. Besides these buildings, there were stands scattered through neai'ly all 
the large halls for the sale of vai'ions articles, foreign and domestic. 

IIESTAT HANTS AXD CAKES. 

The I'estaurants and cafes having s])ecial buildings were nine in numbei', 
and represented the general cooking of Germany, France and America, the 
bread-making of Vienna, and the peculiar coffee oi Turkey, with odds and 
ends from the latter counti'v in the way of wines and pi'eserves. It was a 
peculiarit} of the Turkish cafe that the visitor could enjoy a ])ipe of oriental 
tobacco through the world-famous " nargileh " and the " shebook.'" The largest 
of the I'estaurants a\ as the " Gi'and American," covering ver\' nearly an acre of 
ground, 800 feet in length, with wings at each end extending 200 feet. In 
one wing was the general ilining hall, and the oj»posite wing constituted au 
open colonnade used as a cafe. The French I'estaurant, " Aux Trois Freres 
Proveucaux," occu])ied nearly half an aciv, standing in a cousi^icuous place on 
the borders of the central lake. Next to the American in point of size was 
''Laul»er's German Restaurant," partially burne<l during October, but refitted 
for temporai-y use until the end of the season. The " Lafayette," the " Dairy," 
the "Southern," the "George's Hill," the "Vienna Bakery," and the "Depart- 
ment of Public Comfort," comjilete the list of the places on w hich the throngs 
in attendance chiefly depended for sustenance and refreshment. They occupied 
nearly four acres of ground altogether, but even with such an immense sj)ace 
devoted to this single purpose, and with the aid of half a dozen places within 
tlie great buildings, it took at least three hours in the middle of each day to 
furnish the people their necessary "lunches," during the months of September, 
October and November. Although the building known as the "Department of 
Public Comfort" was essentially a restaurant, it contained many conveniences 
whicli rendei'ed it a peculiar feature <>f this Exhibition, that have left their 
grateful impress on the minds of visitors. 
51 



398 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



SPECIAL KXmiUT BIJII,DI.\(;S. 

The special buildiugs for the exhibitioii of raauufactures and products, 
erected by iiulividuaLs, societies, states or independent governments, were thii'ty- 
six in numbei', and I'anged from a tiny pavilion less than ten feet square, for 
the exhibition of fire-extinguishers by a New Yoi'k fii-m, to the " Brewers' Hall," 
erected by the United States Brewers' Association, covering 26,112 square feet 
— nearly t^\'o-thlrds of an acre — and having 212 exhibits of products and 
maehinei'y pertaining to the trade, from the United States, Canada, Great 
Britain and Germany. The "Butter and Cheese Factory," standing near it, was 
constructed as a model of such a factory, and contained the various necessary 
machinery and appliances. In the " Glassware Building," erected by a Phila- 
delphia firm, the processes of moulding goblets, dishes, etc., was constantly going 
on during the six months of the Exhibition. A quartz mill, set uj) by the 
State of Nevada, was also in active operation, showing the manner of reducing 
ores and extracting the precious metals. In another large building the " Camp- 
bell Printing Pi'ess Company," of Brooklyn, exhibited the various processes of 
printing with piresses driven by a thirty horse-power engine ; and also a printing 
office of a hundred years ago, with its hand-press in operation. The " Spanish 
Government Building" contained about six hundred exhibits, including twenty 
or more from the Phillipine Islands, mostly of matters connected with education 
and science, but including also many agricultural products and some mechanical 
appliances. The timbers of Canada were shown in a fanciful sti'ucture of jnled 
up boards and logs, of immense proportions, considering the method of construc- 
tion — 4,200 square feet. In the " French Government Pavilion " one of the 
most valuable collections in the Exhibition was shown — the models or plans of 
nearly all the great public works recently executed in France — bridges, acpie- 
ducts, lighthouses, etc., with publications and reports referring to them. The 
. " Swedish School House " was in itself an " exhibit," its framework, not unlike 
the Swiss st3de of building, having been made in Stockholm and transported 
to this country. Within, there was an interesting display of the desks, utensils, 
charts, models and natui-al specimens used for the instruction of children in 
the primary schools of Sweden. Near this building stood the " Pennsylvania 
Educational Hall," octagonal in shape, with thirty-two alcoves, in which the 
entire system of public education in Pennsylvania was illustrated by drawings, 
reports and specimens of pupils' work, from the kindergarten to the academy 
and normal school. Twt) small buildings were erected to illustrate respectively 
the American and the Frobel systems of kindergarten instruction. In that 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 399 

devoted to the latter system, a party of cliildren from an oi-plian asylum in 
Philadelpliia received instruction in view of the visiting ])nblic, on three 
mornings of each week. In the "American Newspaper Jiuilding" more than 
7,000 of the 8,129 newsjiapers [)nblis]ied in this country were regularly received 
and placed at the disposal of all visitors wishing to consult any of them. The 
"New England Fai'mers' Home," always an object of great interest to visitoi's, 
consisted of a. small log house, in which the homely implements of housekeeping 
in use a hundred years ago were exhil>ited in profusion, and also a few articles 
of special historical value on account of their associations. Among the latter 
were the writing desk of John Alden ; the sword of Colonel Barrett, who gave, 
at the battle ()f Concord, the first military order issued by any American officer 
in the Ilevohitioiiai'y war; and the "Fuller Cradle." in mIiIcIi little Peregrine 
White, the baby born in the Mayilower, was rocked. C)ther special buildings 
were for the exhibition of stoves, steam boilers, railroad appliances and models, 
chemical [)aint, ventilating ap|iaratus, manufactured fuel, sheet metal for house 
construction, safety matches, glassware, sewing machines, burial caskets, tea and 
coflfee extracts, and guano, with other fertilizers. At a little building called 
the "House .Vpiary" more than thirty colonies of Italian, Corinthian and 
Cyprian bees e.xhibited themselves in the act of making honey. The "Cuban 
Acclimatization Society" displayed, in a small building, many trojiical plants, 
.seeds, etc., with a variety of rustic work. Besides these smaller buildings, there 
were numerous out-door exhibits on the grounds: the old locomotive "John 
Bull," and two passenger cars, used in 1881 on the Camden <fe Amboy 
Uailroad, with I'ails and stone sleepers of the original road; the first iron prow 
ever used on ships plying the Atlantic ; windmills of many kinds and many 
jiatents. In Lansdowne valle,}' there was a rude log hut nestling among the 
trees, and illustrating a hunter's camp in the Adiroiidacks. with all the usual 
appliances of camp furniture. On the main lake floated small boats and rafts, 
showing inventions for the convenience of Ijoatmen, and for the saving of life. 
A number of newspapers had little ]iavilions for the use of their correspondents. 

. rOlJEUiX tiOYKUN.MKXT lillLDlXCiS. 

Among the buildings erected by foreign nations for purposes other than 
the exhibition of products, the most conspicuous Avere the three " British 
Government Buildings." These were constructed for the i-esidence of the 
commis.sioners of Great Biitain and the numerous members of the staff. They 
were built in the old English cottage style, and formed one of the most 
jiicturesque groups within the grounds. These buildings were surrounded by 



400 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

a rustic fent-e, and were never open to the public. The "Japanese Dwelling" 
was erected as the home of the .la^ianese woi'knien imported to care foi' the 
exhibits of Jap.-in .iiid to consti'uct the Imildings peculiar to that country. 
This, like the ba/.ar already mentioned, was made of wood, tiles and other 
articles bi-ought from Japan. The S[)anish government, besides its large build- 
ing, filled with valuable exhibits, erected a small one-story structure for the few 
soldiers who accompanied the commission. Three pavilions, ei'ected respectively 
by the governments of the German and Brazilian empires and the kingdom of 
Portugal, for the use of commissioners and the convenience of native visitoi's, 
complete the list of foreign official Ijuildings. 

STATK Bl'IKDINciS. 

Twenty-three of our thirty-eight states wei'e represented by special structures. 
These varied greatly in size, value and use, the differences having little connec- 
tion with the importance, wealth or size of the states represented. Some of 
them w^ere merely for the convenience of visitors ; in others there were elaborate 
exhibits of products and manufactures. Most of them Avere situated in a line 
on State avenue, having much the appearance, altogether, of a suburban village 
of private residences. The state buildings intended solely foi' the convenience 
and I'egistry of visitoi-s, with offices in some of them for the respective state 
commissioners and other officers, were those of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, 
Illinois, Wisconsin, Delaware, Missouri, New York, Iowa, Rhode Island, ^^ermont. 
New Jersey and \'irginia. The interior of the Michigan building was in itself 
an exhibit, the walls consisting entirely of Avood-work, in which fourteen different 
native woods of the State were used. In the construction of the Mississippi 
building iijjwards of one hundred vai'ieties of woods were employed. Ohio 
made a special exhibit within and without her state building, besides a display 
of moi-e than twenty different kinds of sand and limestone in the matei'ials of 
the structure itself. In the Indiana building there were shown vari<ius speci- 
mens of coal, stone and wood, with a chair composed of one hundred different 
kinds of woods from a single county. New Hampshire exhibited many 
photographs of White Mountain sceneiy, and one showing the home of General 
John Stark. The interior of the Connecticut house — a quaint little bit of old- 
fashioned New England architecture, designe<l by Mr. Donald G. ]\Iitchell 
(Ike Marvel) — ccmtained a number of historical curiosities, in which "Charter 
Oak" predominated as a material. There were also relics of "Old Put," and 
the original Royal Arms which hung above the S])eaker's chair, in Hartford, 
before the Revolution. It is now one hundred and fifty-two years old. The 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXiUlUTlUN. 4U I 

display made 1>\' tlie State of Araryland was very large, and among tlie most 
iiiteivstiiig of all the e.\liil>its in tlie state ))iiildings. It consisted of a mineral 
collection, witli s|u'eimens of lMiiMiiig-sti>ne ami woods; also large and accurate 
models of a iisli-liouse and a hatcliingdioiise, with [M)rtraits of the state gov- 
ernoi's, and the wm-k of itii|>ils in the Maryland Institute and School of Art 
aud l)fsign. Xeai' the house, and belonging to its e.\hil)it, wei-e the tli'st engine 
and the last engine built by the lialtimore tt Ohio Railroad ("omjKiny. West 
Virginia ma<le a bi-illiant dis|ilay of "245 exhibits, consisting of minerals, copper 
and iron oi'cs, coal, miner;d waters, au'i'icultural products, nearly eiglity \ai'ieties 
of woods, oils, cliemical products, photogi'ai)hy, wine, glass, etc lu the interior 
columns of the ("alifornia building w'^re many panels of the beautiful and 
peculiar 'woods of (hat State, and also an' extensive exhibit of silkwoi-ms, 
cocoons ami raw silk. The States of Kansas and Colorado combined to ei'ect 
a building covering more than three times as much ground as the largest 
building put uj) by any one state. The display within was so rich in \ ;u'iety, 
and so admirably arranged in oi'uamental groupings, that this building became 
one of the most popular u[)on the grounds. The exhibit of Kansas consisted of 
agricultural pi'oducts in great profusion, with cereals and grasses ari'anged in 
various designs up(U\ tlie walls; minerals, silk cocoons, stone and plaster of 
Paris. Cotton was also disi)]ayed. Colorado showed a large collection of 
mineral and geological specimens, cabinets of stnffed animals and birds peculiar 
to the Rocky Mountain region, and characteristic views of scenery. Arkansas 
surprised every visitor by a large and variegated display, in its own building, 
of the agricultural and mineral resources of that State, dividing the honors with 
Kansas, Colorailo and West Virginia. A modest circular tent, known as the 
'"Tennessee Head([uai"tei's," erected by a pati'iotic citizen, in default of any 
official attention to the subject, must not be overlooked. A few' specimens of 
the rich minei'als of the State lay upon the ground in various pai'ts of the tent. 

oKKicrvi. AM> oiUKi: p.rii.i)i.\(;s. 

The government of tiie Exhil)ition was well provided for by numerous 
buildings within the grounds, covering two acres or more altogether. Besides 
the offices of the Centennial Board of Finance and those of the United States 
Centennial Commission, theie weie a number of special buildings for the use 
of the police, fire and medical departments. The Centennial Bank was controlled 
by an indc]>endent cor[)oration, but was semi-official in its character. The 
"Judges' I'avijion," with its four towers and convex roof, Avas one of the most 
conspicuous objects on the grounds. It contained many offices for the use of 



402 .MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



the judges, besides a central liall of large proportions and liandsomely orna- 
mented. The " Philadelphia Pavilion " was an ornamental cottage erected by 
the Quaker City for the convenience of citizens. The " P)ankers' Building " 
was a small clul)-house for the use of the fraternity indicated bv its name, and 
was not ojien to the ])ul)lic. 

THE PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS. 

Numei'ous as are the buildings, monuments, fountains and special disphivs 
of products and manufactures already mentioned, we are now only upon the 
threshold of the great International Exhibition of 1876. Beginning with tlie 
mere grounds, we have passed fcom minor mattei's to more important ones, 
until we have now to consider the seven principal buildings, with their seventeen 
"annexes," in \\diich the mass of articles were exhibited. We will confine our 
attention, for the pi'esent, to the dimensions, materials and consti'iiction of these 
edifices. The Main Building, which is still standing, and will probably become 
a j^ermanent feature of Fairnn)unt Park, is composed of -wrought iron, cast iron 
and glass, with a foundation of lirick and stone. It is a parallelogi-am, 1,880 
feet in length — 560 feet more than a quarter of a mile. Its \vidth is 464 feet. 
The interior height of the main roof is 70 feet, with a rise to 96 feet in the 
center of the Imilding, where four towers foi'm a square 184 feet on each side. 
These towers I'each to a height of 120 feet. At the four corners of the 
building there are toweis 75 feet in height. The areas covered give a total 
floorage for exhibition puiposes of about twenty-one acres and a half. Most of 
this area — 20 acres — is on the ground floor, the space devoted to galleries being 
comparatively small. There were three annexes connected \\'itli the Main 
Buildino: durino; the season of the Exhibition. Tw^o of these extended alons: 
its southern side under its eaves, and Avere devoted to the display of minei'als 
from various states of the Union. The third stood on the op]iosite side of the 
Avenue of the Kepublic, covered nearly two acres of ground, and contained a 
varietj^ of articles, l)ut mostly carriages, railway coaches and stoves. 

Machinery Hall, standing at a distance of 542 feet from the western end 
of the Main Building, is also to be a pei'manent feature of Fairmoimt Park, 
according to present plans. It is about 1,400 feet in length — somewhat more 
than a quarter of a mile — and is constructed of wood, iron and glass, the 
supei'structure resting upon a foundation of masonry. As in the Main Building, 
very little space is given to galleries ; the area for exhibition purposes is about 
14 acres. This building was fitted with eight lines of shafting, extending the 
entire length of the interior, or 10,880 feet in all — more than two miles. This 



404 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



shafting was conncfted with a inntor df l,4<H)-hors(' power, the celebrated 
Corliss engine. A t;ink in the suiithein wing. For tlie use of jiunips on exhilii- 
tion, was KiO feet in h;ngtli and i>(> feet wide, alhiw ing 10 feet depth of water. 
There were live annexes of Maehinei-y Hall, covei-ing in the aggregate nearly 
two acres. Thive of tliese were ])oilei'-honses, fui'nishing steam for the varions 
exhibitors re(|nii'ing it, and also for the Corliss engine, on which most of the 
exhibitors depended foi' power. The largest and nn)st important annex of 
Machinery Hall, though it may more properly ))e called an entirely independent 
edifice, was tlie "Shoe and Leather Huilding," in which thei'e were nearly 400 
exhibits of materials, machinery, and manufactured products, for the most part 
from the United States, ]>nt also from Great Britain, Germany and Russia. 
The "Saw Mill Annex" with its boiler-house, covering more than half an acre, 
was erected for the ]>ur]iose of showing huge circidar saws, for both himl^er 
and stone, in operation. 

Agricultural Hall was a structure built entirely of wood, of very peculiar 
form, with a genci'al gothic tendency, but assignable to no order of architecture. 
With a dozen or more pointed towers, sharp, high, green-painted roofs ami 
oi'namental sides of dai'k brown, the effect produced was extremely unique. 
The area coxcred was l)et\\een ten and eleven acres. The annexes of this hall, 
two in number, wci-e for the exhil)ition of agricultural and other Avagons, anil 
of fruits in theii' seasons. They covered about an acre and a quarter. 

The lloiticultural Hall, ei'ected by the city of Philadel2:)liia, is a building 
of iron and glass, standing on Lansdowne Terrace, between the two I'avines. 
It is an elaboiate and highly ornamental structui-e, designed in the Moorish 
style of about the twelfth century, the period at whicdi Moorish grandeur and 
luxury had ivached its highest point in Sjiain. In due accordance with its 
architecture, the building was painted in gorgeous coloi's, and its graceful forms 
shone brilliantly in the sun during the bright days of summer and autumn 
while the Exhibition was ojien. It covei'S about an acre and three-quarters of 
ground. Near- the hall stood a long tent-shaped annex, of wood, iron and 
canvas, in wdiich a magnificent display of rhododendrons and azeleas, fi'om the 
Knap Hill nursery, in Surrey, England, Avas offei'ed during the proper season. 
The interior of the main hall was somewhat disappointing to visitors, upon the 
wdiole, though it was tolerably well filled with tropical plants, ferns, orchids, 
hollies, etc. There Avere four forcing conservatories north and south of the 
centi-al hall, but the dis])lay was at no time very pleasing or impressive. The 
long series of beds, ali'eady refeired to, lying along the Lansdowne ridge, may 
be regarded as an opeu-aii- annex of Horticultural Hall, and afforded more 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXIUHITION. 405 



pleasure to visitors than anythinp; within. The display of il«iut-rs in these beds 
Avas eonsiderable, ami a profusion of hrilliant foliage-plants was particularly 
attractive. An area of nearly two acres was covered by the Hall and its annex. 
Memorial Hall, erected from approjiriatioiis by the State of Pennsylvania 
and the city of Philadelphia, is intended, as its name indicates, to be a lasting 
monument to keep the memory of this Exhibition green in the minds of future 
trenerations. AVhatcvei' may be the fate of the other buildings now regarded 
as pei'mancnt. this will Ix' standing, in all probability, when the next Centen- 
nial yeai' of the lv('|>nblic shall arrive. It is of stone throughout, except the 
iron dome, and is al)solutely lire-]iroof, if that can be said of any building. 
The design, known technirally as the "modern i-enaissance," combines the 
graceful semi-circular lloinan aich with plain Doric fonns, in the shape of 
pilasters, between the windows and other openings. The front, 365 feet in 
length, presents a tine centi'al facade, \\ ith three arched doorways, forty feet in 
height, flanked on each side by a colonnade extending to a towei", or rather 
"pavilion," at each end. The central dome springs from a high, sipiare tower, 
and is surmounted by a figure of Columbia, the whole i-ising to a height of 
150 feet. The four pavilions at the corners are surmounted each by four 
immense eagles of stone, with wings s[)i-ead ; female figures rest upon the 
corners of the central tower, at the base of the dtmie. The Imildiug stands 
upon a broad terrace of solid masonry, reached upon the north and south by 
massive flights of steps. At the sides of the main flight, on the southern front, 
stand the two bronze figures of Pegasus, with attendant Muses, noticed in our 
general view of the groiuids. Little idea of the architect's design as to the 
interior could be obtained In' a visitor during the season of the Exhibition, as 
the main hall was divided into comparatively small apartments l)y temporary 
partitions, for the accommodation of pictures. In the absence of these parti- 
tions, the main galleries and central hall form a single grand apartment, lighted 
from above, 287 feet in length and 8."'> feet -wide, capable of holding 8,000 
people without discomfort. Besides this, there are the end halls, the four coi-ner 
pavilions, and numerous smallei- apartments on two floors at the north side of 
the building. As arranged for an art gallery, there were 75,000 square feet of 
space for paintings. This area was fotind insufficient by the Commission, and 
an amiex was built in the same general style, though in plainer forms, and of 
bi-ick stuccoed in imitation of the same gray stone. In this building there 
were ;'.4 galleries and two central ti-ansverse corridors, pi-esenting a Avail s[)ace 
of 60,000 square feet. Another annex, know n as the " Pliotographic Exhibition 
Building," was a temporary structure, 242 feet in length by 77 feet wide, 
62 



40G MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



divided into many alcoves, and displayins: on its walls specimens of photo- 
graphic work from P]np:land, France, Russia, (Termany, Austria, Norway, Sweden, 
Brazil, the Aroeiitiiie llepublic, Mexico, Poland and Australia, as well as fi'om 
Canada and tlie United States. The Memorial Hall, with its two annexes, 
covered an area, of between three and four acres, the main structure covering 
about one acre and t\vt)-thirds. 

The United States Government Building, in the form of a Latin cross, and 
constructed entirely of \vood, occupied al)out t\\i> and a third acres of ground. 
Three small annexes t'onsisted of an "Ordnance Laboratory," an " Ai-my Post 
Hospital," and the " Ti'ausit of Venus Buildings," in the latter of which the instru- 
ments used in observing the phenomenon indicated by the name were on exhibi- 
tion. In tlie hospital were shown various implements, medicines, stores, furniture, 
etc., \vith models of hospital cars, boats and ambulances, besides photographs 
of striking surgical cases in the late \var, and microscopical specimens. To 
these buildings must be added a lighthouse, showing at night a revolving light 
of white and red, and another little house, in which steam fog-horns were in 
active operation every day, startling strangers and adding little if anything to 
the comfort of I'egular visitors. 

The "Woman's Pavilion," occupying about two-thirds of an acre, was erected 
by the special exertions of women in the United States, though the women of 
Pliiladelphia should be credited with the greater part of the labor and money 
contributed. The structure was of wood, and ]>eculiar to itself in design, 
forming a square at the base, but having its main roofs in the sha])e of a 
Greek cross, witli a large central elevation, surmounted by a dome and a cupola. 

The total area for the exhibition of goods and other purposes of the 153 
buildings within the grounds was a little more than 72 acres, according to the 
most accurate calculations j^ossible from the figui'es at hand. This area ^va^ 
disti'ibuted as follows : 

Main Huildiiig ai .47 Tliirl y-si\ Buildings for Special Exliiliils :!. 10 



Machinery ITall 14.00 

Agricultural Hull 10.15 

Horticultural Hall l.TO 



Thirteen Official Buildings of the Centennial 

Authorities 3 . 50 

Ten Restaurants and Cafes •! ■ 8") 



Memorial Hall 1 • 00 ' Thirteen Bazars and Booths for safe of articles, ..50 



Twenty -eight Miscellaneous Buildings, Cigar 

Stands, etc 1*^ 



Total acreage of 153 Buildings 7',J. 10 



United States Government Building 2.35 

Woman's Pavilion 00 

Seventeen annexes 7 . 60 

Twenty-three State Buildings 3.00 

Si.K Special Buildings of Foreign Ooveninicnts. .50 

About two acres and two-thirds of the al)ove total amount consist of the 
galleries in the Main Building and IVLachinery ILdl ; this leaves about sixty-nine 
and a half acres as the amount of ground actually covered by the l)uildings. 



TIIK INTKKNA'noNAL CENTENMiAI. EXIIIBITKIN. 407 



III— x\ GENERAL REVIEAV OF THE EXIII I'.ITTOX. 

IN fDiisidcriiiu- the inyiiad of .irticles cxliibited, we must deal first with mere 
uiiinl)('i-.s. Ill no other iiiamitT ran we approximate to a detinite idea t)f the 
hiio-e dimensions of a woi'hl's fair of tlic present (hiy. The numliei' of e.\liil)itovs 
indicates Init faintly the number of articles shown, as many distinct and different 
articles were often included under a single exhil)it; and there were numerous 
collections exhibited by governments, numicipal and other corpoi'ate bodies, and 
even by individuals. But we nuist content ourselves with giving the mnnber 
of exhibitoi's credited to each country in each department, and afterwards 
making such remarks upon the peculiar features of every nation's display as 
may be necessary to give a general idea of the variety aud quality of the 
things exhibited. The reader must be on his guaid, howevei', in respect of 
comparisons of the different nations. In the Agricultural Depai-tment, for 
instance, many exhibits are included under one name in the general list, the 
various articles having been gathei'ed from many sources, but off'ei-ed for. 
exhibition l)y one person. State commissioners sent collective exhibit.s 
from various parts of our own country, which sometimes count as but one 
exhibit. The reader will therefore find di.screpancies between the figures here 
given and those given in tlie account of the Michigan exhibits, on other pages 
of this \-olume. It would he quite impossible to follow the same plan of 
counting in both places, inasmucdi as many foi'eign countries have sent various 
collective exhibit.s, as well as our own. For similar i'ea.son.s, it is imj^ossible to 
accurately estimate the relations of our Centennial fair to the exhil)itions which 
have preceded it. The sy.stems of numbering and cataloguing exhibitions vary 
in different countries and in different times. The "42,217 exhibitors'' at Paris 
in 18G7 by no means indicate a gi-eater numl.)er of articles displayed or of 
pei-sons represented than were displayed and represented at Philadelphia, thougli 
the American figures are not nearly as high. The Connnissioners distribute*) 
all the objects exhil)ited among five general "departments," as follows: I — 
Mining and Metallurgy — minerals, ores and other mining products, and all the 
metals in the early processes of manufacture; II — General Manufactui'es ; 
III — Education and Science; IV — The Fine Arts; V — Machinery; VI — Agri- 
cidture; VII — Horticidture. We will follow these general divisions, except 



408 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



til. 'it we will 
to the oriU'i- 



lirow the last two into oi 
hoseii I>\' tlic ('oiiiiuissioii. 



•; luit we need not contiiic ourselves 
Tlie entire number of exliihitors was 



MININt; AND METALLURGY. 

In the (lejtartiiient of ores, ininei'als, ete., and metals in tlieir rou^'her forms, 
the exhibitors rejuvsented the \ arious uatious as in the foUowini:' tai)le: 



ITuitc'd States . (IIIS 
British Empire: 

(iroiit Britain 41 

Canada 250 

British Colonies . . 1 29—420 

France oS 

Germany '>7 

Austria 11 

Bussia 47 

Spain and Colonics .■522 



Italy 

Switzerland 

Sweden _ 

Norway 

Belgium 

Netherlands and Colonies, 

Portugal 

Luxemburg _ 

Tuvkey^-. 101 

Egypt -- 8 



Total numher iii' exliiliitc 



Tunis 1 

Orange Free State 5 

China . 8 

Japan 

Hawaii 4 

Brazil 7\) 

Argentine Republic lO") 

Chili 

Peru o 

Mexico 27 

2,0(!,s 



The mineral prodiu'ts contributed by sueh a long list of utitions and eolo- 
iiies represented nearly exery eorner of the globe. Some of the countries sent 
grt'at piles of ores and stones, while others sent cal)inets of small specimens 
([uite as valuable, perhaps, in illustration of their kinds, but less impressive to 
the spectator. The contributions of (rreat Britain consisted of Cumberland and 
other ores, coal, coke, ]>eat, Scotch red granite, blue and uray Irish ii'raiiites, 
cluilk, tiint, common and pottery clays and emery stone, with numerous speci- 
mens of Portland cenu'iit and concrete. The metallurgical products of Great 
Britain consisted of platinum, pig iron, spiegeleisen, Bessemer steel; wire, in 
various sliape.s, of iron, copper, brass and steel; zinc tin and phosphor bronze. 
The most interesting part of the British display in this department were 
si)eciinens of armor plates for war vessels, from Shetlield, varying in tldckness 
from eight to twenty inches, and sliowing indentations by cannon-shot 
made in the process of testing. The colonies of the i^ritish empire, located in 
every }>art of mother earth, sent to us tlu'ir natural treasures in great variety 
and abundance. From New Zealand came iron ore, coal, j)lumbago, copper, 
antimony, marble, lead, marl, porcelain-clay and zinc ; one specimen of petro- 



* These and the follow iiiii ligures may differ somewhat from those of the official report to be made, after 
this writing, hy the Ceutenniiil Commission. They, are based upon the fig-ures furnished by the Commission 
to the publisluMs of the revised catalogue. No dilTcrences, however, can be suflicienll}' great to affect the 

gcncnil n'lalioiis of Ibo vnriims niitions to each olhci- in any (Irparlnicnl. 



THE INTKKNATIONAI. CKNTENNIAL EX III HITK )\. 409 

IfUiii ; ,illii\ i;il li'old, gold-ljc.-iiiiiii' (|ii;irt/, and iiiodcls of o-okl ingots. xVustralia 
and Tasmania sent t'Oj)})ei- and lead, iron, gold, tin and tin ore, granite, slate, 
kaolin, with some remai'katilc and vciy large ])icces of l)la<d< kerosene shale 
from New South Wales; nickel, marble, sninlstone, antimony, eoal, [jlumbaco, 
malachite, bismuth, asljestos, topazes and beryls. There was building-stone from 
tiie Bahamas ami the Bei-mudas; from the latter, also, a stalactite and a stalag- 
mite taken from a submerged caA c India, with all lier romance and poetry, 
took a practical turn, sending us iron, copper and leail ores, " tin stone," sulphur, 
coal, limestone, clays, powdered mica, ochre, white, ]iink and yellow earths. 
But there were also agates and cainelians from ( 'anibay, gem sand from ('e\loii, 
ruby sand from Travaiicore, garnets from Mysore, gold sand fi'oni Puridia and 
Rangoon. < )ur neighbor, the Dominion, sent many varieties of minei'al pioduct, 
including a dozen exhibits of gold, and as many of silver, with copper, iron 
and lead, coal without stint, building-stone, brick clay in great quantities, and 
gypsum. Asphaltum from France reminded us of Parisian pavements; the same 
country sent Algerian onyx, marbles, cements, lime, slndl, ivory, mother-of-pearl, 
emery, platinum, iron, steel and copper. Germany erected a monument of 
spiegeleisen in Machinery Hall, besides contributing specimens of all the more 
important metals and ores, lithographic stones, mineral waters, and ainl)er in 
large (juautities. Austria exhibited ciiunibar, meteoric iron, opals in the rout^h, 
and red chalk. And so through th(i long list of countries, the mere names 
of the materials are a reminder of earth's universal l)ounty. Nearly all of the 
nations contributed examples of the more usefid and common minerals and 
metals. We will now mention such as seemed particularly interesting and 
striking, or are specially characteristic of the countries named : Belgium, black 
marble, Itlue and gray sandstone from Basecles ; the Netherlands, garnets, "raw" 
topazes, diamonds, trlpoli and corundum ; Italy, yello\v marble, alabaster, aromatic 
earth of Cattu, various earths used for coloring matter, sulphui' in great quan- 
tities; Russia, Siberian graphite, bitiuninoiis coal from a mine whi(di has been 
burning underground since 1700, a huge mass of malachite in its rough state 
as taken from the (piarry, gold-bearing sands, naval ainioi', projectiles, iron and 
copper from the I'ral Mountains; Spain, galena in large qmintities, luckel, 
sulphur, tin, asphaltum, alabaster, marble, jasper, ser[)entine, Spanish white, jet, 
upwards of thirty specimens of mineral waters, quicksilver ore from the famous 
Almaden mines, and gold from the Philij)pine Islands. Portugal, besides the 
more useful metals, including considerable tin ami numerous exhibits of 
marbles and other building stone, contributed leaf of gold, silver, aluminnm and 
platina. The peculiar otferiiitr "f Turkey wjus "brimstone from the desert," 



410 MICHKiAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



"brimstone ore" and "ciude hriiiistone," with a few spcrimens of snljdmr. Snp- 
plementiny tliese were cxliiliils in \v;u\. ii'ou, rojjpci-, tri[M(li, emery, ruck ei-ystal, 
marhle, and a dozen speeiniens u\' liot and cold mineral waters. ( )t' all tlie 
foreign e.\lul)its in the metallurgical de]>ar1 ment, those of Sweden and Norway, 
illustrating the wouderru! products of those countries, were the most imjioi-tant 
antl interesting. The specimens of iron I'ods twisted, cold, into ehdjorate kin>ts, 
and of tliick sheet iron pi-essed into necessaiy shai)es for use, were among the 
cui'iosities of the Exhihition ; the fracture tests of steel, exhibited in great 
numbers, were specially remarkable, and attracted the closest scrutiny of scien- 
tific aiul business men. 

The coiitiuenl of Afi'ica was re|)resented in this de])arlment b\ l'>gy})t, 
Tiuiis and tiie Orange Free State. From the most ancient of nations came 
gold dust, petrified wood, mai'bles, alal)a.ster, linu'stone, cement, porcelain-clays, 
iron and "solid rough gold pieces," all contributed by the National Museum of 
Egypt, under orders of the Khedive. The Bey of Tunis, Sidi JMohammed 
Essadok, sent cal)inet specimens of minerals and oi'es. The name of the Orange 
Free State reminds every reader of the "South African iliamond fields," and 
the excitement al)oul them several years ago. A small case within the sjiace 
allotted to this litth' country in the Main Building contained s])ecimens of 
diamonds in the rough, of " diamondift'rons soil, with a diamond in it," and of 
the [lebbles and crystals accomjianying the diamond. (Jhina offered a small 
but solid array of coal, granite, bora.x and gypsum, with one specimen of steel, 
some tin foil, silver leaf and imitation of gold leaf. Japan, sought by visitors, 
like China, for the fantastic lieauty of her bronzes and other ornamental woiks, 
showed, also, that the more serious industi'ies were not negleided within her 
l)ouiidaries, contributing various ores, anthracite coal, building stone, mineral 
oils, crude and refined, nn>rtars, clay, quicklime and kaolin; also a geological 
collection from the island of Hokkaido. Crossing the Pacilic ocean eastward, 
we come to the little island kingdom of Hawaii, from which we received lava 
and geological specimens taken from the crater of the volcano of Kilana, and 
coal from the forests of Haleakala. Turning to the contiiK'Ut of South America, 
we find that the emjnre of Brazil and the iVrgeiitine Republic took leading 
positions among the nations in the nnnd)ei's of their exhibits. Gold, mercury 
and nickel were among the nu'tals of ]irazil, while diamonds, cut and in the 
rough, wei'e miturally prominent objects. Agates, crystals and amethysts also 
gave beavit)- io her collection, though it was chiefly composed of the less 
valual)le and more im])ortant minerals and metals. Ijike Japan, Turkey, Ger- 
many, Russia and other countries, Jirazil sent specinu-ns of mineral water, 



THE INTEKMATIONAL CENTENKIAL EXlUlilTION. 411 



iinpregiuited, in this casf, witli siilpliur. The AriiviitiiR' l^ejtublic sent iiuiueioiis 
specimens of the same, also e.xhibitiui;' cdlorcil chalks, hhick and \v]iite veizetable 
chiy, marl)lc, uTanitc, silver, liold and c(i]i|icr. I'cni was ic|ii(-sente(l by a 
Lreneral collectinii oT minci-als. gathereil by the sjiecial commissioner from Lima, 
and a private cxhiliit of sulpliui'; (Inli liy uold, silver, copper, bnildinii- stone 
.uiil aititicial iiiaililc. ^[exic(^, I)rini;'iiiu' us t(^ our own continent, e.\liil>ite(l 
suljihur, (juicksiUer, meteoric ii-on, marble, many specimens of her beautiful and 
celebrated onyx, and an immense cake of solid silvei', .about five feet in diameter, 
and weio'hiiiL;' two tons, wliicli ritlin'^ly illustra(c(l ihc liclnios of her mines. 

It seems hardly necessary to consider in so much detail the exhibits of tlie 
United States. Nearly all the useful minerals and metals heretofore mentioned 
were to be found in our collection ; they are familiar to every Amei-ican reader — 
iron, copi)er, lead, zinc, nickel, irohl, silvei', mercury; building stones of all kintls, 
sandstone, limestone, marble, granite; coal in immense (jmintities; clays, marl, 
and other fertilizers; silex, gypsum, ochres, emery, jihunbago, ])l;ister; petrifac- 
tions, fossils, geological S2)ecimens of every kind ; a display of pre[)ared metals 
that could scarcely be excelled by any other counti'y upon its own soil. Our 
states in the East, the South, the far West, tlu' ^Mississippi valley, and along 
the great lakes, sent evidences of vast abundancie and overfiowing natural 
wealth ; only partially developed, pei'haps, but promising everything for the 
future. The American display was far more inipicssive in its magnitude than 
the mere number of exhibits would indicate, as was also that of Canada, for 
tlie convenience of freightage enaljled exhibitors to send great masses, instead 
of small specimens. Huge blocks an<l columns of stone, marbles, coal and ores, 
towering sometimes far above the observers head, were scattered in al)undaiice 
through the mineral annexes of the Main Building, the Government Building, 
;ind in other places where the various states exhibited their riches. 

:\ia(1IIm;i;v. 

It was undoulttedly in the display of machinery that the international 
Exhibition of 1S7<) excelled all preceding world's fairs. In other departments, 
as in the tine arts ;ind the \;irious maiiufactui'es, the inaiii ludls and art galleries 
of Baris and of \'ienna certainly sui'passed those of Philadelphia. Hut in its 
Machinery Hall the American Exhibition stands thus fai' unrivaled, and it is 
doubtful, perhaps, wlu-ther it will ever be ecpialcd upon the opposite side of 
the ocean. The total nund)er of exhibits in this department — not counting 
agricultural implements in this place — was more than eighteen Innulred. Four- 



412 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



teen different nations, besides the United States and tlie Dominion of Canada, 
r(intril)ut('d to tliis iniinense aggregate. The givat C'oi'liss engine, witli its t^\o 
miles of shafting, kept Imndi'eds of machines in motion, tlieir various operators 
constantly at woi-k, as if Machinery Hall were one huge factory. Various 
independent engines, also, exhil)its in themselves, wei'e supplied m ith steam, 
those from foreign countries by the "English boilcT-house," and those from this 
countiy by the " American boiler-house." The steam furnished to the central 
engine was from twenty vertical tubular Ixulers, in a third liouse, situated on 
the south side of Machinery Hall, three huudi'ed feet from the engine. The 
engine itself was contributed by the Corliss Woi'ks, in Rhode Islalid, as a 
suitable illustration of the pi'inciple now known by the inventor's name in all 
parts of Europe, as well as in America. An exceptional honor was paid to 
Mr. Corliss by the judges of the Vienna exhibition, in 1873. So many Euro- 
pean makers exhibited "Corliss engines" at Vienna that the jury sent a 
complimentary diploma across the ocean to the American inventor, although he 
was represented in no other manner whatever at that exhibition, and was a 
candidate for no honors. The following table sliows the number of exhibitoi's 
fi'om each country: 



Uuited States 1,178 

British Empire: 

Great Britain 103 

Canada 2(y2 

307 

France 102 



Germany . _ . 
Austria . . . . 

Russia 

Spain 

Italy 

Switzerland . 



49 


Sweden -_ 


. r,() 


8 


Norway 


. 12 


51 


Belgium 


29 


3 


Netherlands 


- 10 


11 


Brazil 


25 




Argentine Republic 


7 



Total number of exhibitors 1,851 



The division of machinery into classes was tlius officiall}' desci'ibed : 1, 
Machines, tools and apparatus of mining, metallurgy, chemistry, and the extrac- 
tive arts ; 2, Machines and tools for woi-kiug metal, wood and stone ; 3, Machines 
and implements of spinning, weaving, felting and paper-making; 4, Machines, 
apparatus and implements used in sewing and making clothing and ornamental 
objects; 5, Machines and apparatus for type-setting, printing, stamping, embos- 
sing, for making books, and pai)er-working ; fi, Motoi's and ajipaiatns for the 
generation and transmission of power; 7, Hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus, 
pumping, hoisting and lifting ; 8, Railway plant, rolling stock and apparatus ; 

9, Machines used in preparing agi'icidtural products, not fai'mers' implements; 

10, Aerial, pneumatic and water transportation. We can do little more, in the 
space allotted to this subject, than to briefly study the tendencies of each 
country as seen in the character of its- display, noting, ])erhaps, a few of the 



414 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

more striking mjicliiues, as we proceed. England, France, Germany and the 
United States distributed their exhibits through all tlie subdivisions mentioned 
above, sliowing a general I'ange of mecli;inical .-ippliances adapted to every 
possible process of manufacture. The same may be said of Canada, except that 
she showed no macliines foi' printing or book-making. ]Most of the Russian 
exhibits in this hall consisted of apparatus foi' mining, working in the metals, 
stone and W(tod ; motoi's, hydraulic machinei'y and railway stock. Specially 
interesting, also, weiv the models, etc., showing the vai'ious new Russian 
improvements in naval construction and mechanism. Tlie machinery displayed 
by Sweden consisted, foi- the most part, of motors and railway appliances, 
involving the abundant use of her superior iron, with apparatus for the working 
of metal, drilling, turning, etc. One very small locomotive from Sweden (piite 
distinguished itself, during the latter part of the season, by drawing a load of 
four crowded cars around the narrow-gauge railroad in the grounds, in spite of 
the sharp curves and heavy grades. Among nations speaking other languages 
than our own, France took a decided lead in ^Machinery Hall. The French 
machines for making toilet-soap, chocolate and other confectionery, for litho- 
graphing and planting, all in operation, were centers of continuous crowds, and 
a number of embroidering machines challenged the attention and admiration of 
the ladies. But it was to England, Canada and the United States that the 
glories of Machinei-y Hall were especially due. The two English-speaking 
nations contribttted 1,485 of the 1,851 exhibits. Though the number contrib- 
uted by Great Britain pi'oper Avas but 105, a remarkably large proportion of 
these were heavy machines, illustrating the most impoi'tant industi-ies ; — steam 
hammers, drilling, planing and forging machines; implements and machinery for 
carding wool, printing fabrics, spinning jute, hemp, wool and cotton ; engines, 
boilers and other motois ; stone-breakers, furnaces, etc. Canadir was conspicuous 
for an array of saws ; and she also exhibited lathes, planers and forges of great 
power, nail machines, engines, and one veiy massive roller for the manufacture 
of railroad bars. It is diffictdt to specify the particulai'ly interesting exhibits 
among the contributions of our own country. They ranged from candy-making 
apparatus, as in the Fj-ench department, to the heaviest machines for working 
in iron or crushing ore. About one-quarter of the American exhibits in this 
department consisted of machiner}- for mining, iron, stone and wood working, 
chemical appliances, glass and brick machinery, etc. There were many American 
looms in operation, weaving cotton, wool and silk, with all the minor ajjpliauces 
and machinery foi' the preliminary treatment of the materials. The Jacquard 
looms, particularly, with their mysterious perforated slats, guiding the warp and 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 415 

iustnicting tlu' sliuttles Iiow to weave the must delicate patterns in various 
colors, were centers of a never-failinii: interest among the visitors. Thirty-tliree 
different makers, companies and individuals exiiihited American sewing-machines. 
No less than five European countries wei'e also re|)resented by sevving-machines 
— Kngiand, (iermany, France, Sweden and Spain. F"our cities of Germany, 
Hamburg, Leipsic, Frankfort and Dresden, and three cities of Sweden, Eskil- 
stuna, Jonkoping and Stockholm, entered into competition for the honors in 
this de]>artment, heretofore considered by ourselves so peculiarly "Ameiican." 
Canada, alone, challenged us by a display of sewing-machines from five different 
makers, in Ontario and (Quebec. Tlie American niacliines were nnicli more 
highly finished, as a rule, than those frcmi Europe, and competition seems to 
have developed more small improvements and si)ecial conveniences; but some 
of the Canadian machines leave us a small margin of superiority. TJie " uni- 
versal Yankee " retained his ti-aditional pi-e-emiuence in the matter of washing- 
machines, by exhibiting many different specimens, with attendant wringers, 
mangles, [lolishers, and other conveniences of the laundry. A steam starching, 
ironing and polishing machine was a conspicuous object; and among the most 
interesting exhibits ^vere clothes-dryers Avhicli accomplished their object by the 
simple power of centrifugal force. Every variety of printing j)ress, from the 
mere toy for the amusement of childhood to the huge Hoe press, turning off" 
many thousands of papers an hour, were sliown in full opeiation in the 
xVmerican department. Here, also, our Em-opeau friends entei-ed the lists as 
.strong competitors. The "Walter press," as used by the "Lond<^n Times," 
printing our own "New York Times" every morning during the six months of 
the Exhibition, was undoubtedly without a su|ierior among Ainci'icaii machines 
of this kind. There were many minor impidvemeuts and attachments, in the 
American department, applicalile to the various processes of printing, and 
characteristic <)f our national ingenuity and enterprise. A series of machines 
for moulding and finishing tyi)e was of nuich interest; in connection with the.se 
were exhibited the primitive liand-moulds used by our forefathers. The 2)ro- 
ce.sses of lithographic piinting were exhibited in the American department, but 
not in the jierfection shown in the French department. At all American fairs, 
notably at the aniuial exhibition of the American Institute, in New York, 
hydraulic appaiatus assumes a veiy prominent and important place. The 
innnense tank in the southern wing of Machineiy Hall was suriounded by 
pumps of all kinds, cea.selessly drawing up the water and returning it in 
streams of all sizes, from a small jet, hardly large enough for a common kitchen 
hydi-ant, to a <-ataract thirtytive feet in lieight and as many in breadth. 



416 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Nearly every iiii;igiiiiil)le hydraulic piiiiciple was exliihiterl, and every possible 
means of econoniiziiiiji; power. Akin to liydi'aulk' inaidiinerv is that used for 
purposes of veutihitiou. In the same win^;' of tlie Ilall were nuniei'ous air-blasts, 
ranojing- from mere models and the smallei' machines, suitable to the artificial 
ventilation of buildings, to a huge apparatus for the expulsion of foul air from 
mining shafts. Of steam fire-engines tliere was an admii'al)le display, one or 
two of the best coming fi-ora Canada. There were i)rolonged and severe prac- 
tical tests of these engines, on the margin of the lake, during the latter part 
of the season. 

Of those ingenious s]>ecial inventions foi- whiidi America is celebrated, there 
was as great an abundance as was expected by the most sanguine. Our 
national reputation in this respect has suffered nothing by the late Exhibiticm. 
These inventions were by no means confined to the innnmeraljle trifles which 
lessen the petty laboi's of household life, and which have multiplied in this 
country with such astonishing rapidity. The ingenuity that produces these 
mechanical midgets exerts itself, also, in more important fields, and often 
produces results which change the direction of great industi'ies. Perhaps the 
most significant of such Amei'ican inv.entions at the Centennial Exhibition was 
a flexible shaft, made of coils of wire, by wdiich motion could he communicated 
to a tool at diiferent angles, in relation to the stationaiy i)ower, at the will of 
the operator. It is impossible to estimate the number of industrial branches 
Avhich will eventually be affected Ijy this one discovery. Another novel and 
seemingly impoi'tant invention, certainly an exceedingly interesting one, was a 
contrivance by Avhich two shafts could be ^vorked at a right angle, or at any 
other angle, Avithout the usual bevel wheels, the effect being ]>roduced by a 
somewliat complicated, but apparently strong, universal joint. Here we have 
something that promises to save power, \vhicli means fuel, and to give an 
accuracy of motion that cannot be otherwise obtained. Nor was it only in 
matters of ingenuity or originality that tlie American disj^lay in Machinery 
Hall was something of which every citizen may well l)e honestly proud. It has 
been shown that no manufacturers in the Avorld exceed those of the United 
States in the scientific skill which they displa\-, the accuracy, smoothness and 
nice adjustment of part upon part. The delicate scales, of every size and 
qualit}^, exhibited by numerous firms, were notable illustrations of this ; and 
nearly all the machinery, the steam engines, pumps, lathes, looms, locomotives, 
etc., evinced the same carefulness of construction. But that department of the 
mechanical industries in which the United States stands pre-eminent among the 
nations, is the invention and construction of what are technically known as 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHimTION. 



417 



" inai-liiiH' iKols." ()f These, (iiir .•mtoiiiatie iiiacliiuei'v lias' :ic(iuired the highest 
repiitatioii, and li\ it \\c lia\f liceii eiialile(|, in many instances, to overcome 
the connx'tition of I'jiropean <-heai> lalioi\ There weiv tiny inacliines cnttinL:' 
the (litt'ei'ent pai'ts of watches, with nice ad jnstnieiits worthy of astronomical 
instrumiMits. Tliere was a linge cutter, sh)wly and silently forminii- the cogs 
of a lievel wlieel, working patiently, hour aftei' hour, without a guardian or an 
attemlaiit, pl(Klding on as intelligently as if a human luain were gtiiding it. 
There was an envelojie machine taking its paper from a roll at one end and 
delivering envelopes, countc<l and I'eady for use, at the othei' end, the attendant 
wlio received them knowing less aliout the Imsiiiess, a[)parently, than the 
machine itself did. These, and man\ like them, wei'e, as we have said, but 
faint illustrations of the great manufacturing industries of America, in which 
steam and steel are made to take the jdace of brain and muscle. But inade- 
(juate as they w'ere to do more than indicate the soui-ce of our maiuifaettiring 
wealth, they gave a degree of interest to Machinery Hall which has never 
liefore l)een reached in any similar depai'tnient of an intei'iiational exhibition. 



GENERAL ISIANUFACTUREt^. 

Most of the ii'eneral manufactures from all nations were exhibited in the 

Main Building. Fnder the term here used are included chemicals, those of 

general conunerce as well as those of the laboi'atory ; cei'amics and glassw^are ; 

furniture and general household articles ; woven goods, of cotton, wool, silk and 

other fibers; clothing, jewelry, paper and books; military arms, hunting a])para- 

tus, ordnance; medical [u-eparatioiis and surgical appliances; hardware of all 

kinds, and cutlery ; shoes, leather, hai-ness and carriages. Twenty-eight nations, 

besides their res|>ective colonies, were represented in all or in \)iivt of the 

above-named liranciies of manufacture. Of the l(t,0(lO exhibitors, a little more 

than one-([uarter belonged to the Fnited States, and about one-fifth to the 

British empire. 

2,3().S 1 Italy _ .. 294 1 Tunis _ 

Switzcrlanil . 99 1 Orange Free State 

S\vc(l.-n , - 204 China . - - 



United States 

British Empire : 

CJreat Britain . 42U 

Canada. ")!.'{ 

British Colonies . 1,102 



Norway 82 

Belgium. 186 

2,08o Netherlands and Colonies, 97 

France o27 , Denmark 24 

Germany 391 Portugal 411 

Austria 371 Luxemburg 4 

Russia 344 Turkey 9')2 

Spain and Colonics 679 Egypt 38 

T'ltai Munihir nf cxhihiturs 



19 
10 
70 
181 
20 



Japan ... 

Hawaii 

Brazil 240 

Argentine Republic 295 

Chili 79 

Peru .. 17 

Mexico .")9 

10,09(1 



418 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

By far the lai'gest, and, npon the Avhole, tlie most interestina;, display of 
manufactured chemii-als was made by <uir ow u cduutry; and if we cousidei' our 
own display in some detail, we shall have a fair idea of the great variety of 
artitdes \\lii(di this division of a world's fair includes. Tliese "chemical" 
products, as here understood, are intimntely associated with nearly every part 
of GUI' social and our jiersonal lives; oui' daily food de[)ends upon their cpiality ; 
the colors wdiich please the eye in our ornaments and oui' clothing are to be 
found among them; the disinfectants on which our health at times depends; 
the coatings that preserve our dwellings from deca}' ; our means of cleaidiue.ss ; 
the compounds wdiich enable us to lemove I'ocks for engineering purposes; the 
means of oflFensive and defensive war. Among the exhibits of the United 
States in this department were flavtu-ing extracts in jirofusion, baking powder, 
yeast cakes, cream of tartar, dye-stuffs, soaps of every variety, candles, seouring- 
powders, stove-polish, bluing, perfumes of many different makers, an<] of every 
imaginable odoi", cosmetics, and all the attendant articles of the toilet; — tliese 
to interest the ladies. There were prepared paints and white lead in every 
2)0ssible shape, lime, axle-grease, varnishes, machine oils, shoe-blacking, printing 
and writing inks, black and coloi'ed, gold, bronze and silver; gunpowder, blast- 
ing-powder, pyi'otechnic pi'eparations, and the entire range of pharmaceutical 
products. The display of refined petroleum, in every stage of pui'ity and 
impurity, was such as was ne\'er before seen, and was so aiTanged that it ^vas 
an exceedingly attractive part of the Exhibition in the Main Building. Perhaps 
the most interesting exhibits wei-e those of coal-tar antl its wonderful products. 
Nothing in real life seems more like magic than the results (.»f chemical analysis, 
and never do these seem more magical than when one stands, as he could in 
the American department, with a bottle of black coal-tar befoie him, and see. 
upwards of seventy different solids and tluids, of every possible color, which 
have been derived from it. All the aniline colors ^yere displayed, in the case 
of one exhibitor, side b}' side \vith the i-epulsive black tar from which they 
had been extracted — sewing-silk that rivaled and outslione the rainbo\v in hues, 
and wall-paper brilliant in variegated figures. There was ju'inted cloth, its 
color fixed by the artificial madder obtained tvom. this same dark soni-ce. And 
if the observer chose to follow the many other paths into -which the patient 
chemist has followed the component pai'ts of this strange matei'ial, he found 
himself among the most important affairs of all nations ; railroad ties, ship 
timl)ers and the foundation-piles of docks, buildings and bridges are preserved 
by its use. Similarly, the intelligent visitor could trace in the dis2)lays of other 
exhibitors, the processes by which oui- common blue lead becomes the paint 



TIIK INTKKNATIONAL CKNTEKNIAL KXIIIHITION. 419 

tliat preserves ami (prnaiiit-iits Dur hnuscs ami sliips, with (lie little rollatefal 
trilmtafies from wliieli it derives its varimis tints. 

Tile i'oreii:!! nations and eoloiiies i-e|ii'esented in tliis dejiaitnient exhibited, 
In ij;eiiei'al. the articles named above. Ainon«;' otlK-r articles of special interest 
were indiu'o from New South Wales; ]>roducts of the eelebi'ated eucalyptus 
tree of Australia; crayons and curry-powder from the same country; palm oils 
from the LCold t-oast, Africa; du<;'oni;- oil from (^)ueensland ; gamboge, indigo, 
cutch-ganibier and lac-dye from India; perfumery, ultramarine bine and other 
delicate coloi-ing matteis from Fi'ance ; also, the essence of roses, Javelle water, 
Zenobia and Figaro waters; a " red lead made from iron ore " from the Nether- 
lands; nutmeg soaps from the Dutc-h East Indian colonies; bav spirit and the 
oil of bay leaves from Denmark; safety matches in great variety from Sweden, 
where they were first invented; cod-liver oil from tlie coast of Noi'vvay ; licoi-ice 
in every shape and the oil of sweet almonds from Italy; shark-liver oil from 
Japan; cochineal from the Argentine IJepublic, and soluble l)lood-albumen, for 
producing fast colors; t'ocoa butter and oi'ange-llower water from I'orto Rico; 
phosphoi'us from Spain ; nitre, borax, sesame oil, ochre, madder, I'ose water, 
cedar water and the famous " kena,'' for coloring the tinger-nails, fi'om Turkey. 
From Germany, j)i'e-eminent, with France, foi- the I'esearches of her chemists, 
there were sent three collective exhibits, representing more than ninety different 
producers. Four of the Cologne manufacturers sent the specialty of that city. 

In the department of Ceramics the United States can hardly claim our 
attention except in the strictly useful lines of the potter's art. There was a 
good American display of drain-[)ipes, tile.s, bi-icks, etc., and a few specimens, 
mostly fi'om Philadelphia, of terra cotta statuary and garden vases. There was 
a consideral)le disj)lay, also, of tal)le•^val•e, and especially tliat " white granite " 
ware, which is exceedingly hard ami not easily broken on account of both its 
material and its heaviness of form. There were figures, also, in porcelain and 
parian, and a large nnnd)er of toilet ai-ticles, manufactured chieflv in New 
Jersey ami Ohio. But in that upper range of ai'tistic wiu'k to which the word 
"ceramics" is .more particularly applicable, America has no place whatever as 
yet. The honors of the late Exhibition were divided, in this line of art, 
between England, France, Germany, Denmark, Japan and ('liina; IkUssia and 
Spain also deserve notice. Messrs. Doulton tt Co., of J.,ondon, have shown us 
liow the commonest of cheap materials, the clay used in making drain-pipes, 
may be wrought into the most admirable artistic designs. A number of English 
makers, notably the Watcornbe Terra Cotta Compan}', exhil)ited exqui.site mural 
paintiiiL's, conijiosed of tile.s, for the interior of private dwellings and public 



420 MICHIGAN' AND PI IK CE^•TENNIAL. 



buildings. Of the finer ceramic- wares, a iiumber of English tiniis sent thou- 
sands of l)eautiful s]>eeimens, the most delieate and attractive of all l)eing the 
work of the Fi'eneh artist, Solon, (Mnploycd by the Messrs. Danicll, of London, 
in the production of w'ai'e known as jxitc sur pute. Nothing in tlie art galleries 
themselves attracted more sincere a(biiiration from the lovers of true art. The 
genei'al name oi ])urely orinunental ceramic work in Fi'ance is ^^faiciicer The 
use of this term has been somewhat confused by the adoption of the French 
word by people of other languages. The English, by making an imitation of 
certain Italian wares and naming it " English majolica," have given an equal 
uncertainty to the meaning of this Italian word. The teini ''majolica'' is 
rend(n'ed still moiv obscure, to many, by the fact that it has a liistoiical and 
traditional oi'igin, having been iii'st applied to the wares produced, in leniote 
centuries, in the island of Majorca. The word is now properly applied only 
to Italian woik having a lustre in imitation of that formerly imported from 
the Spanish ishunb Signor Alessandro C'astellani, of Home, exhibited a large 
and very valuable collection of the early works of this class in Memorial Hall. 
This was neai'ly all, in the way of ceramics from Ital}', that calls for attention, 
though there was considerable crockery and some modern majolica in the 
Italian space of the Main Building. A numbei- of French e.xhibitors made a 
display of "artistic faience," though many of the more celebrated makers of 
France did not appeal'. The " Palissy " work A\'as a striking featm'e of the 
Exhibition, on account of its exceedingly bold designs and elaborate finish, most 
of the figures — fishes and rejitiles — being raised from the genei'al surface, and 
in many cases having their full size and form. Among the more notable of 
the Frc'uch exhibits ^vas that of Messrs. Haviland tt Co., of Limoges. This 
firm is making a special effort to produce the hardest and sti'ongest wai'e, undei" 
an intense heat, at the same time employing artistic designers to secure good 
models and pure ornament. The French government contributed numerous 
vases, some of them of immense size, and all most exquisitely ornamented, from 
the manufactures at Sevres. These vases were exhibited in Memorial Hall as 
works of art. Similar to the Sevres ware in the general style of ornament, 
was that from the Royal Porcelain Works of Berlin, a veiy large and beautiful 
display of w^hich faced the central space of the Main Building. Work of this 
kind, in \vhich the most delicately-wrought pictures, beautiful in themselves, are 
surrounded by graceful ornamental designs and rich colors, will undoubtedly 
retain their popularity, and long outlive the oddities and the crude forms which 
liold temporary sway, from time to time, in the minds of critics, antiquaries 
and purchasers. The terra cotta vases, dishes, etc., displayed by Denm:irk \<i%v% 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 4-Jl 



e.\oeetliui;ly ln';iutifiil, and wciv s|H»cialIy intci-cstiiio: as evidcnoes of tlie ovit- 
powering infineiu-e which the sculptor, Tlionvahlsen, has exerted upon the taste 
of his feHow-countrymeii. Nearly all the desiii'iis were taken directly from the 
works of that master, wiiilc the fornrs wen- foi- llie most part rii^idly classical, 
in accordance with his own tastes and tlie whole tendency of his art. Tlie 
ceramic works of no European nation, however, attracted so much attention as 
those of .Japan ami Ciiina. Kich collections of old china ware were sent from 
8hant,diai ami Ninnpo, while wares of modern make, vases, Hower-pots, dinner 
services, ciispadoi's, <::oblets, uni(iue dislies of every imaj^inalde sliajie, came from 
KiukiaUL:' .-uid Canton; some specimens fi-om ]ii-ivate makers directh, ;uid many 
under the auspices of the Im]ierial Maritime (,'ust(mis. The modern ceramic 
manufactories of Japan arc more numerous, perhaps, than those of France itself, 
and theii- products were exhibited in greater profusion at our Kxhihition than 
ever before in the Occident, at any time or place. Instead of the mere yro- 
tesqueness which Americans and Europeans ai-e wont to ascribe to the art of 
Japan, we have seen the most truly artistic designs, judging them from our own 
highest standard. Even in the i)urely grotesque figures wdiich predominate in 
the ceramic and other arts of Cliina, as exhibited here, one saw the evidence 
of a taste for the humorous, rather than of a barbaric eifort to illustrate the 
real. While the final impression left ujx)!! the visitor ^\as, that .lapan had 
reached a loftier plane in the art \\()rld than China, he came away with a 
higher respect for both nations than he had ever experienced before; he felt 
that the civilizing influences which follow the opening of these eastern nations 
to the rest of the wctrld are to be exerted in favor of our own people as well 
as of their people. The American display of glassware Avas very large, and 
evinced a taste and skill unexcelled except by the Bohemian makers in orna- 
mental work, and those of France in the inanufacture of j^late glass. The 
latter contributed a few specimens of such si/e that the visitor wondered how 
it had been possible to transport them across the ocean. Two plates were each 
about ten feet in width and twenty-two feet in height. Relgiiun also sent 
numerous exhibits of plate and other window-glass, no less than tAventy-four 
makers being represented. From \'ienna and other parts of the Austrian empire 
came many beautiful specimens of tin- glass-maker's art ; but Bohemia, more 
especially, sustained her long-established reputation. The trifling articles of 
colored glass counnoidy known in this country as "Bohemian" seemed very 
coar.se and plain in comparison with the exipiisite pieces Avhich constituted the 
Bohemian collection in the F>xhibition. The infinite variety of color and the 
delicacy of tracery .hann.-d every eye, while the innumerable forms were 
54 



422 MK'IIKiAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



exceedingly graceful and tn'iginal. Tlicic were a few specimens in tlie British 
and the Italian sections of that " Venetian glass," which has recent)}' attracted 
s(t much attention. The art of making this lias now its second rcvi\;d ; the 
first, in Venice, was a partial imitation of the antiipie woi'k, such as is now to 
be seen in fragments, with occasional comjilete articles, on the shelves of many 
European nuiseums. Tlic intricate mixture of colors in the very texture of the 
glass exliibits great skill, tliongli the present-day revivers of the art often 
sacrifice accuracy of form to a [H'dantic desire to I'eproduce tlie faults, as well 
as the merits, of the ancient workmanship. 

In the exhibition of fnrnituie the Ihiited States gave evidence of great 
conimei'cial activity, and of a growing demand for that kind of elaboi'ate orna- 
ment which approaches as near to ti'ue ai't as anything of a purely commcivial 
nature can. While there was nuich to criticise in the display of the American 
makers, on account of its fre(juent tawdriness and the inappi'opiiate cond)ination 
of oi'namcntal forms, there was also much to praise. Pi-incc Alliert's exertions 
to have the ])rinciples of art applied, so far as possible, to the designing of 
articles in conmnni household and other familiar iises, have been productive of 
nuich good in America, as well as in (ireat Britain. ^Making due allowance for 
st)me de\iations into the region of vulgaiity and glaring ovei'-m-namentation, the 
American display of furnitnre \vas very creditable to the country. INTnch of it 
was massive, nearly all of it well made; and there were abundant proofs that 
the artist had preceded the mere artisan in the course of its construction. But 
the artist had done his woi'k. in eveiT case, subject to the demands and 
restrictions of a commerce w hich calculates its percentages, depending on large 
sales for its profits. There were only two or three specimens of furniture — 
one of these from our own State — wdiich shoAved the artist at his best, lingering 
lovingly over his jiencil or his tool, as if he were working in marble or before 
a canvas. In the departments oi Italy and Belgium, and also in those of China 
and Japan, the visitor saw the positions of the artisan and the artist reversed. 
The first had merely constructed the general form for the use of the latter, 
whose skill and taste was de[)ended upon to give the object its value to a 
purchaser. No one who sto()d before the carved oak pulpit from Belgium, or 
the beds and othei- pieces from Italy, ccudd fail to apj)reciate the difference 
between what we may call art-fui-nitui-e and the furniture of general connnerce, 
however elaborate the latter may be. The graceful forms have been develo]ied 
under the eye of the artist, directly; the wood is made to express ideas; there 
is thought, fancy, tenderness or passion in every face ; birds and other animals 
have life and motion. No mere "general effect" has been striven for; there is 



THE i:>)TEKJSAT10NAli CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 423 

beaiitv ill every (let;iil. It;ily iiii{l(>nl)tedly took tlie lc;i<l in tliis (liicctinii, 
aiiiouy [>e()i»le <>f our <'\vii kind, Imt tlie artists of Japan, win'kiuL;' cliieHy in 
tlie famous lai-(|iiere(l riiniituii' of tiiat eouiitry, e.\liil)ite(l a skill and taste 
wliicli was i|uite as rcniarkahle, perliai)s, and certainly attracted more attention 
fioni Anieiican visitors. The Chinese f'ui-niture was the most elal)orate work 
of any on exhibition, one bedstead haviiiii- occiipieij the time of a man foi- 
twenty years or more. Even liere the mere patience and skill, in themselves 
of ."flight artistic value, were supplemented by the direct influence of personal 
taste at every niaik of the chisel. Tliis taste took the usual grotes(|ue direc- 
tion so popular among the Chinese, but the result is hardly less admirable, 
pei'haps, on that account, France did not send us the best specimens of her 
work in the way of furniture, ])ut this was less to be regretted, because she 
could not, at her very best, be a successful rival of Italy. There were many 
chimney-pieces of woods and marbles in the French department, some of them 
very elaborate, and some very beautiful ; thei-e were numerous examples of 
"aitistic bronzes" for furniture, and many pieces for church decorations, with 
statues of saints, etc., for altars or "stations." Cxermany contributed numerous 
exliibits of "fancy furniture," and the Austrian display of lient wood furniture 
found many admirers and many purchasers among the American ladies. Besides 
some elaborate modern cabinet-work, England sent manj' examples in imitation 
of eighteenth century styles, the "Queen Anne" more particularly, and also of 
the preceding century, the "Jacobean." A carved oak chest from Exeter was 
made from beams taken from the choir of Salisbury Cathedral, and nearly six 
hundred years old. A .so-called anti(pie bedstead and other pieces in the Nor- 
wegian department wei-e carved by peasant artists. This \vork has attracted 
considerable attention, of late, among the buyers of oddities; it is roughly done, 
and the forms in detail are not good, Init the general effect is not unpleasiug. 
Some of the Russian furniture showed a marked originality of design. Brazil 
sent cabinet suits of the brilliant yellow satin-wood of the country, made by 
inmates of the houses of correction in Bahia and Rio de Janeirf). The furniture 
from the Argentine Repultlic consisted of woods unknown in our own latitude 
— cocoanut, caii-ob-tree, retamo, cebil and palo santo. From Egypt came an 
oriental drawing-room suit, and there were numerous inlaid pieces from 
Tunis; taV)les from Turkey, also, made of olive-wood, an<l a nundier richlv' 
inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Oui- own country and France made the lai-gest 
displays of ornamental gas-fixtures, with ])erhaps the gi-eater luilliaiicy and 
variety on the American side. 

In the center of the Main Building the ijicatest fonr nations of the world, 



424 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



coiisidei'iiii^ them in their iudustrial relations, confronted each other. We have 
already Jiieiitioiied tlie German disphxy of oei'amics at one corner of tlie central 
space. At anothei- corner Gi'eat Britain was represented by the leading silver- 
smiths of England, w itli a most brilliant arraj' of art-work in the pi-ecions and 
other metals. France presented the delicate bi-on/.es for which she is celebi'ated, 
though not those of her best known makers ; and at the lV)urth corner two 
American com])anies offered the best that this c-onntry has to offer in the way 
of silver-ware and jewelry. In respect of the former, the honors of the Exhi- 
bition undoubtedly lay between the United kStates, England and Russia. The 
silver work of Messrs. Elkingtou & Co., of Birmingham, coidd not now be 
excelled, and prol)ably never has been in the histoiy of the world, for beauty 
of design and accuracy of finish, except, perhaps, in occasional pieces made in 
other countries. The display of works in silver and in bronze made by Russia 
was in one I'espect superior to that made by either England or Fi'ance. The 
artists of the latter countries have, as a rule, copied dii'ectly from classical 
models, or have been guided by them in the execution of original designs. 
There is little of either English or Fi'ench life illustrated in their work. In 
that of Russia, on the other hand, the observer sees many peculiarities of her 
people reflected as in a mirror. It is national and characteristic. Even where 
the ai'tist has given way entirely to his fancy, it is evident that he has not 
been restrained by schools or precedents. People lingered about the bits of 
Russian life, crystallized, so to speak, in solid metal ; they remembered what 
they had seen as something which had nothing to do with Gi-eece, or Rome, 
or the Etruscans. The silverware of the United States, it was pleasant to 
notice, showed something of the same tendency on the part of its designers. 
In the set pieces for the table, the prize cups, ])owls, etc., one saw reflec- 
tions of American life ; the Indian, the pioneer, the hunter, the yachtsman, 
took the places of conventional goddesses, satyrs, nymphs, griffins, ti'itons and 
cupids. A "Century \"ase," exhil)ite<l by the (i<u-hani Com]>any, was an 
admirable work of art, and unexcelled, perhaps, by any piece presented by 
any other country. The "Bryant Vase," executed by Messrs. Tiffany & Co. — 
a memorial gift to the greatest of American poets, from his friends in New 
Yoi-k — exhibited a curious ct)mbiuation of a classic form with purely modern 
ornamentation in the shape of flowers and vines. This mingling of two strange 
elements was intended to illustrate the same peculiarities in the poet's writing, 
and was a truly artistic conception. The point in which the Amei-ican silver- 
ware was conspicuously different from that of the great European makers, was 
the oi'uameiital elaboration of articles intended for actual use upon the table. 



rill': INTKKXATIO^AL CENTEISKIAL EXHIBITION.'. 425 

This (lirt'eiviK-e lias long been noticed botli l)v American travelers in Enro])e 
and by Enropean dealers themselves. Thei'e is no general market in Europe 
r<>i- sncli liiLi'lilv -tinishfd and bfantit'nl work, aiijilicil lo useful sijverwai'e, as our 
own makei's eonstaiitly luriiisli to American jjuivhasers. It is in the application 
of art to objects of c\cr\-da\ use that the ])eople of our own country have had 
most to jeaiu fi'oni J'^urope : lliey have been ra])i(lly h^uning the lesson of late 
years, but there is still much befoi'e them. .\s regards silverware, howevei', it 
is ourselves who ;ire giving the lesson, and It is for our Kuropean friends to 
learn it. It is an encouraging fai't, also, in this coniU'ction, that we have 
carried the art of making cheap plated-w ai'c lo su(di ])eifectiou that thousands 
of families of moilerate wealth can lia\e the most beautiful forms constantly 
before them, in the daily routine of household life. The American display of" 
elaborate l)ut cheap plated-ware was a source of astonishment to the foreign 
commissioners and e.\liii)itors. The bronzes contributed V)y Germany illustrated, 
in a very striking manner, the sudden access of national pride, based on the 
recent military su<*cesses of that country. There were many busts and statues 
of the Emperor and the ( 'low u Prince. There were models, large and small, 
of the celebrated statue of Erederick the Great, in Berlin. This tendency of 
(lerman art \vas scn^erely criticise<l by the German commissioner himself, who 
was iccalled on account of his |)laiu words. Japan may fairly claim the chief 
honors of the E.xhibitioii in the department of artistic work in bronze. Iler 
designs, of course, were [leculiar to themselves. If they showed a strong 
teiidenc}' to the grotescpie, and if many-tailed dragons, writhing among gnarled 
l)ranclies and tangled foliage, i)redomiiiated in nearl)^ every ol)ject exhibited, 
they also showed much delicacy of taste: and the natural animals, especially 
the birds, were executed with a vigor and skill truly a<lmirable. As to the 
ti-rliniijii,-^ the mere mechanical skill <lisplayed by the makers, nothing in the 
way of bronzes, exhibited by any nation, approached those of Japan. The two 
foi-eign countries which will be longest remembered here for their displays of 
jewelry, are Austria and Xorway — not because their contiilmtions were especially 
valual)le, but because they weie, in each case, peculiarly characteristic. The 
silver filagree work <jf Norway is very celebrated, and there were many beauti- 
ful examples at our Exhii)ition. The garnet jewelry of Austria, as show ii here, 
was e.vceedingly rich in its ett'ect, despite the fact that the garnet is the 
cheapest and commonest of the precious stones. The jewelers of Prague group 
the garnets in the most bewildering masses. I-^ying among many articles of 
mere personal adornment, there was a prayer-book, the binding of which was 
completely covered with these gems. In the matter oi jewelry, as in that of 



426 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

bronzes, France was not represented by many of lier best makers. There was 
a fair array of precious stones — pearls, diamonds, etc. — but the Freiicli jewehy 
was chiefly imitation ware, gilt and plated. There were also numerous cases 
of imitation stones. Two collective exhibits, by German jewelers, repi'esented 
no less than fifty-nine makers of gold, silver and plated wares, and polished 
stones. The je\velry from Great Britain was <if l)ut little value, though that 
from Scotland, set with the celebrated Scotch pehl)les, of huge size, and other 
stones peculiar to the country, was interesting; so, also, was the bog-oak jewelry 
of Ireland. There were ancient gems from Rome, and filagree work from 
Genoa, but the characteristic jewelry contributed by Italy consisted of the 
exquisite coral for \vhich that country has long been famous. Rnssia led ns 
away from the more familiar styles of western Europe, exhibiting brooches and 
ear-rings of Caucasian patterns, and various oi'naments in malachite, jasper, 
lapis lazuli and othei' Siberian stones, which cannot be classified as "gems," but 
are very beautiful and capable of receiving a high polish. Turkey, with her 
amethysts, amber trinkets, mother-of-peai'l and olive-wood trifles, led us still 
further into the mysteries of oriental taste. The silver and gold ornaments 
from Bombay, admirable for tlieir elaborate intricacy of design, but of work- 
manship, for the most part, which westei'n makers would consider rough and 
unfinished, atti'acted great attention, and were sold in consideralde (piautities. 
There Avere also many specimens of jeweliy and other personal ornament from 
remote corners of the earth, which have no place in the commerce of the 
world, but are interesting as objects of curiosity, only. Among these were the 
trinkets of the Maoris, the alioriginal inhabitants of New Zealand ; fish-scale 
ornaments and those made of the emu's eggs, from Australia ; mimosa-seed 
necklaces fi-om the SandAvich Islands. There is no country in the world, per- 
haps, where the general lines of jewelry are manufactured in greater abundance 
oi" in greater variety of design than in the United States. While we have 
developed no style peculiarly national, our great makers liave employed the 
most skillful artisans and designers to be found in Europe ; these give free 
scope to their fancy, following models where they think best, and depending 
on their own imaginations when they choose to do so. There is probably no 
style of personal ornament, in gold, silver or other matei'ial, with or without 
precious stones, which cannot be reproduced here in perfection; while many of 
the most ex(piisite designs have had their origin in this country. These facts 
are so well known among foreign makers that America is not now regarded as 
a commercial field to be carefully cultivated, and neither England, Finance, 
Germany, Austria nor Italy made any special effort to be represented here in 



THE LNTEUNATIO.XAL lEiNTEN^lAL EXHIBITION. 427 



tliis line of trade; — lieiu'c tlie a1>sfiicc of any yivat I'lurdpcan makers, except 
in tlie few instaiu-es in which tliey conhi e.xhihit wares peenliai- tn tliemselves. 
Tlie display of jewcliy liy Aniei'ican makers was exeeedingly l)rilliant, botli in 
richness of material and in Keanty oi' IjoMncss of (lesi<;-u. 

It is (piite impossible to make even a passing refei'eiiee (tr all of the articles 
of personal nse oi' ornament, convenience, fancy or amusement, which were 
contributed liy the \ari(nis nations, \\'e have barely space to notice those 
articles which attracted s]iecial attention, or were [)ecnliarly interesting in 
connet-tioii with the countries from which they came. There were numerous 
e.xhibits oi kid gloves, of course, from Fi-ance ; fans, also, of every kind flirted 
by the (jiieens of coquettes, French women; and the far-famed language of the 
fan, as spoken in Spain, seemed to l)e represented by a. I'ldl lexicon and grammar. 
French dolls Avere there in great numbers, and formed a most amusing display; 
they were dressed in the very height of Pai-isian fashion, and the faces were 
so prettily and delicately formed that they might have belonged to the very 
pets of the highest circles. The German toys appealed nioi'e directly to the 
fatherly or mother]}- heart, being intended for the i-ough usage of genuine, 
rollicking children. There was one collective exhibit of German toys repre- 
senting thirty-three makers, in Nuremburg, Bayreuth, Erlangen, and other places. 
Many of the other foreign countries sent toys, and when one sa\v a large 
collection of playthings made for little Chinese children, he thought of that 
touch of nature which makes the world akin. The oblique almond eyes ceased 
U) mark any ditt'erence in race, and the Pacific ocean seemed only a nari-ow 
channel. Toilet articles Df ivory, artificial flowers, singing birds, and other 
objects of beauty and fancy, attracted the eye in the French department. Odds 
and ends of bronze, leather, ivory and tortoise-shell — portmonaies, belts, albums, 
etc. — were al>nndantly displayed by Austria; but the ex(|uisitely carved meer- 
schaum and ainljer goods from Vienna will be longer remembered, l)y one sex, 
at least, auKmg the visitors. Hats of all kinds came fnmi many countries, but 
more especially from South Amerit'a and from Italy. A "Panama" in the 
Peruvian department was of fabulous i)rice and wonderful fineness of texture. 
There were straw hats and bonnets fi'oin Rome, Florence and Naples ; and the 
awkward "tile" ordaine(l l>y modern fashion filled many cases in all parts of 
the Main P>uilding. The feather ornaments of Brazil, made of the brilliantly 
colored but natural feathers of birds, were tuiexcelled in beauty l)y any articles 
e\liiliite(l ; and the many-coloi'ed beetles foi' which that country is celebrated, 
were on view in great (piantities, set and nn.set. The fancj- shoes and slippers 
were without numljer. In the French department, especially, the ait of 



428 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

embroidery seemed to liave been exluiiisted in oruaraeiitiiig ladies' feet. A 
wide celebrit}' was gained in this country by a set of four pairs of sHppers 
representing the four seasons. Ladies fnmi all sections of tlie United States 
seemed to make tliem tlie fii'st ol)jective point of their wanderings. The 
extravagantly higlf heels, set in the middle of the foot, were veiy noticeable 
featui'es of the gaiters and shoes c(,)ntriliutt'd by France and Belgium. The 
main display of shoes, ornamental and otherwise, was in the "Shoe and Leather 
Building." Too many visitors neglected this Iniilding, because it was somewhat 
out of the way, but all who entered it felt more than i-epaid foi' their troidde. 
The contributions \\'ere chietly from this counti'y, biit also, as previously men- 
tioned, from Great Britain, Germany and liussia. The collection here had more 
than a curious interest; the American exhibition of leather \v;is illustrative of 
the great advance which this country has been making in this line of 
manufactiu'es. Here, as in the cases of iron, steel and cotton goods, we are 
becoming the rivals of the best makers in the European mai'kets. The special 
machinery for making shoes, harness, etc., shown in o[)eration, were as prophetic 
of future success as the other machine tools exhibited in the neighboring 
building. In the genei'al lines of clothing nearly every mamifacturing nation 
was represented. The clothing sent from China, Japan, Turkey, Africa and 
other distant nations, had the interest of curiosity only. That from Great 
Britain, es^tecially, and also from other European nations, illustrated great 
bi'anches of commerce in which we are all interested. There wei'e hosiery and 
underclothes of all kinds and from every direction, children's clothing, ovei-coats, 
dress suits, water-proof garments, etc. But that which interests us more is the 
material of which this clothing is made — cotton, woolen, linen and silk goods. 
No department of the Exhibition, except those of machinery, agriculture aiid 
natural earth products, was of so gi-eat inqutrtance as this ; Ave will therefore 
consider the subject in as much detail as is liei'e possible. 

Manchester by no means sustained her ancient reputation as the great factor 
of cotton goods. The half a dozen manufacturers sending exhibits from that 
city were but sorry representatives of the immense and innumerable mills which 
have made her name as familiar as a household word in every corner of the 
globe. The fact was boldly significant, not of a present loss of prestige, but 
of the changed relations of this country and Great Britain. We have ceased 
to be customers of Manchester and are rapidly becoming her rivals. There 
were a few exhibits of cotton fabrics from othei' places in Great Britain : — 
Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland ; Dublin and Belfast, Ireland ; London, Pres- 
ton, Bolton, Carlisle and Bradford, in England. Besides the plainer lines of 



THK IN'TKHNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 429 

Mc;iclif(l and uiiMfai-licil liUdds, tlicri' \\ci'(' uuiiierDUs varieties nf ([uilts, fancy 
iimsliiis, Inwelinu'^, lilankels, toilet cDX-ei's. ealienes, cliintziis, etc., and IVoin (ilas- 
i^ovv, especialh , came the s|i(i(il cuttun i'ur whicli that city Ims h>ni:' lieen 
famous. Althouii'h •' l"'ren(di calico" is a term familiar to the slioppini:' Ladies 
(if America, tliere weie l)nt two unim])ortant e.xliibits of tliat material from 
France: a dearth su<i;ge.stive of sometliim:- akin to fiction in the wtdl known 
trade |ihi'ase. Twenty-five German manufactni'ers sent a collective exliiliit of 
cotton and mixed fjoods ; tliei'e were numerous specimens of chintz and otliei' 
fancy cotton faluics from a dozen Swiss makers. Italy contrilmted a few 
calicoes; Sweden, also, Ku.ssia and Portuual. Spain suiprised ever\- visitor by a 
greater disjday of cotton goods than was made by any othei' foreign nation. 
Her exhibits in this department gave a full and fair idea of the condition of 
the industrx in that kingdom. Most of the goods wci'e coai'Se, and the printed 
cottons showed little taste in the (dioice of colors; l)ut there were serges, ci)t- 
ton-velvets, heavy blankets of the same material and otiiei' fal)rics, proving a 
great variety of manufacture. The genei'al impression left u])on the observer 
was, that while Spain is not likely to prove a I'ival of any other countiy in this 
direction, she caiuiot become a market, excejit, ])eihaps, for the highest and finest 
grades. The exhibition, in general, of the countries mentioned, was such as to 
stimulate rather than discourage American jtride. In an immense number of 
American exhibits, from more than one hundred and fifty makers, there was 
to be found neai'ly every variety of fabric into which cotton can V)e woven; 
but in the plainer lines it seemed fairly ])roven that this country now stands 
without a i-ival, except England, and she, though a ri\al, hai'dly our 
e(pial. The recent sales of Amei'ican cotton in Manchestei', itself, seems 
a natural ivsult (if a fair competition in (juality, after an examination of the 
admii'able woik exhil)ited, not in chosen specimens, but in great masses. 
by American makers. The printeil cloth showed the perfection of taste 
in every variety of color and tiguic as -well as the more impoi'tant (juali- 
ties of strength and durability. The greatei' pai't of our cotton goods came 
from the New England States, especially Massachusetts; but thei'e wei'e many 
si)eciniens from the .Middle States, and some from the Western. In the mat- 
ter of linen, oui- own country has little to boast of; we were re[)resented by 
one or two houses in New ^'ork, in the way of |ilain and twilled crashes and 
dia[)ers, etc.; there wei'e linen threads, cords and yarns from a com})any in 
Saratoga. Three milU, all in New Vovk State, sent exliiliits of the kindred 
but coarser material, jute. Belfast, of course, led the exhibition of Ureat Brit- 
ain and Ireland, in linen goods, tliough other places in Ireland, as well as in 



430 MlClllCA.N AND Till'. ('lvNTE^JS'lAL. 



England and Scot land, made sonic dis[)lny. France, Ansti'ia, Belginni, Italy, 
Sweden and Russia were also r('[)resented, c-hietly in the moiv oi'iianiental vari- 
eties of damask and other tahh' or toilet linens, Imt eaeli in small (|uantities 
and by few exhihitors. Ivxcejit Turkey, of wliieli we sliall speak hereafter — not 
associating hei' with those nations witli whom we liave common eommereial 
interests — no I'hiroiiean nation presented so large a list of eontrihntoi's in tlu^ 
department of linen goods as little Poi'tugal. Thirty-two makers of tliat eountr}' 
sent specimens of their work, consisting, for the greater part, of the plainer 
fal)ries. 

Altiiougli more attention has Ueen called, of late 3'ears, to the progress of 
the United States in the |iroduction of cotton goods than to our gradual 
advance in the manufactui'c of woolen fabrics, the native display in the latter 
departm(.'nt was an exceedingly significant one. it indicated an advance that 
must result, before many years, in the full su})ply of our own market by our own 
luakei's. The next step, of coui'se, as in the case of cotton, will be com]ietition 
with foreign makers in othei' markets. An interesting fact in this connection 
is this: we are now working "at the right end," so to speak; the tendency of 
<pur manufai'tui'ers, at lirst, was to produce the finer i-loths rather than the 
heavier and more useful fabi'ics, thus bringing themselves into competition at 
the very outset witli tiie most experienced makers of France, (Jermany and 
England, in the highest and most delicate classes of goods. The plan seems to 
have been changed. (_)ui' woolen manufactoi'ies are now turning out every variety 
of fabric used in gentlemen's clothing for hard "every day" wear. Many of 
them presented specimens of cloths, tine be.-iveis and doeskins, but these occupy 
only their due place among other goods. There has been, perhaps, a falling 
off to some extent in the ((uality of tliese finer fabrics, but the change, on the 
whole, is for the better, and gives us a brighter prospect foi' the future. In 
Canada, as in this country, the advance in this line of manufacture has been 
very mark<>d. The important fact was made evident that the art is now fully 
established on this side of the Atlantic ocean, and on both sides of the St. 
Lawi'ence river. There wei'e large displays of cloths and other woolen goods 
by France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal, those of l"'rance being notable for 
theii' delicacy and finish ; Austria, Italy, Spain and Russia also contributed to 
this department, and a do/eu or moi'e of the leading mills in (xreat Britain. 
The American exhibits of car[)ets were somewhat disappointing to the native 
visitor. Although half a. dozen houses of Boston, Hartford, Bridgeport and 
Philadelphia made a somewhat large dis[)la}', the general effect was not as good 
as we could fairly have expected from our actual position in this dejtart- 



TIIK INTERNATIONAL CENTENMAL KX 111 IIITION. 4.".1 



iiH'iit nf tilt' iiianiit'.'U-riiriiiL:' \\iirl(l. ( )nly (Uic Kiiroiiciii luition, liowever, <-;iiii(' 
into si'i-idii-i comjtftitinii witli us. l>fl<j:iiiiii sent iiotliiiiir; Ki'aiice, (iei'iiiaiiy and 
Austria only a few cxliiliits. (Jit'at Britain. ivjirescMted l»y ten great iirnis, 
inadf an inipo.sinii; display witli many sjiccinicns of A.vniinstci', Brussels, AViltou, 
Indian and IVrsiau carpets. Tliougli tlicii' I'olors were dee[)er and warmer 
than I hose usually selected hy American pnrcliasei's, the effects were e.xceed- 
ingly rich. Some of the Britisli carpets shown were of immense size. 

The most beautiful and elal^orate display of silks was naturally from 
France, and (diietly from Lyons. The "Hall of Silks." in the Frentdi depart- 
ment, was one of tlie most charming resorts of the Exhibition. The arra}' of 
gau/.es, velvets, brocades and moire antiques was dazzling, though not e(pial to 
what has been seen in some of the Ivni'opean fail's. (iermany sent but few 
specimens; Great Britain, fewer still ; Sjiain, somewhat more — gro glase, velvet 
und satin. Poi'tugal contributed largely, also Switzerland ; the former .showing 
a great variety of daiuasks, satin and tignred silks. The Russian display was 
in nearly every respect ''small but select," the hand of a severely ci'itical 
censor iieiiig shown throughout. The silk goods from Ru.ssia, coniined to less 
than a dozen makers, probably made a gi'eater impression on visitors in general 
than even the immense display of France. They were certainly very beautiful, 
the figured silks and brocades from Moscow being })articularly rich. There 
were also many f.d)iics in which gold ainl silver thread mingled in most elab- 
orate patterns w'ith a silk background. The beginnings of this indnstry in the 
llniteil States were siitliciently indicated to give ns much hope for the future, 
but we must still speak oF a beginning only. There were sewing silks in con- 
siderable abundance, and a fair disjilay of ribbons; and seven or eiglit manu- 
factui'ers, chietly from New Jersey, but also from New York and Pennsylvania, 
e.vhilnted dress silks, some of the specimens lieiiig worthy of a close compari- 
son with the best plain silks presented b)^ France herself. It may be fairly 
said that tlie silk manufacture has now a firm foothold in the United States, 
and that it will jirobal)ly increase in importance, following in the wake of wool 
and cotton. There is every reason to supjiose that the introduction of the 
e.xotic silk worm will l)e as succes.sful on this side of the Atlantic as in France 
and other parts of Kiirope. IJiil we must remember that it canu^ from China 
to Europe more than fourteen liundred years ago. New developments of indus- 
try are very rapid in these days, but the uiuking of silk here cannot proceed 
much faster than the production of raw silk in our own eoimtrv. 'I'lie display 
of raw silk from Pennsylvania, New .Jersey, Kansas, California and some other 
states was interesting and of greater importance than the fabrics exhibited ; 



432 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



but tlie industn' is still a matter of the future rather than of the present ; we 
need not count on silk-worms before they are hatched. 

A\ e have thus far consi(h'red only those Eui'opean diunti-ies which come 
into direct (•onij)etition witli us, eithei' in our own markets or elsewhere, in 
the prodnctioii of textile fabi-ics. Let us now make the circuit of the globe. 
The displa} of Tui'key was veiy lai'ge in silks, \voolens, linens and cottons; 
and the variety of fabrics was exceedingly interesting; — gauzes, taffetas, orga- 
zines, satins, figured and embroidered tissues of these materials; calicoes, 
sheetings, silk, cotton and avooI mixtui'es. There were four hundred Turkish 
exhibitors in this department of the fair. Among other curious objects were 
burnous, oriental scarfs, j)rayei'-car2>ets, bathing-shirts and silk pillow-cases, 
besides countei'panes, curtains, etc, etc. The carpets, alone, represented about 
fifty different makers in Salouica, Bagdad, the Dardanelles, Adi'ianople, Adana, 
Trebizond, Sivas and the (xovernment of the Danube. These goods Avere heavy, 
well made and durable: Imt the glainoni- of oriental romance connected with 
the "Turkish carpet" disappears before the indisputable fact that an English- 
man or a Fi'enchman, if not an Amei'ican, can now make a richer and more 
beaiitiful Turkish car|)et than the most skillful of native workmen. Egypt 
sent plain cotton and linen goods, tlannels and cassimeres, figured silks and 
velvet ribbons. From Tunis eame rich hangings and other objects of silk, with 
woolen sh;iw]s, blankets and rugs. The Indian ernpii'e contributed, througli 
the Director of the Indian Museum, Mr. J. Forbes AVatson, a large and lu'illiant 
selection of the Cashmere shawls peculiar t<i tliat counti'y, with chuddahs, 
burnous, scarfs and cloaks; also silks, plain and ornamental, and cotton fabrics 
of many kinds from Dacca and Madras. The ('hinese silks shown at the 
Exhibition were rich in matei'ial and beautiful, to the extreme of gorgeousness, 
in pattern. There were also plain cotton fabrics and calicoes from the Celestial 
empire. Ja])au 2>''P^^iited a still larger array of cotton goods; and moi'e than 
rivaled her continental neighbor in the display of silks. There were striped, 
checkered and figured silks, brocades, and, especially, crapes of all colors, ])lain 
and ornamented, the most exquisite of all being the Avhite crape, of which 
there were many examples. The Philipp>ine Islands, kS[)ain's largest colony, were 
represented by many fabrics of c(^tton, abaca, sinamay, jusi, pineapple and 
guiuaras ; also by silk tapestry and numerous exhibits of silk handkerchiefs. 
Crossing eastwai-d to oiu- own hemisphere, we find many examples of cotton 
and woolen goods from the Argentine Republic and Brazil ; — shawls, ponchos, 
napkins, table-cloths, counterp)anes, hammocks and blankets. Brazil has reached 
a higher plane of these manufactures than her neighbor, contributing cassimeres, 



THE iXTEKMATlOXAL GE>iTEX^'lAL EXlllUlTlON. 4;l:5 



cloths aiul linen goods, and one exliibit of woven silk. Mexico was represented 
hv silk fabrics from the city of PneMa; l)y cassiineres from tlie city of Mexico 
ami llic State of (ruaiiajnato : and ])y cotton u'oods, in consideralilc (piantities, 
from Coahnila, Oaxaca, Pnelila, tiie city of Mexico and Gnadulajai'a. 

in the matter of tools and cntlery the respective displays of (ireat IJiitain, 
Canada and the I iiited States were significant of that change in the tide of 
commerce whicji has recently induced some of the manufacturers of Shettield 
to petition the English government for a ])rotective tariff. That city was 
represented li\ oidy six makers, and the rest of (xivat IJritain by oidy five 
more. The trans-Atlantic market has been almost abandoned by the English 
jn'odncers, and tliey evinced little desire to compete foi- mei-e honors. Of more 
than two liundrc<l exhibits of hardwai'e, tools and cutlery Ijy American manu- 
facturers, a large ])ai-t iielonged to the latter two classes. Canada, also, made 
a remarkably good showing, esj)ecially in tools. The quality of goods, in the 
case of ovtr neighbors, as in our own case, was of the ])est. That we have 
also succeeded in supplying our own market in the lower grades was made 
evident by the very small display — half a dozen exhibits — of Germany, which 
formerlv supplied us with most of our cheapei- goods in this line. Austria had 
one general exhibit illustrating the trade in that country. Sweden, Russia and 
France were all fairly re]>reseuted. Spain showed some elaborate oi-namental 
metal work in the way of locks and liouse-ti'immings. The inventions and 
appliances contributed by the Tnited States under the head of "general hai'd- 
ware ami metallic products," were so numerous and so excellent that we can 
onl\ sa\ of them, here, that they were almost without competition, in either 
quantity or quality, ou the [)art of any foi-eign country, or of all condiined. 
The same is true of the wonderful American display of surgical and ilental 
instruments, contributed In" eighty-four makei's. Our j)re-eminence in the matter 
of dentistry, though almost universally admitted, was not entirely unchallenged; 
there ^vere artificial teeth from Austria, Russia, Spain, Brazil and Mexico. The 
display of medicines, by the way, was very large from Turkey, the Argentine 
Republic, China and Japan. That from China \sas peculiarly interesting, being 
accompanied by descriptions in a special catalooue, giving the supj)osed virtues 
of each medicine, l)ased, in most cases, upon popular superstitions resembling 
those of tlie Mitldle Ages in Eurojie. We cannot cluxUenge the civilization of 
China, however, on this score, without also challenging that of our own imme- 
diate ancestors, on the same ground. Passing from the means of saving life to 
the means of destroying it, we find a large collection of small-arms, artillery 
and spurting weapons, contribute<l by the United States, Great Britain, Canada, 



434 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Germany, France, Switzei'land, Belgium, Sweden, Italy and Kussia. Tliii-ty-two 
American makers — aside from those represented in the (nivei'ument Bnildiiio- — 
entered the lists, chietly with breech-loaders. Great Britain gave her attention 
more particularly to the demands of the sjHirtsman ; Russia and Germany to 
the exigencies of wai', the latter sending from the J\i'U})p factory an immense 
breech-loading gun, weighing upwards of fifty-four tons without its carriage. 
Belgium displayed many admirably finished gun-l^arrels of the finest workman- 
ship). France, fi'om which country first came the metallic cartridges tliat have 
made the American breech-loaders so successful, e.\hil>ited a collection of these 
death-dealers ranging from the largest yet used in heavy ordiuiuce down to the 
compass of the smallest gun-cap. In fii-e-proof and burglar-proof safes, the 
United States led the competition, with eight different makers, from Philadel- 
phia, New York, Providence and Cincinnati ; (xi'eat Britain, Canada and Sweden 
sent one exhibit each, and Norway two. (Jur own manufacturers have little 
to learn and much to imjiart in the art of constructing these valuable conser- 
vators of honesty. About seventy-five manufacturers of Amei'ican stoves were 
represented. There were a few heating-appliances from Belgium and Norway, 
and Austria sent a stove of ornamented porcehiin ; but the United States 
knows no rival in this direction. The ingenious appliances, adjuncts and 
inventions foi- convenience and economy in warming houses and cooking food 
seemed to ])e illimital)le, and the perfection of workmanship was in many cases 
admiral)le. Of the vehicles exhibited, the greater number were from our o^vn 
manufacturers, but many came from foreign countries. Of the lattei', the most 
numerous were those of France and England. As between the work of these 
two nations and our own, there is nothing to choose, except as a mattei' of 
taste. Each countrj^ has I'eached what seems to be peit'ection in the art ; each 
supplies its own demand, and each exports carriages to foreign countries. The 
Italian street-c;abs — a modification of the London "hansom" — ^vere curious and 
interesting. A number of bycycles came fi-om England, \vliere theii- use is still 
popular, and one "dog-power" vehicle fi'om France, in which the dogs are 
inclosed in the wheels, running like squirrels in a I'evolving cage. There were 
curicms sleighs, also, from Norway and Russia. Canada and Australia joined 
us in the exhibition of " buggies." The large wheels so popular in this country 
have developed a skill in the combination of strength and airy lightness which 
astonished every foreign visitor at Philadel])hia. 

We can hardly pause to consider the display of stationery, pasteboard, wall- 
paper and concomitant products, except to say that our own countiy held its 
own, in nearly every branch of the art; with Givat Britain, France, Austria, 



Tin: INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 485 

Sweden, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands. China and Japan sent 
tlieii' peculiar papers of i>ith, plantain and sti'aw, some of it vei'v beautiful. 
One contribution fioin -lapan — "colored and oi'nameiited paper for writing 
poetry" — reminded iis that the Muses in that Cduntry insist upon respectful 
cdiisideration in ilie way of stationery. In coiicludin<r our survey of the Main 
IJuilding, we cannot do better than mention those life-sized figures in the 
departments of Sweden and Norway, \\hich ludouged to no special class of 
e.\hil)its, but which have a prominent ]ilacc in the memory of eviery visitor. 
They illu^tiatctl the domestic life of the common peojde — a marriage, a c-hris- 
tening, a death scene, a hunting incident, etc. — in a more vivid manner than 
could be done by any other means. They were executed with as much ti'uly 
artistic skill as the nature of the work demanded ; and it woidd have added 
greatly to the interest of the Exhibition if each nati(Mi liad taken as much 
trouble to give us similar pictures of its simple home life. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The reasons which make the interests of agriculture of overwhelming 
impoi'tance in this country, are the reasons why we need give less space to 
the consideration of the subject, here, than we have given to any of the three 
preceding de[>artraents of our International Kxhibition. Our position in the 
agricultural woi-ld is unchallenged, however many rivals we may have, as Kussia, 
Hungary, Brazil and Egyjjf, in the markets of Europe. Supplying our own 
demanils f<ii- nearly eveiything to which our climate is adapted, we have a 
steady call ft>r the surplus. With the exce})tions of raw silk, already noticed, 
and of American wines, to which we shall give some attention, tBere were few 
oi- no exhibits of American agricultural products which illustrated new indus- 
tries struggling against foreign competition, and therefore demanding our special 
consideration. A comparison of the products of our different states in their 
relations to each other would be exceedingly interesting, but it is utterly 
impossible to enter upon such a comparison within so small a space ; we must 
content ourselves w'ith considering, on other pages, the I'elations of Michigan to 
her sister states in her own pccidiar [iioducts. We nuist in this place speak 
in only general teinis of the American display, familiar, as it is, in most of its 
details, to every reader; and we can dwell upon such, only, of the foreign 
exhibits as may be particularly interesting. In giving the figures of the agri- 
cnltui'al department we nuist again put the reader on his guard. The small 
number of exhibits accredited to the United States is due in gieat [)ait to the 



486 



MK'IIKIAN AJy'D THE CENTENNIAL. 



fact that states, cities, couiitit's and firms sent collective exhibits representing, 
ill some instances, liimdreds of individual contributors each; while in the cases 
of many foreign I'ountries, notably of Spain, Portugal and the Argentine 
Republic, every prothicer rcpi'esents a sepai'ate unit in the list. It must be 
admitted, however, tliat our own t'onntry — perhaj)s because it felt its position 
assured — made an e.xliibition in the agricultural de])artment entirely inadequate 
to its great and iini\ersally acknow ledged resources. We include in the follow- 
ing table all the products of each country, whether exhibited in Agricultural 
Hall or in othei' l)uildings. Hut the table does not include the articles contrib- 
uted by- Canada and the Tinted States, to the special exhilntioiis of fruits, 
vegetables, etc., held from time to time as the season advanced. 

United States . 1,(;20 ■ Spain and Colonies 2,")41 

British Empire: Italy 260 

(ireat Britain 80 Switzerland 24 

Canada 20;i Sweden 88 

British Colonies . 4M Norway 8.") 

■■>2ti Belgium . 38 

France 25.> Netherlands and Colonies, 80 

Germany - 172 Portugal 1,908 

Austria i(!l Luxemburg 5 

Russia 2ol Turkey 483 



Etrvpt 


15 


Orange Free State 

China 


17 

24 


Japan 


To 




81 


Brazil 


572 


Argentine Republic . . . 
Chili. . 


. . 643 
42 


Peru _ _ 


•)1 


Mexico - _ _ _ 


99 



Total number of exhibitors 0,804 

One of the most interesting features of the Exhibition was the vast display 
of woods from many countries and all climates. The forests of the far northern 
and the temperate latitudes were represented b}' our own country, Canada,- 
France, Austria, Sweden, Norway and Russia. Fir timber from the high lati- 
tude of sixty-seven degrees was sent from Sweden ; larch and cedar from many 
different parts of the Russian em[)ire. Collections of woods were contributed 
by many of our own states — Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, New Jersey, 
New Hampshire, Delaware, West Virginia, North Carolina and ( )iegoii — besides 
the special exhibits in the construction or contents of the state buildino's, 
ah-eady noticed. The land (le])artiiient of the Central Pacific Railroad also 
sent many lieautiful specimens, and individuals in all sections s]io\\ed a similar 
interest. Poi'tugal sent no less than ninety specimens of the cork tree and its 
])ro(lnct. There were many exliil)its of timber, dye-\\M)ods, bark and cane from 
the Pliilip})ine Islands; from the forests of Haleakala, in Hawaii; with bamlx)o 
and other woods from Japan. All other countries, however, including oru' own, 
gave place to the two South American states, Brazil and the Argentine 
Republic, in the immense mimber of their exhibits in the ile])artment of 



438 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



arhoricnlturo niid foif^li\ . Tlie latter state sent tliivty-two difFerciii folU'ciitms 
of polislicd mill impDlislicd woods, besides many sejmi'ate sjieciniens, together 
with roots for dyeing, taiuiiiig and clicniical oi- medicinal practice. Almost as 
many came from Brazil, among tlicm the eucalyptns, a wood which promises 
to he a rival of the pint-, on account of its excellent (pialily and its rapid 
growtli. Kxamples of this wood from Australia, also, attracted consideralile 
attention; and it was shown, at a meeting to cousidei- the suliject of arlxu'icnl- 
ture, held in the Judges' Hall, that it can lie proHtalily gi'ow ii in California. 
It was a somewhat cui-ious fact that the su^ar industry of this country was 
inadetpiately represented, a few Xoithern States exliibiting grape, maple and beet 
sugar, but I.ouisiana and other Southeiu States barely making an a[>|iearanee 
in this depaitment. France, also, neglected to show us her heet-root sugar, 
although she produces over four hundn'd thousands of tons annually. Germany, 
too, |)nHbiees upwards of three liundred thousands of tons eatdi year, but her 
makers did not eare to illustrate their success at our l>xhibition. Hra/.il and 
Cuba, tiudei' the wing of Spain, took tlie lead in the magnitude of their 
exhibits, '['here Nvas some sugar, also, from the Philippine Islands; and Russia, 
under ollicial ius]>iration, sent numerous specimens of beet-root sugar. The 
latter country also challenged her gicatest I'ival in the European grain market 
by the display oi wheat from her inunense central and southern iields. Norway 
and Sweden, smaller but by wo means insignitieant competitors, Denmark also, 
and the Netherlands, sent full assortments of wheat and other cereals. Little 
Portugal, negligent of her own agricultural interests at home, except in the 
produetion of w ines and olive oil, seemed determined to ])resent herself to the 
woi'ld in the best ])Ossible light; there were 57*2 Portuguese exhibltoivs of grains, 
beans, jji'as, etc., our own Indian corn oi- maize being a prominent feature of 
their display. There were nearly as many Spanisli exhibitors in this department. 
Tlie huge oft'spi'ing of I'ovtngal, Brazil, sent nniny s])ecimens ; and the Argentine 
Ilejinblie headed the list of the more important grain countries with nearl} a 
hundre<l i-xhiliitors of wlu'at alone, besiiles as many more of other cereals. 
Turkey sent a general \ariety of the common cereals, and Mg\ pt, also, from 
tliat fertile valley of the Nile, \vliich has been yielding its licli harvests, year 
after year, for foi-ty centuries — and for how many centuries longer, that liistory 
tells not of ^ Tliere were a few specimens of grain from the Pacific Ocean — 
Japan, New Zealand and the Philippine Islands -and also from the Cape of 
Good Hope. Canada did not contribute according to her abundance, in this 
department, but she sent .1 muuber of exliibits. If we cotdd hei-e analyze the 
many collective exhibits of our own \ arious states, we should undoulite<lly tind 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITIOX. 481» 



that tln' iiiili\ i(lu;il contributions were imu'c iiiiiiicrons tli;in those of ;iny other 
counti'V, as lhe\ oii^Iit, cerfaiiil}, (o ha\c lieeii; the (jualit\ and variety ^vt're 
<|uite ei|nal. })erha[is, to wliat the fe|iiitation of the coiiiitrv ealh'd for. 

Of tlie general agricultural jiroducts, natural and maniifaetured, we can oidy 
mention those from each country which weic particularly strikinu', eithei' on 
account of tiie innneiise ipiantity e.xhiMted, their suj)erior (|Ualit\', or the fact 
that tliey are ])ecnliar to tin- iiati<iiis w hi<di sent them: — Great Britain, Stilton 
clieeses, condensed milk, with various com[»uunds of coffee, chocolate and cocoa, 
extracts of meat, sauces and otlier delicacies; France, preserved meats, fruits 
and vegetables in abundance, sardines, of which that country still furnishes 
more than any other, from Nantes, Helle-ile-en-mer and Bordeaux; Switzerland, 
honey and chocolate; Belgium, chicory, mustard, chocolate; the Netlierlands, 
cheeses, particularly the celebrated "Edam;" Denmark, canned butter, some of 
whit-li liad been exhil)itetl at Vienna in T87;'>; Sweden, anchovies and herrings; 
Norway, the same, with many other kinds of preserved fish, salmon, lobsters, 
haddock, etc., from the extensive western an<l northern coast of that country; 
Italy, sumac leaves, almonds, pistachio and avellane nuts, olives, lenKjns, oranyes, 
lioney in great ipiantity, some of it made from orange-flowers, sausages from 
Bologna itself, with imitations from Modeiia and Cremona (shade of Paganini I) 
macaroni from Leghorn, Turin, Palermo and Naples; Spain, almonds in immense 
quantities and other nuts, lemons, oranges, pepper, coffee, anise-seed, saft'ron, 
sardines, cochineal from the Canary Islands, thirty-four exhibits of honey, olives, 
tigs, prunes, Malaga and Muscatel raisins, chocolate without limit, sausages, 
butter and cheese from sheep, and three hundred specimens of olive oil ; 
Portugal, most of the Spanisli products named above, with nearly as much 
honey, and half as many exhibits of olive oil; Russia, mustard, hemp and 
poppy .seed, lin.seed, extracts and fruit paste, chicory and hops; l>i'azil, indigo, 
resins, Ijalsara.s, caoutchouc, cloves, honey, wax, oils of togo, copahiba and iroba, 
anaja, cajanut and cocoaiiut, medicinal plants in very large <|uantities, cocoa, 
chocolate, seven exhibits of tea, and seventy-eight of coffee: the Argentine 
Republic, olives, raisins, cocoa, chocolate and some coffee; Turkey, sumac, 
inadder, olives, figs, prunes, dates, gums in variety, resin, honey, wax, dried 
api-icots, cherries, apples an<l peaches, Muscat raisins, pistachio-nuts and ahnonds, 
s[)onges of tlie fine.st (juality and of every size, from the Danhmelles and the 
island of Crete, and the oil-producing seed called "sesame," with the name of 
which every reader of the Arabian Nights — who has not been; — is familiar; 
Philippine Islands, coffee, sponges, cocoanuts, cocoaniit-oil, lambang oil and 
beneseed oil. 



440 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



The displays of teas by China and Japan, I'espectively, were euriously 
illustrative of the nioic rapid proj^iess made by Jai>an, as a iiieinlier of the 
communitv of nations. More than tliiit\ indi\i(lnal Jajianese meivhants and 
producers sent teas in tlieii- own name, Avliile all that was sent from China 
belonged to a genei-al rollection of teas couti'ibnted by the Imperial Mai'itime 
Customs. The same remark aj)plies to neai'ly all agricnltnral, and to many of 
the other j)rodufts, shown by tlu' tw<i nations. The leas fi-om many districts of 
India illustrated a transplanted agricnltnial industry whicJi has been acquiring 
greater and greatei' importance dniing recent years, The sale f)f Indian 
tea in the English market has now assumed lai'ge pi-ojioi-tions, foi-ming a 
distinct line of the trade, and the pi'omise of the future grows better and 
better. Aside from the manufactured aiticles show )i in the "Shoe and Leather 
Building," heretofore briefly noticed, most of the nati<ins sent many specimens 
of leathei', \\hi(di wei'e classified and exhibited among the agiicultural pro- 
ducts; the morocco of Turkey and her dependencies — or should we say her 
"independencies?" — was particularly noticealde, and also the calf-skins and kids 
of France. The Argentine Kepnblic contributed i-aw hides ^\ithont number. 
Russia sent the furs of the sable, blue fo.\, etc., and Tnrke\' seemed to exhaust 
the list of wild and domestic animals, offering the skins of cats, wolves, goats, 
slieep, foxes, buffaloes, deer, jackals, weasels, sables, otters, wildcats, ounces, 
beavers and martens. \"arions collections of stuffed animals illusti'ated the 
fauna moi-e or less accurately of nearly ever}- (piarter of the globe. Our own 
collections, sent l)y many taxidermists and by state authorities, w^ere ver>' full 
and interesting, with a living president, so to speak, in the shape of "Old 
Abe,"- the famous \var-cagle of the Eighth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers. 
The genei'al animal and vegetable products of Canada consisted of butter, 
cheese, pork, canned meats and fruits, etc., and thei'e were numerous exhibits 
of prepared fish — salmon, mackerel and lobstei's. ( )f our ow n miscellaneous 
exhibits, a mere genei'al list would occujiy more sji.ace than we can spare. 
The products most numerously and most extensively shown were canned and 
preserved fruits, pork in eveiy possible shajie and evei-y variety of preparation, 
condiments, sauces, with other delicacies of the table, and starch. The latter 
product, as exhibited Ijv oui' Uvo great factoi'ies at Oswego and Glen Cove, 
attracted as much deserved attention as anything in Agricultural Hall. Half 
a dozen other American firms exhibited this matei'ial. There were also some 
specimens from foreign countries ; Init the art of making starch has reached 
most nearly to perfection, and the manufacture of it has assumed the most 
enormous [)roj»ortions, in this country. 



TIIK INI'i:iJ\A TIONAI, ( KNTKNMA L I .X 1 1 1 1'.lI'loN. 441 

In no sul)(livi>i(iii of the ;i<ii'icult iiral (Icpnitinciit was tlie tnitli ol' our 
statement, tliat the Anicrienn display was ina(l('(|iiatc to the demands of our 
reputation, inoiv ulariiiuly apparent than in lliat of raw cotton. Most of our 
cotton-gi-owinn- states were represented -Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, 
Tennessee, Geori^ia, Soutli Carolina. l)ut by veiT few exhiliitors. Two tirnis, 
of Boston an<l riiihidelphia, nia(h' a sho\\inu- of tlu^ " eottons of the wmld," 
l>nt thei-e was no sueh general collection illustrative of onr inunense resources 
in this respect, as the impoitance of the subject called foi-. Nearly all the 
countries, on the otliei- hand, which are oui- |iresent oi' pi()s]ie<-ti\e ri\als in 
the mai-kets of the world, showed such .an interest as to coiixinc'e us that the}' 
are thoroughly in earnest in the competition. I'^uypt sent one collection I'on- 
taining twu thousand sani|)les of cotton from the ci-ops of the past eight years, 
with an account of the prices (hiring that lime in Kngland and in Egypt. 
Another great rival, India, sent specimens fiom many sections, showing the 
product in evei-y stage of gi-owth .and manuf.-icture. Thei'e were nearly forty 
private exhibits from Brazil, besides a general collection. Tuikev contributed 
Indf as many sam])les, and Russia reminded us, ])y specimens of cotton from 
Turkestan, that Centi'al Asia, with its enormous jilains, may yet enter the 
niai-ket as a formidable competitor. The Phili]>pine Islands and Japan also sent 
numerous samples of this staple. Of other fibres there was wool from Vermont, 
Oregon, Michigan, and other States, and some hem]) .and tlax from West 
Virginia and New Jersey. 'J'hei'e were small contributions of these materials 
from (xre.at Britain. Canada. Austria, Belgium, and the Ketherlands. The 
Argentine Republic contributed about fifty exhibits of wool alone, from the 
finest and tJie ccminnjii breeds. Brazil, also Spain, Portugal, Turkey and the 
Cape Colony, were fairly represented. Russia, \vithout very numerous exhibits, 
showed the Heece of many varieties of sheep — Rambonillet, Negretti, ^letis, 
Tzigai, Merino, Spanish, etc. The counti-ies sending the most interesting speci- 
mens of flax and hemp were Portugal, Sjiain, Turkey and India. Of the less 
familiar textile substances, tlieiv were the fibres of pineapple, iheed, aloe and 
other })lants from Imlia, with nianilla hemp: the tibi'es of al);ica, bab.-digo and 
cabo-negi-o. from the l*hilip]iine islands; ramie .ind China glass, from S]iain. If 
there were still ;iny doubts about the eveiirmd success of the silk cultuie in 
tliis counti-y, with its almost infinite \;triety of clim.ate and soil, the\ should 
he set at ivst by the fact that i.iw silk w .is exhibited ;it Philadelphia by 
countries in nearly every corner of the earth Indi.a, Kgypt, Australia, Brazil, 
Ki-ance, the Argentine Rej)ublic, Chiiui, Ja])an. Knssia. PortULral and Turkey. 
The American display of tobacco was ;is full and variegated as the pmduction 



-i4l> MKllUiAX AM) lllK IKNIKNM AL. 

oi the foniitiv (leiii.-iiuled : the tulnuH'o raisins;- states \\ere fairly rfpreseincd ; 
amuiii;- tile iiiamit'aetui'iui;' states. New \'orl< aiitl lViiiis\ 1\ aula ranked liii;li ; 
i\Iicliiiiau was present, hut made a very small showing in piupovtion to the 
extent of this industry within her limits. (Termauy, Switzerlanil. Belgium and 
the Netherlands ei>ntril)Ute(l eigars and eigarettes made of that tloiiiitt'ul 
tobaeeo peeidiar to central Europe, and pailieularly to the first named country. 
Russia sent a dozen or more specimens of her world-famous cigarettes. There 
were many sam[>les of Turkish tobacco ; the preponderance of sniitf in the 
oiiental exhibits gave proof that the habit common among the tine ladies of 
Europe a hundred and tifty years ago, but since almost discarded even by the 
opposite sex, has still its faithfid votaries in some parts of the world. Of the 
great tobacco-producing countries, Hra/.il led the van with more exhibits than 
those of the United States; tlie Argentine Rejiublic followed with nearly half 
as many. ( )f course Havana was supreme, as ever, in the ([tiality of her 
tobacco. With the product of the Canary Islands, and the factories of Seville 
and Valencia, added to those of Cuba. Spain sustained her proper relations in 
the display of the weed. There was some tol>acc(t also from Egypt, a little 
from China, Peru and Chili; and cigars from Japan. Less attention was paid 
to the exceedingly important subject of natural and artificial fertilizers than a 
thoughtful observer would have exi)ected. The ^Vmericans, howt'ver, were 
not lacking in this respect, twenty or more firms and companies from eight 
difterent states, exhibiting superphosphates, guano and kindred substances. 
Erance came next, with half a dozen exhibits, followed by Sweden, Spain, 
Portugal and Russia ; Xoi'way contributed " tish guano,'' and the Argentine 
Ue[)ublic fertilizers of dried blood. The government of Peru sent specimens 
of the guano deposits of Labos, Pabellon de Pica and (TuaniiUas. We can 
imagine that British holders of Peruvian bonds examined these with special 
interest — the public debt of Peru being secured by her guano beds as collateral. 
With an abinidant supply of good wliiskv and l)ad brandy, with consider- 
ably more rum and gin in the country than is needed to till the prescriptions 
of our physicians, the contributions of strong liquors from foreign countries 
were objects of a merely i-urioiis interest. Cordials, li(^uenis, brandies and 
other li(piors came from Erance, Germany, Anstria, the Netherlands, Denmark, 
S\veden, Norway, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Russia and lirazil. There 
were a number of specimens of peculiarly natiinial drinks from various countries ; 
a " punch " from Norway and Sweden which has become in those countries a 
regidar article of commerce; Scheidam gin (shnapps") from Holland; aguardente 
and laraginha, from Brazil; mistela and arrope, from Spain; sake, soy, punches 



444 MICHIGAN AND THK CENTENNIAL. 

and sweet litjiiois tVoiii Japan. The Tuiks, sn|ii)nsc(l to he alisteniiuus them- 
selves, offered oran<ie, rose, juni|iei- and niidlicri'v lirandies to tlie rest of tlie 
world. Little Poituyal (n-esented more hrandx than an\' <itlicr laru'ei- nation, 
and Spain e.\celie<l all others in the \ariet\ of li(|iiois ;ind coidials. \'ermonth 
])redomin;ite(l in this elass of e.xhihits from Itah ; and al)sinthe, <;reen and 
white, in those of Switzerland, it is in the matter of wine, howcvei', that we 
Americans are ehieHy interested in a coimnerci.'d wav. Tiiere wcie some 
enrions wines from Brazil, }»ao, eajii and hone\ wines; mnseat and sanms wines 
fi'om Tnrkey ; Crimean .-lud ivahhetian wines from Knssia; nndliei-r\ wines from 
Japan. Hnt the wine jn'odneei's of this eoiintry eome into competition with 
those only of France, Clermany, Anstria, Italy, Spain ;ind Portugal. The 
nnnd)er of American nnd-cers sending specimens of their prodnctions was thirty, 
distributed as follows: New York, G ; New Jersey,."); Pennsylvania, i' ; < )hio, 
8; Michigan, 2; Illinois, 1; Iowa,. 1; Missouri, •_*, .-ind California, N. The num- 
ber of Enroix'an wine-makei's, including oidy those of the six countries 
mentioned, A\as nearly fifteen Jiundred ! — 14;»S. The wine-makers of Spain, 
l)eing snudler |iroprietors than those of France and (iermany, aic naturally very 
very numerous, and they represented more than one third of the inuiiense num- 
ber given above. The same is true of the Portuguese [irodncei-s. If American 
wines were of an nn(|uestionable (|uality, the acknowledged equals of the l)est 
EurojH'an wines, there would still be inunense odds for the industry in this 
countiT to contend against. When we consider that the (pudit\ is still, as a 
general i-ule, inferior; that a knowde<lge of tlie art nuist be imported, and that 
the proper tre.ntment of any ])articidar soil must be a matter of expei'imeiital 
labor for man\ yi-ars, it is evident to an uninterested obserxer that the manu- 
facture of wine in America is in its very early infancy. That its growth will 
l)e I'apid there is every I'eason to ho|ie, but we need not yet pride ourselves 
upon any ability to "compete" in this dii'ection, with Europe. 

The display of agricultural inqilements and nnichiner}' was almost entirely 
confined to Camida and the United States. There were a few entries, each, 
from Great Britain, France (mostly for wine making), Germanv, Sweden, 
Norway, Italy and Australia. Mardls' more than this need be said. The plows, 
reapu-rs, mowers, rakes, cuttei-s, mills, etc., contributed by Canada, did that 
country much ci'edit. She alone, faii'ly offered ns any com|)etition in this 
respect, and according to the nund>er of her exhil)its (5-i) hei' competition was 
sharp and well sustained. Nearly live hundi-ecl of the American exhibits in 
the agricultural department consisted of implements, special inventions, and 
machinery. To describe them in any detail wmdd requii'e all the pages of this 



THE 1>;TER>AT1U^AL CE^TE^■MAL EXHIBITION. J 45 



volimu'. There were also many American iiiipleinents and garden accessories in 
the Horticnltnral Hall. As for the i-est of tlie display witliin tlie latter liall, 
there was nothinu' \fiy impressive to the visitor. The warm eon.servatoi'ies on 
each side wei'e sparsely tilled with plants partially in bloom, during most of 
the season. There were many specimens of tropical ])lants sent by American 
owners in the body of ihc Hall, with numerous collections of ferns. The most 
interesting exhibit in the horticultural department, that of rhododendrons 
and azeleas in the large iron-and-canvas tent near the Hall, has already l)een 
mentioned. The display of these Howers in their season \\'as immense. There 
were also flowers and plants, ferns, etc., from other parts of England, France, 
Austria, the Netlierlands, Ln.vemburg, Hawaii, tht> Argentine Kepublic, Spain 
and the Philijipinc Islaiuls. 

EDUCATION AND SCIENCE. 

Ne^■er before has there been such an array of books, material, apparatus, 
pupils' work, etc., pertaining to [)opular education, from many nations, as was 
e.xhibite<l in Philadelphia last season. Of the twenty-one countries contributing 
to the dejtartnient of Education and Science, each sent something to show its 
interest in the culture of the people. But the foreign nations which showed 
most interest in this division of the department were Sweden, Russia, Switzer- 
land, Hrazil and Japan. We have mentioned the Swedish School-house, erected 
and furnished with all the ap])liances of a primary school by the Koval 
Coramissiou. Besides this, there Avere many other exhibits of text-books, 
methods and pupil.s' work. The boards of education of nine Swiss cantons 
contributed statistics, reports, copies of the school laws, etc. Manv separate 
schools, asylums and individual teachers or publishers were also rejiresented. 
The educational appliances of Russia, including manj- ethnological, zoological 
and Ijotanical ino<lels, attracted the admiration and aroused the enthusiasm of 
all visitors. Ihazil, like Ru.ssia, astonished us by the interest shown in this 
direction. But most remarkable of all were the evidences of the new and 
sutlden growth of the popular school system in Japan. Tlie exhil)its w^ere 
immense in number, including full descriptions of the systems now employed, 
statistics of the Jai)anese educational depaitment, furniture, text-books, api)a- 
ratus of every kind, engravings and models, with accounts of the ancient 
methods of education. The kingdom of Hawaii enjoys the pr(»ud distinction 
of having a smaller jiercentage of peojjle who cannot reail and write in its 
ri.sing generation than any other nation. Her etlucational e.vhibits weie very 
57 



440 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



few, however. Tlieie wvw u few school-hooks fi-ora Spain, Beli;iuiii, the Nether- 
hiiids, Poi't\iu;il and FiaiR'c, the citv of Paris sending statistics, also, reports 
and |iiipils' work. The Kducatioual Dcpaitmciit of the proxinre of Ontario 
and a (h)/,('u institntions in (^)uelK'c fnrnislicd a fnll vaI•i('t^■ of edncational 
e.\liil)its from tlie Dominion of ('ana(hi. Abont seventeen of oui' tldrtv-eisht 
states presented themselves — Indiana, Michigan, ()hio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, 
Nebraska, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Tennessee, Marvhmd, Pennsylvania, New 
Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Plarapshire and Maine. These states 
made as fair a showing as all could ha\c made, though it might have been 
more impressive to foreign visitors if the entire country had been fuUv i'e])re- 
sented. Pennsylvania, oidy, had a special educational building. Most of the 
other states had ]>laces in the galleries of the Main Puihiing. Prom time to 
time dui'ing the season meetings were held to consider the subject of popular 
e(hica(iou. (icntlenien from Swe.den, Germany, England, Russia, Japan, Hawaii, 
Brazil, the Argentine Republic, C'anada and other countries addivssed the 
meetings; and the Amei'ican listener was sui'prised to note the universal 
interest now taken in the subject. There is hai'dly a civilized nation on the 
globe that has not turned its attention to the general education of its own 
people. It became e\ ident that we have as much to learn from others as thev 
from us; that nearly all nations are now friendly competitors for special honors 
in this field. In the display of jmblications pertaining to the higher education, 
and to the various sciences and arts, Avith all other kinds of books. Prance, 
pei'haps, led the way, not in the nundier of her exhilntoi's, but in the beauty 
of the woi'k and the numbers of volumes contributed by a few publishers. 
Spain sent an immense ari'ay of works on every imaginable subject, those on 
natural and social sciences ])red(miinating ; there were 880 Spanish exhibitors. 
Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Portugal and Italy vied with eacli other in 
swelling the list. The ]>rinting, engraving and maps shown by England were 
admirable. The " (irajdiii- " and "Illustrated News," of London, both exhibited 
the ])rocesses of producing an illustrated ] taper. The press of the former 
])aper, in the Main Building, with its curious gas-engine, nearly always in 
motion, was a center of constant attentiitn. ( )ur own publishing firms as.sem- 
bled in great force, along with the various denominational publishing companies. 
Except in the matter of veiy fine engraving, and not always making even this 
exception, our pioductions l)oi'e favoj'able comparison with the best of Eui-opean 
work. There were newspaj)ei's and periodicals, in bound volumes, from nu)st of 
the Kui-opeaii nati(ms, including Spain, Sweden, Portugal and Turkey, and also 
from lirazil. Chili, Hawaii and Japan. 



THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENJSilAL EXHUilTION. 44^ 



Aineric-aii aivliii'ology received graat attention from some of our own states, 
tliere l)einu- aliout fifty exliil)its from Ohio, Mieliiiian, Missouri and Pennsylvania, 
of stone, Hint and metal iinplcuieuts of the ]Mound Builders, besides enormous 
colleetious of these lelirs in lh<' (iovernuieut BuildiuL;'. Peru contributed 
nuniei'ous anti(|uities of the Incas and their |iredecessors. Nunici'ous leariu'd 
societies of Eui'oiie, iiotalily those of Switzerland and ihc Net hei'lands, sent the 
record of their observations in this and other fields of scientific research. The 
application of mechanism to the demands of science, in the way of mathemat- 
ical, eua'ineeriui:-. philosopliic.il ami astronomical instruments, \vas illustrated by 
many examples, from neai'ly all countries. For accuracy and ingenuity it would 
be difficult to distinguish between the scientific mechanisms of the United 
States and those of the western nations of Europe. Fiance, ]ierhaps, took the 
leail in some ivspects, exhibiting many valuable ojjtical and electrical instru- 
ments. England, however, made a spiecial display of microscopes and other 
optical ap])aratus: als() Austria and Italy. Sweden erected a sj)ecial building 
for her meteoi'ological appliances, and sent a number of inventions for deep-sea 
sounding. The Amei-ican exhibits in this department included appliances used 
in nearly every branch of science. Clocks and watches were included by the 
connnissiouers in the de[)artment of science. The o])inion of the Swiss commi.s- 
sioner, expressed in a public address delivered in Switzerland, after his return, 
gives as fair an i(h'a of the relati\c importance of our own and the foreign 
watch-making industries as we can lay before the reader. He said that the 
Ameri<-an machine-nuide watch reached a standai-d of excellence far above the 
Swiss wafch of the same grade and the same price; that the American makers 
had ali'eady secui'ed a foothold in the home market which threatened the entire 
trade of Switzerland on the western side of the Atlantic; that they also prom- 
ised to become successful rivals in the markets of Eurojn-; that the danger to 
the Swiss industry, heretofoi'e ignored, was inunineut and momentous. As to 
tlie very highest grades of intricate watches, matters of special lu.xurv i-afher 
than of commerce, Switzerlan<l still holds her unchallenged superioi'ity. The 
di«;play of tine Swiss watches at the Exhibition was a source of wonder and 
delight among the visitors; but the }>ractical eye of tire commissioner saw that 
the American watch, strong, accurate, well-made and iiiex|)ensive, jironnsed to 
assume a more im[)ortant position in general commerce. The scales of all kinds, 
from those for weighing railway-cai's to those used by cliemists and ofhei- 
learned en(|uirers, were classified under the head of science. The American 
makers assumed a pre-eminence at the Exhibition in this department which 
faii-ly illustrates their position in the world at large. There were a few 



448 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



exhibits, also, from France, Belgium, Norway and Mexico. Musical instruments, 
Mind, reed and string, were exliil)ited by nearly every country. In the most 
im|t(irtant of all our own nation took a decided lead. France sent nine exhil)its 
of pianos, l)nt the one great name which our own leading names have been 
heretofore pitted against, Erard, was absent. In the small English list of tlu'ee 
makers Broadwood did not ajipear. Nine (lerman makers exhibited pianos, two 
Brazilian, six Canadian, and there was one exhibit eacli from Switzerland, 
Sweden, Norway, the Netlierlands and Ital}'. Foiiy-four American ]>iano-make.rs 
entered the lists. Half as many sent organs; and there wew about a (h^zen 
oro-ans from foreign countries. Without joining ia the tierce warfare which is 
continually carried on between the great piano companies of America, it is 
enough to sa\ that the l)est of them are unrivaled, except l)y t\vo or three, in 
all Europe, and that the rest fidly hold their own against the general makers 
of other eouuti-ies. 

The following talde shows the relative numbers of contril)utions from 
twenty-one countries in the department of Ediication and Science: 



Uuitcd State'' ^-"' Ivussia (is 

British Empire : Spain aud Colonies 497 

Great Britain - ^ 0:5 Italy 42 

Canada 9(1 j Switzerland - . 259 

British Colonies „ 27—180 ! Sweden 76 

France 182 ■ Norway 2:] 

Germany 22:i? Belgium 09 

Austria 97 ! Netherlands and Colonies, 08 

Total number of exhibitors 



Portugal (i;j 

Turkey 29 



China 

Japan 

Hawaii 

Brazil 

Argentine Republic 
Mexico 



2 
•23 

v.] 

(i4 
18 
90 



2,.")i:i 



THE FINE ARTS. 

AVhile there Avere inanv valuable pictures and some excellent sculpture in 
^leniorial Hall and its annex, the average of merit was very low. Witli a- few 
exceptions, the great living artists of Europe made no appearance ; even the 
special interest and care evinced by Great Britain could not raise this average 
very hiirh, however tine the disjdav in the British sections themselves; and 
there is not, as yet, so much artistic talent in this country that the numerous 
home productions could advance the general standard of mediocritw Two 
reasons account for the lack of interest among the best European artists. 
They luive discovered that these Avorld's fairs add little to their reputation, 
and (|uite as little to their incomes; the sales of pictures at the Vienna exhi- 
bition, in particular, were very snjall in proportion to the results antici^iated. 



450 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



In tlie second place, tliere is a geiieial idea in Europe tliat onr people are 
not appi'(H'iati\(' oF the West art-work. This view is justified, i>ei'liaps, hy 
the purchases oC many American I'ich men, who ha\<' more money than taste. 
The im])ression is ;i, traditional one, derived from onr early <lays, and whether 
correct or not at the present time, it will lie many yeai's yet befoi-e it disap- 
pears. ( )ne thinu' is certain — the crowds of \isitors at the Exliibiti(m spent 
more time in the art galleries than in any other buildings, and the greatest 
interest was shown by the people in the Itest pictures. Eveiy constant 
observe!' noticed this with pleasni'c and pride. The same was true of the 
sculpture. The Italian domestic marbles weie e.xcellent of their kind, and 
attracted great attention ; the sculptures belonging to a liighei- plane of art, 
ideal conceptions, were very bad of their kind, with only here and there a 
good one, and they Avei-e properly passed by with little notice. The British 
connnissionei's had taken great care that good artists only should secure places 
in their collection, and many works of the old English masters were exhiluted. 
A small collection of water-colors, in \vhich British artists lead the world, was 
also very interesting. The miist valuable pictures exhibited were in the Spanish 
collection : — the works of numerous old masters, notably of Murillo, Rivera and 
Valasquez, contributed by the museum of Madrid, the most magnificent gallery 
in the world. With innumerable pictures of little merit, the Erencli sent some 
which were admirable, all by modern, and mostly by living artists. One grand 
but horrible woi'k, by Georges Becker, "Rizpah protecting the bodies of her 
sons from birds of prey," will be remendiei'ed as long, perhaps, by every visitor 
as any picture in ^Memorial Hall. The Gobelin tapestries, from Paris, showed 
a ])erfection of art beyond anything dreamed of b}' those who had never seen 
these pro(Uictions in Europe. In the French department of the Main Building- 
there were numerous tapestries, made by firms who oflEer them for general sale. 
The Gobelin \vorks belong to the government of France, and theii- product is 
never in the market, except through the accidental necessities of the owners to 
whom tliey have been presented or have descended by inheritance. Of the 
paintings sent by German artists, those were most interesting which illustrated 
domestic life; the military tendency of German art has done nothing to raise 
its standard. The brilliant picture of Hans Makart, of Vienna, " Venice paying 
homage to Catterina Cornaro," was the special attraction of the Austrian 
gallery ; there were a few other excellent pictures, but the greatei- numlier were 
of inferior merit. Among the immense collections of small pictures from Bel- 
gium and the Netherlands there were many gems, though one was obliged to 
pick them out from many more that were not gems. Sweden and Norway 



TIIK INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXlllHITlON. 451 

seat some tine illustrations of nortliei'u scenery and a few quaint i)it'tures of 
domestic life. The o-],)ii,.s of the Italian collection, aside from the ])retty 
(h)mestic marhles, wci'e the Florentine mosaics, rich, elal)orate and lieantiful, 
and the Castellani collection of anti(juities — niarhles, bi'onzes, etc. This remark- 
able collection covers a i'an<>e of time from tlie early Etruscans, predecessors of 
Koman civilization, to the later Michlle Ages. The painting-s of Brazil, Canada 
an<l i\le.\ico were interesting as showing the present condition of art in those 
countries. That of Mexico gives consideralde ])romise, although, like that of 
Spain, it is trammeled by too sti'oiig religious tendencies in the choice of 
subject. Russia contributed some of the most interesting and a few of the 
most excellent paintings exhibited. ( )nly a few realh ^■o()d |iieces of scul]>ture 
by American artists were to be seen in the galleries, though thei-e \\ ere moi'e 
than a hundred specimens. Among our eight hundred paintings in oil and 
water, showing an average of merit lower than that shown by any European 
country, e.xcept, possibly, Italy, there were many, nevertheless, that were verv 
beautiful. A number of American artists who have studied in the best schools 
of art al)i-oad, now hold i)laces in the upper i-anks, and a few of those at home, 
with less advantages for study, stand e(|ually high. In the matter of landscape 
jiainting much American woik compares favorably with the best of foreign 
work. The collection at l*liilndeli)hia showed a marked tendency in our art 
towards the highei' plane of ligure and historical paintim:'. The American 
water-colors were, in many cases, admirable : and we have a fair prospect of 
standing second to England, if not at her side, in this line of painting. Until, 
liowe\'er, American artists, as a class, are willing and eager to pass lona- years 
in the most arduous study and constant j)ractice, as tliose of. Europe do, before 
attempting to produce pictui'es for public exhibiti(m and sale, our native work 
cannot claim a high position in the world of ,iit. Includiiiu- all classes of 
works belonging to the Department of the Fine Ai'ts, the Hgures are as follows: 



United State.- 


1, 


,!I0!) 


Aiislria 


British Kmiiire: 






Russia 


Great Uritaiii . . . 


. :i.l4 




Spain . 


Cauada - 


. 187 


1 


Italy.-. 


British (xdonies . 


8 




Sweden 






.■)49 


Norwa\- 



177 




17 


!l(l 


riiiii:. 


9 


l^!lt 


.lapan . _ 


.".0 


.■);)7 


Hawaii 


9 


147 


Bia/.il - ... ... 


29 


.").S 


, Argentine Republic 


. 42 


li!»l 


Mexico 


41 


1.2 







France 519 j Belgium 

(i.'rmauy 217 I Netlicrlands. 

Total nmnlicr of e.xhihitoi's _._ ."),1.")7 

In the de[)artment of Fine Arts were exhibited, also, many engraxings, aichi- 
tcctinal drawings and designs for internal decoi'ations — the best of the latter 



4.")!' .MICHKtAX AND TflE CENTENNIAL. 



two classes comiiiu' from Eno-lisli, ;uid the sji-eatest uumlier from American, 
contrihutoi's. Tlu- most interesting plioto<;i'a[)lis came fi'<»m tlie Royal Belu'ian 
Society of I'liotoii-rapliy, and illustrated the weird productions of the Belgian 
painter A\'icitz. Nearly thive hundred exhibitors appeared in the Photogi'aphic 
Buihling, near Memoiial Hall; about one-half of these were from foreign coun- 
tries. With admirable specimens from many nations, our own photogra])hers 
held their own in the use of the camera and its attendant chemicals. 

THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING AND THE WOMAN'S PAVILION. 

Ha\'ing considei'ed, in more or less detail, according to the space at our 
command and the relative importance of the various subjects, nearly all the 
departments under which the articles exhibited at the great fair were classified, 
the two buildings here named deserve a special paragraph, as features peculiar 
to the Exhibition. The United States government has received great praise, 
abroad and at home, for its admirable display of matters in which a government 
is specially intei'ested. The Ordnance, Nax'al, Military, Meteorological and Engi- 
neering departments were represented by arms, machinery and scientific appa- 
ratus. Machinery for producing cartridges and small-arms was in constant 
operation, in sight of the visitors, during the entire six mouths. In one corner 
of the building a model post-office was established for the convenience of 
exhibitors, officers and strangers. The Patent Office Department sent thousands 
of the mechanical models \vhich are making the l)nilding at Washington, under 
our system of patent laws, one of the most valuable museums in the world. 
There w^ere cabinets of birds, animals and fishes; ethnological collections, illus- 
trating the haljits and dress of aboriginal Americans, and the anti([uarian I'elics 
before referred to. Outside of the principal building, besides the hospital, 
liglithouse, fog-signal and transit of Venus buildino-s, there were wasfons, 
ambulances and pontoon In'idges; postal-cars used for the fast mail trains; 
and a field-telegraph train, with a portable wrought-iron signal-tower, seventy- 
five feet in height. The Women's Pavilion, though a disappointment to 
those who hoped for an appropriate illustration of the real work Avhich 
self-sustaining women are now doing in this and all other countries, con- 
tained a pretty display of embroidei'ies, carving, painting, decoration and 
other fancy work, executed by wtmien in the United States, Gi'eat Bi-itain, 
Canada, Fr;ince, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Italy and Brazil. 
The erabi'oidery contributed by the Royal School of Art Needle-work, of 
London, was admii'able — bold in desio'nand of careful execution. Some of 



454 



MICHIGAN AND THE CI:NTENNIAL. 



tilt' Eiiolish [)rincesses contributed to tliis work, smd Queen Victoria sent 
spet-lraens of lier own drawinu' and etcliin^-. Tliei'e were a few exliibits of 
useful lal)oi' in the way of looms, a printing-pi'ess in operation, and some 
inventions, most of them pertaininu; to household matters or the female 
costume. 'J'he names of two women were the special gloiy of the 
Women's l*a\i!ion — "Slv^. Hannah B. Mountain and Mrs. Coston. The 
former was the inventor of a life-saving mattress, accepted by some of the 
United States inspectors as a substitute, in sufficient (piantities, for life-boats. 
The system of pyrotechnic signals peii'ected by tlie lattei' is now in genei-al 
use by tlie United States navy, the coast guard service and by the yachting 
and mercantile marine. A weekly paper, "The New Century," was edited, 
printed and published in this building during the Exhibition. That which will 
be longest remembei'ed l)y the greatest numl)er of visitor,? to the AVomen's 
Pavilion was the "butter head," by Mrs. Bi'ooks — a "Sleeping lolantlie" — a 
combination of domestic art and the fine arts, which was saved from being a 
mere curiosity by being prettily designed and w«ll executed. 

1{ECAPITULATI()N. 

The I'elative numbers of American and foreign exhibitors in each of the six 
great departments, and in all of them together, may be seen in the following- 
table : 



Mining 

and 

Metallurgy. 


Machinery. 


Manutac- lAgrieulture, 
tures. Etc. 


Education 

and 

Science. 


Tlie 
Pine Arts. 


Total. 


United States 


608 
1,460 


1,178 
673 


2,368 1 1,620 
7,728 , 8,184 


42.') 


1,909 8.1 (),S 


T\vent3--eiglit foreign nations,. 


2,088 


3,248 


23,381 


Total . - 


2,068 


1,851 


10,096 1 9,804 


2,513 


5,157 


31,489 



The British empire sent 3,829 exhibitoi's — nearly lialf as many as our own 
country. Tf we consider the United States and the British empire together, 
we find the English-speaking races represented by 11,9.'>7 exhibitors, against 
19,552 fi'om 2")eople of all other races and nationalities. 



ADMISSIONS AND RECEIPTS. 

The Exhibition was open to the public one hundred and fifty- nine days, from 
May tenth to November tenth, inclusive. Dui-ing the first two months there was 
renewed discussion in the journals, and within the Commission itself, as to the 



TlIK IXTKHNATIOXAI. CKXTKNMAL EXIIIHITrON. 455 

])i'()|)riety i)t' opeiiiiiii' it "" '^hiiiI.in s ; lint the final decision was tid verse, and the 
Sabbatli was a day of rest (o f\liil>itors, attendants and ofticers. Tlie total 
iiuinbei- of admissions foi- money was S,(MI4,l'74." The niunber of free admis- 
sions was l,yOt),0!)"2. There were aliout li>,(ttH) persons, otHcers, clerks, police- 
men, firemen, workmen, waiters, other seivants, exhibitors and their assistants, 
wliose presence wjus indispensable to tlie conduct and cai'e of the gi-eat Kxhibi- 
tion. These, with the correspondents of forei^-n and American newspapers and 
the local rejioiteis of I'hiladel[)hia, were pi'ovided with special ])asses. The 
total nnndu'i- of admissions, five and for money, was !),i)l(l,9()(). The daily 
average of athnissions for money was 50,;')41 ; average of admissions all told, 
fi2,3M;?. The jirice of admission, fifty cents for adnlts and twenty-five cents for 
children, was reibiced, on a number of successive Saturdays, to the latter price 
for alb There were a number of " state days," on which special exercises were 
held Ijv state officers, the governors sometimes delivering addi-esses, and in 
other cases prominent men a])poiute(l by the governoi's. ( )n " Pennsylvania 
da\" the aggregate attendance, 274,915, was greater by more than one hundred 
thousand than the highest attendance in one day ever known in any other 
exhibition — that at Paris, ()ctol)ei' 27, 1SG7 — 17;5,!»2.">. ( )n no less than twenty 
days the attendance reached more than one hundred thousand ; on the nine- 
teenth of ( )ctober and on the ninth of Xovendiei- it again exceeded the highest 
attendance in any previous fair — 17*1, 407 and 188,755 respectively. In these 
figures are included the numlxM- of admissions to the special exhibitions of 
animals, held from time to time in grounds and buildings, not heretofoi'e 
considered, situated about a (piarter of a mile from the main grounds, on 
Belmont avenue. The visitors to this collateral Ijranch of the great fair form, 
however, but an insignificant fraction of the general aggregate, and it must be 
admitteil that nearly all the s[)ecial disj)lays of the entire season, in these 
grounds or within the main enclosure, were unworthy of the E.vhil)ition and of 
the country. The showing of dogs was a very good one, there being four or 
five hundred exhii)its and a considerable variety. The display of a[)ples, etc., 
in the Fruit Building was interesting, and atti'acted considerable attention ; but 
if we subtract the magnificent exhil)ition of jNIichigan a})j)les, to l)e considered 
hereafter in its j)ro}tei- [»lace, there was little even in this s[)ecial exhibit to call 
for attention. The other '"stated dis}>lays," ranging from May sixteenth to 
November first, are hardh worthy of a line each in a general review like the 

*'rin;.L- anil ilii- IdllowiiiL' li;;im> uii- In. mi i In- Kllicijil report, |)ul)lislicd by the commissioners >i..,i, ,,ii,i 
the dose of tlie E.xliibitioii. Tlicy may ilitTer sliiililly from those wlilcli will he given in the final report, 
pri-pari'd iiinii- earrfullv. in hr pnsi-nled to Coiiirrcs-i Ihil llic variation, if any, will he mi'icly iKiniinal. 



45() MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



present. ?To\v little interest the ])iililic in uenei'iil took (and it is a ciiiidiis 
fact, in a n'l'cat an'riciiltural cdnntry like this), may l)c nnderstnod hy a i^-lance 
at tile liii'ures. The attenchniee, for inslauce, in the speeial ^rouiuls devoted to 
the display of live stock was (i/JOd on Septeiidier t\\ eiily-ei<rhth, when the 
entire attendance was 274, t)!;"); on Septendiei- thirtietli the tignres stand at 
1,629 against IKvK'.T: Octol.er eigliteenth, l,o;t7 I.".S,S74. It was long a 
problem how the railroads in and ai'onud I'hiladelphia conld move siudi 
immense masses of people as were exjx'cted to \isit the K.xhiliition. They 
certainly did it; Imt the |irohlem Is as mmdi unsolved to-day, except among 
the few "i-ailroad men" who ma) nndei'stand the mystery, as it was befoi'e 
the fair was opened. There were crowded street cars; the passenger coaclies 
of the steam lines in Philadelphia and ont of the cit\- were ])acke(l to the 
verge of cdiaos ; theic \vas more oi' less discomfort and growling; Imt one great 
fact towers above all minoi' considerations — these immense masses of people 
weJ'e actnallv moved, and with hardly a serious accident — whole cities of 
people transpt)rted day after day for two nuniths -a city larger than Detroit 
on the eighteenth of October — another half again as lai'ge on the next day — a 
metropolis twice as large as that of Michigan on Pennsylvania day ! There i.s 
nothing in history to com[)are with this triumph of American railway energy, 
except the rapid movement of troops by Ciermany during the war of 1870-71, 
and that was under the I'igid control of a government enforcing the most 
stringent military regulations. ( )ne of the most impressive sights of the Cen- 
tennial Exhibition was the ai'ray of locomotives and coaches swinging around 
a huge circle near the main enti'ance, bringing and carrying awa\' cro^\ds of 
visitors from east, west, north and south. On the opposite side of the grounds, 
and in all parts of the great city, other I'oads pi'esented tlie same spectacle. 
There is probably no [)oint in an\ country, and none other in this 
country, to and from which so many luillions of human Ijeings, in addition 
to the ordinaiy travelei's provided for by the I'ailways, could lia\e been 
carried, Avithout such confusion that serious accidents would have repeatedly 
occurred. There are no means of ascertaining the niunber of visitors, respect- 
ively, from the various sections ()f the country, but every section seemed to 
be fairly represented, according to its distance from Philadelphia and the 
distribution of wealth within its limits. One met every variety of citizen, from 
the West, the Sonthei'ii states. New York, New Jersey, the New England 
states and Pennsylvania. The differences, slight to the keenest of foreign 
observers, were prominent and well-defined to an American; but it woidd 
require many pages and the pen of a native Dickens or Thackeray to point 



TIIK INTEUNATJUNAL CE^■TEN^'IA1, i;.\ II 1 lilTK iN. 4r)7 



tliciii ipiit. Tlic niiriilM-i' of foivigii visitors was not as larifc as had Ijccii Icjokcd 
For, the terrors of an ocean voyaf^c heini; iiisiirnioiintaMe to the |)eo|)lf' of 
Knrope, e.\cf[)t in (lie eases of enthusiastic travelers, and of men whose Imsiness 
makes travelintr necessary. There weie numerous En<(lish visitors, however, and 
some fierman, the lattei- liein^' mostly men who took a scientific interest in the 
Ivxliiiiit ion. The \arious forciiiii <-oniniissioners and their assistants, t In- foreign 
exhibitors, and the sjiecuhitors from oriental I'ountries, j^ave a cosmopolitan air 
to tli<' throntrs which tilled the irrounds. < )ne constantly heard straiitre lan<fuages, 
and saw the tlowini;- chiaks of Aialis, (ireeks, 'I'urks and Tunisians, the I'ieli 
silken gowns of (;hiiiese olticials, or the dark-coloi'ed frock.s, marked with curious 
white figures, of the Jajianese workmen. There were Spanish sfddiers, and a 
few of otliei' nationalities, allendnnts of the respective commissioners. The 
motley ci'owd was jjcacealile, (piiet and good-natured. The seven or eight 
hundi'cd p(dicemen in <diarge had lait little, on the wliole, to do, and what 
they were olilig(<l io t\(, olliciall\ llic\ did jUdniplly: there being a court on 
the grounds for trial of ])etty ojl'enses, and for the [)reliminary hearing of more 
serious cliarges. The comfort of the visitors was as well [)rovided for a.s pos- 
sible, jierhaps. There wei'e seats in the shadows of Lansdowne valley, wjiere 
a band of nni-^ic [lei'lormed, every ])leasant afternoon; there was usually music, 
al-o, in froni of Miicliinery Uall, besides s])ecial concerts in the center of tlie. 
Main liiiilding, ami pcrl'ornianccs on the gi'eat oi'gans at all hours of the <1ay. 
The "rolling-chairs" enabled the weaker visitoi's, as well as many who were 
not weak, to .see the Hxliibition without that inevitable fatigue wliicli even tlie 
strongest felt without their use. These conveniences j)roved a failuie, foi' some 
rea.son, at tlie last I'aris exhibition, and they were not to be found at Vienna ; 
but the enterin-ise was liere successful. 

The total amount of nioiii'\ received at the gates was $3,818,724; the amount 
received for the vaiious special pi-ivileges, j)ejcentages, royalties, etc., was 
8495,01 (t; total receipts. May tenth to Novem})er tenth, inclusive, $4,;'.08,7;U. 
The average daily receijtts foi- admissions were, iherefoi'e, $23,985; the daily 
total receipts, ^27,098. To the above total aggregate must be added about 
^l(t,0(»(i foi- admissions at fifty cents during the week following the formal 
closing of the Exhibition, and also about 83,o(»,(»00 for the sale of buildings at 
auction, on the thirtieth of November.* The entire receipts, therefore, from 
all sour<'es, may be set down at somewhat more tlian four million.s and a half 
dollars- about >i^ t,(;r)0,(Mio. 

* Tlie exact ll!,nircs for iIicmc liillor two ili'iiis iirc- not before us. 



458 



^[IClIKiAN AND TH1-: CENTENNIAL. 



THE AWARD OE MEDAL8. 

Tile method i>t' (listrilniting awards "was radically ditt'ereiit from that adopted 
at any )>revi()us exliiltitioii. There \\as but one grade of medal ; all distinctions 
in degree of merit being expressed by the wi'itten opinions of tlie judges by 
whom the medals were awarded. Under tlie plan adopted no medal was 
awarded without such an opinion, giving the pai'ticulai' i-easons why the object 
was considei'ed worthy of it, and signed by a majority of the group of judges 
assigned to the class to which the ol)ject belonged. The arduous labor involved 
in the task thus thrown upon the judges was assumed by a Inxly of gentlemen, 
onedialf of whom were citizens of the ITnited States, and one-half of foreio'u 





l.MII.I'; Ol'' CENTICNXIAI. MIODAI, 



countries. The foreign members were appointed by the commissioners, res[)ect- 
ively, of the various nations. The mimber originally named was two hundred; 
but this number was found insufficient, and fifty moi'e were appointed after 
the first meeting of the bodv. There Avere al)out twelve thousand medals 
distributed, in all, among the thirty-one thousand exhibitors. Volumes contain- 
ing the opinions will be published by the commissionei-s, and will undoubtedly 
be of much value ; but it is evident that the medals in themselves are of little 
value to any one, even to those who have receiveil them, on account of theii' 
threat luunber. Some of the general facts connected with their distribution, 
showing the relative position of our own country, will be interesting to oiu' 
readers. In the de[)ai'tunuit of chemical products, commei'cial and scientific, we 
received about 150 medals in a total of about 800. Ouv share of about 750 
medals awarded foi' ores of all kinds, crude metals, heavy forgiugs, rails, build- 
ing and othei' stone, gems, clays, etc., was upwards of .'>90. In the dejaartment 



THE INTEKNATIU.NAL CENTENNIAL EXlilBriTON. 4r)9 



of c'ei'aiiiics, pottery, glass, etr., the Amei'icaii awards iiiiiiibei-ed about Kid, Imt 
were almost entirely confined to the useful ratliei- than ornamental classes; 
foreign eounti'ies received abmU I'lio medals, a l.-nge |iart <<\' them, particularly 
those of France, (xi-eat Ki-itain, (ierman\ and Austria lieing given for purely 
artistic work. Afore than half of nearly .">.")(» medals awarded for furniture and 
other houselmld accessoi'ies came to America ; about ■■')(» In ).")(• of those awarded 
foi- silverware and jewelry: nearly HM) of -27") for paper and otliei' stationery. 
Of 4")<> awards for cotton and cotton goo<ls, we received alxuit KM); in woolens 

and silks the propoi'tii'ii st 1 at 140 to (li'd; in hardware, t-utler\-, sui'gical 

instruments, weapons, etc., ■_'■■'>•» to 47.'): in leather, skins, boots and shoes, etc., 
15.") to '2i)0 \ in forestry and arboricidtiuc, tindter, woi'ked lund)ei', (Uc-woods, 
etc., 25 to 1l'5: in genei'al animal and vegetaVjle products, tobacco, tlour, the 
cereals and manufactured food, about 'ino to ;{,0()(t. ( »ur wine-makers received 
a much larger proportion of me<lals than those of foreign countries, but the 
figures give us l»ut '27 in a total of U2."). France received 45 medals for wine; 
Germany, 9!l ; Italy, l.'Ki; tSpain, 140, and Poi'tugal, :i85. Of ;52 awards for 
pianos, 18 came to American nuikers ; 7 went to tliose of Germanv; -' to Rus- 
sian makers; and one each to France, Switzerland, ]Vorwav, C^anada and England. 
Switzerland received 32 out of 55 medals for watches ; England, 10; France, 5 ; 
the Netherlands, 2; Germany, 1, and the United States, 5. The small numl)er 
given to this country, in si)ite of the alai'ui of the Swiss c()mniissioner, is 
accounteil for by the fact that American watches are (diietlv made i)V a l\wv 
great factories. I-\n- instruments of precision, including watches, pianos and 
scientific or mathematical instruments, we received about 150 medals in a total 
of between four and five hundred ; of nearly 70(i awarded for educational 
exhibits, books, etc., the Americans secui'ed aliout 17l». In the fine arts we 
earned about one-fifth of the eutii-e fiOu; the greater nund)er of these were for 
the semi-mechanical ails, suidi as photography, etc., rather than for jjainting or 
sculpture. The greatest American triumph was in the department of machinery, 
in the distribution of awards as in the exhibition of articles. One tlionxmid 
meduh were awarded to American makers and inventors, ao-ainst less than 
four hiiiKlreil to those of all other nations. 

We cannot conclude this chapter in more fitting words, perhaps, than by 
quoting those of M. Siinonin, the French connnissioner, who has used language, 
in his report to his own government, which no American i-ould use without 
being charged with undue readiness to extol the merits of his own countrv. 
In reading these words, however, we must not forget that the greatest benefit 
of the Exhibition to ourselves has been the education of the American people 



460 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



in a much-needed direction — due respect for nthor countries;, and for the s^reat 
industrial progress all other civilized nations arc niakini:-, in conunon with 
ourselves. M. Siinonin says: "Tlie E.xposition shows tlie foreigner tluit 
America can clothe Europe, and can feed hei'; she has her own coal — can 
smelt her own iron, steel and copper; she is wresting their methods and secrets 
from European workmen in jcweli'\, gold, silvei' and hi'onze woi'k, In.Nui'ions 
furniture and clothing. In a woi'd, she can do without Europe, and tliivatens 
hei' in all her markets, even China, .lapaii and South America." 




STATE KEPKEHEiSTATlO^' AT i'HILADEEl'JllA. ^01 



PAHT V. 

STATE lU:iMM:si:i\TATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 



I._UNITEI) STATES COMMISSIONERS AND THE STATE 
CENTENNIAL BOARD. 

SOON after the act of Congress pi-ovidhig for tlie apiMtiiitiiient of the Cen- 
tennial Commission, tlie Hon. II. P. Bahhvin, then Govei'nor of ]\liehigan, 
received from tlie State Department at Washington notice of the fa(;t, and of 
his expected action under it, in [)ursnauce of which Cxovernor Baldwin appointed 
Hon. James Bii-nev, of Bay City, as commissioner, and Hon. Clandius B. Grant, 
then of Ann Arbor, but now of Houghton, as alternate commissioner. Mr. 
Birney attended the organization of the Commission, and soon thereaftei' issued 
an elaborate address to the jieoplc of the State, explaining the design and 
object of the enterprise, and asking their aid and co-operation. Mi-. Birney also 
gave an address before the members of the Legislature, at the State capitol, in 
the winter of 1875, which sei-ved to further awaken an interest in the subject. 
Efforts made to secure fuller details of Conunissioner Birney's work, for this 
volume, have been unsuccessful. Mr. Birney was appointed minister of the 
United States at the Hague, in the lattei- \)nvt of the j^ear 1875, and Hon. 
Victory P. Collier, of Battle Creek, was appointed by Governor Bagley to fill 
the vacancy thus caused in the commissionership. 

In the summei' of 1875, an address, in the form of an ap[)eal to the jieople 
of the State, Mas issued, designed to aid the subscriptions to the Centennial 
fund. So much of the address is given as will show the ground covered by it: 

To Ihc People of the Slate of ;Mieliigiiii: 

Fellow-Citizens — We wlio herewith .sigu thi.s paper feel impelled by a seuse of duty toward 
the entire Union, our obligations to it, our State reputation, and interest as a State, to address 
you upon the importaut anniversary we are called upon to celebrate in 1876, to wit: the Centen- 
nial, or the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Declaration of our National Independence. 
59 



4l'.l' MICHIGAN ANJ) THE CENTENNIAL. 



We do uot forget tliat two huudred yeai"s ago a small sottlenieiit was iiuulc in mir State, on 
till' spot where the beautiful city of Detroit uow stands, ami th;il mir lugiuuiiii;- has passed its 
two huudredth auuiversary; but our growth was slow, and it was uot until sixty years had passed 
atler the Declaration of Iude[)endeuee, in 177(i, that we became a sovereign State, and added our 
star to the galaxy of the Union. Forty years will have passed over us as a State when the 
Centennial anniversary of our nation's birth will eall us to join our sister states in its celebration. 
Proudly can we take our place in that assembly. But four-teuths of the century in existence, we 
can return a population over one-third that of the okl thirteen states, when tor us and all man- 
kind they declared for freedom and self-government. 

We have reaped the result of their Declaration and subsequent defense of it ; it is, therefore, 
but fitting, proper and right we should exhibit our j)roductions of soil, mine and manufacture, 
side by side with our sister states, for the inspection of the world. In doing this, our pride as 
citizens would not permit us to accept the shelter and machine power profl'ered free for that 
Exhibition, without lending our proportion toward the cost of preparing the necessary buildings 
and niachiuery. * * * ****** 

[The address gives a resume of (he [uoject of the E.\hibition, wliicli is fully covered l)y the first 
eli;ipler of Part IV of this vohime. and which, with other unossentiul ami ol)si>lele portions, is omitted here,] 

As citizens of Michigan, we should also be intlueneed by a j^roper reganl to the interests and 
duty of this State as a constituent member of the Republic. If higher motives were wanting, the 
opportunity thus afforded for making conspicuous before the whole country and the world the 
extent and superiority of our natural advantages, should of itself be a sufficient inducement. But 
citizens of Michigan cannot forget the patriotic duty they owe to the nation, whose birth and grand 
achievements they are asked to unite in commemorating in the year 187K. 

The late Legislature, by its act ai)propriating $7,500, to be used by a commission of the 
Governor's appoiutiuent, has at once numifested its sympathy, and openly committed the State of 
Michigan to a fitting participation in the great event. It but remains for the people to redeem 
this pledge by a splendid exhibition of the products of onr industry, and by such subscriptions of 
stock in aid of the national fund as they ought to make, and as shall bo worthy of 1,240,000 of 
patriotic and intelligent people, occupying the best portion of the American continent. 

The International Exhibition is now an established fact, sufficiently advanced and provided 
for to put up the buildings. The whole United States is committed to it, and its complete success 
or failure will fall on each state alike. To make it a perfect success, this $3,500,000 subscription 
must be provided for at once by the states outside of Pennsylvania. Jlost of it mu.st be expended 
before next winter. If tjie people will thus back the labors of "their Commission" and "the 
Board of Finance," there will be a success worthy the occasion and the nation. * ;(; * 

In conclusion, we advise each and all of our citizens that canvassers for stock subscriptions 
will soon be sent amongst you, and we ask for them your kind attention, and such subscriptions 
as you feel you can make, remembering it is not a donation, but an investment, with a certainty 
of return. 

An act of Congress provides that medals for the Exposition shall be struck at the United 
States mint, and their duplication or counterfeiting prohibited, the same as LTnited States coin ; 
these medals to be sold for the benefit of the Exhibition. Messrs. M. S. Smith A Co., jewelers, 
of Detroit, have been appointed agents for the sale of medals in Michigan. 

The headquarters of the Centennial Board of Finance and Bureau of Revenue for the State 
Michigan have been established at the Russell House, Detroit, where General H. S. Lansing, 
general agent of the Centennial Board of Finance, will be found ready to receive subscriptions, 



STATE KEPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 463 

issue stock, appoint canvassers, and give any information needed in regard to the past or present 
condition of the Exliilntion, its future ])rospects, mode and form of ajjplication for exhibition, 
space, etc. All interested are invitrd In call. 

(Sisiu'di .loiiN .r. HA(;i>i:v, 

Governor. 
.IAME!S HIRNEY, 

U. S. Centennial Conimissioner. 
CLAUDIUS B. GRANT, 
Alternate U. S. Centennial Commissioner. 



THE STATE CENTENNIAL HoAKI). 

Governor Baglt'y, in liis message to. the Legislature, session of 1875, called 
attention tn the subject of the pro)H)sed Exhibition, and the following act, 
which is refei'red to in the foregoing address, was jiassed : 

An Act to provide for payin!: the expenses of the supervision of the products of soil and mine, works of 
art, and manufactured articles, as the citi/.ens of Michigan may send to the Centennial Exhibition, to 
be held in Philadelphia, State of Penn.sylvania, during the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

Skction 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That the Governor is hereby author- 
ized to appoint a board of managers, consisting of four persons, representing the agricultiu'al, 
pomological, mining and manufacturing interests of the State, whose duty it shall be to supervise 
the forwarding to the place of the Centennial Exhibition, in Philadelphia, to be held between the 
months of April and October, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six, all such articles, 
whether of art, or the products of the soil and mine, or of manufactures, that any of the citizens 
of Mieliigau may desire to send to such Exhibition, and shall provide storage for them at the 
place of shipment, and make such arrangements for freight and conveyance as shall best serve 
the interests of the owners of said articles : Provided, tliat the; cost of transportation shall be paid 
by the owners of said articles. 

Sec. 2. The members of said board of managers shall be entitled, for their services, to a 
sum sufficient to defray their actual and necessary disbursements in the discharge of their duties, 
and for personal expenses while actually engaged in the performance of the duties of said board. 

Sec. 3. That the sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars, or so much thereof as may be 
necessary, be and the same is hereby appropriated from the general fund for the purpose of 
paying the expenses of said board, as above described. 

Sec. 4. Upon satisfactory vouchers of expenses incurred, exliibiteil i)y the numagers to the 
Governor, it shall be the duty of the Auditor-General, upon the I'equisition of the Governor, to 
draw his warrant on the State Treasurer for such sum or sums, not exceeding the amount hereby 
appropriated, as may be necessary to be used for the purpose hereinbefore described. 

Sec. o. The Governor shall be chairman of the board of managers, and .shall have power to 
remove any of said managers, for good and sufKcient cause, ami to a]>poiut otliers in their place. 

Apju-oved Ai)ril 2h, 1875. 

Puisnant to tliis act, the Governor ajipointed lion. Jay A. lluldjell, of 
Houghton, Hon. Henry Fralick, of Grand liapids, Hon. Jonatlian J. Woodman, 
of Paw Paw, and Hon. jMerrill I. Mills, of Detroit, as meml)ers of the Board 
of Managers. The fii'st meeting of the Board was held iu Detroit, August 13, 



4(J4 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

1875, the entire Board being pivsont, Commissioner Bii-iiev also mootinp- with 
them. F. AV. Noble, of Detroit, was ohosen Secretary of tlic r.onrd. After a 
preliminary exchange of views upon matters before them, the following resolu- 
tion, offered by ^Manager AVoodnian, was ado]^ted : 

Kesoi,vei>, That tliis Board will o.^pocially take oliargo of autl exhibit, iu behalf of the State, 
the raw products of the State, sueh as niiuorals aud the produets of the forest and soil ; and will 
also aid and assist our niauufaetuiers and citizens, so far as in our power to do, to forward and 
exhibit their produets. 

Special duties were assigned to mendiers of the Board, as follows : 

Mineral Dcparlnient — Mr. Hubbell. 

Agricultural Department — Mr. Woodman. 

]\Iachincry and ^[anufactures — ^[essrs. Fralick ami Mills. 

Education, Science and Art — The eliairinan of the Board, (iovernor Baglev. 

These gentlemen were authorized to appoint sub-superintendents throughout 
the State, and these became an important agency for diffusing information and 
collecting and forwarding articles for exhibition. At this meeting a conununi- 
cation from the State Board of Agriculture was read, contaiitiiig the resolution 
of that Board declaring its determination that the Agricultural College would 
make an exhibition of the various products of the college farm and garden, 
such as grasses, grains, grapes, fruits and vegetables; also an exhibit from the 
chemical and entomological departments of the college, and, so far as jiracti- 
cable, specimens of the forest products of the State. General action \\as also 
taken for l)ringing the Board of Managers into corresj>ondence with other 
institutions and organizations, in furtherance of its work. 

A second meeting of the Board was held November twentieth, at which 
the chairman announced the appointment of Rev. D. C. Jacokes, D. D., to 
specially supervise the ivpresentation of the educati(»iial and institutional 
interests of the State. A complimentary awai'd \vas made to Charles K. 
AVright, of Marquette, for valuable services in collecting mineral specimens. 
It was at this meeting that the project of the "Michigan Building" was first 
brought forward, upon information received from the commissioners at Phila- 
delphia, that the other states Avei'e taking similar action. The Board determined 
to erect such a structui'e as would be a representative building of our n.-itural 
resources and products, and a credit to the State. For this purpose, contribu- 
tions, both of money, material antl labor, were solicited. 

The journal record of the Boanl possesses comparatively little interest, as 
the work was so largely done by special assignment, the details of whith will 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT I'lIILADI'.I.I'ITIA. 465 



appear in the several departments following. As part of the I'ecord, however, 
and as showing the steps instituted by the ]it)ard to sei-ure a ])rope)' i-epresen- 
1 at ion of Michigan's varied interests, the essential portions of circulars issued 
from time to lime (Ifiiiand a place here. Circiilai's on the tlircc! topics following 
were issued August 14, lS7n, and signed liy the nu-inbcrs of the Board. 

minim; A.N]> .MKTAI.I.nUJV. 

We (lo.'^iiv till' licarty co-oiioratiiiii of any and all (iiir citizens who arc iiilcrcslcd in tills 
brauel) of our j)i-()diict,-i, and we feel certain that wc .shall have such aid. 

We shall thank you for a prompt reply to this (•ircular, and liopc that you will at once 
prepare and forward to the Hon. J. A. Hubbell, at Houghton (or such other place as he may 
direct), all collections made in the Upper rcniusula (mineral, agricultin-al or other samples of 
product.--). All collections made in the Lower Peninsula to be sent to V. W. Noble, Secretary, 
Detroit, who will take charge of them, pre])are and cla.ssify for exhibition. 

To this department, particularly, Michigan looks with pride. She now stands at the head of 
the list in quantity and quality of the most valuable of the minerals produced, among which may 
be classed iron, copper, slate, building stone, .salt, gypsum, coal, etc. 

There is no question as to what constitutes the most valuable of all the products of Michigan. 
To iron wc give the first place, (pioting from eminent English authority the following : "Among 
all the minerals iron stands pre-eminent in its influence upon the power and pro.sperity of a nation. 
Nations who possess it in large (juantities, and by whom it is extensively manufactured, seem to 
partjike of its hardy nature and sterling qualities; they become prosperous." It is well known 
that the ores of Michigan enter largely into the products of iron in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New 
York, Illinois and Wisconsin, and the reputation of the iron made is widespread. 

The native copper of Michigan, while it does not enter so largely into commerce, as iron, 
holds, relatively, a-s important a position, for it is regarded as the standard in that njetal in 
all the markets of the world. 

The mineral resources of our State are .so varied and numerous that we can not enumerate 
them otherwise than in the order of cliissification below, but urge the necessity of prom])t action 
and earnest work, for by this medium we hope to invite foreign capital to our State. In the 
D>!partnicnt of Mining and Metallurgy may be represented, properly classified, as follows: 

Minerals, Ores, Building Stones and Mining J'roducts. 

.Minerals, ores, etc. Metallic and non-metallic minerals, exclusive of coal and oil. Collections 
of minerals, systematically arranged; collections of ores and associated minerals; geological 
collections. 

Mineral combustibles. Coal, anthracite, semi-bituniiuous and l)itMMiinous, coal-waste and 
pressed coal. 

Building stones, marbles, slates, etc. Rough, hewn, sawed or polished, for buildings, bridges, 
walls, or other constructions, or for interior decoration, or for furniture. 

Marble — white, black or colored — used in Imilding, decoration, statuary, monuments or furni- 
ture, in blocks or slabs, not manufactured. 

Lime, cement and hydraulic cement, raw and burned, accompanied by specimens of the crude 
rock or material used ; also artificial stone, concrete, beton. 

Artificial stone for building purposes, building blocks, cornices, etc. 

Artificial stone mixtures for pavement.-', walls or ceilings. 



466 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Plasters, mastics, etc. 

Clays, kaolin, silex and otliei' materials for llic luanufacture of poreelaiu, faience, and of glass, 
bricks, terra cotta and tiles, and fire-lirick. Refractoi-y stdius for lining fnrnaces, sandstone and 
refractory furnace materials. 

Graphite, crude and refined ; for jjolisliing purposes, for lubricating, electrotyping, pliotograpliy, 
pencils, etc. 

Lithographic stones, hones, whetstones, grindstones, grinding and polishing materials, sand quartz. 

Mineral waters, artesian well water, natural brines, saline and alkaline efflorescences and 
solutions. Mineral fertilizing substances, gypsum, phosphate of lime, marls, shells, coprolites, etc., 
not manufactured. 

Metallurgical Products. 

Precious metals. 

Iron and steel in the pig, ingot and l)ar, plates and sheets, with specimens of slags, fluxes, 
residues and j^roducts of working. 

Copper, in ingots, bars and rolled, with specimens illustrating its various stages of production. 

Lead, zinc, antimony and other metals, the result of extractive processes. 

Alloys used as materials, brass, nickel, silver, solder, etc. 

3Iino Engineering — Models, Maps and Sectioits, Took and Machinery. 

Surface and underground surveying and plotting. Projection of underground work, location 
of shafts, tunnels, etc. Surveys for aqueducts, and for drainage. 

Boi-ing and drilling rocks, shafts and tunnels, etc. Surveys for aqueducts and for ascertaining 
the nature and extent of mineral deposits. 

Construction. Sinking and lining shafts by various methods, driving and timbering tunnels, 
and the general operations of opening, stoping and breaking down ore, timbering, lagging and 
masonry. 

Hoisting and delivering at the surface, rock, ore or miners. 

Pumping and draining by engines, buckets, or by adits. 

A-^entilation and lighting. 

Subaqueous mining, blasting, etc. 

Hydraulic mining, and the various processes and methods of sluicing and washing auriferous 
gravel and other superficial deposits. 

Quarrying. 

Models of mines, of veins, etc. 

Tools, implements and maehinery. 

AGHICULTURE AND IIOKTICULTUEE. 

The State Centennial Board of Managers desire the heaity co-operation of any and all of our 
citizens, who are in any way interested in this branch of industry, to give us your aid in collecting 
and forwarding to the Centennial Exposition any of the products of the soil you may have. 
The State of Michigan stands high on the list as an agricultural State; our products are varied 
and of a high order. 

The geographical position of Michigan is i)eculiarly advantageous. The climate of a country 
is the result of all its meteorological influences. It is modified by latitude, undulation of its 
surface, proximity to water, winds, and the nature of its soil. The soils of every state constitute 
its principal agricultural wealth, and lie at the foundation of all desirable prosperity. However 
rich a country may be in minerals, its independence cannot be maintained without a sufficiency of 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 467 

fertile soils to produce food enough to subsist it.s population. The great physical agencies which 
govern the creation of wealth are climate and soil — the first regulating the constancy, energy and 
directness of labor; the latter fixing, with reasonable certainty, the profits of labor. It is a happy 
combination Michigan has — a healtliy, invigorating climate, and a fertile soil. 

Climate and soil, it would appear, are necessary conditions of wcaltli, and, liy reason of leisure 
which wealth gives, of intelligence, moral culture and civilization. 

The inactivity of general business, and the partial depression in several branches of manufac- 
turing industry, not only in this but foreign countries, has made available a large amount of 
capital and labor for reinvestment. The ultimate results cannot fail to be beneficial. The oppor- 
tunity now oflci-s for us to invite the investment of a portion of both capital and labor; do not 
let this golden opportunity pa.ss. We ask you to give us your aid in preparing such products of 
the soil as will place Michigan at the head of the list as an agricultural State. 

The Board of ilanagei-s have assigned to J. J. Woodman, of Paw Paw, the Department of 
Agriculture and Horticulture. He will give them his sjjecial attention, and will require as much 
assistance as each and every citizen can give. Where he cannot give his personal attention, it is 
hoped that people having articles they are desirous to forward for exhibition, will communicate 
with F. W. Noble, Secretary, who will furnish all information. 
In the Department of Agriculture will be represented : 

Arboriculture and forest i)roducts. 

Pomology. 

Agricultural products. 

Land animals. 

Marine animals, fish culture and ai)paratus. 

Animal and vegetable jjroducts (used as food or as materials). 

Textile substances, of vegetable or animal oi'igin. 

Machines, implements and processes of manufacture. 

Agricultural engineering and administration. 

Tillage and general management. 
In the Department of Horticulture: 

Ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers. 

Hot-houses, conservatories, graperies and their management. 

Garden tools, accessories of gardening. 

Garden designing, construction and management. 

MACHINERY .VND .MANVI'WCTUKES. 

The State Centennial Board of Managers appeal to all citizens who are in any way interested 
in the manufactory or machinery departments of the Centennial Exhibition, and we feel confident 
you will give us your aid. Although Micl}igan is not classed as a manufacturing state by many, 
we, its citizens, know its manufactories are increasing with wonderful rapidity, and that in many 
specialties it stands unrivaled. We therefore expect and desire that manufacturers of every class 
of goods will pre])arc and send forward for exhibition their wares and merchandise. These 
de]>artments group together more objects valuable to mankind than any other department of the 
Exhibition ; and Michigan can contribute largely to it. This is the only opportunity we have 
ever had to show to the world what we have already done, and what we can do, and we feel that 
this golden opportunity should not be lost. We are confident it will insure in the future a rich 
reward. Michigan is a rich agricultural State, which is a sure incentive to the manufacturing 
interests ; one stimulates the other. 



468 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

The following are the heads uiuler wliich all goods in these departments will be classified: 

Macliiiierii Dejiartinciit. 

MachiiU'rv, tools and apparatus of mining, nu'tallurgy, cjieniistrv, and the extractive arts. 

Machinery and tools for working metals, wood and stone. 

Machinery and implements of spinning, weaving, felting and paper-making. 

Machinery, apparatus and iniph'nicnts used in sewing and making clothing and ornamental 
objects. 

Machinery and a[)paratus i'nv tyj)e-setting, printing, stamping, cmiiossing, and for making books 
and paper- working. 

Jlotors and apparatns for the generation and transmission of power. 

Hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus, pumjiing, hoisting and lifting, railway plant, rolling- 
stock and apparatus. 

Machinery used in preparing agricultural products. 

Transportation by water, aerial, on suspended cables, aerial and pneumatic transportation. 

Water transportation and ap])liances. 

Department of Manvjactures. 
(^liemical — all its compounds. 
Ceramics — pottery, porcelain, etc. 
Glass and glassware. 

Furniture and objects of general use in construction and in dwellings. 
Yarn and woven goods of vegetable or mineral materials. 
Woven and felted goods of wool and mixtures of wool. 
Silk and silk fabric^s. 
Clothing, jewelry and ornaments. 
Traveling equipments. 
Paper, blank-books and stationery. 

Military and naval armaments, ordnance, fire-arms and ap])ara1us of hunting and tishing. 
Medicine, surgery, prothesis, hardware, edge-tools, cutlery, India rubber goods, and manufac- 
tory, carriages, vehicles and accessories. 

Tlie circulars all contain specific instructions as to the methods of packing 
and shipping- articles for exhibition. November first, Governor Bagley, in 
chai'ge of the Department of Education, Science and Art, caused to l)e issued 
circulars on the following topics : 

EDl'C.VTION, SCIKNCK .\N1) .\i;T. 

The State Centennial Board of Managers, in their division of the different departments for 
the Board to give especial attention to, for fully representing at the Centennial of 1876, assigned 
departments three and four — Education, Science and Art — to the undersigned. 

The first universal exhibition ever held taught this important lesson — that the most advanced 
nations were those, in the midst of which, for the longest period, and in the freest and most 
generous manner, science and art had done their work of enlightenment. 

The Centennial of 1876 bids fair to excel anything ever yet held, and the Bureau of Educa- 
tion of the United States, at Washington, have issued circulars asking for detailed information of 



STATE KKFRESENTATlOiS' AT I'lllLADELPHlA. 46!) 



the systems of education as adopted iu the colleges mid universities of the different states. They, 
however, coufiue tliemselves particularly to institutions which confer degrees, leaving the systems 
of i)ul)lic schools, as adopted in tha diffjrent states, to the respective states to detail. 

In view of these facts, I am desirous of obtaining all the information possible, to so portray 
our system of education as will show the condition of the same, the advancement we have made 
iQ the last few years, and the present condition of the same. To best arrive at this, I will take 
the order of classification as adopted by the Centennial ('oniniission, wliirh is: 

1st, Educational systems, methods and libraries. 

2d, Institutions and organizations. 

3d, Scientific and philosophical instruments and meliiods. 

4th, Engineering, architecture, charts, maps and grajjhic representations. 

5th, Physical, social and moral condition of man. 

It is desirable that plans and elevations of scluiol i)iiililings he furnished, with details of 
construction, and if conducive to the health and benefit of tiie student. To ijegiu at the founda- 
tion, we will take infant schools, kindergarten, elementary instruction, arransrements, furniture, 
appliances and modes of training. 

Public Schools — Graded schools, e(iuipnients, course of study, methods of instruction, text- 
books, apparatus, including maps, charts, glol)es, |nipils' work, including drawing and pennianshii), 
provision for physical training. 

Higher Education — Academie.s and high schools, ajjparatus for illustration and researcii, text- 
books, libraries, mathematical, physical, chemical and astronomical course of study. 

Professional Schools — Text-books, apparatus, methods and other accessories. 

Commercial Colleges — System taught, text-books, forms, etc. 

Under the head of Physical and Moral Condition of Man we have prison and prison manage- 
ment and discipline, police stations, houses of correction, reform schools, benevolent associations 
general hospitals, hospitals for insane, sanitary regulations in asylums, foundling and orphan 
iisylums, homes for aged and infirm, almshouses, treatment of paupers, secret societies and fraterni- 
ties, statistical and historical accounts of religious organizations. These are general heads on which 
it is desirable to obtain information. 

To fully carry out the object sought, and obtain the desired information, the board have 
secured the services of Rev. D. C. Jacokes, of Pontiac, who very kindly volunteers his services 
in aiding us in this matter. He will visit all the different cities and towns, and confer with 
those connected with our school system. I earnestly solicit the hearty co-operation of the teachei-s 
and educators, school boards, principals and managers of pui)lic institutions, ministers and trustees 
of churches, and citizens generally, in this work. Wli(>n the information and details desired are 
obtained, it will be condensed and compilnl, undrr the supervision of Mr. Jacokes, for exhibition 
at the Centennial. 

We hope by this means to show the jjrogress nuule, and present condition of our educational 
system, and the mora! and intellectual status of our pcoi)le in 1876, as compared with fifty years an-o. 

pnoT()(iH.\i'iiY AND .\i:(inTEC'n:Hi:. 
The Hoard of Managers make this appeal to photographers and aniiitects throu"-hout the 
State, to contribute to the Board, for exhibition at the Centennial of 1816, to a.ssist them to more 
fully demon.strate the progress made in the last few years, jjarticularly in the educational and art 
department. 

The iiiiporlancf of art education is so obvious it needs no enforcement at this age. It is 
univ(!r.sally acknowledged tliat utility and beauty may be combined in a multitude of ways. 

In the educational reports licing condensed by , Rev. D. C. Jacokes, we ask for plans and 
60 



47(t MICHIGAX AMD THE CENTENNIAL. 



elevations of school buildings; in some instnnees we can secure the architect's plans ami eleva- 
tions; wheiT they can be furnished we would prefer them. It is also the desire of the Hoard to 
secure from architects plans and elevations of public buihliiiirs and churches that have liccn or 
are beinsr erected in this State. All plans and elevations will be piupcriy raicd loi, and iclmiud 
after the close of the Exhibition. 

From photoaraphei-s \vc wish views of public buildinns, school -houses, churches and natural 
scenery in Michijran. 

By this means we can show (he lo;;- school-house, where the pioneers of this country taught 
the rising generation the tii'st rudiments of language. Side by side we can place^the primitive 
school-house and the beautiful edifice of the present day, the pride of Michigan, which ranks with 
the fii-st in the country. 

ilr. .lacokes, in his visit through the State in the interest of educational matters, will call on 
both photographers and architects, and will receive such contributions as he can secttre. Size of 
all pictures should be as near uniform as possible, where architectural designs are not furnished. 
Photographs may be 8x10 or 10x12 in size. 

"We trust the pride and patriotism of the peo[iK' of tin' Stale \Yill be such as to furnish the 
Board with views as desirwi. Michigtm occupies an enviable ]>osition in thi^ rc>]Hct : it only 
remains tor her to exhibit what she has, to fully establish the fact. 

i-iNAi. i;ki'oi;i' »u' rm: i!(iai;ii. 
Tlic liiKil iV[)Oft of tilt' Stati' HoMi'd of M;iii;igois was prrsciilnl to tlir 
Legislatiiiv FebrutU'v S, 1877. in a special message ffoiu Governor CroswelL* 
The papers eousist of: 1, Message of G(n-en>or Croswell ; 2, Coninniiiieation 
from ex-Governor Bagley ; .'I Report of tlie State Centennial Board; I. Kiiiaii- 
cial exhibit; ."), Acoompanying (loeiiiuents, including the report of tlic Seciftaiy 
of the Board, and others. The message of stihmission was formal only, and not 
necessary to lie reprodncetl here. The tin.-incial exhibit is stitheientlx siiniina- 
rized in the re])ort proper, while the siiiijcct inatter of the aet-omptiiiyiiig 
doetnnents is fully eoveicd liy tlu' jiages that follow. The coinmunieation 
from ex-Governor Bagley, and the rejtort of the Hoaixi, ;ilthongh covering, to 
some extent, things else\vhei(' stated, are rejirodticed entire. 

lOM.MlNie.A TION I'ROM i;X-UOV KliNOU li.Mil.in. 
lion, C. M. Cvoswi'll, Governor: 

Dkar SiK — In submitting the annexed report of the Centennial Boar<l and their othcers, I 
desire to say personally, in regard to the debt created, that it was with the greatest reluctance 
that I consented to it : but 1 saw, after my visit to Philadelphia before the opening, that it nuisi 
inevitably occur, as we were called upon to do so many things that we had not looked for ; and 
I felt that the State would be disgraced if, after having begun our work, we should fail to cairy 
it through to a successful ending, I did not dare to say we should stop expenditure, close our 
exhibit, and return home. For these reasons, I advanced largely from my own nuaus. and for 
these reasons I desire your approval and that of the Legislatin-e. The opportunity ottered by the 
Exhibition to distribute to straugei-s from our own land and from abroad useful infonnaiion 



* See Senate journal, February 8, 1877. 



STATi: TtKrilESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 471 



ri-irarilinj; our Stiitv, iiidinccl nic i willi llic !ii>|)i-i>val of the Board) to direct a compilation, in 
|>anii(lili'l f'orni, containini;- v<rv lull iiilurination rc^'ardinj^ oiir resources, lauds, products, climate, 
institutions, <'tc.* Ten llniiisMiid inpies wire printed, nine tlniMsand of wliir'li were dislriliMleil al 
I'liiladelpliia, two tliousaml ol' iheui ;jiiini;' In foreign lands. 

I have had letters askinjx I'm- llem iVnui nearly every state and territory in the Union. The 
total I'ipst was nnl ([uite S'i,()IJ(», and was paiil from the emigration fund. Jfy first thouglit was to 
."cll the book at its cost, but the total amount was so small thai 1 afterwards deemed it best to 
distribute it gratuitously, believing it would pay us back an hiindicil fold in calling attention to 
oui' natural wi'ullh. ami in iiMlucing I'migraliou. 

Voms .ixo. ■). B.\i;tJ:v. 

Fi-lMiiary I, 1877. 

UUroKT OJ- Till-: lioARD Ol' ( lOXTKNN I A 1. M ANACKliS. 
Governor Chailes M. Cioswell: 

Deau Sik — We beg leave to submit hennvith our report relativt; to the part that Michigan 
took at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, during the past summer. In accordance with 
the i>rovisious of act No. Kid, laws of 187"), the (Jovornor appointed J. J. AVoodmau, of Van 
Bnren, M. I. Mills, of Wayne, Jay A. Ilubbell, of Houghton, and Henry Fralick, of Kent, a.s 
menibei-s of the State Board of Centennial ^fanagers. The Board met at the office of the Gov- 
ernor, August 18, 187"), and appointed F. W. Noble, of Detroit, as Secretary. The full details 
of the work of the Board, and of the share of Michigan in the Exhibition, will be found iu the 
re])ort,s of the Secretary ; Rev. Mr. Jacokesi, who had charge of the Educational department ; Mr. 
S. lirady, who had charge of the mineral exhibit, and Mr. C. E. Ilgenfritz, who had charge of 
the Agricultural and Pomologi('al departments, all of which are submitted herewith. 

The exhibit made by the Board of Managers consisted of the products of the State, and 
comprised nearly 3,800 distinct specimens, 1,200 of which were varieties of woods and shrubs, over 
1,100 of them being furnished by the Agricultural College. The college also furnished 210 
sper'inieus of gra.-'ses. We had ■")40 samples of wool, representing 42 counties; oOO specimens of 
grain and .seeds; 475 specimens of copper, iron and gypsum; 40 of salt and salt brine; .several 
.samples of building-stone and slate; 870 arclneologieal specimens of a pn'historic age. Our exhibit 
of fruit contained 47o distinct .specinu^ns. 

Mr. Burnet Landreth, Superintend(Mit of the Agricultural Department of the Exposition, .said 
of this, iu a letter to the Board: "Your show of fruit at all times exceeded that of any other 
state, and in the aggregate more than doubled the i(uaiitity sent from any other state, while 
the variety and (luality was unexampled. The display of fruit alone was of incalculable value as 
a means of directing the thoughtful to the resources of Michigan." 

The mineral display contained six-cimens from every mine on Lake Superior ; four nui.sses of 
native copper, averaging five tons each, from the Central mine; and a fifteen ton mass of iron 
from the Cleveland mine, with .several large; nia.sses of the conglomerate copper-bearing rock of the 
Calumet and Heda mine, being in the list. This ili<|>lay of the mineral wealth of Michigan 
brought many visitors from foreign countries to onv mines during the past summer, all of whom 
expres.sed themselves a.* astonished at the peculiar character and great extent of the copper and 
iron deposits of the State, which we have heretofore, and perhaps now, hardly realize ourselves. 
It is to be hoped that the exhibit made will be the means of still fiirthei- <leveloping the unknown 
wealth that lies buried on the .shores of Lake Superior. 



*The Sliile of .Micliigiiii: Kinl)riifiii.i,' Sketches of its History, Position, Resources and Industries. C'oni- 
pileil under iiulhority of llic (lovernor in llic interest of immigration, by S. H. McCrackcn. Lansinjr, Mich.: 
W. S. Georj;e ic Co., Sliit<! printers and binders. 187(i. 



47-2 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

We also exhibited a most excellent drawing of our new capitol, by E. E. Myers, its architect 
and superintendent, and of the house of correction ;it Ionia, by Mortimer L. Smith & Co., its 
architects. Our Educational department contained exani|)les nf tlie school work of forty schools, 
accompanied by drawings of tlic school buildings, copies of tin' blanks used, and other useful 
matter. A history and accompanying photographs of each one of our public institutions was sent 
forward. The Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind .sent specimens nf tin' work of its inmates. 
The University sent a fine case of chemicals, and a large collection of microscopic and engineering 
drawings. A full set of our educational, agricultural and pomological reports were furnished by 
the State department. The Supsrinteudent of Public Instruction, Hon. D. B. Briggs, devised and 
compiled five charts, showing at a glance the whole history, growth and statistics of our school 
system. They were splendidly executed by J. E. Sherman, the draughtsman of the State Land 
Office. Our Educational exhibit was not a glittering show of models and pictures, but was an honest 
exhibit of the solid work that is being done in our schools. The awards we received in this 
department testify to its character, being more in number than were given to any other state. 

The Michigan Building was also entered as an exhibit of the products of the State, being a 
characteristic display of our varied re.sources. About seventy individual exhibits were made by 
our manufacturers, very many of them reflecting great credit upon the manufacturing industry of 
the State. Over sixty awards were made to the State and its citizens. One was given to each 
one of our collective exhibits in each department ; eleven were given in the Pomological depart- 
ment ; eight to the Educational. Full details of the awards will be found in the report of the 
Secretary. The Board feel that, taken as a whole, the State has reason to be well pleased with 
the exhibit made and the results achieved. It is to be regretted that more of our manufacturers 
did not avail themselves of the opportunity offered to display our industries, and that our citizens 
generally did not seem to realize (as the Board themselves did not) the magnitude of the Expo- 
.sition, the millions that were to visit it, and the opportunity it offered to show' the world the 
wealth of a state not forty years of age. 

Until our people began to visit the Exf)osition there was a very general apathy among all 
classes on the subject, and it seemed next to impossible, by circulars and letters, by personal 
solicitation and entreaty, to wake them to a sense of their duty in the matter. 

We received from Brazil, Spain, Portugal and Australia several hundred specimens of woods, 
minerals, grain, seeds and other products, which we have distributed to the University and Agri- 
cultural College, and a few duplicates to the Kent County and Detroit Scientific Institutes. We 
also received (juite a collection of catalogues, majjs and printed matter, which has been divided 
between the State Library, University and Agricultural College. The entire educational exhibit, 
books, charts, pictures, etc., have been placed in the State Library. It is the intention of the 
Board to plat-e the awards and medals there when received. The beautiful model of the Calumet 
and Hecla stamp mill, costing over $12,000, was presented by the mining company to the 
University, where it now is. 

We submit herewith a statement of receipts and expenditures in detail, siiowing a deficit in 
general expenditures of $4,460.04, and in the building fund of $4,135.38. Of this amount, 
$1,781.47 has been advanced by Mr. Noble, Secretary, and $4,276.04 by Mr. Bagley, President, 
from their own funds, and the balance is due to sundry parties. All the bills and vouchers are 
in the hands of the Auditor-General. Everything has been done on the most economical basis. 
Only the Secretary and Mr. Brady were paid anything for services, and they only a small salary. 
We begged from our people their time and money, from our railroads and transportation com- 
panies free passes and free freight, from our producers samples of their products, and, in fact, 
made our exhibition almost an affair of charity. If we had been compelled to pay our owti roads 
for i^assagc and transportation, it alone would have almost used up the appropriation. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 473 

We found thiit, instead of the Secretary and one commissioner, whom we had supposed would 
be sufficient to take charge of our exhibits at Phihidelphia, each department required the 
constant care and supervision of a competent person. We found tiiat the space allotted us for 
each department was simply bare floor, and tluit ca.ses, tables, etc., must all be furnished by the 
Board. Terminal ciiarges and myriads of unforasecn expenses soon exhausted our appropriation. 
Had it not been for the Miciiigan Building, our expenses for board of employes would have been 
very much larger than they were. Some one of the Board was in Philadelphia constantly. The 
assistance rendered to our own citizens who were visitors was very great. As will be seen by the 
statement of indebtedness, none of the expenses of the members of the Board have yet been paid. 
The salary jiaid our Secretary, Mr. F. W. Noble, has not covered his expenses. Rev. D. C. 
Jacokcs, who had chariie of the Educational Department, has only been paid his expenses. The 
Board feel that both of these gentlemen deserve some further remuneration, and submit the matter 
to the Legislature for their consideration. 

Over 31,000 of our citizens were registered as visitors at the Michigan J5uilding, a large 
number of whom expressed the hope that the Legislature would direct that the building be 
brought back to the State, and i)reserved as a memento of the Centennial year, and as an exhibit 
illustrating the varied resources of the State ; and we believe the State would act wisely in so 
doing. From tlie slate on its roof to the stone of its foundations, it was constructed entirely of 
material produced in the State, and the excellent mechanism was the work of our own mechanics 
exclusively. 

It could be made of most excellent service on tlie grounds of the University or Normal 
School. It is so constructed as to be readily taken down and rebuilt at not a very great cost. 

Full details of the expense of its construction, and a list of the contributors, will be found in 
the financial exhibit. No portion of the State appropriation was used in its construction. In 
addition to the cash contriinitions, several carloads of lumber were donated by the citizens of 
Flint, Saginaw City, East Saginaw, Bay City, Muskegon and other places. Many of the mechanics 
of Detroit and other places donated labor and materials. The munificent donation of the officers 
of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Conii)any, non-residents of the State, was peculiarly gratifying 
to the Board.* 

The Board have had the hearty co-operation of the officers of all our mining companies on 
Lake Superior, and of vei-y many of our citizens — especially so of our I'ruit-growei-s — but to name 
them all is impossible. The State Pomological Society and the State Agricultural Society aided 
us beyond measure. The latter society paid the salary of Mr. Ilgenfritz, the superintendent of 
that department. The great interests of production could not be in better hands, and wo owe our 
success in Philadelphia, in a great degree, to the members of these societies. 

The press of the State aided us in every jiossible way, in gratuitously publishing circulars and 
information for exhibitors, and in furnishing the building with papers. 

Michigan may well feel proud of the part she took in the Exposition, and we may expect to 
reap from it new markets for our products, new comers to our borders, and new ideas for our 

farmers, mechanics and manufacturers. 

.JOHN .1. n.VGLEV, 
M. I. MILLS, 
.L .L WOODMAN. 
HENRY FH.VLICK, 
JAY A. IIUBBELL, 
February 1, 1877. State Board of Centennial Managers. 



•The letter of the treasurer of the company, Charles W. Seabury, dated Boston, May twenty-third, 
covering check for iJl.uOtt, is appended, in which it is .said: "We are a Michigan corporation, and take a 
lively interest in whatever is conducive to the honor and welfare of that Stale." 



474 MICHIGAN AND THK CENTENNIAL. 



THE MICHIGAN BUILDING. 

A reference to tlie origin of this structure, whicli holds a historic place in 
the annals of Michigan's participation in the E.xhibition, is made in preceding 
pages. The building was essentially "the home" of Miidiigan people, and will 
be remembered with gratitude as a place of rest by many a weary pilgrim at 
the shrine of the Centennial. It was the residence of the Secretary of the 
State Board of iNLinagers, and the official headcpiarters of the Board. The 
subjoined extract from a Philadelphia correspondence of the "Detroit Tribune" 
covers a (juite full description of the building, and many facts connected with 
it demanding notice in this volume: 

The ^licliigan visitor :it tin; Cciitemiial Exliihitioii, it' pusst'sscd of any of the State pride and 
loyalty whicli is a coinmeiKlahle cliaraeteristic of our citizens, will be sure to pay au early visit 
to the Michigan State Building. It stands in a row of state buildings, in the northwest portion 
of the grounds, facing a pleasant winding road called " State avenue," and on the summit of a 
slope which overlooks the whole grounds. The location is a delightful one. The visitor approaching 
it will be filled with loyal pleasure at the creditable , appearance which it makes. It is the 
universal remark of observers that it is the finest among all the state buildings. Though it has 
been open for some weeks, it has now just been completed, ami is in perfect order, " from turret 
to foundation stone." 

The exterior is handsome and striking. The structure is of wood, and consists of tw^o stories 
and a tower, built in a very airy and elegant way. Julius Hess, of Detroit, is the architect, and 
has won much reputation by his striking design. Most of the material, as our readers know, was 
contributed by citizens of the State. The sandstone foundation on which it stands was the gift of 
the city of Marquette ; the handsome slate roof, that of the Huron Bay Slate Company ; while 
the pine timber and hard-wood used in the building were contributed by lumber dealers in Detroit, 
the Saginaws, Bay City, Muskegon, South Haven, Lapeer, etc. 

The principal charm of the building lies in its interior finish. Floor, walls and ceiling are 
of native woods, artistically arranged in mosaics and panels, so as to produc<> a striking and 
beautiful eftect. The front door, through which the visitor enters, is paneled in white ash, black 
walnut and bird's-eye maple, and is very elaborate. It has been pronounced the finest door in 
the city of Philadelphia. The hall floor is a parquc:tte, or mosaic, of various hard woods. The 
walls are tastefully paneled in bird's-eye maple, black walnut, cherry and ash. Through this the 
visitor passes into the large and handsome reception room, where the visitors' book is kept, and 
the business of the State headquarters transacted. The floor of this room is white ash and black 
walnut .strips, furnished by Frost & Co., of Detroit. The wainscoting is of black walnut, inlaid 
with panels of Grand Rapids gypsum, beautifully variegated. The effect of this combination is 
very striking and attractive. The walls are paneled with butternut and black walnut, and there 
is a heavily moulded and elaboi-ately carved cornice above them of black walnut, butternut and 
cherry. At one end of the room is a verv handsome mirror, frame and mantel, carved in wood, 
furnished by F. Borchard, of Detroit. 

Beyond this room is au interior office, which has been named the " Governor's room." The 
display of native woods made in the floor and walls of this apartment is the most complete and 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 475 



handsome in ilio wliole l)uil(iiiii;-. The wmIIs ;m' imiiuk'd with raised white ash, eut in Jenkins' 
Universal paneling niaehine — a Delniit invention. The wainscoting is of the patent imitation of 
Italian marlile, contributed by the Daniels Italian Marble Company, of Port Huron. The floor 
is a beautiful mosaic, contributed by Mr. Flach, of Detroit. The ceiling is of cherry and white 
ash. Besides these, there are on this floor wasii and toilet rooms for ladies and gentlemen both, 
and a cheek room, where bundles, etc., may l)e deposited. The fixtures for the toilet rooms were 
contributed by a number of Detroit plumbers. 

Ascending to the second floor by a handsome staircase, from Paul Gies t\: Co., the visitor 
entei"s the parlor, handsomely carpeted with Brussels, and elegantly furnished with chairs, sofas, 
tables and a large parlor organ. The panels, side walls and ceilings of this room are of native 
white pine, beautifully polished. The hard oil finish in all the rooms of the house, which brings 
out so finely the colors of the native woods, was contributed by Berry Brothers, of Detroit, who 
also sent on an agent, to see that it was properly applied. The furniture of the parlor, and also 
of the three bedrooms on the same floor, was contributed by the enterprising furniture manufac- 
turing company of Berkey & Gay, of Grand Rapids. It is very handsome and elaborate, and has 
called out the highest praises from all visitors. This same tiriu lias a magnificent furniture exhibit 
in the Main Building. 

The outside finish of the building is very fine. It is painted in pearl and white, and hand- 
somely decorated with flags. Its dimensions are 48 x .58 feet, with an elevation of 92 feet to the 
flagstafl'. It would have cost about .S15,000 ii;id all the nuiterial been purchased, insteail of 
contributed. 

As might have been expected, the building has called out many enthusiastic compliments 
from foreign visitors. Many of these have taken pains to inspect it, and have all agreed that it 
is a splendid representation of the liuilding material of our State, as well a.s a tasteful and 
beautiful structure. The president of the Italian commission declared it the finest building on 
the grounds, and fully equal to anything shown at the Paris exposition of 1867. He remarked 
that Michigan must be a very fine and wealthy state, with such a variety and quantity of beau- 
tiful woods for building purposes. The Brazilian commissioners also praised the building very 
highly, and declared that the exhibition of Michigan woods wa.« finer than anything in this 
country. The Brazilian exhibition of forestry is the finest at the Exposition, but Michigan stands 
second, and the Brazilian commissioners have already testified their appreciation of our collection 
by asking an exchange of woods. The general verdict of the commissioners, both those from 
abroad and from other states, is that the building will be a magnificent advertisement of the 
resources of our Peninsular .State. 

The Michigan Building was formally upened and dedicated on Jidy si.xtli. 
There was no stated programme, but Governor Bagley and his military stiift" 
were present, the Pelouze Cadets participating. The subject will justify the 
jierpetuatioii, in this record, of something of the enthusiasm of the occasion, as 
reflectetl at the time through the newspapers. A corresjiondent of the " Detroit 
Evening News " writes : 

To-day the Michigan clans gathered at tlu' iSIecca of all good Michiganders, the Michigan 
Building, to dedicate the same to the service of the weary and travel-stained pilgrims, and at 
twelve noon, when the boys of the Pelouzc corp.s had arrived, the building was filled from cellar 
to roof with troops, .state officei*s, ^[ichigan's fair daughters and gallant sous, the pioneers of " auld 



476 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

lang syue," and the youth and strong men and virtuous women. The first thing after the 
greetings and luuid-sliakings wore over, was the singing of 

Come along, come along, 

Don't take alarm, 
For Michigan is big enough 

To give us all a farm. 

And after that one verse of the "Star-Spangled Banner." Governor Bagley was loudly ealk'd for, 
but, as usual, "could make no speech," but then went and did it, and did it well. Then, led by 
the famous Hutchinson family of singers, all hands joined in singing "A Thousand Years, My 
Own Columbia," and the dedication was over. Just then the National Guard Band arrived and 
gave a few splendid selections. The company of Guards were already here before the band 
ai-rived. At last the building is completed, and all unite in saying, "Isn't it the boss?" 

The report iii tlie " New York IleraUr' of the seveiitli said <)f the oei-asion : 

The Michigan State Building was formally opened yesterday afternoon by Governor J. J. 
Bagley, of Michigan, who held a reception at the building from twelve to three o'clock. This 
structure is one of the most artistically designed and finely finished state buildings on the grounds, 
the airy and graceful proportions of the superstructure culminating in a high villa tower on the 
south side. At the opening of the building, yesterday, it was almost immediately thronged with 
visitors, a large proportion of whom were from Michigan. Governor Bagley took a position on 
the west side of the assembly room, in front of a banner bearing the State coat-of-arms, and cour- 
teously welcomed the visitors as they were presented. Among the more prominent gentlemen from 
the State noticeable in the throng, were Adjutant-General John Robert^son, Quartermaster-General 
S. S. Matthews, Inspector-General L. S. Trowbridge, Surgeon Borrowman, Colonel John Pulford, 
Colonel G. S. Wormer, aide-de-camps, and J. H. Hopkins, Military Secretary, of the Governor's 
staff; Colonel W. B. McCreary, State Treasurer of Michigan ; V. P. Collier, State Commissioner ; 
W. J. Baxter, of the State Board of Education ; Sylvester Larned, and many others. 

At half-past twelve o'clock, the Pelouze Detroit Cadets, commanded by Colonel J. S. Rogers, 
United States army, arrived from their encampment on Belmont Hill. They were drawn up in 
line on State avenue, and, after stacking arms, entered the building, where they were cordially 
received by Governor Bagley, who complimented the organization on their fine appearance and 
soldierly bearing on the Fourth. All present were served with light refreshments, and during the 
remainder of the reception the scene was enlivened by martial music. The reception, though in 
many respects informal, was very enjoyable, and will doubtless long be pleasantly remembered by 
the ])articii)ants. 

The lithogrupliic representation of the Michigan Buihling, whicii forms the 
frontispiece to this work, is made from a photograph wliich shows in the win- 
dows some of the decorations witli whicli the ]»uikling was decked on the 
occasion of its dedication. 

A registry was ke[)t at the buihling, nearly ;>'2,()0(> names of Michigan 
visitors being registered during the Exhibition. The hirgest number I'egistered 
on any one day was l,i511, on September eighteenth. The Largest number 
(biiing a single week Avas ;5,5l'0, for the \veek ending Septembei' twenty-fourth. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 



477 



'riic Mvci-auc (iiiily n'i:isrry rioni M.-iy lliirtiftli \\;is IT)."), aiul Itoiu Septt'ral)er 
first to November tenth it was .'5(t2. Various societies and associations held 
meetings in the Ituiklinu' durinu' the Exliibition. Over r),(»00 letters were 
received and deli\ered to Michiuau visitins. ^laiiy daily and weekly papers, 
the free contributions of their publishers, were kept on tile. There were 
exhibited in the buildinu' an defiant silk banner, sent by the city of Detroit 
to \'ieiina in isC.;?, and a j»ortrait of Rev. Greorge Duffield, cha])lain to the 
Continental Congress, and ancestor of the Duffield family, of Michigan, several 
of whom bear his name and follow his calling. The building was visited by- 
representatives of all countries lepresented at the Exhibition, and descriptions 
of it, as showing the natui-al resources of the State, I)y these persons, in their 
own languages, transmitted to their own countries, has probably" done more to 
bi'ing the State into notice than any othei- feature of the Exhibition. It is 
mentioned in the report of the Judges of Awards as "constructed in the Swiss 
style, of materials in woods and stone, and by workmen from the State, the 
interior lieing end)ellished with artificial marble, and the varnished woods of 
the State so blended in colors as to give a very pleasing effect." 

No disjjosition of the building has been made at the time of this writing, 
the Centennial I>oard awaiting the action of the Legislature on subjects sidi- 
mitted in their re[)ort, preceding. 

Cash donations, used principally ()r wholly in the consti'uction of the building, 
aside tVom donations of material, were made as follows:" 



Doiuition of Ilouirliton county §4(iT 9!) 

Donation of .1. A. Hubbell 9!) 75 

Donation of citizt-ns of Hudson 30 00 

Donation of citizens of Ilolliind 4 OO 

Donation of balance of relief fund, from tlie 

Governor 1 10 75 

Donation of citizens of Lansing 102 G7 

Donation of citizens of Battle Creek 182 no Donation of employes P\ilhnan Car Works, 

Donation of citizens of Lapeer :J2 00 Donation of employes Detroit Stove Works, 

Donation of citizens of Grand Rapids 500 CO Donation of citizens of Marsball 

Donation of citizens of Ann Arljor 127 00 Donation of employes .\merican Express Co. 

Donation of citizens of Ypsilanti 100 00 noiiation of citizens of Port Huron 



Donation of Calumet and Heela Mining Co. .$1 ,500 00 
Donation of Michigan residents at Washing- 
ton. D. C 125 00 

Donation of Michigan residents at Philadel- 
phia 

Donation of Central Mining Company 
Donation of employes Midi. Stove Works.. 



24 00 
136 78 

77 81 
(>0 00 
70 00 
100 00 

25 50 
100 CO 



Donation of citizens of Ivalannizoo. . . . 



145 00 ! Donation of citizens of Detroit 



2,141 93 



* Ii<;port of Centennial Board, February 8, 1877 — Senate journal of that dali 
lil 



478 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTEX>;iAL. 



II. ^PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL AND MINE. 

A(iRR"UL'rUHE AND 1'0:M0L0(JY. 

18 t'lsc'W here stated, tlie Hon. J. ,1. \\'oo(linaii. one of the Slate Centt'nnial 
j[\ Koard of Managers, was detailed to the special duty of superintending the 
exhihition of agricultural products from Michigan. Mr. Woodman made a 
special report of his operations, w liieli accompanies the linal report of the 
Boaid. 'Phis report, covering, as it does, the preliminary ste{)s taken l>y iMan- 
ager \\\HHlman to secure the representation of Micliigan agricultural interests, 
first claims attention under this head. The report refers to the embarrassment 
caused by the want of funds with which to make the collection. IVo compen- 
sation being allowed foi- Labor oi' for articles to be exhibited, it was necessary 
first to enlist the gratuitous sei'vit'cs of good, active men in the several counties 
of the State to make and forward collections for exhibition. A circular was 
issued, August 'JO, 1S75, from the (Jenei'al Centenni.nl ( )tHce, room No. 11 Hank 
Block, Detroit, in wdiich confidence was expressed that no state in the Tnion 
could present a greater variety of agricultural products or of valuable timln'r 
and lumber than ]\Iicliig.an, and that in fruit-gi-owing Michigan stands pi'e-emi- 
nent. He declared that the reputation of tlie State and the interests of the 
nation demand that the agriculture and fruit-growing of Michigan be well and 
fairly represented at this great fair, not of the states only, but of the world, 
and lie appealed to the farmers, fruit-growers and lumbermen of the State to 
ct)-operate in collecting and forwai-ding specimens for this pui-pose. lie called 
on lumbermen, officers of agricultural societies and other organizations to 
co-operate with the county superintendents whom he would ap[)oint, and 
re(]uested that each sample should be accompanied with a statement containing 
the name of the producer, where raised, and such facts relating to soil and 
cultivation as might be deemed of interest. lie also asked for samples of soil, 
in certain cases, where tlie yield had been remarkably large, to accompany the 
specimen of produce. This circular was circulated and c0}iied into most of the 
newspapers in the State. 



STATE REPRESENTATION. AT PHILADELPHIA. 479 



l'iii-sii;iiit to rci|iicst liy lilt' l)o;ii-(l of !\I;iiiauvrs, tlie State Pomological 
Society rlit-erfully asisiuiicd the i-es|K)iisil(ility, and made aiTangements for col- 
leeting, packing and forwai'ding the fruits of Michigan in their season, sparing 
neither time, mo?iey uoi' lal>or in the prosecution of tlie work up to the close 
of the K.\hil)ition. "Givat credit,"' sa^^s Mr. AVoodman, " is due tlie earnest and 
enterprising membei-s of that organization." 

The State Agricultural Society also responded nobly to the apjieal of the 
State Board of Managers, and the State Agricultural College assigned Professor 
AV. J. Heal to the department of forestry, where he labored incessantly for 
months, and succeeded in bringing together a collection of the various produc- 
tions of Michigan forests which did great credit to the State. 

From many discouraging letters received from [irmninent men. Air. Woodman 
became convinced that the [leople of the State were not fully aroused to the 
importance of having the products of the State fully represented at the great 
International Exhibition ; so, in ()ctol)er, 1875, he issued another circidar, which 
he sent to eveiy county and to every news])aper in the State. It was addressed 
to farmers, stock-breeders, wool-growers, pomologists, lioi'ticulturists, manufac- 
turers of agricultural implements and lumbermen. It commenced with this 
plain (piestiou: "Are you taking the intere.st in preparing such samj)les of 
your products for exhibition in the great International Exhibition, to be held 
at Pliiladelj)hia on the one hundredth anniversary of our nation's birthday, as 
the importance of the occasion demands?" The following extracts from this 
circular will show the earnestness with ^vhicll Air. AVoodman ]iur.sued the work 
he hail undertaken: 

The proilucts and the progres.s iu agi-ieiiltiiie, iiiamilkcturcsj, eommerco, literature, the nieehauic 
art,<, and everything that indicates advanced civilization, made for the fir.st one hundred 3'ears by 
our country, with a territory extending through thirty degrees of latitude and si.\ty degrees of 
longitude, embracing within its limits 2,000,000,000 acre.« of land, and every variety of the most 
exuberant soil, with a climate unsurpassed for salubrity, and a population of 40,000,000 of the 
mcst intelligent, enterprising and industrious ])eople on the face of the earth; with the best, the 
freest and the strongest government the world has ever known, are to bo placed side by side with 
those of every nationality of the world. 

Michigan will be seen, examined and judged there with her .sister states of the I'nion, and 
forty years of her history a.s a state read by the world. Tlie products of her soil, mines, forests, 
factories anfl waters ; her primary schools, colh^gcs, a.^ylums, reformatories and public works, and her 
f'ommercial advantages, will all be judged by the samples exhibited and statistical information 
furnished. I am aware that there is but little inducement to stimulate fivrmers to exhil)it the 
products of their farms except State and national pride and interest ; and that should be the most 
inspiring of any inducement that could be offered to an American citizen. Another such an 
opportunity will never be presented to show the quality, value and yield of our products, or 
greatnev< <>(' r.iir State and nation. 



480 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Oiiv State should ho rcpvosonted l\v tlio best samples of each varietj' of cverj' produet of the 
soil, aud in its season, and from every eoiuity in tiie States. Ivicii spi'cimen of gi'ain should be a 
pure sample of some distinct variety, perfectly cleaned, aud in ((uantity sufficient lo fill a two- 
quart jar. Millet, Hungarian grass, timothy, clover, blue grass, orchard grass, red top, and .seed 
of all other grasses should he pure samples of each variety, perfectly clean, and in (juantily 
.sufficient to fill a jar holding one pint. Canned, dried and prejjared fruit .should be exhibited in 
glass jars or boxt's of two quarts each. Honey ami dairv products, in (piantity. form and package 
to suit the taste and convenience of the exhibitor. Wines, syru])s, etc., .should be jiut in (juart 
bottles; oils, extracts, etc., in pint bottles. The State Board will furnish glass jai-s for all samples 
that can be shipped to Detroit in sacks or boxes. We want samples of products in the head, ear 
aud pod, and in the sheaf and on the .stalk. Also statements of yields, with samples of j)roducts 
and soil, together with a statement of the mode of cultivation, name of producer, locality, etc. 
Also a statement of the products raised or jiroduced upon a farm for a series of years, not less 
than five, with sam]3les of products, yield per acre of each crop, kind, amount and value of each 
product, number of acres in the farm, general managcraeut, gross receipts, and net profits. 
Wool should be exhil)ited liy sample aud Heece, as taken from the sheep. Flax and hemp, 
by samples. 

It is earnestly requested by the Commission that foresters of all .sections of the Union forward 
samples of trees of their respective districts. These samples or sjiecimens may be presented in any 
convenient and portable form. In addition to specimens of trunks of trees, should be exhibited 
timber and lumber in all forms, as samples of masts and spars, large and small, knees and scpiaie 
timber, as prepared for naval purposes; planks and boards exhibiting uuusual breadth aud char- 
acter of cell aud fiber. In brief, every description, (juality aud form of wood used in construction 
aud decoration. 

Will the lumbermen of Michigan, who have the meaus and liicllities, co-oj)erate and fill this 
department of the State exhibition? All collections in this department will be uuder the super- 
vision of Professor W. J. Beal, of the State Agricultural College. 

The Commission will afford every inducement aud facility for a full and complete display of 
every variety of fruit, and it is to be hoped that pomological .societies and individual cultivators 
generally will co-operate in an effort to place before the world creditable evidences of the resources 
and capacity of our State in respect to fruit-culture and products. 

It gives me pleasure to announce that the State Agricultural Society has consented to assLst 
in this work, and the Agricultural Department of the State will be placed in charge of a com- 
mittee of able gentlemen that have been apjjointed by the executive committee of the society for 
that purpose. Great credit is due to the State Board of Agriculture for the interest taken, and 
to the faculty of the State Agricultural College for the valuable labor that is being performed 
by them. The State will owe a debt of gratitude to the superintendents in the .several counties, 
who have generously consented to collect and forward samples and articles for exhibition. As the 
small appropriation made by the Legislature will all he needed to jjay freight and actual expenses 
in arranging and exhibiting, all must labor without reward, except that which comes from the 
consciousness of having done our duty, aud the gratitude of a noble State. 

Tliis eiinie.st appeal was soon followed by another announcing the names of 
county supeiintenclents \\ho had Ijecn appointed to collec-t and fovwanl samples 



STATE EEPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 



481 



of ]>ro(luc'ts from tlu' various count if 
county supoi-iiitciidcnts so aiuiouucfd : 



foliowius:' are the names of tlie 



Counties 

AlcoilJl 

Allegan 

Bniiich 

Barry 

Berrien 

CallKiun 

Cass 

Oliulon 

Genesee 

Grand Traverse, 

Grsitiot 

Hillsdale 

Jack-on 

Isabella 

H\iron 

Ingliani 

Ionia 

Kalamazoo 

Kent 

Lake 

Lenawee 



Xames. 
.1. Van Buskirk. . 

Hiram Bailey 

Harvey Haynes... 
William Talk... 
A. O. Winchester. 

() Hyde 

b>. Hogers .... 

Slout 

W. Rising... 

G. Ramsdell . . 

Edson Packard . . 

F. M. Holloway . 

.M. Shoemaker . . . 

E. R Coburn 

.1. Jenks 



Amos F. Wood . . . 
Alon/.o Sessions. . . 

William Bair 

S. S. Bailey 

F. .M. Carroll 

Charles E. Mickley 
S. B. JIann 



I'ust Olli.-.-. 
. . Harrisville. 
. . Monterey. 
. . CoUhvater. 
. . Frairieville. 
. . St. J().sei)li. 
. . Marshall. 
. . Volinia. 
. . St. .John.-*. 
. . Davison Stal'n 
. . Traverse City. 
. . Forest Hill. 
. . Hillsdale. 
. . Jackson. 
. . Mt. Pleasant. 
. . Rock Falls. 
. . Mason . 
. . Ionia. 
, . Vicksbnrg. 
. Grand Raiiids. 
. . Baldwin. 
, . Adrian. 
, . Adrian. 



Counties. 
Livingston . . . 

Macomb 

Monroe 

Mason 

Montcalm. ... 
Muskegon . . . 
Newaygo . . . . 

Oceana 

Oakland 

Osceola 

Ottawa 

Saginaw 

Sanilac 

Shiawassee . . 
St. Clair . . . . 
St Joseph . . . 

Tuscola . 

Van Huren. . . 

Washtenaw.. . 

Wayne 



Nuiiies. 

. Elisha Wait 

B. Soulherland 

, H. A. Conaiil . 

F. L. Kern 

L. C. Lincoln 

C. L. Whitney 

S. H. Riblet 

. Geo. W. Woodward, 
Edwin Phelps . . . 
E, R. Merethew . . . . 
Wm. M. Ferry 

D. H. Jerome 

James Anderson . . . . 

A. 11. Robertson 

L. T. Rcmer 

J. H. Gardner 

J. Q. A. Burrington, 
John V. Rosevelt... 
David Woodman, 2d, 

.1. .1. Robison 

H. O. Ilanford 



Post Office. 
Fenton. 
Memphis. 
Monroe. 
Lnilington. 
Greenville. 
.Muskegon. 
Newaj'go. 
Shelby. 
Ponliac. 
< )sceola. 
Grand Haven. 
Saginaw Oily. 
Farmer's. 
Ovvosso. 
East China. 
Centre ville. 
Tuscola. 
Kecler. 
Paw Paw. 
Manchester. 
Plymouth. 



To the al)ove shoiiUl be added A. J. Edson, of Phtiiiwell, Allegan county, 
and John W. Norman, of Lexington, Sanilac county, who rendered valuable aid 
in collecting and forwarding products from their respective localities. The 
failure of other agencies to render aid in collecting, preparing and forwarding 
exhibits placed the whole burden of that labor upon these county superin- 
tendents and individuals who must labor without any i-emuneration whatever. 
The i-esult of that work is shown by the list of products, which certainly did 
credit to the State. It is due to the county superintendents and farmers of 
the State to say, that the quality of the cereals raised in 1875 was not up to 
the standard of ]»i-evious years, and much depended upon the crop of 1876 for 
samples that would fairly represent the standard quality of Michigan grain. 
Accordingly fields were selected in different portions of the State, about the 
first of July, from which to cut for exhibition in the sheaf; but ju.st before 
the grain matured the straw rusted, greatly injuring not oidy the beauty of the 
straw, but the heads and kernels. However, many tine samples were secured 
of all tlie different varieties of wheat and otlier grains. 

In June, 1870, Mr. Woodman reports he i.ssued another ciivuhir, sending 
copies to the new.spapers and to liundieds of prominent wool-growers and 
fanners. Fiom this ciifiil.-if the followiuL;' e.vtracts .-ire of permanent interest, 



482 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

as showing the nature of the efforts made to secure a full e\hil>ition of the 
varied productions of Michigan fai-ms : 

I'erliaps no state in the Uuiou eau boast of better flocks of tiue ami loug-wool sheep than 
Michigau; and yet the reputation of Michigan wool in the market is below that of some other 
states. The interests of wool-growers and the reputation of Michigan as a wool-growing .state 
demand that this important interest be well and fairly represented in this great industrial Exhi- 
bition; and I call upon the wool-growers of the State to select from their flocks samples of the 
most desirable grades, including tine merino, delaine and combing wool, and forward the same 
for exhibition. 

Let farmers be on the lookout for the best and most desirable specimens of every farm 
product that is grown in the State, to be placed on exhibition when harvested. Who will produce 
the tallest clover and other grasses, or of any variety of grain ? Who can exhibit the largest and 
best-filled heads of wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc.? Who will furnish the largest and finest vegeta- 
bles? These are questions for the farmers of the State to answer. I have been highly gratified 
to learn that the exhibition of winter fruit by the Pomological Society of the State has been 
creditable to the fruit-growers, and Michigan has been honored. Great credit is due the members 
of that society for the interest and untiring zeal manifested in filling the Pomological Department 
of the Exhibition. They are laboring without means or hope of reward, except that which is 
enjoyed in the satisfaction of sustaining the reputation of Michigan as a fruit-growing state. I 
trust that all fruit-growers and business men of the State will co-operate and render the society 
material aid. 

Other circulars were issued from time to time, and an extensive correspon- 
dence was carried on. Mr. AVoodman also visited various portions of the State, 
urging the sending of the ]iroducts of 1876, and it was not until September 
fir.st that he reached Philadelphia. He closes his report by acknowledging the 
valuable aid reudered by the various county superintendents and others in 
making the exhibition a success. 

In his report Mr. Woodman says but little of his own services, but in fact 
his visit to the Centennial was far from a period of relaxation. He labored 
zealously, the \vliole time he was there, in perfecting the exhibit of agricultui-al 
productions, and also aiding in the fruit display, and did much towards making 
a catalogue of the agricultural exhibition a possibility. 

THK GENERAL AGRICIILTUUAL EXHIliri'. 

The Executive Committee of the State Agricultural Society, in pursuance 
of i-epresentations made bj' the State Centennial Board, appropriated the sum 
of one thousand dollars to defray the expenses of the superintendence of the 
agricultural disi)lay at Philadelphia. Mr. Charles A. Ilgenfritz, of Monroe, was 
appointed to this duty, including also in his labors the pomological exhibits. 
In this, as in their state fairs, the State Agricultural and State Pomological 
societies co-operated, producing good results in the economy of management. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 483 



The space occupied in Agricultural llall by tlie general agi'icultural pi'oduets 
oi Michigan was similar in extent td that occu]iifd by several neighboi'ing 
states — 27x24 feet, or <)4S feet nf area, between pillars marked N and I 20 
and 21. The task of arranging in a tasteful manner several thousand articles, 
of varied form and i-haracter, especially as in this case they were not all on 
hand at one time, but continued to arrive during a pei'iod of several months, is 
much greater than might be supposed by a casual glance at the exhibition after 
it is arranged; but by the last week in June the articles that had arrived at that 
time wei'e carefully arranged, and presented a very creditable appearance. But 
it was not until the arri\'al of numerous samples of wool, which were placed 
in positit>n in August ; the sheaves of new wheat, oats, barley, millet, timothy, 
red-top and such like articles, adapted to decoration, in September and October, 
that the exhibition assumed that complete fullness and beauty which made it 
a subject of universal admiration, attracting the eye, not only of the general 
public, but of artists, the Centennial Photograph Company including it among 
the subjects demanded by popular appi'eciation to adoi-n their photographic 
descriptions of the Centennial. 

The space assigned foi' this agricultui'al exhil)it was, wjien completed, 
surrounded on three sides by a counter about two feet wide on top, with the 
exception of a space in front for entrance, which was arched over by an 
appropriate and tasteful combination of grasses, and small sheaves of the various 
cereals, and samples of wool, some of which hung in long and flowing locks. 
Surmounting this arch crossways, and running over the aisle, was a long sign, 
of red cloth, on which the woril "Michia-an" was inscribed in large white 
letters. This could be read the whole length of the aisle, and was the means 
of drawing thousands of visitors to the spot. The counters were loaded with 
specimens of grain and other fai'm produce, in glass jars usually holding about 
two quarts ; also, boxes and sacks of peas, beans and the various farm and 
garden seeds mentioned in the more ^mrticular statement of individual contri- 
butions. On the right hand corner was a pyramid, on which was arranged the 
ninety-eight specimens of Michigan grasses, all labeled, contributed by the State 
Agiicultural College, serving not only as a very useful scientific exhilution of 
one of the chief productions of the State, but adding much to the ornamental 
character of tlie exhibition. On the left, opposite, was a stand, on which \vas 
exhibited wine, in bottles, from Messrs. Deiderich & Breisacher, Detroit, con- 
sisting of Delaware, Ncu'ton's seedling, Concord and Catawba. It was found 
tlnft tliese bottles could be emptietl of their contents and replaced without 
detracting from the appearance of the exhibit — a circumstance that was taken 



484 iMlCllIGAN AMD THE CENTENNIAL. 

advantage of by some cm-ions visitors vvlio desired to test the merits of Micli- 
igan wines. Wool was displayed, in sanijiles, on hlark ta!)lets ranged upon 
and ill tVont of the counters. In the ecntei' of the space was a s<piare-top|K'd 
pyramid, on a base 8<12 feet. ^Vljoxe the ])ase, all around, were Foui' sludxcs, 
sufficiently far apart to admit half-gallon glass jars, whirii were placed upon 
the slielves, tilled witli the various cereals. Above these shelves, on the sides 
of the pyramid, whitdi were covered with blue (doth For background, were 
arranged ears ()f corn, oats, wheat and otiiei- grains; also, grasses in various 
a]>propi'iate devices, displaying the variety and beauty of the maize anil <itliei- 
cereals of Micliigan. Above these ornament;d devices was a cornice all round 
the pyramid, formed l)y ears of coi'u [)laced side by side, and constituting tlie 
upper edge of the pyramid. On the to|) of the pyramid was placed, during 
the fore ])art of the season, the Ijeautifid stuffed dcei' contributed by Mr. 
Dewey, of ( )\v()sso, witli tlie woi'd "Michigan" on a cai'd .streamei- entwined 
in its horns; but subseipiently this was removed to a lower position, and a. 
pillar, covered with eai's of coi'ii hung all ai'ouud it, placed in position on the 
front of the pyramid, constituted the princi|»;d featui'c abo\e. A section of a 
large pine log from Clam Lake, labeled "('ork i)ine," atti'acted a good deal of 
attention fj-om strangers, who appeared to imagine that it was some new varietv 
of pine, suitable for the manufacture of coi'ks. In the rear of the exliiliit a 
large tablet was erected, in tlie fall, on which wei'e arrangonl, with much taste 
and skill, a very beautiful display of the grasses of 187(), sent fiom the Agri- 
cultuijil College, and of the wheat, oats, barley, millet, and tall, cultivated 
grasses, in small sheaves, fnmi various counties of the State, as elsewhere 
specified, in the arrangement of this magnificent display Mr. Ilgenfi-itz was 
assisted by Mr. Woodman, throngh whose eft'orts nnudi of the matei'ial foi' the 
exhibit was collected. Farmers and others familiar \\ith the " ticdds of wa\ ing 
grain" can not easily com])rehend the intei'est excited among the residents of 
a large city by the sight of such a dis[)lav as this. The beautiful is not con- 
fined to highly-colored (lowers and dedicate hues, but the dull yidlow ears of 
millet, hanging in lieaxy (dusters, the bearded wheat, vyv and barley, the light, 
fantastic oats, and the multiform grasses, all were xiewed with (expressions of 
unfeigned delight and adnuration. The desire to possess these, commonly 
regarded by country people ti'ifiing objects, by city residents, was very strong, 
and a lady who succeeded in obtaining as a relic an (^ar of wln^-it, or barley, or 
oats, considered henself highly i'axored. Toward the (dose of the Exhibition these 
were sought for very ililigently, and the specimens could have been sold off qi^ite 
readily for the ])Ui'poses of home decoration and memorial I'elics of the Centennial. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 4S5 

The Michigan exhibit was surrounded by those of other and older states, 
all of which possessed features of high excellence, biit in vanety, general 
outline, l)f;tuty and (ndcr of arrangement, and attractiveness, there was no 
exhibition of the kind in the IFall that surpassed it, if, indeed, its e([nal could 
be found. The exhibition of Michigan gi-ains and seeds, although not as showy 
as some, was very extensive and of a cpiality above the average. In this 
exhibit 42 counties were represented by 225 exhibitors of grain and seeds, and 
over 500 samples. There were 108 exhil)itors of wool and 588 samples. The 
following is the report of the judges in refei-ence to tlie agricultural exliiltit of 
Michigan: "Fine appearance and good weight of 21 varieties of wheat, 17 
varieties of oats and 2 varieties of rye. Also, for exhibition, corn, buckwheat 
and grasses." 

It is pi-o])er to say that the record of exhibits, and of the names and resi- 
dences of exhibitors, especially in the Agricultural and Pomological departments, 
is given with some question as to its entire correctness. As there was no 
pi'ovision made for clerical labor, no regular system of making entries for 
exhibition by each conti'il)utoi- was adopted under state authority, and the 
entiy in the books of the United States Centennial Commission was usually in 
bulk, under the name of the State Agricultural and Pomological Societies, 
without specifying individual contributors ; so that the proper credit cannot be 
given in all cases. The county and individual credits given below were made 
up, not from the entry-books, but from the articles themselves, and the infor- 
mation given from the labels that accompanied them. In regard to the fruit, 
especially, the precise varieties sent by each individual cannot be given except 
in certain cases, as it was frequently found that the fruit and labels became 
separated l)efore a re[)ort could be made. The following re^xirt is, however, as 
complete as could l)e made under the circumstances. The name of no con- 
tributoi- is purposely omitted, and each person who has aided in the work is 
credited, as far as possible, with the service rendered. The report of the 
agricultural «'xliil>it is made up from lists made by the joint labors of Mr. 
Woodman, representing the State Centennial Board, and Mr. Henry S. Clubb, 
representing this work. The list made by them is emlxxlied in the final 
re[)oit of the Centennial P><>ard as official. 

The annexed list of exhilntors is classified by counties, and includes, i'oi- 
convenience, both agiiculture and pmnology : 

Allkhan County. — Plaiiiwell : A. J. Edsoii, samples of wheat, barley, oats, Wieks wheat 
and marrowfat beans; land plaster from Grani^er Plaster Mill, (irandville. Samples of grade 
merino wool were exhibited by the following persons: E. & S. Anaway, Mr. Uarlaeom. .1. F. 
tt2 



486 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Conrad, John F. Conrad, E. Crawford, A. J. Edson, Squaer Fenner, Hiram Hall, Mr. Hider, 
Henry McKay, E. C. Kuapp, Mrs. Brophy, R. Eichmond, J. L. Ross, Almou Ross, Horace St. 
John and Mr. Turner, Plainwell ; Peter Breeder, Otsego ; A. H. Jackson and J. W. James, Silver 
Creek ; S. W. Kent, Martin ; Mr. Mina, J. H. Skinner and L. H. Simmons, Cooper ; and from 
other towns, E. Well, M. Morehouse, David Lowe, J. Mare, W. Boniface and Harrison Blanchard 
John F. Conrad, Plainwell — samples of white oats and buckwheat. J. A Robinson, Plainwell — 
marrowfat beans. Lake Shore Pomological Society of Douglas and Ganges — apples, pears, peaches 
and grapes. D. W. Wiley, Douglas — samples of same. A. Hamilton, Saugatuck — apples. L. L. 
Lanse, Ganges — apples. 

Antrim County. — R. Sherman, Elk Rapids — choice collection of apples. 

Bay County. — David Holsteiu, Sterling — merino wool. George Slight, Sterling — Cotswold 
and Leicester wool. 

Berrien County. — William Dougherty, Berrien Springs — Treadwell wheat, surprise oats, 
silver-skin buckwheat and white corn. H. J. Ray, Watervliet — Tappahannock wheat. A. O. 
Winchester, St. Joseph — wheat, buckwheat, corn and oats ; Salem and Diana grapes. John Whit- 
tlesey, St. Joseph — Agawam, Wilder, noi-thern Muscadine, Concord, Ives', Rebecca, Hartford and 
lona grapes. John Maitland, St. Joseph — Martha grapes. Thomas Archer, St. Joseph — Delaware 
grapes. John Irwin, Buchanan — ajiples. ' 

Branch County. — J. U. Bennett, Gilead — three samples of Cotswold wool. George Dudley, 
two samples grade Cotswold wool. Francis Weyburn, Kinderhook — three samples Leicester wool. 
Cyrus G. Luce, Gilead — corn and oats. R. M. Van de Vantz, Gilead — excelsior oats. The 
collection of fruit from this county was forwarded by Eli Biddleman, and contributed by F. H. 
Foster, F. Olds and J. Shaw, of Union City ; J. Shenvernen and William R. Cair, of Batavia ; 
J. H. Lawrence, of California ; H. Wilson and F. H. Atwater, of Kinderhook. 

Calhoun County — Samuel Chapin, JSIarengo — ^bald Mediterranean, Deihl and Clawson wheat. 
Byron Church, Marengo — samples of six-rowed barley, white dent corn, white oats, Deihl and 
Tappahannock wheat, and Hackberry dent corn. Asa B. Cook, Marshall — Deihl and Tajjpahan- 
nock wheat. John A. Cook, Marengo — white dent corn ; one citron, which seemed to remain in 
good condition all summer. O. Curtis, Marshall — corn. Jacob Gardenier, Marengo — Kentucky 
eight-rowed corn. A. O. Hyde, Marshall — sample navy beans. Samuel S. Lacey, Marshall — 
Tappahannock wheat and jiotato oats. Townsend Lewis, Marengo — Tappahannock wheat. W- 
Lunberg, Marengo — white oats. R. and H. McKay — Tappahannock wheat, white and red dent 
corn. William Radford, Marshall — English oats, China peach beans, and twenty samples infantado 
wool, of fine quality. J. A. Robinson, Le Roy^ — -white Shonen oats and marrowtat lieans. J. W. 
Robinson, Le Roy — early smut-nose or red blaze corn ; also, sam2)les butternuts and black walnuts. 
Charles E. Southwell, Marshall — seven samples fine Spanish merino wool. W. G. Anthony, 
Marengo — a similar exhibit. William Stolp, Newton — silver-hulled buckwheat, white winter rye 
and eight-rowed barley. James Van ^^leet, Convis — Deihl wheat and yellow dent corn. 

Cass CouNTY.^Oliver High — potato oats. E. Shanahan, Edwardsburgh — salmon corn. 
Amos Smith — corn and oats. Volinia Farmers' Club — collection of farm products, contributed by 
the following persons : B. G. Buel, marrowfat beans ; W. J. Eaton, Deihl wheat, yellow dent 
corn, timothy and Hungarian grass seed ; R. J. Huyck, Deihl wheat ; Oliver Nigh, white Shonen 
oats ; H. S. Rogers, Deihl wheat, rye in the straw 5 feet 10 inches high, osier willow 7 feet long, 
Deihl wheat in straw 4 feet high, red wheat in straw, timothy grass, sheaves of Clawson wheat 
4 feet 8 inches, Deihl, Shoemaker and blue-stem wheat ears ; M. J. Gard, Deihl wheat, timothy 
grass and dent corn ; B. F. Gard, Deihl and Clawson wheat ; John Strubel, four varieties of wheat 
and red-top grass ; N. B. Goodenough, Deihl wheat ; Mr. Welsher, dent corn ; L. B. Lawrence, 
mammoth clover. B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, contributed sample of diiit corn and also 
a collection of fruit. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 487 

Cii.VRLEVOix County. — Hugh Miller, Charlevoix — Mediterranean wheat and marrowfat beans. 

Clinton Coi'NTY. — William II. Andrew.s, St. Jolins — fleeces of Spanish merino wool, 12 to 
20 pounds each. H. S. Clawson, Bath — Clawson wheat, 35 bushels to the acre. W. F. Near, 
Bath — Deihl wheat and white dent corn. Potter, Beattie & Co., Ovid — Deihl wheat, 35 bushels 
to the acre. J. A. Valentine, Ovid — early Washington and red kidney beans. 

Em.mett County. — Convent Farm, LaCrosse — wheat, four-rowed barley and surprise oats. 
C. B. Henika, Petoskey — rye in the ear. 

Geni-:.see County. — Samples of Spanish merino wool, fleeces weighing from 14 to 19 pounds, 
wei-c contributed by Me.ssrs. Dewey and Thompson, of Flint; Collins Brothers, Grand Blanc, and 
Tyler and Hill, Atlas. The fruit of this county was collected and forwarded by Augustus Root 
and C. H. Roekwood, both of Flint. N. T. Thurbei-, of Fenton, also contributed to the fruit 
display. J. G. Jerome, of Flint, contributed sample of buckwheat. 

Grand Traverse County'. — Travei-se City : Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company, 
English, Probstier and Swedish oats, and white Soules wheat, grown bj' Samuel Cronkhite. 
G. Mauville, W^aterloo oats. J. G. Ramsdell, Tappahaunock, Arnautka and Deihl wheat, buck- 
wheat, surprise oats, Scotch barley, case-knife and black-wax beans. Old Mission : Peninsula 
Farmers' Club, two samples Soules wheat; also, collection of fruit, contributed by J. G. Ramsdell, 
George Parmelee, W. W. Tracey, William Marshall, H. K. Brinkman and others. 

Hillsdale County-. — Allen Brown, oats in straw 4 feet 7 inches high. H. B. Chapman, 
Reading — sheaf of Clawson wheat 4 feet 11 inches high, bunch of climax oats, timothy and clover 
seed. A. M. R. Fitzsimmons, timothy 5 feet 7 inches high, and oats in sheaf. Richard Fogg, 
Jonesville — mammoth sweet corn and Deihl wheat. George Proudly, Jonesville — Cotswold wool 
16 V inches long. F. M. Hollo way, Jonesville — Deihl wheat and mammoth sweet corn. Thomas 
Robbins, Church Corners — timothy 43 feet high. J. Stickler, Cambria — bearded and climax 
wheat and oats in the ear. J. S. Williams, Wheatland — Clawson wheat, block of walnut timber. 
Among the fruit exhibitors were Dr. Tims, F. S. Blackman, Sylvester Clark, C. R. Coryell, F. 
Kirby, H. K. Abbott and H. B. Chapman. 

Inijham County'. — Samuel Cochrane, Onondaga — Deihl wheat. James Corey, Mason — Dutton 
corn. E. Northrup, Mason — surprise oats and Hungarian grass seed. Allen Rowe, Mason — Fultz 
red wheat. Amos Wood, JIason — yellow Scotch oats. Esseltyne & Co. and J. J. Sidway, Lansing 
— pop corn. G. W. Brown and Mi-s. Mary J. Merrell, Lansing — samples of fruit. 

Ionia County'. — W. S. Bates, Ionia — white oats, 36 pounds to the bushel. Joseph D. Crane, 
Boston — white oats. J. W. Curtis, Otisco — Deihl wheat. John Dickinson and F. Jones, Ionia — 
samples of Clawson wheat. W. Fuller, Ionia — timothy grass feet high. Alonzo Sessions, a fine 
exhibit of red-top, timothy and other grasses ; white oats, Clawson and Deihl wheat, in sheaves 3 
feet 6 to 4 feet 2 in height. J. Tibbets, Boston — sheaf of oats 5 feet 3 inches ; Clawson wheat. 
N. E. Smith and C. Harford, Ionia, were contributors to the fruit exhibit. 

Jackson County. — John Anherahon, Waterloo — merino wool. Barry it Bingliam, Jackson — 
navy and yellow pea beans. W. H. Doney, Jackson — one bushel each of Treadwell wheat and 
buckwheat; collection of fruit. M. Shoemaker, Jackson — two bushels extra white winter wheat. 
Contributions of fruit were made by George Gavoit, Spring Arbor ; A. A. Bliss, Jackson ; R. V. 
Fas.set, C. Herrington, Elijah Bemis and Robert Bradford, of Sandstone ; H. Daniels, Blackman ; 
H. J. Cregi), Liberty, and J. N. Peck, Henrietta. C. B. Kress, Jacksou— sami)les of pampa.s or 
upland rice. 

Kalamazoo County. — Rufus Allyn, fleeces of merino wool, 8 to 12* pounds. A. J. Arm- 
strong, Schoolcraft — Armstrong's hybrid wheat. William Bair, Vicksburg — wheat, oats, timothy 
and clover seed. Isaac Birdsell, Texas — bearded and bald Treadwell wheat, one bushel of each. 
H. Boardman, Dcilil wheat. E. L. Brown, white amber wiient. Josejjh Frakcs, Schoolcraft — 



488 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Rhineheart corn. Willis Judson, Schoolcraft — gold medal wheat. W. H. Cobb, Portage — Lima 
beans. William Crooks' and William Jenkinson, Kalamazoo — Clawsou wheat, each a sample. 
A. W. Ingerson, Cooper — surprise oats. Heury King, Galesburg — gold medal wheat. W. G. 
Kirby, Charleston — Deihl wheat. Alexander Smith, Pavilion — Delhi wheat. L. A. Jones, Texas — 
fleeces merino wool, 9 to 18 pounds each. Daniel Paine, W. Renney and D. R. Rix, of Oshtemo, 
were also exhibitors of wool. H. Dale Adams, Galesburg — samples of autumnal swan, Jersey 
sweet and westei-n spy apples. Among the other fruit exhiliitors were William Bair and W. 
Judson, of Schoolcraft; E. Burle, J. Den Blyker, E. H. Wheeler, E. Buel, C. P. Davis, C. N. 
Davis, N. J. Strong, Dr. Southard, Bragg & Stevens, and J. S. M. Grundy, of Kalamazoo; E. P. 
Flanders, J. C. Blake, and J. P. McNaughton, of Galesburg. 

Kent County. — S. S. Bailey, Grand Rapids — sheaf of spring rye, red-top grass 4 feet 7 
inches, blue-joint grass 5 feet 6 inches, timothy 5 feet 3 inches. Henry Fralick, Grand Rapids — 
timothy grass 5 feet. S. L. Fuller, Grand Rapids — timothy 4 feet 7 inches. Godfroy, Brother & 
White, Grand Rapids — sample of stucco from their plaster mills. E. P. Friend, East Paris, and 
M. A. Holland, Lowell — maple sugar. H. Green, Grattan— California beans. Michael Whalen, 
Wyoming — Deihl wheat. E. Bradfield, Ada — 36 varieties of grapes. William Rowe, Walker — 
apples. H. Downs, Ada — samples of fruit. The Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, Grand 
Rapids, sent a general collection of fruit. 

Lenawee County. — E. T. Blackman, Dover, and George H. Curtis, Rome — samples of 
surprise and potato oats. Charles Plubbard, Adrian — marrowfat beans. S. B. Mann and Medick 
& Stone, Adrian — Clawson wheat. The Farmers' Fruit Preserving Company, of Palmyra, S. B. 
Mann, Secretary — samples of dried Belmont apples, cherries, currants, raspberries, trophy tomatoes, 
Stowell's evergreen corn, cabbage and string beans. The Lenawee Farmers' Club sent a large 
collection of apples, embracing 107 varieties, carefully packed, the names of the growers and the 
number contributed by each being as follows : From Adrian — B. W. Steere, 60 ; John Hunt, 3 ; 
Fred. Meddick, 12; Charles Bradish, 6; H. N. Knowls, 1; Ira Ladd, 12. From Dover— Smith 
Thompson, 2; Daniel Holdridge, 2; James Therber, 1. From Macon — Israel Pennington, 28; 
Joseph Pennington, 5. From Blissfield — W. Grandy, 13; Dr. R. B. C. Newcomb, 20; M. H. 
Cogswell, 3 ; Luther Smith, 1 ; George Sisson, 3 ; R. B. French, 3 ; H. B. Clark, 3 ; L. E. Good- 
rich, 15. From Raisin — E. B. Hibbard, 14; Horace Hoxsie, 14; Loyal Lovejoy, 16. From 
Palmyra — Peter Collar, 6; Henry Furbeck, 6; S. B. Mann, 8. From Rome — Samuel Reed, 1. 
From Cauandaigua — J. Lee, 5. From Ogdeu — W. H. Cheeney, 9. From Madison — T. J. Gibbs, 
8. From Ridgeway — John Britton, 21. From Tecumseh — J. Kennedy, 18. The pears were also 
excellent, and were contributed by J. G. Clenathen, Henry Furbeck, N. J. Strong, and F. Lewis. 
A. Sigler, of Adrian, contributed a very good display of foreign grapes.* 

Lake County. — Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Company, samples of Deihl wheat, con- 
tributed by Henry Saunders and Alonzo Woodruff. 

LiviNCJSTON County. — George Abbot, Wheeler Grayford, John Lindermau, and L. Watson, 
all of Unadilla — samples, respectively, of Treadwell, Clawson, amber and Lincoln wheat. John 
Marshall, Utiadilla — seven samples of grade merino wool. Edwin B. Merithew, Osceola— samples 
of Lincoln wheat, six and four-rowed barley, common and white Poland oats, gray buckwheat, 
June clover seed, early white beans, in pods and on stalk; samples of corn in the ear. 

Macomb County. — Joseph Gathead, Memphis — samples of four-rowed barley. Paul Schell, 
Memphis — wild goose spring wheat. B. Sutherland, Memphis — Treadwell wheat, white flint, mixed 
tlent, purple and evergreen sweet, eight-rowed, silver lace and rice pop corn ; crown, white mar- 
rowfat and black-eyed marrowfat peas; Lima pole, purple wax and common field beans. John 



*From detailed stalement fuinislicd by S. B. Mann, of Adrian. 



STATE REPKESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 489 

McKay, Arnuula — 1'2 sampli's thoroughbred aud 7 samjiles of grade merino wool, fleeces 7 to 29 
])Ounds. William B. McKay, Bedford — yellow dent aud calico corn, and Mediterranean wheat. 
James Stephens, IJomeo — 22 samples grade merino wool. 

M.VKijLETTE CorxTY. — E. R. Hall, Man|uctte — Oats in straw, (J feet 2} incJRv. 

M.vsox CofNTY. — W. A. Bennett, Mason — Strawberry dent corn. 

MiocosT.v County. — Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad — Samples of liiickwhcat coMtrilnited 
by John F. McCabe. 

MoNUOK CofXTY.— Monroe: G. Bruckner— Slu.ncn oats. F. Waldo— White and and)er wheat 
and spring rye. J. M. Davenport — grey buckwheat, Hungarian grass seed and Alsike clover seed. 
Walter Hachett — Probstier oats. E. C. Harvey — black Norway oats and Stowell sweet corn. 
Cobcrt Hendergrath — marrowfat beans. Joseph Laner — Norway oats. J. M. Loose — black-eyed 
and white marrowfat peas. N. A. Noble — clover seed. James Russell — madwell wheat. The 
Diedrich Vineyard — Delaware, Concord, Nortons Virginia Seedling and Catawba wines. Point aux 
Peaux Wine Coini)any — Concord and Delaware wines. E. Sumner — black walnuts, hazel and 
hickory nuts. D. Ilgenfritz and J. E. Ilgenfritz — specimens of peas. J. M. Loose — pears, and 
black-eyed and white marrowfat peas. J. E. Ilgenfritz and Reynolds, Lewis & Co. — selections of 
apples. Gra))es and other fruits were exhibited from Monroe by Chas. Atkinson, B. Compton, 
G. Brinkerh(3ff and others. Whiteford : A. J. Briggs — yellow dent corn and Probstier oats. 
J. P. Whiting — spring wheat. Cyrus Warren — white wheat. C. M. Candee— common field beans. 
Raisinville: George King — AVicks wheat and white dent corn. Frenchtowu : E. G. Hathison — 
AVashington beans. Bedford: J. J. Simmons — Probstier oats. H. Slick, red-chaff wheat. Ilo-wo-mo 
Farm: H. A. Conant — Champion of England, early Washington, and German wax 1)eans. 
Carston : F. M. Wilcox — package of scale-boards. 

]MoNTCALM CouXTY. — Greenville: E. Ecknor — mixed corn. L. ('. Lincoln — amber, Deilil 
and Wicks wheat, six-rowed barley, California beans and Flint corn. William Lincoln — Wicks 
wheat and six-rowed barley. 

New.vy-go County. — Esterly : B. .VrnsUy — Soulcs wheat. 

0.\KL.\XD County. — Pontiac : Fred Carlisle — 10 samples wool from the Carlisle flock of 
Sonthdowns, imported by Hon. H. AV. Lord in 1866; average weight i)er fleece, 51 lbs. 
W. Fisher — grade merino and Leicester wools. Green & Taylor — combing wools, 15J inclies long, 
and grade Leicester wool. Jo.scph Graylcy — Leice-ster wool 17 inches long, weight of fleece, 12 lbs.; 
Leicester yearling wool, weight of fleece, 10 to 14i lbs. C. Freeman — marrowfat beans. 
E. Phelps — ring corn, Deihl wheat and buckwheat. J. Elliot Taylor — sheaf of rye, 6 feet 10 
inches. Fourtowns: D. B. Allen, silver hull buckwheat. Straits Lake: Peter Crue — barley, oats 
45 bushels to the acre. Orchard Lake: Peter Dow— Lhicoln wheat, 25 bushels; golden chaff 
corn, 75 bushels to sicre. AA'^est Bloomfield : John German — Treadwell wheat. Orion : John 
Le.s<iter— 7 .<ani])les Leicester grade wool. Commerce: A. Paddock, white rose wheat. Troy: 
AA^lber Stout— Irish oats and six-rowed barley. Other Towns: Lyman Cate— 32 samples Spanish 
merino wool, 12 to ;15^ lbs. R. S. Cuthbertson— white rose wlieat. H. Davis— box of corundum 
or diamond polish. Fruit exhibitors: H. Walter, Mi-s. G. Kirby, Clarkston ; Mr. Delano, Oxford. 
OCKAXA County.- Shelby : F. Axford— merino wool. Youngs & AAHlcox, six samples delaine 
wools. Thomas Law— Deihl wheat. Benj. Moore— timothy seed. B. Phillips— Leicester and 
Cot-^w()ld wool. A. Pearsall— grade merino wool. Wsishington : C. Miller and George Sinetsen— 
.<anii)lcs of grade merino word. Hart : J. H. Reel— Clawson wheat, 32 bushels to the acre. E. J. 
Shirtz — up|>les and plums. 

Ottawa County.— Spring Lake: Walter Sinclair— IJ.d.lu in apples. Hunter Savadgi — 
grapes. Berlin : Thomas AVild — a|>ples. 

SAfiiNAW County.- East Saginaw: K. F. ( nndd— , I,.,!,.,. r,,ll..,ii,.u of grapes. The agriculture 
of ihis ciiuntv was not rciire^cnteil. 



490 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

St Clair County. — Grant: Joseph Gibbons — sheaf of four-rowed barley, 4 ft. 2 inche,s high. 

St. Joseph County. — Constantine : F. B. Evans — Spanisli merino wool. C. Cook — grade 
merino w^ool. K. Dougherty — Spanisli merino wool. White Pigeon : B. Fuklhouse — Leicester and 
Cotswold wool; fleece, 10 to 13 lbs. Centreville: J. H. Gardner — red and white amber and 
Delhi wheat, samples of jn'jjperniint, spearmint and tansy essential oils. W. B. Hangley — yellow 
dent corn, Lincoln an<l Dcihl wheat, and English Somerset oats. Wolfe Brothers & Kcech — 
glass case of essential oils — pennyroyal, s])earniint, pejijiermint, wormwood and tansy. A Good — 
early May wheat. R. S. Griffith — red amber wheat. Florence : J. Pa.shby — grade Leicester wool. 
Mendon : S. Taft — early May wheat, cut July -Sth five inches from the ground, the sheaf being 
four feet four inches long. Mottville : D. Wiley — grade merino wool. Nattowa : A. M. Todd — 
case containing oil of ])c])pcrniint and dish of lozenges. Three Rivers: A. G. True — collection 
of fruit. 

Sanilac; Coxjnty. — Worth: .fohu Atkinson — Fallow oats, white excelsior, winter wheat and 
Leicester and Cotswold wool. D. S. Avery — a sheaf of Treadwell wheat, five feet high, l)arley and 
crown field peas. Daniel Barnes — Leicester and Cotswold wool, fiber 12 inches long. H. Calkins — 
bald barley, 40 bushels to acre. H. Fockler — red clover seed. E. Gordon, spring fife, and 
Treadwell wheat and gold vine peas. M. Jackman — spring and fife wheat. A. Terry — sheaf of 
red-chaff wheat. Lexington: E. Patrick — Cotswold wool, 12 inches long. C. Behm — red chaff 
wheat, 32 bu.shels to the acre. D. Blake — Leicester wool; barley, ears eight inches long; sheaf of 
China Tea spring w'heat. M. Brown — sheaf of Somerset oats, five feet high. A. M. Clark — 
Leicester and Cotswt)ld wool, fiber 14 inches long. G. Corsant — Lincoln and Leicester wool, fiber 
10 inches long. Wm. Cudney — Leicester and Cotswold wool, 16} inches long. C. Davison — 
millet, hemp and birdseed. Orrin Avery — Leicester and Cotswold wool. Jas. Beedon — Leicester 
wool. Israel Huckins — Shonen oats, English two-rowed barley, Alsike clover seed, white cranberry 
beans, timothy grass and sheaf of white Shonen oats. B. Vanuest — Leicester and Cotswold wool. 
J. Simmon."" — delaine wool. Ira C. Lucia — sheaf of New Zealand oats, five feet high. A. Lynn — 
Leicester buck wool, 15 lbs. fleece and 13 inch fiber. H. McLaughlin — Multiplyer peas, 30 
bushels to the acre. D. McNaughton — Leicester and Cotswold wool. P. Swartz — Leicester and 
Cotswold wool. Henry ^lay — white marrow-fat field peas and silver skin buckwheat. J. Mason — 
Leicester wool, 11 inches long. W. Willard — Leicester and Cotswold wool. J. Sheldon — 
Leicester and Cotswold wool. J. H. London — selected wool. C. B. Moore — Treadwell wheat, four- 
rowed barley and early blue peas. H. Montgomery — grade wool. W. R. Nims — white cranberry 
beans and sheaf of millet. Wa-shington : A. K. Ames — grade wool. J. Hurley — Leicester and 
Cotswold wool. Sanilac: S. Dickson — various samples of wool. John Kerr — Lincoln and 
Leicester wool. R. Ragin — Leicester an<! Cotswold wool. M. Willis — Leicester wool, 11 inches 
long. J. Westfall — Leicester and Cotswold w<miI. Bridghamjiton : T. ALaynard — sheaf of liarley, 
four feet four inches high. E. Miller — sheaf of Rio Grand .spring wheat, sheaf of straiglit oats, 4 
feet 8 inches, sheaf of Maine oats, black-eyed peas on vine. 

Shiawassee County. — Burns: P. M. Earle, Crome & Jackson, Burlingame & Midick, F. 
Richards, Orson Snyder and Wai-ren & Son — samples of merino wool. H. Elton — combing wools. 
John Snyder — carding wool. N.G.Phillips — Pauler washed wools. C.Morse — samples of fine wool. 

Tus(;0LA County. — Vassar: Thomas Green — Deihl wheat. North & Sheldon — Cotswold and 
Leicester wools. 

Van Burkn County. — Lawrence: J. H. Barker — white dent and red-nose tiint corn, an<l 
white marrowfat beans. H. Place — timothy grass, 5 feet 7 inches high. Paw Paw : F. Barnham — 
Centennial wheat, a new variety, ears five inches long. John Burnett — ^Deihl wheat and English 
black oats. S. Buskirk — sheaf of oats five feet high. S. Consollns — Clawson wheat in sample, and 
sheaves, 4 feet 10 inches long. J. C. Gould — hulless oats, 40 bushels to the acre, and buckwheat. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPPIIA. 491 

B. Hviiics — rod dover, 3 fbet 4 inclics liii;li ; millet, 7 feet high and ears 12 inches long. John 
Lyle — yellow dent corn, 70 Imslicls to tlic acre. Charlft< Mitchelson — buckwheat. H. Moon — 
Sorghum syruj). C. P. Rawson — fifteen sample.'* of nierino woyl. Richard Chandler — four sample.'! 
grade merino wool. Lyinau Tuttle — three .-samples grade merino wool, rteece.s 9 to 19 Ihs. A. 
Warner — Leicester and iik riiid wiml, cros.sed, fiber 8 inches long. E. B. Welch — nine sample.'* 
Spanish merino wmA, 11 ninnths' ginwth : average weight of fleece, 9 lbs. 4 ozs. D. Woodman — 
Treadwell aii<l white anilier wheat; Scotch and fonr-rowcd barley; Tu.scarora, Rhinehart and 
early Canada corn : surpri.se, white, grey, Norway, English, German black, and white Probstier 
oats ; spring rye ; navy beans ; sheaves of blue joint and timothy gra.ss, 5 feet 6 inches high ; 
barley, 4 feet 2 inches ; surprise oats, 5 feet ; Clawson wheat, 5 feet ; common white oats, 4 feet 
6 inches ; spring and winter rye, 5 feet 3 inches ; twelve ears each of yellow and white dent, yellow 
flint, smut-nose and white corn; sack of marrowfat and another of Medina beans; sack each of yellow 
and white dent, smut-nose, flint and yellow dent corn and clover seed; sheaves of white, amber," 
bearded and bald Treadwell, Deihl, spring, Soules, Mediterranean and Kentucky May wheat. J. H. 
Woodman — sample of nierino wool from a two-year old buck, fleece 1G\ lbs., fiber 3-} inches long. 
J. J. Woodman — two samples Spanish merino wool from bucks' fleeces, 16* and 18J^ lbs.; fourteen 
samj)les from yearling ewes, delaine wool fleeces 6i to lOi lbs. L. K. Woodman — coffee and 
garbanzos peas. Decatur: O. Cadwell — four samples delaine wool. A. W. Hayden — Deihl wheat. 
S. H. JIallory — white and surprise oats. M. Merrimau — eight-rowed corn, 75 bushels to the acre. 
W. Powers — eight samples delaine wools. J. Smith — barley, winter and spring rye, buckwheat, 
Hungarian grass and clover seed. Thomas Threadgould — Deihl and white winter wheat, 37 
bushels to the acre, and Norway oats, 65 bushels to the acre. Keeler : A. J. Gregory — Deihl 
wheat, 40 bushels to the acre. J. Rosevelt. — Soules wheat ; six-rowed barley, 40 bushels to the 
acre; mammoth clover seed, 5 bushels to the acre; dent corn and timothy seed. Almena : R. 
Clark — three samples grade merino wool. W. Machlie — 12 samples Leicester wool from fleeces 
averaging 6i lbs. 

Van Buken Covxty Fevit Exhibit. — South Haven I'omological Society — a general collection 
of fruit elsewhere noticed. Paw Paw : C. Engle — peaches and grapes. B. W. Abrams and J. Q. 
Moi"se — apples. South Haven : D. O. Loveday and A. J. Perrin — varieties of fruit. Keeler : 
John Rosevelt — choice samples of fruit. Decatur: A. A. Olds — grapes, apples and pears. Lawrence : 
H. G. Barnes — varieties of fruit. Lawton : Judge Lawton — apples and grapes. E. Warner — 
pears, peaches, grapes and apjiles. William Jones, Mr. Love and D. Spice — varieties of fruit. 

Washtenaw Covnty. — Scio: James M. Hill — sample of winter rye. Yi)silanti: C. Meager — 
white beans. John Rooke — Clawson and Tappahannock wheat. Manchester : M. T. Pront — 
white oats. John Rull — bushel of Clawson wheat, 66 lbs., 35 bushels to the acre. 

Wayne County. — Detroit: Jacob Bee.sou & Son — samples of wheat, oats and l)arley, in 
glitss ca.se. Gillett & Hall — collection of wheat from Allegan, Hillsdale, Lai)eer, Kent and other 
counties ; white, fancy white and e.xtra wliite wheat, as per standard Detroit Board of Trade ; buck- 
wheat and surprise oats. Gov. J. J. Bagley — 38 sami)les of merino and Leicester wools, displayed 
on black enamel show cards; sheaf of timothy 5 feet 7i inches high, ears 9 inches long. 
RajTnond & Hibbard — Deihl wheat and marrowfat beans. Wayne County Horticultural Society — 
collection of apples. Geo. H. Hopkins — seedling apples. J. B. Bloss — apples. Canton : H. O. 
Hauford— sjn-ing and winter wheat, white and black oats, beans and clover S(>ed. James White — 
surprise oats. M. E. Carleton — white sjiring wheat Plymouth : H. Hurd — spring, Lincoln and 
Clawson wheat, kidney beans and surprise oats. E. McClumpha— Treadw(^ll wheat, 35 bushels to 
the a('rc. J. Shearer — Treadwell wheat. .1. W. Humphrey — a|)ples. Northvillc : John Water- 
man — winter apples. 



492 MICHIGAN AND THK CENTENNIAL. 



Wexfoud County. — Clam L;ikr : (iinnd JtapiiU A: Imliana Kailinud Ci)iii|iiiny — while 
winter and Delhi wheat, o-rown liy William Henrv ; sprini;' and Deihl wheal and field peas, 
grown bv John (Toldsniith. 



THE SPECIAL FRUIT EXHIBITS. 

The event wbicli first Iji'oiiglit Micliisian into prominence at tlie Centennial 
was tlie special exhibition of winter apples of the crop of 1875, in May, 1876. 
AVith the exception of a few plates of fine apples exhibited by the Iowa 
Horticultural Society, the display of Michigan was the only exhiliition proving- 
the keeping qualities of American apples. 

The unpacking and exposure of several barrels of choice apples over six 
months after they were gathered, in a State a thousand miles distant, diffusing 
a delightful aroma through -the .hall, and presenting such a vai'iety of forms 
and of color, from a yello\vish green to a deep cardinal, all bright and crisp, 
attracted much attention, and caused many inquiries as to the character of the 
country where fruit with such remarkable keeping qualities coidd be grown. 
The State Pomological Society was the principal exhibitor, and received the 
award. The contributions were forwarded throtigh N. Chilson, of Battle Creek, 
chairman of the committee in charge of that duty. Among the contributors 
in this collection were R. C. Fassett and C. Harrington, of Sandstone, H. W. 
Doney, of Jackson, George Gavitt, of Spring Arbor (all in Jackson county) ; 
L. L. Lance, of Ganges, Allegan county ; George Parmelee, of Old Mission, 
Grand Traverse conuty ; the South Haven Pomological Society, embracing a 
collection of fruit grown on the farms along the east shore of Lake Michigan ; 
E. H. Reynolds, Levi Buck, Charles Atkinson, Caleb Ives, P. Fisher, E. Jose, 
W. Bloodgood, C. Toll, A. White, J. M. Davenport, T. E. Mason, G. W. 
Bruchin, Henrietta Bruchin, Wakeman Reynolds and Roliert Heudershot, of 
Monroe county; II. Warder, Clarkston, Oakland county; P. C. Davis, of 
Kalamazoo. Among the special exhibitors were J. Waterman and P. E. 
White, of Northville, and N. Helling tt Br<i., of Battle Creek. 

The year 1875 was not a favorable \eaf for apples, but it \vas followed 
by a year of great abundance. The May exhibit attracted the attention of 
European buyers to the fact that Michigan apples possess the quality of 
remarkable preservation during winter, and laid the foundation for a large 
exportation to Europe. Fortunately, the crop of 1876 was so large and of 
such excellent (juality, as to fully meet the views and expectations of foreign 
buyers. The opening of direct commercial relations between Michigan fruit- 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 493 



growers and Britisli ami orlier Eiir()|H'aii coiisuniei's may be iiotefl as among 
the first results of tliis successful exposition of ]\licliigan winter fruits. 

The Hoard of International Judges not being organized in time for this 
exhibition, a special committee of e.vperts was ajutointed Ijy the chief of the 
Bureau of Agi'iculture, Mr. Burnett Landreth, to inspect the spi'ing e.xhibition 
of winter fruit. In their report to Director-deneral A. T. Goshorn, they say : 

A very good collection of apples from the Iowa State Horticultural Society; remarkahly well 
kept ai)ples from the fruit houses of N. Helliugs «.t Brother, Battle Creek, Michigan ; and a 
superior collection from the Michigan State Pomological Society, embracing forty varieties of 
kinds that have been kept iu the ordinary farm-house cellars of some of the members of the 
society. As the season is very late for good keeping apples, the committee made notes of those 
varieties which seemed to them mcritoi'ious, taking as a standard of character the actual condition 
of each variety with the best known specimens of its own kind, as well of actual good quality. 
In the Iowa collection they note as among the best Tewkesbury winter blush, Ortiey and Rawles' 
.Janet, Newtown pippin, Jonathan, winesap, and two not well known out of the west — Hoover and 
Minklcr — as not having much to recommend them. In the collection of the Michigan State 
PouKjlogieal Society the finest were the Roxbury ru.sset, rock, willow twig, Smith's cider, Rhode 
Island greening, Jonathan, Fallawater, Esopus, Spitzenburg, both kinds of Newtown pippins and 
red Canada. The last seems remarkably fine for thi.s i)art of the country. Steele's winter, as 
exhii)itcd by Mr. John Waterman, of Plymouth, Michigan, were so nearly alike with Canada red 
that if there was any difierence the committee failed to detect it. Among the kinds little known 
east, but presenting points of interest at this .sea.son, the committee noted Detroit red, Emerson, 
Well and Brooks' keeper. The collection from Messrs. Hellings embraced forty dishes in ten 
varieties, all high colored, and all large and well grown fruit. They were all grown in Michigan, 
in 1875, and by the method pursued by them in their fruit-house, had even the stems as green 
and firm a.s when plucked from the trees. The Rhode Island greenings and northern spys were 
fully etpial to the best average specimens known. Newtown pippins, Baldwin, Jouathan and 
Westtield seek-no-furthcr, very good ; red Canada, Spitzenburg, and the others, not quite equal to 
those preserved in the common way. 

Mr. Ilgenfritz, iu liis rej)ort to the Board of ]\lauagers, says that the State 
Pomological Society began its ^v'ork in a systematic manner, by aj^jiointing 
competent men to take charge of each class of fruit, so that pi'oper attention 
w'oidd be given the entire work. The ajjples of Micliigan were brought forward 
on time and spread upon the table designated, in the center aisle of Agricul- 
tural Hall. Those who made this display anxiously awaited the competition 
of other states, but none appeared at the place assigned. Iowa had about a 
dozen varieties on twenty plates, but did not bring them into the area where 
comparison coidd be made, but retained them in the space assigned for her 
general agricultural exhibit, so that, in fact, Michigan was alone iu this first 
display of fiuit. The table allotted to Michigan was well filled and over- 
flowing with about :*.")0 plates, containing 40 dilferent varieties of a])ples, of 
the greatest popul.irity. There were 32 contributors to this di.splay. 



494 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Had it not been for this May exhibition, showing the extraordinarj" keeping 
qualities of Michigan apples, the representation of the fi-uit interests of Michigan 
would have been incomplete. 

Embraced in the report of Mr. Ilgenfritz ai'e comments, by a number of 
newspapers, favorable to the Michigan display. The Philadelphia "Evening 
Bulletin " said : " The Michigan apple display is one of the finest ever seen in 
this city, and retlects much credit upon the exhibitors from that State." The 
Philadelphia "Times" remarked: "The apples are as fresh and solid as if they 
were just grown, instead of being last year's, and the attraction towards them 
shows the deep interest the peo[)le have and their gi'eat wonderment at the 
display. The exhibit will well repay a visit." The Pittsburg " Commercial " 
said : " Indeed it is surj^rising to see such a variety of fruit in such a state of 
preservation in the month of May." 

The fall exhibition of fruit Was to begin September eleveuth, and was to 
last until the seventeenth of the same month, but it was continued much later 
by many, and until the close of the Exhibition by a few. The building for 
this display was located east of Agricultural Hall. It was commodious, but 
temporary in construction. The Michigan State Pomological Society appointed 
an efficient corps to take charge of collecting the vaiious kinds of fi-uits : 
H. D. Adams, apples; H. E. Bidwell, peaches; J. E. Ilgenfritz, pears; J. G. 
Ramsdell, plums ; E. Bradfield, grapes. 

Of the display in Pomological Hall, the South Haven Pomological Society 
deserves much credit for the valuable assistance it aiforded by its timely 
contributions of fine fruit. A good many peaches were received, but very few 
of them in good condition, owing to the long distance and the warm weather. 
The plum display, under the charge of Judge Ramsdell, was not (piite as large 
as it might have been, yet it was a beautiful and a mei'itorious one. The pear 
display presented a fair appearance, notwithstanding an unfavorable season in 
tlie locality where the j)ears were selected. S. Plojipiii, of Bangor, brought 
with him as fine a collection of fruit as was presented by any one individual 
at the Exhiljition. The report says that it \vas owing to a mistake that Mr. 
Hoppin did not I'eceive an award for his collection. The sujjport to the displaj' 
given by J. W. Humphrey, of Plymouth, with his extensive collection, was of 
the best. Among the most valued contributions are mentioned those of J. E. 
Monroe and D. W. Abrams, of Paw Paw; Reynolds & Lewis, Monroe; N. <fc 
C. Cliilson, Hattle Civek; ('. P. Chidester, Convis. The grape display was late. 
A. O. Winchester's collection was very fine. Mr. Bradfield succeeded in making 
a good grape show, and it attracted great attention. The Peninsular Farmers' 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 495 



Chil), of Grand Tiaverse, furnished some of the vei y finest a])ples and peais 
tliat were disphiyed dui'iug the entire ilxhibition. 

After exhibiting fruit five weeks in the pomological annt-x, it became 
necessary to remove to Agricultui-al Hall, wliich brought tlie Michigan exliibi- 
tion into still greater prominence. In this closing exhibition four tables, two 
on each side of the great central fountain, were covei'ed with Michigan fruit. 
Messi-s. Adams and Bradfield accompanied their last shipment of apples and 
grapes, and they renderetl valuable sei-\ice in the hall. Prominent in this 
display was the collection of tiie Peninsular Farmers' Club, embracing about 
twenty-five, all so near peii'ect as to rendei- it difficult to find a blemish in 
any one specimen — the very choicest collection of apples exhibited at the 
Centennial Exhibition. The collection of grapes of Judge Ramsdell was a very 
handsome one, and excited many favoralile remarks. Mr. Adams' fruit from 
his own orchard presented a fine appearance, and eml)race(l many points of 
excellence. It received an award. 

In regard to this last disj^lay of Michigan fruit, the press again furnishes 
many flattering comments. Among them, the Philadelphia "Sunday Times" 
said: "This magnificent display from Michigan opens the eyes of Philadel- 
jihians to the great resources of that State in fruit-culture. Michigan may 
congratulate hei'self on the general admiration the display has excited." 

Mr. Ilgenfritz says that the people of our sister states were not alone, but 
were joined by the foreign visitors, in showeiing encomiums on the Michigan 
fruit exhibit. The French commissioners would not be satisfied until they 
carefully packed a box of 'J 8 of our most popular varieties, with their correct 
names attached, that they might take them with them to show to theii" horti- 
cultural society. Michigan exhibited during the season 317 varieties of apples, 
74 varieties of pears, 28 varieties of peaches, 19 varieties of plums, and 38 
varieties of grapes. Total number of plates, 3,474 ; of contributors, 96, including 
the sjjHng display. In concluding his report, Mr. Ilgenfritz says ; " Our diplays 
contained nearly all the varieties of apples of any merit that were exhibited at 
the Centennial Exhibition, and in regard to peii'ection were not surjjassed by any." 

The spring exhibit of Michigan winter apples was on a table about 6x24 
feet, on tlm nave south of the central fountain. The regular summei' show of 
fruit was in poinological annex to Agricultural Hall, on two long and two 
shorter tallies, holding about 1,400 plates. The fall exhil)it, after the removal 
from poinological annex, was in Agricultural Hall, on foui- tables placed in the 
nave, two south and two north of the central fountain. 

The Centennial Judges on Pomology made the following report in reference 
to the fall display of Michigan fniit : 



496 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

S. Hoppiii, Baugor, Michigan : This exhibit embraces 10 varieties of peaches, including early 
Ann, early York, Morris white. Hill's Chili, Jacques rareripe, and Barnard (^said to be popular 
and an abundant bearer); apples, 75 varieties. These were, on the whole, rather superior to the 
same kinds a.'^ usually grown, especially the Baldwin (11 inches around), northern spy, Rhode 
Island greening, gillyflower, red ru.ssett, Blenheim pippin, black Detroit (121 inches), Gravenstein 
(12 inches), Chenango strawberry, maiden's blush, and red Detroit. The last is considered a more 
valuable variety than the black Detroit. In the collection is an improved Siberian crab. 

H. E. Bidwell, South Haven, Michigan : Crawford late peaches, 9 inches in circumference, 
clear and beautiful. 

J. S. Liuderman, South Haven, JSIichigau ; 30 plates grapes, 4 varieties ; very good. 

C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan : Nine varieties of grapes — Martha, Diana and Wilder, all 
good ; Salem, with small bunches, extra large and good berries ; Barry, good ; Concord, very fine ; 
Ives, extra fine ; on the whole, worthy of commendation for superior culture. 

E. Bradfield, Ada, Michigan: Nine varieties of grapes, one of which, Bradfield's proliKc, has 
a large bunch, with berries 31 inches in circumference. This is a remarkably good looking black 
variety, but hardly ripe enough to warrant us in awarding to it special merit, which perhaps it 
might deserve when matured. 

Peninsular Farmers' Club, of Grand Traverse county, Michigan : Peaches, apples and pears. 
Of the last two we have to speak in terms of the highest praise. The Bartlett pears were not as 
large as are often grown, but were of a clear lemon color, with brilliant scarlet on the sunny 
side, and with a delicious aroma. The Flemish beauty pears \vere very highly colored, and meas- 
ured lOi and Hi inches. Among the apples. Porter measured lOf by 11 inches around, spice 
sweet, 12 inches; Duchess of Oldenburg, 11 i inches; red Astrachan, 10;} inches, and very beautiful. 
Takina' the whole collection, it was verv meritorious. 



(iKNEU.VI. RKMAKKS. 

In giving ci'edit to each county foi- tlie articles })lac'ed on exhibition, some 
counties mav not receive their full share, owing to the collectiv^e cliaracter of 
the exhibition. For instance, the tine collection of the South Haven Pomo- 
logical Society is ci-edited to Van Buren county, whereas it is probable that 
some of the fruit was collected from farms in Allegan count}', owing to local 
proximity ; but the list is sufficiently accui'ate to designate the portions of the 
State which by this exhibit have rendered themselves famous. 

The largest dis2)lay of agricultui'al arid hoiiicultural productions from any 
one county was from Van Buren. Plon. J. J. Woodman and his brothers at 
Paw I'aw were active in procuring a good display of cei'eals and wool, while 
the South Haven Pomological Society took care to have the fruit interest as 
well represented as circumstances would permit. Following is a list of con- 
tributoi's to the exhibit of this society: A. S. D^'ckman, L. H. Bailey, George 
Hannahs, James Hale, T. A. Bixby, J. S. Liuderman, C. T. Bryant, H. Chattield, 
Daniel Pierce, John Williams, D. M. Shoemaker, J. J. Moulthroop, W. J. Hop- 
kins, H. J. Edged, H. Hurlbut, C. H. Wigglesworth, J. Dow, Harvey Linderman, 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 491 



Samuel Sheffei-, Clark Merritt, George Sweet, George Griffin, U. Congei-, Charles 
Gibson, J. Anderson, Joseph Lannin, A. J. Pierce, H. E. Bid well. 

Next to Van Bureu, Sanilac, one of the largest of the eastern counties, with 
a long coast line on Lake Huron, although not enjoying I'ailroad connuunica- 
tion, made the largest display of agricultui-al products of any county in the 
State, collected chiefly through the efforts of Mi-. J. AV. Norman. 

Grand Traverse county is the center of tlie belt extensively known as "the 
Grand Traverse fruit region." Its safe and convenient harbors, connecting it 
with large centers of jiopulation, render it peculiarly adapted foi- su])plying 
markets witli both fi'uit and vegetables. Being interspersed and [lartially 
surrounded with large bodies of deep, pure water, the climate of this region is 
remarkably mild. The ])eninsula, nearly twenty miles in length, and averaging 
about two miles in width, whieh divides (Ti'and Traverse Bay into two arms, 
and from wliieh the Peninsular Farmers' Club takes its name, sent its fruit 
liberally to the Exhibition. The fruit farms, orchai'ds and gai'dens of this 
Traverse region, and especial!}" those of George Parmelee, William Marshall, 
Professor Trac}' and Judge liamsdell, are models of the excellence to which 
devotion to specialties, in suitable localities, can be made to attain, when 
dii'ected by intelligence anil ])rosecuted with industry and perseverance. 

Monroe county did herself much credit by lier exhibition of fi'uits, and 
especially of native wines. J. E. Ilgenfritz collected and displayed pears from 
Monroe and other counties, making it a State display. Altogether, the collection 
from this county was highly creditable ti) the producers, and to those through 
whose ett'orts it was secured. G. Brinkerhoff has commendatory mention by the 
Centennial judges for grapes exhibited by him. 

Oceana count}-, though in the noi'thern portion of the "fruit belt," so-called, 
is yet protected fi-om the severity of the winters by the proximity of Lake 
Michigan. The Oceana County Pomological Society contiibuted to the State 
fair, which were afterwards forwarded to the Centennial, a large collection, 
comprising 48 vaneties of apples, 9 of pears, 10 of })lums, .'5 of peaches, and 
4 of crab apples. 

Of the local societies and oi-ganizations that contributed to the success of 
the agricultiu'al and pomological exliibits, especial mention should be made of 
tlie \'olinia Fai'mers' Cbib, with its headqnartei-s at Volinia, Cass county, \\hich 
lias been estal)lished twelve years, and is one of the most active local agricultural 
associations of Michigan. It has a meeting for discussion, on some subject 
jirevicuisly arranged, (fii the liisl Wedncsijay in f,i(d: of I lie six winter months. 
Tlieiv is a i'eL''nlar ordci- of l)usiness established I'm' cNcrv meetiii'i', as follows: 



498 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

1, Discussion of market reports; 2, Reports of experiments; 3, Miscellaneous 
business ; 4, Discussion of stated subjects, as per programme. The officers for 
1876 were: B. C. Buell, president; H. S.Rogers, secretary and librarian; John 
Strubel, treasurer. Secretarj^'s office, Volinia, Cass county, Michigan. The club 
holds an annual fair, free to the public. It has two large tents, which are 
erected wherever the fair is held, the club having no special fair grounds. In 
May of each year the club holds its annual sheep-shearing festival, when a 
plowing match usually comes off. This association has done much to promote 
ambition and create an interest in agricultural matters. 

The Peninsular Farmers' Club is an organization composed of the farmers 
and fruit-growers living on the long, narrow peninsula that projects into Grand 
Traverse Bay. The officei-s for the Centennial year were : President, Benjamin 
Montague ; vice-president, William A. Marshall ; recording secretary, George L, 
Roberts ; corresponding secretary. Will AV. Tracy. They have held weekly 
meetings every winter for the past five years, and have done much towards 
developing among the members a clearer understanding of the principles of 
their pi'ofession. 

The Farmers' Fruit Preserving Company, of Palmyra, Lenawee county, was 
organized August, 1873. Its object is the preservation of fruit by the Alden 
process, or pneumatic evaporation. The directors are Horace Sayles, president ; 
William Graves, vice-president ; Albert Hoxie, treasurer and superintendent ; 
S. B. Mann, secretary. These, together with L. B. Walker, are stockholders. 

The other local organizations that rendered valuable aid are the Kalamazoo 
County Agricultural Society, the Wayne County Horticultural Society, the Lake 
Shore Pomological Society of Douglass and Ganges, Allegan county ; the South 
Haven Pomological Society, Van Buren county ; and the Grand River Valley 
Horticultural Society, of Kent countj^ 

Of the individuals whose labors contributed to the success universally 
accorded to Michigan in the departments of agriculture and pomology, it is 
difficult to designate any without seeming to be invidious. The managei-, Hon. 
J. J. Woodman ; the superintendent, Chai'les H. Ilgenfritz ; the curators, H. 
Dale Adams, Galesburg; N. Chilson, Jeremiah Brown, Charles Merritt, Battle 
Creek ; C. P. Chidester, Convis ; Benjamin Hathaway, Little Pi'aii'ie Ronde ; E. 
Bradfield, Ada; Samuel Hoppin, Bangor; Hon. J. G. Ramsdell, Traverse City; 
J. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe ; Hon. Alonzo Sessions, Lieutenant-Governoi-, Ionia ; 
S. B. Mann, Adrian ; E. R. Merethew, Osceola ; and David AVoodnian, Paw 
Paw, in the departments of fruit and farm produce — deserve to be specially 
remembered for their eminent vohuiteer services. It was]_^through the generous 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 49'.) 



efforts of these men, and others elsewliere named, that so much was accom- 
plished at so little cost to the State, and the high character of Michigan for 
agriculture and pomology so well maintained. 

Jacob Beeson & Son, commission merchants of Detroit, were exhibitors in 
this department of Michigan wlieat, oats and barley, about a half bushel of 
each, neatly placed in a glass case. The samples were not grown by them, but 
were commercial samples, according to the standard establislied by tlie Detroit 
Board of Trade. The exhibit i-eceived an award of meiit. 

Tlie general agi'icultural exhibit was near the post marked K 15, between 
the nave and west aisle in Agricultural Hall. The forestry of Michigan was 
exhibited near post E 25, west of the nave and north of the transept. 

In the American department of the Main Building was a glass case exhibit 
of peppermint oil and lozenges, manufactured by Albert M. Todd, Nottawa, St. 
Joseph county, referred to in the agricultural exhibits. It is claimed that in 
the cultivation and distillation of the oil of peppermint the United States is 
far in advance of all other counti-ies, annually producing abont four-fifths of 
all that is distilled in the entire world, and of this amount, about one-fifth is 
distilled in the countv of St. Joseph, Michigan, and. its immediate vicinity. 
Next in impoi-tance to the United States in this respect is England, and in the 
third i-ank, Germany. Quite recently the culture of the peppermint plant has 
also extended to China and Japan, the former of which exhibited their pntduct 
in the form of crystals, at the Exhibition. In addition to peppermint, there are 
also other oils distilled in St. Joseph county, among which are spearmint, worm- 
wood, pennyroyal, tansy and fireweed, but all otliei' oils cora])ined will not 
equal one-eightli of the amount of pejipei-niint. 

THE EXHIBITION OF FORESTRY AND (UiASRES. 

This depai'tment was specially in charge of the Agricultural College, under 
the direction of the State Board of Agriculture. The catalogue covers about 
forty pages of print, classified so as to show the Latin and popular name, 
description, locality fi-om Avhence I'eceived, and donor's name, of each specimen. 
There were about twelve hundred specimens of forestry, comprising trunks and 
cross-sections of trees, blocks, boards, natui'al curiosities in growth. shrul)S, seeds, 
etc., severally grouped as follows: 

FiKsT. Cross sections of trunks of our native trees, and some iironiiiicnt 
introduced species, all of which gi-ow to be over six inclies in diameter. The 
sections, about 65 in number, were from seven inches to two and one-half feet 



iiOO MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



ill diameter (in one instance i-eaeliing seven and one-half feet), and about one 
and a lialf inches thick or h)iig. 

Skcond. a collection of about 140 blocks and twigs, not over six inches 
in diameter by about six inches in length, with bark mostly on them. Some 
of these specimens are of shrubs, (juite small, not over one-fourth of an inch 
in diameter. One-sixth of one side of these blocks was planed off vertically, 
an obli(]ue section made upon the same side, toward the top, leaving the 
upper surface a little more tlian lialf the diametei". 

Tiinti). A collection of polished boards, 8 x KJ inches, and a half inch in 
thickness, in cases where the trees were of sufficient size to admit of it. From 
smaller trees and shruljs tlie boards were ten inches long and of varying width. 
The number of boards of each species varied from one to twenty, according to 
the importance, beauty or peculiarities of the species. These boards were as 
unlike each other as it -was possible to find them, for the purpose of exhibiting 
the wood in all its peculiarities. 

Fourth. There were some specimens of other dimensions, not uniform in 
sliape, size or finish. These included samples of the vahiable hard woods, as 
oak, hickory, etc., cut in a variety of shapes. The collection included also knots, 
natural grafts of roots and trunks, oak sticks witli deer's antlers imbedded 
in them, etc. 

Fifth. Samples of seeds and cones — a quart or more, of about fifty species. 

The specimens were mostly entered in the name of the Agi'icultural College. 
The following were the individual exhibitors : 

Johu N. Hii'th, Biriuiugliam — whitewood board, -M x 72 inches. 

Plieuix Maniifactiu'iug Comiiauy, Grand Rapids — Twenty samples of woods, in board sections 
4x10 inches. 

Nelson, Matter & Co., Grand Rapids — forty samjdes of woods in board sections 8x16 
inches each. 

N. Glassbrook, Lansing — Wliitewood board 8x16 inches. 

George E. Breck, Paw Paw — Block from paw paw tree, 4i x 6 inches ; block from hop tree, 
31^ X 6 inches ; board from hawthorue, 4 x 10 inches. 

Warren W. Reynolds, Cassopolis — Seeds of the paw paw tree. 

A. A. Wilbur, Lansing — A number of specimens of woods, in board sections, 8xlG inches. 

D. Hardin & Co., Saginaw City — Twenty-five samples of woods, in board sections, 8x16 inches. 

J. J. McWharton, South Lyon — Block of prickly ash, 4i x 6 inches. 

H. A. Atkins, Locke, Ingham county — Cross section of smooth sumac, lOi inches. 

C. F. Wheeler, Point Crystal — Block fragrant sumac, 6 x 81 inches. 

S. Alexander, Birmingham — Cross section of grape vine, Sf inches; cross section .falix nigra 
fa/cata. 

Atkinson Brothers, Raisinvilh — Block of grape vine, 18x9 inches; cross section of same, 
f) inches. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 501 



A. H. Seeley, Hudson — Block Virgiuia creeper, 6 x li inches. 

C. E. Sumner, Lanibertville — Cross section fetid or Oliio buckeye; seeds of same; section 
western shell-bark hickory; seeds of same; cottonwood, cross section and boards. 

Jesse Hoyt, East Saginaw — Samples of timber, in board sections, of various sizes. 

Morrice it Crandall, Little Traverse — Cross section sugar or rock maple; block of yew or 
ground hemlock. 

O. M. Barnes, Otsego — Sugar or rock nia])lc, in board sections 8x16 inches. 

W. S. Cole, Cooperville — Red maple in board sections, 8 x 16 inches. 

H. E. Owen, Adrian — Specimens of Judas-tree, honey locust and common juni])i,'r. 

Israel Pennington, Macon — Cross section Kentucky coffee-tree; several specimens "tree of 
heaven " fexotic ). 

R. C. Carpenter, Orion — Block wild yellow or red plum, 5 x 6 inches. 

John W. Post, Lansing — Block red currant, 6x2* inches. 

W. N. Adsit, Grand Traverse — Red-berried elder, seeds of pine and spruce, hemlock spruce cones. 

Austin, Tomliuson & Webster, Jackson — Specimens of timber. 

J. H. Lawrence, Coldwater — Section blue ash, 6x16 inches. 

D. T. Fox, Kalamazoo — Section spicc-bu.«h or fence-bush, 2 x 6 inches. 

A. G. Gulloy, Dearborn — Section red mulberry. 

Rev. E. H. Day, Richland— Board from red mulberry ; block from osage orange. 
J. A. Robinson, Battle Creek — Board sections of butternut, 8 x 17 inches ; specimens iron or 
lever-wood, or hop-horn-beam — Astiga Virginia; cross section locust (exotic). 
W. R. Kidder, Redmond — Section black walnut. 
D. G. Canfield & Co., Lansing — Black walnut board, 8x16 inches. 
Warren Burcham, Lansing — Section shell-bark or shag-bark hickory. 
J. Van Wormer, Monroe — Section shell-bark hickory; section white oak. 
Dr. Daniel Brougbton, Franklin — Section shell-bark hickory. 
J. F. Fosniir, Lyons — Section swamp white oak, 12x20 inches. 
S. W. Walker, Wayne — Section chestnut. 

B. W. Steere, Adrian — Chingapin burrs — pmnila. 

G. E. Brede, Paw Paw — Sections blue beach or horn-beam. 
Allen & Co., Lansing — Specimens of white pine boards. 
J. O. Beal, Rollin — White spruce cones. 

Hosea Cox, Samuel Leland, Wm. G. Leland, Three Rivers — Cross section red cedar or savin. 
S. O. Knapp, Jackson — Block from smoke tree, 6x3J inches (exotic); seeds of trumpet 
creeper (exotic) ; blocks and boarrls of white willow. 

C. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids — Board from garden red cherry, 4 x 10 inches (exotic). 
William Lamb, Lenawee — Section Siberian crab apple (exotic). 

J. O. Beal, Rollin — Board from Siberian crab apple tree, and white mulberry. 

Wra. Day, Battle Creek — Catalpa seeds (exoticj. 

John R. Hawkins, Lenawee County — Block from white mulberry. 

N. Parmelee, Lansing — Block of white poplar. 

Augustus Schmidt, Gal&sburg — Deer's antler in oak rail, taken nine feet from the ground. 

Sanford Keeler, East Saginaw — Pine curl or knot, grew thirty feet from the ground. 

Warren Brown, Flint — Oak knot, very large, now in care of the Detroit Scientific 
Association. 

John E. Taylor and A. 15. Withcrby, Greenville, Cass County — Natural graft in oak limb; 
deer's antler in oak section. 

B. W. Steere. Adrian — Seeds nf ( 'liine.sc wistaria. 
114 



502 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



George Rowell, Beunington — Section of twin beeches united 25 feet above ground. 

S. S. Scoville & Co., Coldwater — -Bo.k of wagon timber. 

Jaelisou, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad — Specimens of maples and elms. 

Cutler & Savidge, Spring Lalie — Planks and cross-sections of pine. 

Accompanying the catalogue was a valuable paper by Prof. W. J. Beal, of 
the State Agricultural College, which also appears in the transactions of the 
State Board of Agriculture, and of the State Pomological Society for the year 
1876. A few extracts are given, following : 

(iREAT WASTE. 

To the best of my knowledge, lumbering has always been overdone in this State. It is in 
most places very slovenly and wastefully done. Labor is so high and lumber so cheap that the 
best is culled here and there, a few trees. The tops and refuse are left on the ground. They 
are very likely to burn in a year or two and destroy the rest of the standing timber. The fire 
does not stop here, but runs iu and destroys the adjacent timber which has been left for future 
use. It is a great pity that this fearful destruction by fire is not or cannot in some way be 
prevented. 

Within my recollection a large part of Southern Michigan, which is now in the form of 
arable land, has been cleared of timber. Our grandfathers, at great labor and expense, cut down, 
rolled into heaps, and burned the timber from thousands of acres in New York, because they 
must have room for corn and wheat and meadow. Our fathers did and are still doing the same 
thing for Michigan. Educated in this way, brought up in the woods where timber is too plenty, 
as a people we have been taught to undervalue timber. There are now living men who can see 
no beauty in a tree, except for the cords of wood or loads of lumber, or the hundreds of rails it 
will make. The lovely elm, with all its grace and beauty, well styled the queen of American 
trees, shades the border of his meadow, and is a nuisance. He cuts it down. Our large, grand 
old trees have not been saved, partially because of this lack of love for them. In many places it 
would be impossible to save them. They would not stand the storms alone when their fellow 
trees were cut away. In 100 or 200 years it is likely our successors will have and care for large 
samples of trees which have grown more stocky in exposed places. One of the interesting things 
now to do is to save what we can and make a record of the size and position of any large trees 
in Michigan. 

VALIAHLE TKEES. 

Some trees prove of great N'alue because of the peculiarity of the grain or color. If I am 
rightly informed, a walnut tree in Potterville sold for $1,000, as the wood was in beautiful waves. 
It was made into veneering. Mr. J. W. King, of Lansing, bought a black walnut tree seven feet 
through in Brookfield. He sold it for nearly $1,200, to be cut up into veneering in New York. 
Mr. H. D. Post, of Saugatuck, Allegan county, tells me of a bli.stered walnut, very dark in color, 
which lay for some years in the water near Grand Rapids. The owner cut it into veneering for 
his own use, after refusing $2,000 for it. 

Doubtless many a valuable log has been cut into fire-wood, or rolled into a log-heap and 
burned, or sawed into boards for a hog-pen by ignorant people not knowing its real worth. 

At Grand Rapids I learned of a black cherry with very dark wood which was shipped to 
Central America, and from there shipped back to this country as good mahogany. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 503 

III iIk' iiortli ]):ii't of the State, as at Otsego and Petoskey, tliore is some very fine ciii-ly and 
bird's-eye luaiilc. Considerable quantities are going to Europe. Some choice trees of rock elm, 
white oak, and white ash are also going to Europe, besides to nearly all parts of our own country, 
either in the unfinished state or after being first nianufactiired into some articles of furniture. 

INTKRE8TIN(; Sl'ECI MENS. 

We send two sections of a large cottonwood to the Centennial, one section near the ground 
ten feet across, the other fifty feet above it over three feet in diameter. Five feet above the 
ground the tree was twenty-seven feet in circumference. The tree was 140 feet high. The first 
limb was twenty-eight inches in diameter and made two saw logs, each fourteen feet lona:. The 
tree grew two and a half miles south of Almont village. The above items in reference to the 
Cottonwood are furnished by the donor, Mr. Joseph Bristol. 

The large specimen board of whitewood or tulip tree came from a tree cut some years ago. 
The tree made 5,0G0 feet of lumber. These items are given by John N. Heth, Birmingham. 
I am informed of another whitewood tree cut in Shelby, wliicli made .5,000 feet of lumber ; one 
board wa.s four and a half feet wide. 

Natural grafting is very common with various kinds of roots, and not uncommon with the 
branches of trees and shrubs. We send one or two small samples of root grafting, and some of 
top grafting, as found in the natural stjite. In Branch county stand two trees, twelve feet apart, 
each about twelve inches through. They run up twelve feet, when one starts off horizontally and 
strikes the other, when they grow together in one body. I heard of a si)ecimen, perhaps not now 
standing — two pines, about four feet apart, diameters twenty-six and twenty inches respectively. 
About sixteen feet from the ground they are joined by a tie six inches in diameter. Above the 
point of union the smaller tree becomes the largest. Mr. George Rowell, of Bennington, Shia- 
wassee county, writes of two beeches now growing on his farm. They are about eighteen inches 
in diameter near the ground, thrifty and straight. About twenty feet above the ground they are 
joined together. The trunks are nearly covered with the names of persons who have made them 
a visit, some of them dating back thirty years. I should say of these beeches, which go to the 
Centennial, "United we stood, united we fell." Mr. L. B. Peck, of Muskegon, writes: "On the 
farm of William H. Hubbard, in the township of Ferry (Reed post oflSce), Oceana county, is a 
specimen of natural grafting. Two trees, standing some fifteen feet apart, are united together 
some ten feet high, forming from thence upward a perfect single top, with a smooth, round, natural 
trunk. Having seen it but a few moments, I am not able to give a very precise description, not 
even to name the variety of timber, but I think the two are of the same." 

Mr. E. J. Shii'ts, of Shelby, Oceana county, sends a drawing and description of two sugar 
maples in his section, grown together. The larger tree stands up straight, and is about two feet 
in diameter. The smaller tree is fifty feet from the larger one, and is about one foot in diameter. 
The small one, some eight feet from the ground, is bent over, and touches the larger one where 
the graft occurs, thirty feet above the ground. At the point of union the large tree is twenty 
inches, and the small one six inches in diameter. I have looked many times at forest trees of 
different genera, which had apparently grown together by root, trunk or limbs, but on cutting 
into them I never found the least union of the wood. 

Mr. Warren Browu, Flint, writes as follows in reference to a huge oak knot wiiidi he 
donates : " The tree is nearly three feet at the butt. The wart is ten feet up the tree, and is 
soun<l as a nut. I should have it made into a punch bowl, neatly carved. This wart goes roimd 
the tree within ten inches. Around the tree over tiie ' knot the tree is in circumfereiiee about 
twi'iitv-fivo foot. 



504 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Sanford Keeler, superintendent of the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, sends a portion of a 
pine tree which made a complete turn around, and then grew on straight. The curl wa.s about 
thirty feet from the ground, and there was six inches in diameter. 

Hon. J. Webster Childs sends a mallet made of a black ash knot. It is well made and is a 
beautiful specimen, showing a variety of faces or sides of the grain. 

A part of a deer's antler is imbedded in an oak rail from a tree two feet in diameter, where 
it remained some years before it was discovered. By estimate, the horn was about nine feet from 
the ground when the tree was standing. This was sent by Augustus Schmidt, of Kalamazoo, at 
the suggestion of H. Dale Adams. 

A. B. Wetherbee, of Cass county, sends the following : The deer's horn in this case is about 
sixteen inches long, and has two branches, one projecting obliquely up alongside, and the other 
passing horizontally into and through the heart of the tree. The point of the upper branch is 
perfect; the lower one is somewhat damaged, and the base of the horn, fixed in the sap-wood of 
the tree, shows proofs of its former attachment to the head of the deer. The tree is perfectly 
sound, and is an ordinary white oak, twenty-two inches in diameter. It was first noticed by the 
early settlers about thirty-six years ago, when the tree was but eight or ten inches in diameter, 
with the horn projecting apparently through the center. The points disappeared about ten years 
ago, and when the tree was cut, March 7, 1876, only a small portion of the bone attached to the 
horn was visible. 

MICHKJAlSr PINE LOGS. 

Near the western entrance to Agricultui'al Hall was an exhibition of Mich- 
igan pine logs from . Colby, Montcalm county. They were piled on a sleigh, 
just as they were hauled from the woods. The exhibit attracted much atten- 
tion, and was photographed as one of the curiosities of the Centennial. 

The specimens of pine logs and planks exhibited by the Cutler <fe Savidge 
Lumber Company, of Spring Lake, Ottawa county, attracted the attention of 
foreigners, and a European trade for lumber, in the form of deals or plank, 
has ensued. The transportation by vessels direct to Liverpool from Michigan 
lake harbors, without transhipment, is ab'eady established. 

THE MINERAL EXHIBIT. 

The collection and forwarding of mineral specimens was under the general 
direction of Hon. Jay A. Hubbell, the member of the State Board of Managei's 
representing the Upper Peninsula. No detailed statement of his labors is at 
hand, but it may be said, in general terms, that the great mining interests of 
the Upper Peninsula generously seconded Mr. Hubbell's efforts, not only in 
couti'ibuting specimens for exhibition, but by liberal donations of money, made 
necessary by the meager State appi'opriation. 

The exhibit of Michigan minerals collected by the Managers was near the 
east end of the mineral annex to the Main Building, which was a long structure 
between the Main Buildins" and Elm avenue. Another fine collection of 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 505 

Michigan minerals, collected and exliiltited by the Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, displayed in two long glass cases, besides several large blocks of 
native copjier and iron ore, were in the west end of the Government Building. 
We can hardly do Justice to this department without giving quite fully the 
catalogue of specimens, printed by W. S. George & Co., State printers, under 
authority of the State Centennial Board. 

COPPER SPECIMENS.* 

1. Native metallic copper, chips from masses, Minnesota mine, Ontonagon county. 

2. Native metallic copper, small mass, Pewabic belt, Quincj' mine, Houghton county. 

3. Native metallic copper and silver, Minnesota mine, Ontonagon county. 

4. Native metallic copper, silver and green carbonate, Ontonagon county. 

5. Native metullie copper, crystallized, Fissure veins, Keweenaw county. 

G. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Minnesota mine, Ontonagon county. 

7. Native metallic copper, crystallized. Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 

8. Native metallic copper, crj'stallized, Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county; cabiuet of A. P. 
Thomas, Esq. 

9. Native metallic copper, crystallized, with black oxide, Keweenaw county. 

10. Native metallic copper, crystallized, with black oxide and spar, Keweenaw county. 

11. Native metallic copper, crystallized, with spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 

12. Native metallic copper, silver and calc-spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 

13. Native metallic copper and silver; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 

14. Epidote and dog-tooth spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 

15. Dog-tooth spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 

16. Native copper, in spar crystals, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 

17. Native copper and silver, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 

18. Native copper, vug with spar, from Ridge mine, Ontonagon county. 

19. Native copper, in spar crystals, from National mine, Ontonagon county ; cabinet of Dr. 
Overfield. 

20. Native copper, in spar cr^'stals, Ontonagon county; cabinet of Mr. Sales. 

21. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Keweenaw and Ontonagon counties; cai)inet of Hon. 
Jay A. Hubbell. 

22. Underlaying rock of Pewabic belt, Quincy mine, Houghton county. 

23. Overlaying rock of Pewabic belt, Quincy mine, Houghton county. 

24. Copper-bearing amygdaloid rock, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine. 

25. Vugs, with crystallized copper, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine. 

2<). Vugs, with crystals of spar containing native copper, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine. 

27. Copper-bearing amygdaloid with spar, Pewabic belt, Quincy mine. 

28. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Pewabic belt, Franklin and Pewabic mine, Houghton county. 

29. Copper-bearing amygdaloid and epidote, Pewabic belt (lode), Franklin and Pewabic mine. 
80. Copper-bearing amygdaloid with crystals of copper, Franklin and Pewabic mine. 



•The classification is omitted as irrelevant in tliis publication. Tlie different entries represent usually 
from one to three, and sometimes five specimens eacli, although sometimes stated a.s "lot." The more 
notable exceptions arc 37 specimens by Hon. Jay A. Hul)bell, 11 from the Atlantic mine, luul '>~ from the 
Cnlumet and Ilecla mine 



506 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

31. Copper-bearing amygdaloid with native sheet copper, Franklin and Pewabic mine. 

32. Vugs, with crystals of spar and copper, Franklin and Pewabic mine. 

33. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, South Pewabic lode, Atlantic mine, Houghton county. 

34. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, South Pewabic lode, Atlantic mine. 

35. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Isle Royale lode, Houghton mine. 

36. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Isle Royale lode. Concord mine, Houghton county. 

37. Native metallic copper and silver, Ontonagon county ; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 

38. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Keweenaw county ; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 

39. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, crystals of copper on epidote, Franklin mine ; cabinet of 
Mr. T. W. Edwards. 

40. Vug copper-bearing amygdaloid, Pewabic lode; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 

41. Crystallized copjier and quartz, Ontonagon county; cabinet of Mr. T. W. Edwards. 

42. Native metallic copper in spar; cabinet of Hon. Jay A. Hubbell. 

43. Vugs native metal copper, Ontonagon and Keweenaw counties ; cabinet of Hon. Jay A. 
Hubbell. 

44. Native metallic copper, crystallized. Fissure vein. Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county. 
Donated to Smithsonian Institute. 

45. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Ashbed lode, Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county. 

46. Copper-bearing amygdaloid with crystals of calcite, Ashbed lode. Copper Falls mine. 

47. Overlaying trap (hanging wall) of Ashbed, Copper Falls mine. 

48. Vein rock (gangue), Fissure vein, Copper Falls mine. 

49. Native metallic copper and silver on epidotic trap; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 

50. Native metallic copjier — silver and calc-spar ; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 

51. Native metallic silver ; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 

52. Native metallic cojDper, crystallized ; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 

63. Native metallic copper with green carbonate ; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 

54. Red oxide of cojjper ; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 

55. Vug of crystallized copper and spar ; cabinet of Mr. Harris. 

56. Native metallic silver and spar, Keweenaw county. 

57. Native metallic copper and si)ar, Keweenaw county. 

58. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Ontonagon county ; cabinet of Mr. Sales. 

59. Native metallic copper, crystallized, Ontonagon county ; cabinet of Mr. R. Sheldon. 

60. Vein rock. National mine, Fissure vein, Ontonagon. 

61. Overlaying trap (hanging wall) Fissure vein. National mine, Ontonagon county. 

62. From 40 feet thick conglomerate underlaying or foot wall, Fissure vein. National mine, 
Ontonagon county. 

63. From 40 feet thick conglomerate underlaying or foot wall. Fissure vein, National mine, 
Ontonagon county. 

64. Vein rock (gangue), with green carbonate. Fissure vein, National mine, Ontonagon county. 

65. Native metallic copper nugget, from 550-ton mass, Minnesota mine, Ontonagon county. 

66. Phrenite with crystals of quartz and copper ; cabinet of Mr. Sales, Ontonagon county. 

67. Copper-bearing conglomerate, Calumet and Hecla lode, Calumet and Hecla mine, Hough- 
ton county. 

68. Copj)cr-beariug amygdaloid overlaying Calumet conglomerate. 

69. Trap rock overlaying Calumet and Hecla conglomerate. 

70. Copper-bearing sandstone, Calumet and Hecla mine. 

71. Ripple-marked sandstone, from Calumet and. Hecla mine. 

72. Native metallic sheet copper, from Calumet and Hecla mine. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 507 



73. Calumet and Hucla conglomerate, Schoolcraft mine, Houghton county. 

74. Calumet and Hechi conglomerate, Osceola mine, Houghton county. 

75. Allouez copper-bejiring conglomerate, Alloucz lode. Allouez mine, Keweenaw county. 

76. Conglomerate and malachite, Allouez mine. 

77. Alhnny and Boston coppcr-ljcaring congloiiicriitc, Alliany and Boston mine, Houghton 
county. 

78. Tra[) rock overlaying Albany and Bo.stou (wnglomerate. 

79. Foot wall underlaying Albany and Boston conglomerate. 

80. Kearsarge copper-bearing conglomerate, Keweenaw county. 
8L Island mine copper-bearing conglomerate, Isle Royale. 

82. Native metallic copper. Cliff mine, Keweenaw count}'. 

83. Vein rock, Fissure vein, Cliff mine, Keweenaw county. 

84. Vein rock. Fissure vein. Phoenix mine, Keweenaw county. 

85. Native metallic float copper, Douglass location, Houghton county. 

86. Native metallic copper, crystallized ; cabinet of Johnson Vivian. 

87. Native metallic silvei-, crystallized ; cabinet of C. D. Sheldon. 

88. Native metallic copper with quartz and spar crystals ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

89. Native metallic copper, crystallized ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

90. Native metallic copper and silver ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 
!)1. Native metallic .silver; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

02. Copper-bearing cpidote, Ontonagon county; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

93. Native metallic copper, crystallized, and spar ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

94. Heavy spar with quartz crystals ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

95. Sugar spar and copper in spar crystals ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

96. Phrenite, with native metallic copper crystals ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

97. Phrenite, with native metallic copper crystals ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

98. Phrenite, with native metallic copper and spar; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

99. Datholite, (^uincy mine ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

100. Native metallic copper in spar crystals, Quiney mine ; cabinet of A. .1. Corey. 

101. Rose spar, Evergreen mine, Ontonagon county; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

102. Spar encasing quartz crystals ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

103. Smoky spar ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

104. Copper-bearing epidote ; cabinet of T. W. I'jdwards. 

105. Calc-spar, Ontonagon county. 

106. Quartz crystals and phrenite, Quiney mine, llougliton county. 

107. Quartz and spar, Houghton county. 

108. Smoky spar, Houghton county. 

109. Native copper, crystallized, black oxide and piirenitc. 

110. Red oxide copper, Ontonagon county. 

111. Brick copper, Ontonagon county. 

112. Malachite, Allouez mine; cabinet of John Cha.ssell. 

113. Sugar-spar, calc-spar and epidote. 

114. Sugar-spar and calc-spar. 

115. Moss copper; cabinet of Hon. Jay A. HuIiIh'II. 

116. Moss copper; cabinet of Mr. Meads, Marquette. 

117. Malachite, Allouez mine; cabinet of K. Sheldon. 
11*^. Malachite, Allouez mine. 

Hit. Uatliolite, Franklin mine. 



508 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

120. Datholite, Quinoy mine. 

121. Tabular-spar. 

122. Vein rock, silver veins, Iron River district, Ontonagon county. 

123. Hanging wall rock, silver veins. Iron River district, Ontonagon county. 

124. Foot wall rock, silver veins. Iron River district, Ontonagon county. 

125. Copper-bearing sandstone. Carp Lake, Ontonagon county. 

126. Calumet and Hecla conglomerate, polished ; cabinet of R. Sheldon. 

127. Red oxide copper; cabinet of R. Sheldon. 

128. Copper ore, gray sulphuret, Mendota mine, Lac la Belle, Keweenaw county. 

129. Arsenate of copper, Houghton county. 

130. Scapolite, National mine. 

131. Spar crystals ; cabinet of A. J. Corey. 

132. Copper-bearing sandstone. Nonesuch mine. Iron River district, Ontonagon county. 

133. Ancient copper tools; cabinet of Mr. John Chassell. 

134. Ancient copper tools; cabinet of Mr. C. D. Sheldon. 

135. Stone hammers. 

136. Stone axe ; cabinet of James Reid. 

137. Geological section of trap range crossing at Calumet mine. 

138. Agates, Lake Superior. 

139. Chlorastrolites, Lake Superior. 

140. Native metallic copper stamp-work, Calumet and Hecla mine. 

141. Native metallic copper tailing sands, Calumet and Hecla mine. 

142. Native metallic copper stamp-work, Franklin and Pewabic mines. 

143. Native metallic copper stamp-work, Osceola mine. 

144. Native metallic copper stamp-work, Allouez mine. 

145. Native metallic silver stamp-work, Osceola mine. 

146. Native metallic silver and copper stamp-work, Osceola mine. 

147. Native metallic silver and copper in vein matter. Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county ;. 
cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 

148. Native metallic silver and copper in vein matter, Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw county ; 
cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 

149. Calcite crystal with native metallic copper; cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 

150. Native metallic copper in vein matter (brick copper). Copper Falls mine, Keweenaw 
county ; cabinet of B. F. Emerson. 

151. Miniature set of miner's tools, made of native metallic silver and copper ; cabinet of B. 
F. Emerson. 

152. Mass native metallic copper, mined by ancient miners (pre-historic races), Minong ^mine. 
Isle Royale. 

153. Mass native metallic copper, from 70-ton mass. Central mine, Keweenaw county. 

154. Native metallic copper, fissure veins, Amygdaloid mine, Keweenaw county. 

155. Vein rock, fissure veins, Amygdaloid mine. 

156. Copper-bearing amygdaloid, Delaware mine, Keweenaw county. 

157. Maps of geological survey of Michigan, by Brooks and Pumpelly, 1869-1873. 

158. Geological map Upper Peninsula of Michigan, by E. Ganjot, 1876. 
lb. Copper in ingot, from Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 
21). Cake copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 

3b. Bar copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 

4b. Pig copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 509 



5b. Feathered copper, Detroit iiud Lake Superior Smelting Works. 

6b. Straw copper, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 

7b. Rolled copper, Houghton Rolling Mill. 

8b. Rolled and pressed copper, Houghton Rolling Mill. 

9b. Reverberatorj' slags, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 

10b. Cupola slags, Detroit and Lake Superior Smelting Works. 

lib. Reverberatory slags from gray sulphuret ore, Lac la Belle Smelting Works. 

12b. Matt slags from gray sulphuret ore, Lac la Belle Smelting Works. 

18b. Cupola slags from gray sulphuret ore, Lac la Belle Smelting Works. 

SPECIMKXS 01" IRON OltK.* 

Cleveland mine — specular slate ore ; specular slate ore, holds marlite (two specimens) ; banded 
jasper. 

Barnuiu niini> — Xo. 1 pit, mixed .specular ore; No. 2 pit, specular slate ore; No. 3 pit, gran- 
idar specular ore. 

Saginaw mine — fine granular specular ore ; specular slate ore (two specimens) ; botryoidal and 
velvety brown iron ore; brown grape ore (limotilj. 

Lake Superior mine — specular slate ore (four specimens). 

Sj)urr Mountain mine — granular magnetic ore (two specimens). 

Washington mine — granular magnetic ore. 

Kloman mine — micaceous specular ore. 

Jackson mine — specular slate ore (seven specimens 1; brown iron ore; soft hematite; mangan- 
iferous brown iron ore. 

New York mine — specular slate ore (two specimens ) ; hard hc^niatite ore ; hard specular ore ; 
specular micaceous ore. 

Lake Angeline mine — specular ore (three specimens! ; soft hematite (two specimens). 

Champion mine — micaceous s])ccuhir slate ore (three specimens) ; granular magnetic ore (two 
specimens >. 

Michigammi mine — ^steely magnetic ore; granular magnetic ore. 

Republic mine — micaceous specular slate ore (four specimens); granular magnetic ore (two 
specimens). 

Iron Mountain mine — manganiferous brown iron ore (two specimens). 

Lake Superior mine — B. Curtis' collection — brown grape ore (five specimens); specular mica- 
ceous iron ore. John L. Bray's collection — brown grape ore (four specimens) ; velvety brown 
iron ore. 

Champion mine — talcose schist (two specimens); gray cpiartzitc; chloritic schist; talease 
quartzite ; garuetiferous rock. 

Spur mine — garuetiferous rock. 

Magnetic mine — steely magnetic ore (two specimens i ; argentiferous Galena. 

Hon. Edward Burting's collection — brown grape ore (nine specimens) ; velvety brown iron 
ore; manganiferous brown iron ore (four specimens); manganiferous ore (eleven specimens). 

Rolling Mill mine — brown pipe ore; brown grape ore. 

Edwards mine — fine granular magnetic ore ( two specimens); .specular slate ore (two .specimens). 

Rolling Mill furnace — A No. 1 Bessemer pig iron (four sj)ecimeus). 

Ishpeniing peat (five specimens _). 

• Collection and classification made by Charles E. Wright, of Marquctto. 
6.j 



510 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Burt Free Sandstone Company, Marquette, Lake Superior. 

Brovvu stone. Isle Royale, Noble & Brady. 

Bog iron ore, Birmingham, Noble & Brady. 

Clays for pottery and brick and tile, Samuel Brady. 



MASUFACTURED IRON FROM WY.\NDOTTE ROLLING MILLS, WYANDOTTIC, W.WXE COUNTY, MICHIGAN,, 

FROM LAKE SUPERIOR ORES. 



3-iuch round L. S. , benl cold. 

4-inch round L. S., bent cold. 

3-iuch square L. S. , bent cold. 

2.\i-inch L. S., bent cold and hot. 

J-inch square L. S., bent cold and hot. 

1-inch square L. S. , bent cold and hot. 

l.\i-inch L. S., bent cold and hot. 

IxJ-inch L. S., bent cold and hot. 

J-inch square L. S., bent cold and hot. 

1-inch round L. S. , bent cold. 

■|-inch round L. S., bent cold. 

f-inch round L. S., bent cold and hot. 

f-inch round L. S., bent cold and hot. 

J-inch round L. S., bent cold and hot. 

|-inch square L. S., bent cold. 

-ji^-inch square L. S. , bent cold. 

2J inch round L. S., bent cold. 

li-inch round L. S. , bent cold. 

l^-inch round L. S., bent cold. 

l^-inch round L. S., bent cold. 

|-incli round L. S., bent cold and hot. 

f-inch round L. S , bent cold. 

f-inch round L. S. , bent cold. 

J-inch round L. S. , bent cold. 

f-inch round L. S. , bent cold. 

f-inch round L. S. , bent cold. 

SJxf inches L. S., bent cold and hot. 

1-inch square L. S. , bent cold. 

2ixl-inch L. S., bent cold. 

Fire-box B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. (iO.OOO lbs 



Extra flange B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 60,000 lbs. 
Extra flange B. P., Wyandotte, T S. 00,000 lbs. 
Extra flange B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 00,000 lbs. 
C H. 1-inch B. P., Wyandotte, T. 8. 00,000 lbs. 
C. H. shell B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 55,000 lbs. 
C. H. shell B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 55,000 lbs. 
C. H. shell B. P., Wyandotte, T. S. 55,000 lbs. 

C. rolled B. P., Wyandotte, T. S . 

|-inch square Wyandotte Swedes, T. S. 15,025 lbs, ; 

elongation If-inch. 
J-inch square Wyandotte Swedes. 
1-inch L. S. chain, T. S. 74,000 lbs. 
H-iuch L. 8. chain, T, S. 80,675 lbs. 
li-inch L. S. chain. 
I inch L. S. chain. 
-,%-inch L. S. chain, T. S. 20,000 lbs. 
-,^g-inch Bessemer steel chain, T. 8. 5,825 lbs. 
/t-incli Bessemer steel chain, T. 8. 12,350 lbs. 
i-inch Bessemer steel chain, T. 8. 16,625 lbs. 
2x^-inch Wyandotte Norway, bent cold. 
2xj-iuch Wyandotte Norway, bent cold, 
li-inch square W}'andottc Norway, bent cold, 
t-inch square Wyandotte Norway, bent cold, 
l^x^ inch Wyandotte Norway, bent cold and hot. 
finch square Wyandotte Norway, bent cold and hot. 
1-inch square Wyandotte Swede, bent cold, polished, 
l-inch square Wyandotte Swede, bent cold. 
|-inch square Wyandotte Swede, bent cold. 
|-inch square Wyandotte Swede, bent cold. 



THE SALT EXHIBIT. 

All ol' the salt iu.spection districts in the State were represented by exhib- 
itors, as follows, the collections being made and forwarded thi'ongh the State 
Salt Inspector, Dr. S. S. Garrignes, of East Saginaw, and his deputies : 

District No. 1, East Saginaw: Sears & Holland — 1 sample fine steam salt ; 1 sample packers' 
salt; 1 sample fine pan salt; 1 siimple brine. C. & E. Ten Eyck — 1 sample fine steam salt; 
1 sample brine. Ea.st Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company — 1 sample solar salt ; 1 sample brine, 
specific gravity 1.177; 1 case solar salt crystal. 

District No. 2, Saginaw City: Barnard & Binder — I sample fine steam salt ; 1 sample brine, 
specific gravity 2.173. Pierson, Wright & Co. — 1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. 

District No. 3, Carrollton : H. P. Lyon & Co., Florence — -1 sample fine pan salt ; 1 sample 
brine, specific gravity L173. T. Jerome & Co., Carrollton — 1 sample fine pan salt; 1 sample brine. 



STATE EEPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 511 

District No. 4, Zihvaukoe: Kust, Eaton & Co., Zilwaukce — 1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample 
brine. New York and Michigan Solar Salt Co., Zihvaukec — 1 sample solar salt ; 1 sample brine. 

District No. 5, Portsmouth : John JMcGraw & Co., Port.'^mouth — 1 sample fine steam salt ; 
1 sample fine steam dairy salt ; 1 sami)le brine. 

District No. 6, Bay City: John McEwen & Co. — 1 sample fine steam salt; 1 sample brine. 
Chapin & Barber — 1 sample fine steam salt ; 1 sample brine. Dolson, Chapin & Brother, Bay 
■City — 1 sample fine kettle salt. 

District No. 7, Wenona and Banks: Keystone Salt and Lumber Company, Wenona — 
1 sample fine steam salt ; 1 sample brine. H. W. Sage & Co., Wenona — 1 sample fine steam 
salt; 1 sample brine. Kelley & Co., Bay City — 1 specimen large salt crystals. 

District No. 8, White Rock : Thomson & Brother, White Rock — 1 specimen fine pan salt ; 
1 specimen brine; analysis of salt brine. 

District No. 9, East Tawas: East Tawas Jlill Compan\ — 1 sample line steam salt; 1 samj)le 
jiackers' salt; 1 sample brine. 

(iKNKHAL KEVIEW. 

jNlr. E. Uanjot wa.s appoiuted to tlie charge. of the mineral department at 
Philadelphia, but was succeeded in July by Samuel Brady, M. E., who 
<jontinued in the position until the close of the E.vhibition. Mr. Brady made 
an elaborate report to the State Centennial Board, quite a full abstract of 
which is given. 

Mr. Brady expresses regret that the means wei'e not placed at the disposal 
of the board to display the coal, clays, cements, limestones and granites of the 
State. He says that the collective mineral exhibit made by Michigan was 
composed of such specimens as were contributed for use by private parties 
and corporations within the State, many of the beautiful hand specimens which 
were daily the objects of admiration of thousands, coming from the private 
cabinets of diffei'eut Lake Superior gentlemen. That portion of the exhibit 
which may be considered as representative of the true character of the mineral 
wealth of Michigan was gathered mainly through solicitation from the different 
mining and quarrying companies, who kindly step})ed to the front and con- 
tributed each according to their ability to make the display a credit to the 
State. Although uomiiiully called the mineial exhibit of the State of Michigan, 
it did 'not possess a single specimen mineralogical, geographical or otherwise, 
belonging to the State or any of her institutions. He suggests that a museum 
be established at Lansing, where the mineialogy and geology of the State may 
be represented in a collective form, so that whenever the opportunity for 
displaying these features shall ari.se, the State would be in position to present 
to the woi'ld a true picture of her vast resources, and the people of the State 
become l»etter informed in i-egard to them. He calculates, notwithstanding the 
high standard of education of Michigan, not one in ten of Michigan people 



512 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



who visited the Centennial possessed a really appreciative knowledge of the 
mineral I'esources of the State. He further says that even the highest 
educational institution, the University, has but ;i very small collection of 
Michigan minerals. 

Mr. Brady says that the tpiestion was freijuently asked liim during the 
summer how it was that, with such vast quantities oi raw material, Michigan 
did not manufacture more. His reply was the lack of confidence of capitalists 
and the deficiency of skilled labor. He advocates the establishment of technical 
schools, as in the most successful manufacturing countries of Europe. 

The great iron districts of Michigan were pretty thoroughly I'epresented at the 
Centennial by a collection of all classes of ores, consisting of the different 
grades of specular, red hematites and liraonites, the more uoticeal)le feature 
being the fine masses displayed by the Cleveland, Republic, Bai'uum, New 
York, Champion and Jackson mining companies, the most interesting of which 
was the fifteen ton mass of iron ore of the Cleveland Com])any. This mass, 
according to the analysis made by Pi'of. Taylor, of Cleveland, contained 66-iV per 
cent of metallic iron. It was afterwards donated by the- Cleveland Company 
to the Smithsonian institute. It will be on exhibition in Washington at that 
institution. The only exhibit of pig metal was that from the Bay Furnace 
Company, of Grand Island, and the Rolling Mill Furnace of Marquette. 

Although Michigan does not possess the advantage of iron and limestone in 
close proximity as some of the Southern States do, she has the great boon of 
cheap water transportation. Michigan also possesses 7,000 square miles of coal 
basin, and with the exception of about three openings in different parts of the 
State, nothing has ever been done to develop this industry, which would prove 
of inestimal)le value. There is, as yet, not even a respectable geological repoi-t 
on the coal measures of Michigan, and yet nearly a million tons of iron ore is 
being yearly shipped from the State, which could be to a great extent manu- 
factured at home. The value of Michigan coal for steam and domestic pui-poses 
he considers fully established. The coke made from drillings through a coal 
seam, at a depth of 121 feet, he has freipiently shown to experts, who ])ronounce 
it of a superior (juality. It is bright and clean, and so fi-ee from all snuit and 
dirt that after rul)l)ing with the hands it scarcely leaves a stain, showing that 
it is free from those impurities that would Ije detrimental to its use for 
manufacturing pur})oses. It had been demonstrated that with the use of 
domestic coals, pig iron could l)e manufactured in Detroit foi' $15.00 a ton. 
None of the thousands of visitors to the Centennial expi'essed a doubt as to the 
general superiority of Alichigan iron, the ([uestion resolving itself entirely into 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 513 

one of cheap mamifaetiire. Ileiiee tlie iinjiDrtaiice oF (le\'eloj)iiiij Mieliigan coal 
as a means of nianufaeturiiig ^lieliigan iron. 

Tlie Wyanilotte UoUing Mill Company exliibited test samples bent, hot and 
cold, sliowing their liot blast charcoal iron made entirely from Lake Superior 
ores. 

The representation at the Centennial of the copper district was no less 
meritorious than that from the iron. The Calumet and Ilecla, that boon to 
stockholders and puzzle to geologists, displayed three large masses of con- 
glomerate. Tlie exhibit of the Centi-al Mining Company was, however, the 
crowning feature of the copper display. It consisted of four large blocks of 
native copper, having a total weight of twenty tons, which were cut from a 
mass weighing seventy-six tons. The wonderful purity of these masses created 
much surprise, especially among foreign visitors. 

The most remarkable specimen of copper was exhibited by the Minong 
Mining Company, of Isle Royale. It weighs three tons, and was discovered in 
the summer of 1875 by A. C. Davis, of Detroit, on the lands of that com])aiiy 
lying directly upon one of the so-called copper belts of the Island, l)ut perfectly 
detached from the parent rock. Underneath it lay a handspike, 6i feet in 
length, made of white cedar, and in a remarkable state of [)resei'vation. 
Some H')i feet of soil filled with particles of charcoal, rolls of birch bark and 
stone lianuners lay alxive it. Its surface is covered with indentations and 
depressions caused, undoubtedly, by the efforts of the pre-historic people who 
labored there to sepai-ate from the large mass such projecting pieces as might 
be made useful to them.* Sucli traces of the labor of this people in search 
of copper are found in direct connection foi- about three miles, while in other 
portions of the island other evidences of their labors have been found. Fine 
mass specimens were also exhibited from the Quincy, Copper Falls, Allouez, 
Atlantic, and other mines, as well as such characteristic hand specimens as would 
best demonstrate the peculiar mineralogical and geological character of the 
locality from which they came. 

A tine exhibition of manufactured copper, consisting of ingot cake, bolt and 
bar cop])er, was made by the Calumet and llecla and Quincy mining conqjanies. 
The entire product of the Lake Superi(H' mines is smelted and refined by the 
Detroit and Lake Su[)erior Coi)per Smelting AVorks, either at their works in 
Detroit or Hancock. The success of this company and the puriiy of the 



* This spc'piracn is at present in charge of the Detroit Stienlifie Association. Its value, aliout 61,100, 
is more Uian its owners eare lo donate, and its final dispr)silion is uncertain. It ()U;:j;lit to hi- .saved from 
the furnace. 



514 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

copper smelted at these works has given to Lake Superior copper a world- 
wide reputation, and it has already found its way into the far-off markets of 
India. x\s this niai'ket is controlled by England, this introdiiction must be 
purely owing to the merits of the copper. Lake Superior co})per is also 
largely used in the manufacture of war material — as guns and cartridges — by 
Russia, Prussia, Tui'key, Spain and other countries, Ameiican manufacturers 
filling large orders. The principal copper producing districts of the world are 
Cornwall (England), Chili, South Australia and Lake Superior. The copjDer 
product of Lake Superior in 1874 was stated at 22,225 tons, valued at 
$7,770,519. The only formidal)le rival to the Lake Superior copper region is 
Chili, and the vahie of its produce in the same year was only $51,717 in excess 
of the value of the products of the Lake Superior I'egiou. 

The next subject treated of by Mr. Brady in his interesting report is that 
of building stone, which he regards of great importance to Michigan as well as 
to the entire northwest. The brown free sandstone, which was well represented 
by fine dressed samples from the quarries of the Brown Stone Company, of 
Marquette, is a very beautiful stone, and possesses many features which better 
adapt it for building material than the celebrated Connecticut Free Stone, 
which it much resembles in point of color, being, however, of a slightly 
livelier shade. The texture of the Marquette stone is more homogeneous than 
the Connecticut, which renders it capable of being more smoothly dressed and 
with a higher finish. The foundation of the Michigan State Centennial Build- 
ing having been laid in this stone, has, by the attention it attracted, well served 
its purpose in demonstrating the fact that Michigan is . not wholly dependent 
on her timber for building materials, but has a resource of a far more durable 
natui'e. There is now a constantly increasing demand for this stone in all of 
our gi-eat lake cities. 

Through the enterprising spirit, says Mr. Brady, of Dr. Garrigues, of Sagi- 
naw, the Saginaw Valley displayed a fine collection of salt and brines. This 
interest, which is yearly proving of greater importance, has become a source 
of no inconsiderable income. The product of salt for 1875, which was about 
1,082,000, has this year, 1876, been increased by nearly 500,000 barrels. This 
great industry has sprung up within eighteen years, and has shown tlu-oughout 
a steady progress. When it is considered that only the upper salt measui-e 
has yet l>een but partially developed, it can be seen what a bi'illiant fiiture 
opens up to the salt industry of Michigan. 

The western portion of the Lower Pennisula was represented by a fine 
display of gypsum of all varieties of shade, from the almost pure white to the 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 515 

beautiful flesh tints and dusk brown. This exhibition attracted mueli attention, 
particularly from the people of the Atlantic States, who draw annually a large 
supply from Nova Scotia. 

There was exhibited from bla, Monroe county, a sample of glass sand. 
The quantity of this sand is inexhaustible, as it underlies a very large area in 
the locality. The qualities of glass made from this sand are the finer grades 
of cylinder and plate glass. Experts have pronounced it capable of making a 
(piality of plate fully ecpial to the best French article. The sand is largely 
used by the Detroit City Glass Works, and is shipped to Pittsburg, Pa., and 
to Hamilton, Ontario. 

Mr. Brady expresses obligations to Messrs. Hubbard, Haahns and Bush, of 
the Detroit Scientific Association, for the fine collection of archaeological speci- 
mens exhibited by the association. He also refers to the ancient implements 
and stone hammers exhibited l)y Messrs. Chassell <k Sheldon, of Houghton. 

At the close of the Exhibition the great bulk of such minei-als as were not 
especially ordei-ed t<) l)e retui'ned to their owners, were packed and shipped 
according to the direction of the State Centennial Managers, to the State 
University. The collection so forwarded consisted almost wholly of samples of 
iron and copper ores. Proper acknowledgment of this gift has been made by 
the Board of Regents. Exchanges of some of the mineral products of Michigan 
were effected with Spain, Portugal and the Province of Victoria, and though 
presenting the Brazilian Commissioner with a very complete collection of 
copper and iron ores, it seemed impossible to secure any return of the favor. 
Such miuei'als as were secured in this manner are at present placed in store 
in Detroit awaiting disposition. Mr. Brady recommends that they also be 
placed at the service of the University. In closing his report, Mr. Brady 
remarks : 

1 feel a^ssured that our .State cauuot lielj) l)Ut .soon feel the benelieial result.s of her creditable 
display of mineral wealth at this greatest of exhibitions, and I most earnestly hope it may result 
in awakening a more general spirit of interest among the jjeople of our State in mineral matters. 
Many have too long considered the subject to be one of minor importance to us, and yet 
if we look back u[)on the past three years of financial depression, and consider the effect they 
have had ujion our different business interests, we shall sec that above all looms the great copper 
mining interests of our State, sis a lighthouse to the weather-beaten mariner, it apjiarently being 
one of the few important interests in the State that has not greatly suffered from the tem])orary 
paralysis of business. To the emigrant seeking a home and the capitsilist seeking investment, there 
is no State in the Union that offei-s as great inducements as the State of Michigan. It therefore 
behooves us to use all such means as lie within our power to bring our vast resources to the 
notice of the world. 



516 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



III.— EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND ART. 

THE Rev. D. C Jacokes, D. D., of Poutiac, was commissioned by the State 
Centennial Board of Managei's to supervise the pi'eparation, in form for 
presentation at the Centennial Exhil)ition, of exhibits representing the varied 
State interests classified under this head. His labors ^yere by personal visita- 
tion and interviews with pei'sons representing the several interests, by circulars, 
and by correspondence. The work was a novel one, the best methods for 
which were perhaps at first not fully comprehended by the agent himself, much 
less by the many persons whose co-ojjeration was necessary. Not to dwell 
upon the magnitude or difficidty of the \vork, it is referred to in this 
connection simply to put the reader upon inquiry as to its magnitude, while 
considering the resume which follows of its results. 

Over fifty manusci'ipt reports, representing graded schools, colleges. State 
institutions, churches, public law and government, libraries, secret societies, and 
other intei'ests, were the fruit of efforts to that end, mention of which will 
appeal', in their pi-oper order, in pages following. And it is appropriately 
remarked here that the entire of this chapter is a digest of the exhibit undei- 
this head, comments only in a few cases being added by the editor. 

The educational exhibit of many of the states was located on the gallery 
along the southerly side of the Main Building, and the space occupied by the 
Michigan exhibit was the first apartment east of the central stairway. It was 
therefoi'e very near the center of the Elm avenue front of the Main Building. 

An intei-national conference of educators was held at the Pennsylvania Hall 
of Education, Friday, June twenty-third, Genei-al Eaton, of the National Bureau 
of Educatitm, president. Tlie conference continued in session several days. 
At the meeting held Tuesday, June twenty-seventh, Dr. Jacokes was called 
upon, and gave an account of the Michigan educational system. 

STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
The office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction was represented at 
the Centennial by fifteen vohimes of reports. Tlie first act passed by the 
Legislature of Michigan, in virtue of ai-ticle ten of the constitution of 1835, pro- 
viding for a system of po]>ular education, and the appointment by the Governor 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 517 



of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, was a[)pi'()ve(l July 2(), 1836. This 
act defines the duties of the Superintendent, tlie chief of which aiv : to devise 
a system for common schools, and a ]ilan foi- a univei'sity and its branches; to 
make an inventory of all lauds and property reserved to the State for the 
purposes of education; and t<> reijuire of certain local school officers reports 
relative to the condition of tlicir respective districts, and that lie transmit the 
same to the Legislature. 

In compliance with the leading provision of the act, the lion. John D. 
Pierce, the first Supei-intendent of Public Instruction appointed under the 
provisions of the act of 1S.'5(), did, in the year 1837, report a common school 
system and a plan for a university, with branches, which were adopted, without 
material alteration, by the Legislature. The constitution of 1850 provided that 
the Superintendent be elected by the people, biennially, with other State officers. 
The following is a list of names of Superintendents of Public Instruction, with 
dates of their entering and leaving office : 

By appoint iiieiit: I By election: 

John D. Pierce .1836, to Jan., 1841. Francis W. Sherman, Jan., 1853, to Jan., 1855. 

Franiilin Sawyer Jan., 1841, to Jan., 1843. Ira Mayhew Jan., 1855, to Jan., 1859. 

Oliver C. Comstock..Jau., 1843, to Jan., 1845. John M. Gregory ...Jan., 1859, to Jan., 1865. 

Ira Mayhew Jan., 1845, to Jan., 1849. Oramcl Hosford Jan., 1865, to Jan., 1873. 

Francis W. Sherman, Jan., 1849, to Jan., 1853. ' Daniel B. Briggs ....Jan., 1873, to Jan., 1877. 

Horace S. Tarbell was elected Su})erintendent in 1876 for the term com- 
mencing January 1, 1877. The representation of the Michigan department of 
public instruction at Philadelphia gives many interesting facts in its development 
through legislation that are important, as affording means of comparison with 
systems of other states and countries. A summary of them seems hardly called 
foi- in this work, as they all appear in the statutes and reports. 

The business of the department of public instruction has gradually increased, 
and the details of the office have been faithfully performed, during the past 
nineteen year.><, by Mr. C. II Stebbins, the Deputy Superintendent, who, 
notwithstanding the changes in the [)er.sonnel of the Superintendent, retains 
the position of Deputy by virtue of his peculiar fitness for the position as an 
experienced executive officer. In the list of Superintendents are the names of 
.several Avho are still distinguished in various fields of educational laboi' in this 
and other States. This department also furnished for exhibition in the educa- 
tional exhibit four charts, beautifully drawn, by J. E. Sherman, draughtsman 
at the State land office, Lansing. Each chart was a map of Michigan, showing 
tilt' teri-it<>r\- coiiipriswl in i^-icli cuuiitN. The first twi> gave the educational 



518 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

statistics and population of each county; the last two the location of piimaiy 
and high scliools. Tlicse charts contain a large amount of information as to 
the time of organizing each county ; tlie amount of taxes raised foi' school 
purposes; the amount i-aised by the two-mill tax; amount of cash on hand at 
the beginning of each of the ten years preceding 1876, and other facts connected 
with that decade. On Chart No. II is a pyramid, being an exhibit of the 
growth of the school population and attendance from 1836 to 1875, inclusive. 
The whole figure shows the increase of population of school age from year to 
year; and by liglit and dark tints, the pnjportion attending school each year. 
Thei'e was also exhibited, in a large glazed frame, engravings of University 
Hall, erected 1873, cost $105,000; Normal School buildings, erected 1852, cost 
$42,000; State Public School, erected 1873, cost $118,000; Ann Arbor High 
school building, erected 1856, cost $65,000; high school building at Constan tine, 
erected 1869, cost $38,000; at Saginaw City, erected 1867, cost $80,000; at 
Coldwater, erected 1861, cost $35,000; at Adrian, erected 1865, cost $75,000; 
at Lansing, erected 1875, cost $65,000; at Flint, erected 1874, cost $104,000; 
at Kalamazoo, ejected 1858, cost $60,000; at Marshall, erected 1868, cost 
$70,000; at Pontiac, erected 1870, cost $67,000; at Grand Rapids, erected 
1867, cost $85,000; at Battle Creek, erected 1870, cost $83,000. 

EXHIBIT BY THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 

The exhil)it from the University of Michigan was of a com[)rehensive char- 
acter, embracing students' theses, five volumes ; drawings from the engineering 
depai'tment, two volumes ; microscopic drawings, live volumes ; histoiy of the 
University (printed), by Professor Adams, the historian ; a description of 
the museum, hy Professor Frieze ; an elegant iwrtfolio of photographic 
views of the University buildings and interior views ; cases of ]3harmaceutical 
preparations of the class of 1876; and a calendar of the Univei'sity. Also a 
chart of the whole educational system of the State, very elaborately executed, 
by Professor Charles H. Dennison, of the University. The chart was large and 
attractive, foi'ming an object of close study and of great interest to educatoi-s. 
Professor Frieze made a report and key accompanying the chai't, in which he 
says, s})eaking of the genei'al education of tlie State: 

Under this head are placed: 1, Tlie primary or rudimentuTy schools; 2, The grammar or 
hitermediate schools; 3, The high scliools; and, 4, Tlie collegiate, academic or non-professional 
department of the University. Each of these divisions, it will he perceived, embraces a cour.se of 
four years of study ; and thus tlie entire course of eleracntary and liberal education covers a period 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 519 



of sixteen yeiire. The conditions of promotion from one grack' to another hi'come more uniform, 
and also more exacting and severe, from year to year, in consuqiieuee, tir.st, of the frequent inter- 
change of views amongst the teaching corps, especially at their annual conventions, at their 
occasional institutes, and throngli their State magazine; secondly, of the influence of the State 
superintendeucy, and the annual report of the State Superintendent of Education; and, lastly, by 
the close connection existing between the leading higli schools and the University, which reacts 
upon the schools, by i)romoting a more uniform, and constantly stimulating to a higher, standard 
of scholai-ship. In explanation of the last statement, it should be remarked, that a system of visiting 
and inspection has been established, by which committees of the faculty of the University, by request 
of the school boards, annually visit and examine those high schools which have organized courses pre- 
paratory to the University ; and by which, when such schools are reported favorably to the faculty, 
their graduates are admitted to the University on presentation of the high school diploma, and without 
further examination. As a necessary result of this correlation, the high schools have organized 
their preparatory dejiartments with parallel courses of study, each course affording the preparation 
necessary for admission to the corresponding course in the academic department of the Univei-sity. 
The eflect of this system has been to bring the schools into a close and vital connection with the 
University, and to (juicken and energize the educational work in all its grades, from the lowest 
to the high. The parallel coui-ses of study above referred to are: 1, the classical; 2, the Latin- 
scientific ; and 3, the scientific. These are pursued in the high schools for the period of four yeai-s, 
and continued in the University to the period of graduation with the first degree. The academic 
department of the University also affords the opportunity to post-graduates of study and examina- 
tion for the degrees of Master of Science, Master of Philosophy, Master of Arts, and Doctor of 
Philosophy. The schools for technical and professional education, with the exception of the 
Normal and Agricultural schools, are organically connected with the University, forming, with the 
non-professional department, one institution, under the control of the State Board of Regents. 
These special schools are : the Polytechnic School, embracing a course of Civil Engineering ; a 
School of Mines; a School of Architecture; courses of special and advanced studies in Science; 
and a School of Pharmacy. 

EDUCATIONAL CHART. 

The four i)ages following embrace tbe matter of the chart referred to pre- 
ceding, illustrating the courses of study in tlie free public schools of Michigan. 
The positions of the primary, gi-ammar and liigh schools, and the University, 
are reversed fi'oni what tlicy appi'ar in the cliart, to accommodate tiie divi- 
sion into pages. 



520 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



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Analytical Mechanics. 

Surveying. 

Landscape Architecture. 

History of Architecture 

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Mineralogy. 

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STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 



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MICHIGAK AND THE CENTENNIAL. 









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Education, 






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and G 
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Critic 
ory of 




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tc. 


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erman, Pn 
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rigonoraetry 
tional). 

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rofessional 
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stronomy, 
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hetoric an 
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etc. 


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rofessional 
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rofessional 
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sional "insi 
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ctice Teaching, 
losophy. Algebra 
if Arithmetic, Voci 
ding, Drawing, 
tory, General Pro 
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Hovernment. 






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course. 






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re, Rhe- 
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STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 



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524 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



■Sl'lOCIAI, i:.\ 111 HITS. 

The work of the engineering ehiss of 1870 was exhil)ited in several volumes 
of drawings, by Charles A. Marshall, L. H. Strawn, J. D. Sanders and Frank 
P. Davis. Trestle-work for Ijridges was a. prominent feature of the studies of 
this class. Most of the drawings related to raili-oa<l engineering. 

The class in biology of 1876 exhibited drawings of microscopic objects, and 
a volume of microscopic drawings by members of the class. 'J'liere were thi'ee 
volumes of |)en drawings, respectively by Miss Louisa M. Reed, William Iv. 
Birdsall and William J. Warner. 

The otlier attractive features of the University display were a large silvered 
and glass case of foreign birds, arranged on a tree, the graceful and variegated 
plumage of which commanded universal admiration, and many were the excla- 
mations of delight from visitors; one glass case of land, and anothei- of sea 
shells. These were pronounced i-are and very valuable, by good judges. They 
were collected by J. B. Steere, a graduate of the University. 

UISTOltV OF TlIK T'Nn'KKSITV. 

The histoiy of the University, by Charles Kendall Adams, professor of 
history, was prepared in compliance with an invitation from the Commissioner 
of Education, representing the De[)artnieut of the Interior at Washington. 

From this historical sketch, a pamphlet of sixty-eight pages octavo, it appears 
that the declaration in the celebrated ordinance of 1787, that schools and the 
means of education " shall forever be encouraged," was first realized by legisla- 
tion in the granting to the Ohio Com])any "two entire townships of good 
land for the purposes of a univei'sity, within fourteen days after the passage 
of said ordinance." This, although a small grant, indicated a policy that has 
since been followed, and after several minor grants and imperfect legislation, 
resulted, ultimately, in an act, ajiprovt-d May 2(i, 1826, in which Congress 
annulled previous grants and gave in their place two entire townships of land 
as an endowment for a university in the then territory of Michigan. The 
jn'ivilege of selecting the land from any part of the public domain not other- 
wise a[)pi'opriated, greatly augmented the value of this endowment, and the 
Board of Regents immediately appointed a committee and employed a competent 
surveyor to select and rejtort. Within ten years of their selection they were 
declared by the Superintendent of Public Instruction to luivc attained the 
avei'age value of twenty dollars per acre, and this was the minimum price 
fixed 1)V the Legishituie in ISoS. In |iiiisuance of this enactment, $15(),00(t 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 525 

were realized b}' the sale of University lands at an average price of $22.85 
per acre. Under the influence of tlie high hopes raised by these sales, the 
Regents undertook the active work of organizing the llnivereity ; but these 
hopes were, in a great measure, frusti'ated by subsequent legislation, an<l the 
balance of the lands did not I'ealize the prices anticipated. The rights of the 
University were compelled to yield to the claims of men who pretended to 
have settled upt»u university land in ignorance of its reservation for university 
purposes, and, although these lands were given up on condition that lands of 
equal value should be granted to the University, this condition was never 
fulfilled, for the reason that the lands selected first were the best, and could 
not be duplicated from the public domain. In 1840, neai'ly 5,000 acres were 
autliorized to be sold for $(i.21 per acre. In IS-il the mininiuni price was 
reduced to $15, and in 1842 to ^12, and tlie reduction was applied to lands 
already sold, causing $.'54,(i51 to be either returned or credited to in-evious 
l>urclias('rs. Tlie total sales of land to 1848 amounted to $220,000, but the 
various acts of relief reduced the sum to about $137,000, showing a loss by 
this legislation of $83,000 to the university fund. The fluctuation in the value 
of currency, however, was, in a measure, a justificatioii of this course. The 
sum idtimately realized on university lands was $450,000. In 1838 the Legis- 
lature granted the Regents a loan of $100,000, without interest, for the purpose 
of organizing the University and erecting the buildings, which debt was 
extinguished before 1852 by the sale of lauds. In 18()7 an act was passed 
granting the University $15,000 a year, but accompanying the act with a 
condition that required that at least one homeo])atliic professor should be 
appointed in the dei)artment of medicine. This led to a very prolonged 
discussion. The Regents concluded it was l)etter not to imperil the medical 
department by such a grave innovation, and so did not draw the appropriation. 
Two yeai-s later, however, the Legislature not only removed the proviso, but 
(>i-dered the accumulation — $30,000 and interest — to be paid over to the Regents. 
In 1873 the appropriation was increased by substituting a twentieth of a mill 
tax on all the taxable property of the State, from which tax about $31,000 a 
year is now realized. In 1875 the Legislature made a[)propriations for special 
schools, so that the ciitiie incoiiu' of tlip University is now: From the State, 
ius interest on the sum I'ealized from the sale of goveriunent lands, $38,650; 
from the twentieth of a mill tax, $31,500; from the State for the school of 
mines, $10,500; for scliool of homeopathy, $6,000; for school of dentistry, 
$3,000; from fees of students for 1874-5, $29,255. Total, $118,!H)5. 

The interests of education under territorial adnjinistration were entrusted to 



52(i MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



a board of ti'ustees, consisting of the Governor and the Judges. As early as 
1817, a cui'ious plan for a university was adopted by this board, but as the 
territory only contained 6,000 inhabitants, this ideal university was not realized. 
In 1821 tlie Legislature repealed the act of 1817, and passed an act to estab- 
lisli, at Detroit, the "Uuivei'sity of Michigan." This board of education 
continued, witliout realizing its plans for a university, until the territoi-y was 
admitted as a state, in 18;5(5. It is to the credit of this board that they 
established schools which prepai-ed students for the Univ^ersity afterwards 
established. By a decision of tlie Supreme Court, in 1856, the continuity of 
the corporations granted, first in 1817, then in 1821, and afterwards in 1836, 
was afiirmed, and the three are regarded as a single institution. The State 
constitution fii'st adopted provided for the ap[)ointment of a board of regents 
by the Governor, to be confirmed by the Senate. March 21, 18;'>7, twelve 
regents were thus appointed, and these, together with the Governor, Lieutenant- 
Governor and Supreme Court Judges, constituted the Board of Regents from 
that period until 1852, when the new constitution provided for the election of 
a board of regents by the people, one member from each judicial district, with 
the same term of oflice as the circuit judges. Some changes have since been 
made, and now the Board consists of eight members, whose term of ofiice is 
eight years, two being chosen from the State at large every two years. 

Althougli in the early plans of education, in 1817 and 1821, tlie university 
was placed at the head of the general system of education, it was not until 
1836 that practical steps were taken. The first step after the state organiza- 
tion was the appointment of Rev. John D. Pierce to the ofiice of Superintendent 
of Public Instruction. To him was entrusted the work of preparing a plan, 
not only for common schools, but for a university. Mr. Pierce was a gentleman 
of cultui'e, and was familiar with the plans of European education, especially 
that of Prussia. His plan became the basis of legislation. Tlirough the 
recommendations of a committee appointed by the Legislature, in 1840, the 
management of tlie University mainly devolved u[)()n the Boai'd of Regents, 
and they were but little interfered with, and by the a(K>ption of the amended 
constitution, this responsibility of the Regents was more clearly defined. The 
management of the educational features of the LTniversity was, from the first, 
practically in the hands of the professoi's. Five academies or branches were 
established by the Board after 1837, but all LTniversity support to these insti- 
tutions ceased in 18-46. The necessity for these preparatory schools became less 
as union schools were established. A new career of ])i-os[)erity seemed to dawn 
upon the LTniversity after the adoption of the new constitution of 1850. This 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 527 



ooustitutiou se]);irat('(l the Board of Regents fartlier tliau ever frmn legislative 
control and political inlinence, and the election of Regents by the people direct 
seemed to secnre a more competent board of regents. In 1843—4 there were 
fifty-three students, and the iiuMd)er increased to eighty-nine by 1848. From 
this time till 1852, the number decreased to fifty-seven. Under the new con- 
stitution the Board of Regents elected as Pj-esident Rev. Henry P. Tappan, 
1). I)., of New Voi'k. President Tap^ian was also familiar with European 
systems and with that of Prussia, and naturally fell in with the plans jiroposed 
by Superintendent Pierce, which plans till now had lain 2)ractically dormant. 
Previous to 1850, when the medical department was instituted, nothing but the 
ordinary classical course had been opened, and even when President Ta[)2)an 
took the presidential chair, there was nothing in the operations of the Univer- 
sity to remind liim of the Prussian system. He announced to the Board of 
Regents liis design to carry out the plans laid down by the Su})ei'intendent of 
Public Instruction by whom the Universit}' was first planned. President 
Tappan saw the necessity of secm-ing the suppoi't and sympathy of the people 
of the State in his efforts to build up a great practical university. He not 
only delivered addresses to the students, but he addressed the citizens in 
various j)arts of the State, uniting the charm of his pei'sonal presence with the 
force of his sentiments in securing the sympathy and support of the people, 
and especially of the alumni. He proceeded to establish a scientific course 
parallel to the classical course. In this was comprised, besides other branches, 
civil engineering, astronomy, with the use of an observatory, and the applica- 
tion of chemistry to agriculture and other industrial arts. Students who perfect 
themselves in the scientific course were to be graduated as "bachelors of 
science." Students to be 'allowed to pui'sue special courses, and to receive 
certificates of proficiency therein. The policy was adopted, in contradistinction 
to that pursued at Harvard, Yale and elsewhere, of keeping all students of the 
different courses in intimate relations with each other, by admitting them, as 
far as possible, to frlie same classes, the scientific and classical courses running 
parallel with each other. 

The chemical laboi-atory ^vas erected in 1856, and an enlargement soon 
became necessai'}-. The law de])artment was opened under the insti-uction of 
Judges Campbell and Cooley and their fellow-professors, and it soon grew to 
be the most numerously attended law school, in the country. While the scien- 
tific features of the University were being developed, the classical department 
was also strengthened, and both worked liarmoniously and successfully. 

In tlie selection of professors, I'l-esident Ta]>pan wouhl insist on one standaid 



528 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

only, that of ability to instruct. " Egregiously," lie declared, "do they mistake 
the character and ends of this institution, who imagine that because it belongs 
to no sect or party in particular, that therefore it belongs to all sects and 
parties conjointly and of equal right. It not only does not belong to any 
sect or party in particular ; it belongs to no sect or party at all." During the 
administration of President Tappan, Professors Boise, Palmer, Winchell, Brunow, 
Ford, Frieze, White, Campbell, Walker, Cooley, Wood, Watson and Ai-mor were 
appointed, and without any reference, and in some cases without even a knowl- 
edge of their denominational preferences. The first catalogue in which the 
name of President Tappan appears contains a list of fourteen officers, and of 
222 students ; the last one shows that the number had increased, during eleven 
years, to thirty officers and 652 students. 

In the summer of 18()3, President Haven succeeded to the presidency of 
the Univei'sity, and notwithstanding predictions of disaster, as a result of the 
retirement of President Tappan, the applications for admission in the fall were 
more numerous than ever. 

The medical school had become, perhaps, the most prosperotis of any in the 
country when, in 1867, the homeopathic question, in the form of a condition 
imposed by the Legislature, before referred to, seemed to threaten its extinction 
by the resignation of professors, in case the condition were complied with. A 
compromise was attempted by a proposition to establish a homeopathic college 
in some place other than Ann Arbor, with a professorship of $3,000 a year. 
This, however, was declared by the Supreme Court as non-compliance with the 
law, and consequently as not entitling the Board of Regents to the appropri- 
ation. The next Legislature (1869) having removed the condition, the University 
continued to flourish under the administration of President Haven, during which 
three additional courses of study were introduced. The course in pharmacy, 
and increased accommodations in the chemical laboratory, added greatly t(^ tlie 
attractions of the University. 

In 1869, after six successful years of labor, President Haven withdrew fi-om 
the University, leaving with the number of students increased to 1,100. For 
two years the presidency devolved upon Professor Frieze, during whose admin- 
istration, after repeated applications from the young ladies of the State for 
admission, it was discovered by the Board of Regents that there was no law 
prohibiting women from admission as students. It was in January, 1870, that 
this (juestiou was settled by the adoption of a resolution, offered l)y Regent 
Willai-d, declaring that no rule exists in any of the statutes for the exclusion 
from the University of any person who possesses the requisite literary and 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 529 

moral qualifications. This led to additional appropriations by the Legislature. 
University Hall was erected; arrangements were made for a separate medical 
class for female students, for whom the medical lectures were duplicated. 
During acting President Frieze's administration, the connectiou, organically, 
between the high schools and the University was effected, by the publication 
in the University catalogue of 1870 of a special notice to preparatory schools, 
in Avhifh it was stated that " wlienever the faculty sliall be satisfied that the 
preparatory course in any school is conducted by a sufficient number of com- 
petent instructors, and has been bi'ought up fully to the foregoing reciuirements, 
the diploma of such schools, certifying that the holder has completed the 
preparatory course and sustained the examination in the same, shall entitle the 
candidate to be admitted to the University without fiirther examination." The 
addition to the University libraiy of the books forming the library of the late 
Professor Rose, of the University of Ileidelburg, was next effected, enriching 
the University by the imjiortation of 4,00() volumes and 5,000 pamphlets on 
the science of government, political economy and cognate subjects. 

In June, 1871, Dr. J. 13. Angell, of the University of Vermont, was inau- 
gurated president, and he entered upon his duties September following. The 
innovations on established custom introtluced during the administration of 
acting President Frieze were continued under the administration of President 
Angell. Women were admitted on an equal footing with men, and tlie pro- 
vision of a separate medical class for women was the only provision made for 
the new element. At first only one woman availed herself of the privilege for 
several weeks, but the number gradually increased, until 117 women are now 
in attendance, 4 of whom are studying law, 47 medicine, and .'56 literature and 
science. Not one of the numerous evils predicted as a result of this innovation 
has yet occurred, and neither the scholarship nor the morality of the University 
has suffei'ed in c(Mise(pience. Professor Tyler says : " The physical disasters to 
the women themselves, which an eminent medical authority has of late clearly 
demonsti'ated to be the penal consequences of feminine toil at the dry and 
arduous tasks of university study, have, thus far, strangely failed to make their 
appearance in this neighborhood. Indeed, the ladies here seem to thrive ludi- 
crously well under the rugged regimen to which they have been put; and 
their omission to verify the predictions of an a jjriori alarm is .somethijig 
bordering on the cruel." 

Since President Angell has eoiitrolled the administration of the I'niversit)', 
the senior year of students in literatui'e, science and .-irt has l)ecome more 
attractive by allowing each student to select from tJie long list presented in 



530 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

the calendar tlie three studies he or she may prefer; consequently the work of 
the senior year is pursued with an enthusiasm previously unknown. 

In 1875 the homeopathic question was settled by an appropriation for the 
establishment uf a homeopathic college as a distinct branch of the University. 
In addition to the appropriations already mentioned, |8,000 was granted to 
establish a hospital, on condition that Ann Arbor would add $4,000 to the 
sum; $5,000 for a water supply, and $13,000 for a chemical laboratory and 
other outstanding indebtedness. 

The course of civil engineering extends through four years and is designed 
to lay a foundation for the successful practice of the profession. It was com- 
menced in 1857. Twenty graduates took the degree of "C. E." in 1875. A 
school of mines has been established, in compliance with the legislative act of 
1875, with three professors and the necessary assistant instructors. A special 
apparatus and general equipment of the school have been purchased. The 
studies extend over four years, and those who complete them will receive the 
degree of mining engineer. The facilities for technical instruction are am2:)le. 
A large metallurgical library has been fitted up. It contains a Blake crusher,. 
a California stamp mill, and two stamps, driven by steam ; two Ilibbs' cupel 
furnaces, and four large wind furnaces. Besides the mineralogical cabinet, 
containing about S,000 specimens, the school has a large quantity of ores and 
furnace products from the Wyandotte Silver Smelting and Refining Company, 
and from the mining districts of Nevada. Also, a model collection of iron ores 
for technical instruction in the class-room. 

The school of pharmacy provides for a two years' course in the various 
branches of chemical analysis. Besides the requisite recitations and lectures, 
the work of the laboratory requires about four hours of daily application. The 
work fui'ther i'e(piires careful mici'oscopical examinations, practice in crystallog- 
raphy, and practical studies in materia medica. Tlie processes of manufacture 
and the chief chemical industries ai'e made the subject of systematic study. 
Those who complete the course are well prepared for the duties of a dispensing 
or manufacturing pharmacist, and receive the degi'ee of pharmaceutical chemist. 
Eighteen were admitted to this degree in 1875. Other courses are included in 
the polytechnic school. Those of Ijotany and zoology were organized in 1875, 
under direction of Professoi: Harrington. The course extends thi'oughout the 
academic year. It consists of the examination of specimens, of dissections, and 
of the use of instruments, under the ilii'ection and guidance of instructors. The 
student is requii-ed to make his dissections himself, and a course in human 
anatomy forms a part of the work, when desired by the student. In bt)tany 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 531 

the students ;uv ooiidncted tlir<uii;li a course in the study of anatomy and 
physioh)gy of phints, and subseipiently are directed in the practical work of a 
microscopic examination of plant tissues. These examinations are recpiired to 
l)e illustrated l>y careful dra\vings and descriptions. A microscopical lal)oratory 
has been tittc<l u]), and is open eveiy forenoon. It is well su])plied with 
microscopes. For tlie special work of the class-room in comparative anatomy 
and jihysiology, an excellent set of typical skeletons has recently been procured. 

The course in higher astronomy also requires two years, the first of which 
may be the last of the under-graduate course. During the whole of these years 
the student has access to the observatory, under the special direction of the 
professor, and during the latter portion of the course takes part in the jirac- 
tical work of observation. 

It was not until tlic autumn of 1850 that the first course of lectures was 
given in the school of medicine. This school was then organized on the same 
basis as it exists to-day. Each candidate for admission was required to furnish 
evidence of good moral character, and if a candidate for graduation, also of 
such literary attainments as had been recommended by the National Medical 
Association, viz : " A good English education, the knowledge of natural philos- 
ophy, the elementary mathematical sciences, and suidi an acquaintance with the 
Latin and Greek languages as will enable the student to appreciate the technical 
language of medicine, and to read and write prescriptions." To be admitted 
to the degree of doctor of medicine, the student -was required to have studied 
medicine and surgery for a term of three years, and to have attended t^vo full 
■courses of lectures ; to be at least twenty-one years of age, and to have passed 
all the required examinations. The first catalogue of this department contains 
the names of Professors Sager, Douglass, Gunn, Denton and Allen, and of ninety- 
five students. 

No buildings have been erected prosjiectively, but when actually demanded 
by the increasing number of students. During the outbreak of the war, such 
were the demands upon the medical department, that additional buildings were 
absolutely necessary. The citizens of Ann Arbor generously conti'ibuted !*^1 0,000 
towards this oljject, and two large lecture i-ooms, with adjacent offices, were 
provided, at an expense of $20,315. The new building was ready for occu- 
pancy in l.S()-l, and the first class assembled in it numbered nearly 500. The 
people of Ann Arljor also resj^onded in aid of the erection of a liospital, and 
contributed tlie s4,(Ml(i required by the Legislature as a condition of its 
appro]>riation of S(S,()00, and the hospital was erected, consisting of two pavil- 
ions, each n .") feet long by 2.S feet wide, attached to the former hospital 



532 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

building. Clinical material has been obtained without difficulty since the 
erection of these buildings, as all medical attendance is gratuitous. The school 
of homeopathy was opened October, 1S75, in a building es[)ecially fitted up for 
the purpose. 

The law department was established in 1859, and Messrs. James V. Camp- 
bell, Charles I. Walker and Thomas M. Cooley were appointed professors. 
The new buildings, however, for the law de^tartment were not ready for occu- 
pancy until the autumn of 1863. This building also provided for the general 
libraiy and a chapel. In 1866 a fourth professor of law was appointed, viz: 
Ashley Pond, as Fletcher professor of law. Two years later Professor Pond 
was succeeded by Professor Charles A. Kent, who still occupies the chair. 

The schoid of dentistry, provided for by the act of 1875, was at once 
organized l>y the Regents, and was ojjened for students in the autumn of that 
year. Two professors and a demonstrator were appointed, and the school was 
commodiously provided for in one of the University buildings, formerly occu- 
pied as a dwelling. Every facility required was furnished. Students in 
dentistry have the facilities afforded by the chemical laboratory, and are 
permitted to attend the lectures on anatomy, physiology and sui'ger}-, in the 
department of medicine. Candidates for graduation must have devoted three 
years to the study of the profession, in connection with attendance upon a full 
course of medical lectures, and must have attended two full courses of lectures 
in a dental college, one of which, at least, miist have been in the University 
of Michigan. Twenty students availed themselves of the first course in this 
new school. 

The general library of the University was commenced in 1840, with 3,700 
volumes of books, selected in Europe by Dr. Asa Gray, the professor of botany 
and zoology in the University. In 1856, John L. Tappan, son of the President, 
was appointed libi'arian, and in that year the library was removed from its 
crowded quarters in the south college to the ample accommodations then 
afforded by the lower stoi-y of the museum building. In 1863 it was removed 
to its present quarters in the law building, and the following year Rev. Andrew 
Ten Brook was appointed librarian, a position he still retains. Through the 
recommendation of President Tappan, regulai- appropriations have been njade 
for the library since 1853, and it has now about 22,000 volumes and 7,000 
pamphlets. The card catalogue plan, as at Hai'vard, was adopted in 18(54. It 
consists of two parts, one comj)rising a list of the names of authors, alphabet- 
ically arranged, togethei' with the titles of such of their works as may be in 
the libraiy ; the other an index of subjects and a reference to all the works 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 533 



in the liln'iiry wliii'li treat of the su])jects named. Tliis latter hraiich (if the 
cataloiiue is .e:o e()mj)reliensive as to include not oidy the volumes treating of 
special subjects, but also all the ai-ticles of iin])ortance in the reviews and 
raagazine.s. The catalogue consists of about lod.iiiio cards, so arranged as to 
be consulted by the student with the greatest ease. The lil)i'ary is open fi-ora 
nine a. m. to five p. .m., and from seven to lialf past nine v. m. The amount 
appropriated ])y tlie IJoard of Kegents varies, from time to time, fronj !^l,r)(iO to 
$3,000. The averiige number of books drawn by students through a week of 
no unusual activity was "278 pei- day. On Saturday the numlx-r was 348. 
Besides the general library, eacli of the professional schools has a liltrary of a 
more specific and technical character. The law libraiy contains 3,500, the 
medical library 1,500, and the literary societies have connected with the depart- 
ment of literature, science and art, collected libraries of about 3,000 volumes. 
The Chi'istian Association has a well selected library of 1,000 volumes. So 
that in the aggregate 31,000 volumes are accessible to the students. 

In 1837 the Baron Lederer collection of minerals, consisting of "2,600 very 
choice specimens, was purchased for $4,000. This was the beginning of the 
present museum. To these were added the collection of Dr. Houghton, assisted 
by l)i'. Sager as zook)gist, and Di-. Wright as botanist. Subsequent surveys by 
Professor Winchell and presentations of the alumni have enriched the collection. 
To these the White collection, 1,018 entries and 6,000 specimens; the Rominger 
collection, 2,500 entries and 6,000 sjtecimens ; collections presented by the 
Smithsonian Institute, General Custer and others, altogether constitute a cabinet 
of 14,000 entries and 41,000 specimens. 

The zoological collection is somewhat more extensive than the geological. 
It contains a complete set of the birds which visit Michigan, a nearly com])lete 
set of the mammals of the State, almost a complete set of the reptiles found 
east of the Rocky Mountains, and two thousand species of molusca, embracing 
all the land and fresh water forms of the Northern and Western states. The 
Trowbridge collection, made on the Pacific coast, added 1,856 entries, and the 
Smithsonian deposit 535 entries, of fresh water and marine shells from the 
same region, besides 200 birds from the Arctic zone. The Ames collection of 
coleoptera and lepidoptera, 5,000 specimens, and the cabinet for the special 
illusti-ation of comparative anatomy of not less tlian 250 species and 1,000 
specimens. The most important c()ntribution is that of Dr. Joseph Beal Steere 
in South America and the islands of the East Indies, tlie result of five years' 
labor. Many specimens, being brought from hitherto unexjdored regions, are 
of great value. It is a recent arrival, ami can only be estimated as containing 
6« 



534 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



10,000 entries and about (')(l,00() specimens. Tlie zoologieal oolleetion as a whole 
now contains 23,250 entries and over 110,000 specimens. 

The l>()tanical collection embraces not only specimens of all the plants of 
the State, numbering about 1,175 species and 15,000 entries, but also numerous 
collections from othei" parts of the woi'ld. The Houghton herbarium contains 
twenty-eight folio cases and aljout 1,S()0 species of labeled plants, brought 
together from various parts of the country. The Sager herbarium, of 1,200 
species and 12,000 specimens, was collected partly in the Western States, but 
chiefly in New England. The Ames herbarium has 7,000 si)eciraens and 10,500 
duplicates; the Jewitt collection, 2,500 species and about 5,ooo specimens. 
Professor Harrington has added 2,ooo s})ecies ; Captain Dall, an interesting 
collection of Alaskan plants; Professoi' Reiusch, 250 species of mosses from 
Central Europe ; Mr. Horace Averill, 408 species of algae ; Mr. J. G. Leiumon, 
460 species of California plants ; and Dr. S. S. Garrigues, about 3,000 speci- 
mens of plants from Germany. Pi'ofessor Steere's collection adds 2,500 
specimens of South American and East Indian ferns. The entire collection 
for the illustration of botany embraces about 10,000 species, 20,000 entries, 
and 70,(»00 specimens. The geological, zoological and botanical cabinets together 
are estimated to contain about 57,250 entries and 221,000 specimens: 

The cabinet of archseology and relics contains various articles of domestic 
and warlike use among the aboriginal inhabitants of North and South Ameiiea, 
and among the islanders of the South Pacific ; a large collection of pottery and 
other ai'ticles of the ancient Peruvians, as well as specimens of clothing, art, 
military weapons, etc., of the Amazonian Indians, the modern Peruvians, the 
Alaskans, the Formosans, the Chinese and the inhabitants of the Philippine 
Islands. To this collection, largely matle b\' Pi'ofessoi' Steei'e, have been added 
sundry i-elics from the islands of the Pacific, by the Smithsonian Institution. 
The De[)artment of Agriculture at \Vashingtt)n has also conti'ibuted a collection 
of textile fal)rics and various substitutes for cotton. 

The cabinet of fine arts was begun in 1.S55. I^i'ofessoi' Frieze at that time 
procured in Kui"o[)e, under special commission from the Board of Regents, 
plaster casts of anticjue statues, engravings and photographs illustrating the 
various departments of Grecian and Roman art. In 1<S()2 Professor A. D. 
White received a similai' commission, and procured numerous articles, chiefly in 
bronze. A marble copy of Nydia, by Mr. Randolph Rogers, was presented by 
an association in Ann Arbor. The museum comprises a gallery of casts, in full 
size and in reduction, of the the most valuable antique statues and busts; over 
200 reductions and models, in terra cotta, of statues, poi-trait busts and other 



^JTATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 585 



material in the principal Euroiseau museums ; a gallery of engravings and 
photogi-apliic views, executed in Italy and Greece, illustrating the architectural 
and sculptural remains of Konic, Pompeii, Paestum, Athens and Corinth; the 
Horace White collei'tion of about 1)00 pojlrait medallions, illustrative of medi- 
!Bval and modern history; about 450 casts from antique gems; a collection of 
copies, in plaster, marble and bronze, of several of the most important works 
of Michael Angelo, Canova, Thorwaldsen and Randolph Rogers, and a collection 
of engraved copies of many of the great masterpieces of modern painting, 
beginning with the age jirior to Raphael. The catalogue of the caliinet of 
history and fine arts contains about 1,985 numbers. 

The museum of anatomy and materia medica contains the valuable collection 
made by Professoi- Ford, in the course of many years of scientific labor. It is 
specially adapted foi- the successful teaching of the science of medicine, and of 
those l)ranches of it which pertain to the study of anatomy and physiology. 
It contains a collection of bones to illustrate healthy as well as diseased con- 
ditions, and the various changes from infancy to old age; mimerous skulls, 
teeth and other [)reparations by \vhich the structui'e of the various stages of 
both temi)orary and jjermanent teeth are illustrated ; arterial preparations, 
emliracing conn)lete and paitial dissections, exhibiting the arrangement of ves- 
sels in health and disease. Models, in wax, papier mache and plaster, illustrate 
the various pai'ts of the body in a normal as well as abnormal cbiiditiou. The 
collecti(ni of monstrosities, both single and double, is unusually full and valuable. 
The materials illustrating matei-ia meilica consist of a very complete set of 
crude organic medicinal substances, embracing between 500 and (iOO specimens 
imported from Paris, and put up in glass jars of uniform appearance, arranged 
acconling to their order in natural history; also, a collection of about 1,000 
other specimens of minei'al and vegetable std)stances and j)reparations, arranged 
in groups. In addition to the medical museum proper, which contains in the 
aggregate several thousand specimens, the department is abundantly supplied 
with plates, photographs, models, preparations and apparatus for the purpose 
of illustrating the various studies of the medical course. 

The chemical lal)oratory was first established in 1849, in the lower story of 
the building known as the old medical college. It has been, from its begiu- 
iiing, under the sn]iei'inten<lence of Professor Douglass as director. The demand 
for space had so increased by 1.S55 that the Regents appropriated $5,95(t for 
a laboratory building, which was erected, and enlarged in 1857 by an additional 
appropriation of §509.95. The new building was tlioroughly furnished and 
e<|uippe(l witli the most a|i|>i'oved a|i]iaratiis. Fuither extensions were made 



536 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

as demanded by increased numbers of students, in I.s(il, 1S67 and 187;^. The 
entire expense of the laboratory to the University fund has been $25,376.75, 
but the actual cost has been $5<s,476.75, the difference having been made up 
by profits on the chemicals sold to students, arising from the difference in price 
between the wholesale rates ])aid and the New York list price charged. The 
laboratory building occupies 15,00(1 square feet of space, and has 175 tables, 
each of which is supplied with gas, water, wash-basin and waste-pipe, besides 
all other necessary apparatus for chemical manijnilations. Each student has 
an air-space of 80(1 cubic feet, and the laboratoiy is ventilated by two large 
Sturtevant fan-ventilators, propelled by steam-power. The laboratory is warmed 
by steam, and is furnished with six sand, water and steam baths, with drying 
ovens attached. The general furnace room is supplied with assay, blast and 
metallurgic furnaces, as well as with the necessaiy apparatus for organic 
analysis. The balance room is furnished with Oertling's and Becker <k Son's 
balances, and the libi-ary with the standard works on chemistry and cognate 
sciences, and the chemical pei'iodicals of Europe and America. 

The astronomical observatory originated as follows : In President Tappan's 
inaugural address, December 21, 1852, the subject of pi'ivate munificence, as 
supplementary to the University endowment, was discussed. Hon. H. N. 
Walkei', of Deti'oit, expressed to Dr. Tappan a desire to do something in 
accordance with the spirit of the address. A meeting was appointed to be 
held December 29, at the Michigan Exchange, Detroit, when Pi'esident Tappan 
unfolded his project. Seven thousand dollars were subscribed on the s[)ot, to 
be paid within a year, on condition that $10,(»00 l)e raised, the whole to be 
expended, under direction of Dr. Tappan, for the erection and furnishing of a 
building to be known as " the Detroit Observatory," to be forever connected 
with the University. The Regents pui-chased a site of five acres, within half 
a mile of the Ihiiversity grounds and well adapted by its elevation foi- the 
purpose. On this site the observatory was built, and in <hie time a I'efracting 
telescope, witli a clear ajjcrture of twelve and five-eighths inches and a focal 
length of seventeen feet eight inches, with a complete outfit of eye-])ieces, 
micrometers and shades, were placed within the building. A further sub.scrip- 
tion to pay for the outfit was I'aised in Detroit, and in 1865 >j>5,0(!»0 more were 
contributed by citizens of Detroit and Ann Arbor to erect a dwelling-house for 
the ol)server. Under the direction of Dr. Brunnow, the observatory took a high 
rank in tlic scientific world. In additi()n to giving instruction to University 
students, the director was able to carry on numerous scientific researches, which 
received the most gratifying recognition. Dr. Bi-unnow published an important 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 537 



work on spherical astronomy, besides the tables of Floi-n and tlie tables of 
Victoria, in addition to twenty-six articles in the scientific jonrnals of Europe 
and America, within the fii'st two yeai's of the active operations of the obser- 
vatory. In iSilN Mr. James C. Watson, the first pupil of Dr. Bi'unnow in the 
University, and a graduate of 1857, was appointed assistant observer, and in 

1863, on the recommendation of the first astronomers of the countr}-, he was 
appointed director of the observatoiy and professoi- of asti'onomy, on the 
retirement of Dr. Brunuow. This position Professor Watson still retains. During 
a directorship of thirteen years, although only twenty-five years of age when 
appointed. Professor Watson has made numerous discoveries of great importance, 
among -which are the following asteroids and comets : First, 1 8(13, September 
14, Euryuome ; second, 1867, August 24, Minerva; third, September 0, Aurora; 
fourth, 1868, July 11, Hecate; fifth, August 15, Helena; si.xtli, September 7, 
Hera; seventh, September 13, Clymene; eighth, September 16, Artemis; ninth, 
October 10, Dione ; tenth, 1871, August 6, Thyra; eleventh, 1.S72, April 3, 
Althiea; twelfth, j\Iay 12, Hermione ; thirteenth, Novendjer 25, Nemesis; four- 
teenth, 1873, June 13, ^Ethra; fifteenth, July 29, a planet not yet named; 
sixteenth, 1874, October 10, Juewa (at Peking, China); seventeenth, 1875, 
October 18, a planet not yet named; eighteenth, 1876, April 16, a planet not 
yet named; 1856, April 29, a comet, and another January 9, 1M64. October 
20, 1857, he discovered the planet afterwards named Aglaia, and Januaiy 9, 

1864, another named lo ; but these were found to have been discovered in 
Europe only a few days prior to these dates. In recognition of these distin- 
guished services. Professor Watson was elected a member of the National 
Academy of Sciences in 1868, and a inemljer of the lioyal Academy of Sciences, 
at Catania, in Italy, in 1870. In the same year he received a gold medal 
decreed to him by the Imperial Academy of Sciences, in Paris, and in 1N75, 
from the Khedive of Egypt, the patent and decoration of Knight Commander 
of the Mejidich. Director Watson has also prepared a large treatise on tiieo- 
retical astronomy, besides numerous papers on astronomical subjects contributed 
to the scientific journals of Eui-ope and America, and to the transactions of 
learned societies. The director was jilaced by the general government in charge 
of an expedition to Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, to observe the eclipse of the sun, in 
1860; was sent to Carleutini, in Sicily, for a similar purpose, in 187i>: and to 
Peking, China, in charge of the expedition of 1874, for the observation of the 
transit of Venus. 

In the summary of .students in attendance it is shown that in the depart- 
ment iif science, literature and the arts, which connneiKvd in 1(S44, the 



538 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

attendance that year was 58 ; that the attendance gradually increased every 
year until 1872, when it was 509. Tn 1875 it was 476. That the department 
of medicine commenced in 1851 with 95 students; that its highest number 
was in 1867, 525, and that its attendance in 1875 was 370. That in the 
department of law the first year, 1 860, 90 students were in attendance ; that 
its highest number was in 1867, when there were 395 in attendance. The 
number in 1875 was 345. The highest total number of students in attendance 
at the University was in 1867, 1,255; the number in 1875 was 1,191. 

The author of thi.s sketch of the University concludes with the following 
remark : " Its history has not been unvarying and monotonous. We have seen 
something of difficulties and triumphs, but in concluding our nai'rative, it is a 
satisfaction to reflect, that if the former show that a state university is no less 
subject to perils than are institutions resting upon other foundations, the latter 
afford abundant demonstration that these perils may b,e ovei'come. The history 
of the University of Michigan goes far to prove, if indeed it does not pi'ove 
conclusively, tliat highei' education, no less than the education afforded by the 
common schools, may be safely and satisfactorily conducted by the peoj)lQ of 
an intelligent state." 

STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

The educational exhibit contained two volumes from the Agricultural 
College — one containing the annual catalogues from 1863 to 1875, inclusive, 
and the other a manuscript, " The State Agricultural College of Michigan : its 
history and present condition, written out under the general direction of the 
president, l)y a member of the freshman class. May, 1876." This book 
contains constitutional provision ; location ; opening and first four years of the 
college; reorganization in 1861; State Board of Agriculture; congressional grant 
of lands; State appropriations; inventory of the College, 1875; students; grad- 
uates ; course of study ; departments of instruction ; labor ; select course ; winter 
institutes ; means of illustration ; self-government on the part of students ; daily 
routine; admission; grounds and buildings; labor system; list of officers and 
graduates ; occu2)ation of graduates ; College Christian Union ; Natural History 
Society ; publications of the College, and chronology. It was one of the most 
comprelieusive of the college histories in the Exhibition. 

Tlie constitutional provision re(juiiing the Legislature, as soon as practicable, 
to provide for the establishment of an agricultural school, was made a part of 
the constitution of Michigan which was adopted in 1850, and the act of 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. . 539 

organization passed the Legislature, pnrsuant to rec-omniendatioii of Governor 
Biiigliani, and was approved Februaiy 12, hSf);"). The site was selected June 
sixteenth of the same year, by the executive committee of the State Agricul- 
tural Society. The tract selected contains u fraction over ()7() acres, divided 
by the Red Cedar river, and is thi-ee miles and a half from Lansing. Tin; 
total cost of the land was sill, 41. '5.47. Over 800 acres are cleared, and luucii 
of it is under-drained. Tlie soil is varied, consisting of clay, peat, sand and 
loams of varied character. 

The College was opened to students May 1.'5, 1.S57, Josepli R. Williams 
being its president. The State Agricultural Society donated its library to the 
College in 1857, and a valuable donation of plants was received from Professor 
Asa Gray, of Harvard College, in 18<)0. The College was under the control of 
the State Board of Education until ISiil, when, by an act of the Legislature, 
the State Board of Agriculture was established, and its management ti-ansferred 
to them. Li 18(j2 Congress donated 240,000 acres of land for the support of 
the College, and Professor T. C. Abbot entered on his duties as its president 
towards the close of the same year. The Coole}' herbarium was donated to 
the College in 1803. Sanford Howard became secretary of the State Board of 
Agriculture and of the College in 1<S()4, and tilled the ]>ositi()ii until his death, 
in 1871. 

Tlic buildings consist of a college hall 50x100, and three stories high; a 
boarding hall IKixllii feet, of three stories, basement and mansard roof; 
a laboratory 51x100, of one story and basement; a greenhouse of modern 
construction, 25x113 feet, with gardener's rooms and potting rooms attached' 
2() feet square; dwelling-houses for the president and professors, seci'etary and 
herdsmen, and farm-house; cattle-barn (i5xi;54 feet; horse-barn 3()Xi()() feet; 
sheep-barn 33x90 feet; tool-shed, apiary, shops, 28x40 feet; piggery, garden- 
barn and tool-shed, 25x85 feet and 24x50 feet; principal enti'ance, with self- 
opening gate, and a wind-mill and tank for suj)plying \vater to the yards 
and barns. 

The em[)loyment of the students of the College three hours a day in 
•manual labor is a distinguishing feature of the College that h;is been maintained 
since the commencement of the institution. This lal)oi' is usually performed 
cheerfully and well. A compensation, not exceeding ten cents an hour, is 
alhjwed for woi'k performed. Five-sixths of the students have applied foi- more 
than the required amount oi work. The officers of the College work with the 
students and personally superintend the o})erati(nis. 

TliH College has an ext<-iisiv(' lilirary and reading-room, as well as all the 



540 . MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

usual appliances of thorough college instruction. The reports of the College 
are to be found in the reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction up 
to and including 1S04. Fi-om l<S(il the reports are to be found in those of the 
State Boai'd of Agriculture, and catalogues in the usual form have also been 
published, that of the Centennial year constituting the twentietli annual 
catalogue. 

The institution, under the auspices of its board, Januaiy, 1876, inaugurated 
a system of winter institutes, ^vhich are held at various points in the State, 
where agriculturists are invited and take an active part in the proceedings. 
Papers are read and discussions occur, repf)rts of which are published in the 
annual report of the State Board of Agriculture. These have added greatly ta 
the usefulness and growing popularity of the College. 

The officers of the College, May 1, 1876, were as follows: 

STATE B0AR1> OF AGRICULTUKE. 

H. G. Wells, Kalamazoo. A. 8. Dyckman, South Haven. 

J. Webster Chikls, Ypsilanti. M. J. Gard, Volinia. 

George W. Phillips, Romeo. The Governor of the State, ex officio. 

Franklin Wells, Constantine. The President of the College, ex officio. 

H. G. Wells, President. Rev. Robert G. Baird, Secretary. 

J. Webster Childs, Vice President. Ephraim Longyear, Treasurer. 

MEMBEES OF THE FACULTY. 

Theopliilus C. Abbot, President, and Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic. 
Robert C. Kedzie, A. M., M. D., Professor of Chemistry, and Curator of the Laboratory. 
George T. Fairchild, A. M., Professor of English Literature, and Librarian. 
Albert J. Cook, M. S., Professor of Zoology and Entomology, and Curator of General Museum. 
William J. Beal, A. M., B. S., Professor of Botany and Horticulture, and Curator of the 
Botanical Museum. 

Alfred B. Gulley, Profesisor of Practical Agriculture. 

Robert F. Kedzie, M. S., Assistant in Chemistry. 

RoUa C. Carpenter, B. S., C.^E., Instructor in Mathematics and Civil Engineering. 

Charles W. Garfield, M. S., Foreman of the Garden. 

Charles L. Ingersoll, B. S., Foreman of the Farm. 

George W. White, Assistant Foreman of the Farm. 

James Cassidy, Gardener. 

James W. Short, Steward. 

The position of this College is that of a pioneer institution. It has formed 
a model for other states to imitate, and it has among its graduates many pi-o- 
fessors of other state agricultural colleges. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 541 



STATE N()R]MAL SCHOOL. 

This iii8titiiti()ii e.\liibilf<l a ([uarttt vuluine entitled "A Brief Outline of the 
History of the Michigan State Normal School. J. Estabrook, principal. IsTfi. 
Ypsilauti." From tliLs book, which is in manii.script, it appear.s tluit the estab- 
lishment of a normal school was fii'st recommended by lion. John D. Pierce, 
tlieu Supciintfiident of I'lililic Instruction, as early as l.s;56, and subsequently 
by other superinteufU'iits — .Mr. Sawyer in 1842, Mr. Comstock in 1843, and Mr. 
Mayhew in 1848. The act estal>lishing the school passed the Legislature in 
1841*. This act autluirizcd the (Governor to appoint a board of education, who 
were empowered to select a site, ei-ect buildings, employ teachers, and make 
the necessary regulations. Ten sections of salt spring lands wei-e appropriated 
for building purposes, and fifteen sections for an endowment fund. The board, 
finally selected Ypsilanti, the citizens there having donated a suitable site and 
contributed ^13,500 cask towards the e.xpense of building, and engaged to 
furnish the temporary use of buildings for the Normal and model schools, and 
to pay the salary of the teacher of the model school five years. The site 
donated consists of four acres, beautifully located on the high grounds on the 
western border of the city. To this the Board of Education added four acres 
more. The building is of brick, three stories in height, with rooms for the 
normal and model departments, and was formally dedicated October 5, 18.")"J, 
when addresses were made by Hon. John D. Pierce, Hon. Isaac E. Crary, 
Chancey Joslin, and Hon. Ross Wilkins. A State teachers' institute was held 
immediately following the dedication, lasting three weeks. It was attended by 
250 teachers. The opening of the State Normal School took place in the 
spring of 1858. In October, 1859, the building and nearly all its contents 
were burned, but the loss was covered by insurance, and the building was 
soon restored. Professor A. S. Welch was piincipal from 1852 until compelled 
by sickness to resign, in 1865. D, P. Mayhew, for many years a professor in 
the school, succeeded him as principal, and continued in charge until Januaiy, 
1871, when, after an interregnum of one term, filled jjrovisionally by Professor 
C. F. R. Bellows, Professor J. Estabrook, the present incumbent; became prin- 
cipal. At the close of the year 187ti, over 500 ladies and gentlemen will have 
graduated, most of whom have been engaged in teaching on an average more 
than three yeai-s each, and a large number are still in the profession, occupying 
prominent positions as educators. Tlie sole object of the institution " is to fit 
teachei-s for their \vork, to increase their teaching power, and to send them 
forth filled with the spirit of their profession." 



542 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



The societies connected whh the school are tlie Normal Lyceum, the Normal 
Zealots, the "Phiades," and two others of a more private character. 

There are two buildino-s, one a stuccoed l>i'ick buildincr, Ki'Jxf)!) feet and 
three stories high — the main Normal School building; the other is 7()xr)2 and 
three stories high, occupied by the school of training and observation. There 
is a library of 1,4(»0 volumes, specially adapted to the wants of the school, for 
additions to which $5(iO a year is a})propi'iated by the Legislature. 

The property is estimated as worth $72,S(i(i. The school is under the 
control of the State Board of P^ducation, ct>nsisting of the Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, who is secretary e.v offff/a, and three members elected by 
the people, each holding office si.\ years. 

No less than (S,()00 students have been admitted to the normal department, 
and of these 515 have received the full ooiu-se of instruction and graduated. 

The various classes of the school were represented in the volume by exam- 
ination papers, compositions and essays, indicating a good general knowledge 
of the subjects treated. 

The officers of the School for the Centennial year were as follows: 

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

Witter J. Baxter, Jonesville. Edgar Rexford, Ypsilanti. 

Edward Dorsch, M. D., Monroe. Daniel B. Brigg.s (vSiqit.), ex officio. 

MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY. 

J. Estabrook, Principal. A. Lodemaii, German and French. 

Ruth Hoppin, Preceptrei*s. Anna M. Cutcheou, Geography, Drawing, History 

F. H. Pease, Music. and English Literature. 

Mary A. Rice, English Grammar and Rhetoric. Alice Barr, Teacher in Experimental School. 

C. F. R. Bellows, Mathematics. Helen Post, Teacher in Grammar School. 

Daniel Putnam, Professional Training. W. Warren, Penmanship. 

Lewis McLouth, Natural Sciences. Addie Lamb, Assistant in Peuman.ship. 

J. P. Vroman, Latin and Greek. 



THE GRADED AND HIGH SCHOOLS. 

Over twenty of the leading cities and villages of the State were represented 
at the Exhibition through their school systems. The exhibits were mostly by 
bound manuscript volumes, covering historical and statistical accounts of the 
schools represented, with methods of instruction, records of examinations, etc. 
Reference is here made to the chart prepared at the State University, and 
whicli appears on preceding pages, as showing the general course of study 
pursued in all the public schools of the State, from the lower to the higher 




AllKlAN 111(111 scilool,. 




K^ 




7;likt:^ lu 









" " 'I T, . 









», -I 



ANN Ar:l;n|; ii|(;i| sriiooi,. 



544 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

grades. The metlaods piirs\ied in the several schools are so nearly parallel that 
a particnlar description of each exhibit would involve much repetition, and 
hence a summary mention of them seems to be all that is demanded. Where 
exceptions are made to this rule it is with no design of making a partial dis- 
crimination, but rather to give representative features applical)le in greater or 
less degree to the schools of all of the larger towns ot the State. 

Reference is properly here made to plates of some of the high school 
buildings in the State that appear in this connection, as representative of their 
class at this time. The high school system received its fii'st marked forward 
impulse about the year 1855. For several years prior to that time a school 
with some of the characteristics of the modern high school had been maintained 
at Ypsilanti, but in a quite unpretentious edifice. The Ann Arbor high school, 
built in 1855, was, according to the recollection of the writer, about the first 
of its class in the State. The strong argument used in its favor was, that at 
that place a school was demanded that should l)e a preparatory school to the 
University. The cut of the building which is given shows the original struc- 
ture, as built at a cost of about $30,000, but with an addition of some thirty 
feet since made to its width. The high schotJ impulse spread rapidly, and 
the plan of the Ann Arbor building was copied by other towns; and some, 
especially Ypsilanti, whose school edifice was burned, building even more 
liberally. In a financial point of view, the more pretentious school edifices of 
later years do not seem extravagant in comparison with the original cost of the 
Ann Arboi' building, population and property vahiation being considered. It 
should be borne in mind, however, that the high school feature at Ann Arbor 
was exceptional in view of its relation to the University, and that the devel- 
opment of the system throughout the State has necessitated the construction of 
ward school houses in many places, the cost of \vhich should be considered as 
part of the financial problem.* 

ADRIAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The exhibit from Adrian consisted of one volume, compiled by Professor 
William II. Payne, the superintendent of public instruction for the city of 
Adrian. It contained engravings of the school buildings, a printed historical 
sketch, the act of incorporation, by-laws, regulations, blanks, certificate on 
parchment, and examination papers — the whole morocco bound, and gilt. 

*For statistics of cost of school edifices, and when built, see page 518. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 545 



ANN AKiioi; ithmc schools. 

These schools were repi-esented hy n (jiiarto volume, liiindsomely boiiiul in 
full morocco, gilt, ooiitiiiiiiiig two lurge [)hotographs of school buildings, a liaud- 
soHU' title page iu ornamental penmanshij), by a member of the class of isTo, 
an engraving of the high school building, plans di'awn to scale, list of board 
of education and teachers, statistics, historical sketch, act of incorjjoratiou, 
sketch of buildings, course of study in the different schools, list of text-books, 
and results of school work. W. S. Perry, superintendent. 

BA'ITLE CHEKK PUI5LIC SCHOOLS. 

These schools were represented l)y a (piarto volume, bound in morocco, 
containing fourteen photographs illusti'ating the buildings and phms of tlie 
schools, both interioi' and exterior views, witli photogi-aphic copies of the archi- 
tectural di'awings and designs, a printed sketch of each of the schools and 
buildings, names of officers and teachers, statistics and narrative history, followed 
by pupils' work in the form of examination papers, blanks, and printed cata- 
logue for 1874.-5. J. L. Stone, superintendent. 

HAY Cn'Y ITULIC SCHOOLS. 

The Bay City school system was represented by four volumes quarto and 
one octavo. One volume is a special exhibit of photographs of school buildings 
and ])lans of the same, drawn by the architects, and specimens of outline maps 
drawn under the immediate supervision of the teacher in charge. These maps 
are followed by drawings by pupils fi'om seven to sixteen years of age. The 
second volume contains the manuscripts of examinations in the high school 
classes. The other two large volumes are filled with examination papers of the 
fji'ammar schools. The smaller volume contains the rules and resjulations of 
the pulilic schools of Bay City. J. W. AFoi'ley, superintendent. 

BENTON UAlM'.fU: IM liLIC SCHOOLS. 

Two volumes from these schools contain examination papers of the high 
school in rhetoric, list of the board of trustees and instructors, course of study, 
rules and regulations, statistics and examination papers in algebra, showing 
high school work. \'. I'uth^r, jirincipal. 

HItOOKLYN UNION SCHOOL. 

This school exhibited a quarto volume containing photographs of the school 
board in one group, and of the three teachers in another group, the statistics 



546 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



of the scliool, liistorieal sketch, description of school buikling, course of study, 
and manuscripts of exarainutions, showing a fair average of union school work. 
David B. Haskins, principal. 

CAMMET inULIC SCHOOLS. 

The Calumet school district is perhaps the only district in Michigan where 
all the real estate and most of the personal property is owned by one company, 
and consequently where the school tax comes fi'om one source. The Calumet 
and Hecla Mining Company is the only tax-payer on real estate in the whole 
district, although this anomalous state of things does not operate unfavorably 
to the school interest, while it is an evidence of the interest taken by capitalists 
in the education of the children of industrious operatives. The school building 
itself is an evidence of unusual liberality and foresight. It is 192 x 100 feet. 
The average size of each school-room is "22x82 feet, and the average width of 
halls is 14 feet — an excellent provision, facilitating escape in case of fire. Total 
length of halls, 900 feet ; number of stairways, 7 — another humane provision 
for exit; total number of rooms, ."xS ; enrollment of pupils, 1,886; ward schools, 
4 ; whole number of teachers, 20. The volume, which is very handsomely 
bound, contains excellent photographic views of the buildings and rooms. The 
historical sketch and statistical information are very neatly printed, and bear 
the imprint of Hurley Brothers, printers and book-binders, Hancock. The 
examination papers are of more than average excellence, and the volume, as a 
whole, is a great credit to the Upper Peninsula. Edwin Curtis, superintendent. 

COLDWATEIl PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

These schools exhibit two handsome volumes, quai'to. The first contains 
engraving of the central school building, with plans, photographs of high 
school rooms, view of the fourth ward school building and plan, list of the 
board of education and instructors, statistics, narrative history, drawings in 
architecture, geology, geometry, and examination manuscripts in the usual high 
school studies. The examination papers are continued in the second volume, 
followed by maps of large size, dravyn by the jHijtils from memory. D. Bemis, 
superintendent. 

DETROri' PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

Five handsome quarto volumes are devoted to an exposition of the Detroit 
public schools. One volume is devoted to high school papers, history, photo- 
graphs, rules, blanks, etc.; one to examination jiapers in geography; one to 
examination j^apers in arithmetic ; one to specimens in drawing, and one to 
specimens in penmanship. J. M. B. Sill, superintendent. 



STATE REPRESP:NTATI0N at rillLADKLPHIA. 



547 



;a(;ina\v ithlk sciiooi.; 



The scliouls of East Saginaw ai'c iciircseiitcd hy eleven ([iiarto volumes, 
elegantly boiiud, giving the most extensive view of graded school operations 
of any of this class of exhibits. In addition to tlie "outline history," photo- 
graphic views of school buildings, courses of study, statistics, blanks, etc., one 
entire volume is devoted to the German dei)artment, one volume to general 
language lessons, one to arithmetic, one to geography, one to spelling, one to 
penmanship, and one to music, which \\ as introduced as a regular branch of 




•LI. NT HIGH SCIIOOI, 



instruction in 1874, with the national system of music charts and readers, it 
being the intention to make the course of study coirespond as nearly as 
possible with that pursued in the ]iul)lic schools of Boston, Mass. One volume 
is also devoted mainly to drawing, for wiiich the Krusis system is ado]»ted. 
Horace S. Tarbell, superintendent. 



II.INT IM Ifl.K 



The (juarto volume exiiiliiting the Flint schools is Ixmnd in half morocco, 
and contains a catalogue of officers and teachers, a historical sketch, six photo- 
graphic views of school bnildinirs, l)lanks. .-ind examination jiapers, giving 



548 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



altoii'etlier a very foin[)ivliensivt' view of the (•omlitioii of the soliools. T. W. 
Crisse}', super! iitriK lent. 



(illAMt K.Vl'IDS KDIHATIONAI. 8YSTKM. 



The three quarto volumeis tlevoted to an e.xliibitiou of the .school sy.stera 
pursued in Grand Rapids, constituting the e.xhihit of the schools of that city 
at the Centennial, are especially comprehensive in their character. One volume 
contains seven large photographs, giving views of three of the largest school- 
houses, a picture of the philosophical appai'atus, two interior views of the 
session-room, with the students in their seats, and a view of the mu.seum of 
the high school ; plans of the various school-rooms, neatly drawn by pupils, 
monthly reports, hlaidv notices tilled up, enti'ance ticket, etc.; a list of books 
from which high school pupils may select reading for their leisure houis, and 
text-books; teachers for 1875-6,' officers of the board of education; a well 
written, concise description of the system, ])uildings, organization, etc. Also, 
pupils' work in drawing, both from flat copies and from objects. 

The school system, as described by the superintendent, consists of primary 
schools, grammar schools, a high school, an ungraded school, designed for 
persons who, on account of age and maturity, can progress more raj)i(lly than 
those with whom they would be classed, and a training school for teachers. 
Each of the first three is divided into four grades, the first grade in each case 
being the lowest. The whole course of study is divided into twelve parts to 
correspond with the abo\e grades. Classes of average ability and attendance 
require one school yeai- to accomplish the work included in each of the twelve 
parts, but as the classes in the primary and grammar schools are divided into 
sections, and promotions are allowed to take place at the end of each ten 
weeks, opportunity is offered to individual pupils and to whole classes of more 
than average ability or ambition to pass from section to section and from class 
to class whenever prepared for such promotions. 

In the primary schools the following subjects are taught, and the figures 
attached to each show the relative per cent of time devoted to each : Reading, 
100; arithmetic, 80; writing, 40; singing, 40; geography, 10; drawing, 10. In 
the grammar schools: arithmetic, 1<>0; geography, 88; grammar, ()(•; reading, 
40; writing, 25; singing, 25; physiology, 1(»; botany, 10; drawing, 1»>. The 
high school has eight courses of study, four for those who do not design to 
attend any higher school, kno\vn respectively as English, French, German and 
business courses; and four others by means of which pupils are pi'epared for 
the corresponding courses of the University. The English course embi'aces the 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 549 



following branches of stiuly : English language, Imi; mathematics, 100; history, 
70; natural history, Gf) ; drawing, 1<!; i)hysics, 10; chemistry, 10; mental 
science, 10. 

During four winter terras night schools have been in successful operation. 
An average of 140 pupils has been the attendance during the fcjur years. 
Five teachers have been constantly em[)loyed in teaching ai'ithmetic, reading 
and penmanship. 

The training school for teachers was oi'ganized in 1872, and Avas designed 
to fui'nish an opportunity to graduates of the high school and others of little 
or no experience in teaching. A priniarj' school of I'cjur grades, comprising 
200 pupils, in four separate rooms, is placed in charge of a lady principal with 
eight [)upil teachers, four for each half day, who continue in the school for one 
year. The work is so organized that each teacher has j)ractice during the 
year in all the [)rimary grades. Each subject, before being presented to the 
class, is thoi-oughly discussed, and best methods of presenting the same given. 

Music is taught by a special teacher in all the schools of the city. Pen- 
manship is taught in all grades above the first primary by a special teacher. 
Drawing has been taught in the high, grammar and part of the primary schools. 

In 1875 the population of the district was 29,400. Children between five 
and twenty, 8,4o0. Value of school property, li5270,0'^'^- Expenses of superin- 
tendence and instruction, ^39,547. HO ; incidentals, >i^l. "5,652. 05. School enrollment, 
4,834. Cost per capita for su[)erintendence and instruction, $12.74; and for 
incidentals, ^4.40 ; for permanent investment, p^.OU ; avei'age total cost per capita 
for whole school, !!5;23.2;}. Number of books in library, 8,000. The library is 
a puljlic one, and is sustained by police fines and by moneys voted by the 
citizens at the annual school meetings. 

The school buildings consist of ten brick and three wooden structures, with 
a seating capacity for 4,23(J pupils. Six are three stories and seven two stories 
high. One of the volumes exhibited shows pupils' work in free-hand di-awing 
by a first-year class of the average age of fourteen years, and examination 
papers in Englisli compositiDii, ilietoi'ic, zoology, hiiman anatomy, Latin and 
geometry. The second volume contains examination papers, outline maps from 
the first year in the high school and fourth year of the gi'ammar school, and 
the thii'd volume contains examination jjapers fi'oni the grammar and piimary 
grades, with maps. A. J. Daniels, superintendent. 

lOXIA IMJBMC SCHOOLS. 

The Ionia schools were represented by two volumes of pupils' work, history 
of the schools, photographs, lules, etc. AV. J. Ewing, superintendent. 
70 



550 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

HILLSDALE PUBLIC UNION SCHOOLS. 

The exhibit from the Hillsdale schools consisted of one (jiiMi'to volume, in 
half morocco, containing the names of the board of education, officers and 
teachers, statistics, historical sketch, and record of school officers since 1846, 
printed in comjaact form, followed by examination papers by pupils in the 
various classes. Charles G. Robertson, superintendent. 

HOWELL UNION SCHOOL. 

The quarto volume representing this school contains a photograph of the 
school building, a history, annual circular, with calendar, list of trustees and 
teachers, coiu'ses of study and list of text-books, blanks and examination papers. 
W. Carey Hill, superintendent. 

JONESVILLE UNION SCHOOL. 

The volume representing this school was a quarto, in half morocco, con- 
taining list of trustees and instructors, four photographs and plans of the school 
building, historical sketch, brief history of the teachers, and annual report of 
the school for the year ending June 25, 1875. The pupils' work consists of 
maps, examination papers in arithmetic and other studies usually pursued in 
union schools. J. D. H. Cornelius, superintendent. 

KALAJIAZOO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The volumes from the Kalamazoo public schools contain a well-printed 
narrative of the school system. The examination paj^ers are all written on 
paper ruled for the purpose, with ample margins ; the binding is full morocco, 
gilt ; the photographs are excellent ; all the headings and topics are neatly 
printed, and all the work is done in good style, with the imprint of the 
" Kalamazoo Publishing Company." Austin George, sui^erintendent. 

LANSING PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The volume exhibiting the public schools of the capitol city is a quarto, 
full-bound in morocco, containing photograph of the beautiful new high school 
building and three interior views, statistics of the school district, list of teachers, 
manuscripts of examinations, by-laws and regulations, address of the president, 
J. Evarts Weed, list of text-books, blanks, etc. The marked feature of this 
exhibit is that the papers were all prepared with only one week's notice. 
E. V. W. Brokaw, superintendent. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA, 551 



MI.KS I'Ulil.IC SCHOOLS 



The volume devoted to tlie public schools of" Nlles is a (luarto, bound iu 
half morocco, coutaiuiug a photograph of the Central school building and plans 
of floors, drawn to scale, statistics, course of study, list of text-books, photo- 
graphs, examination paj)ers of the various classes, illustrated by interior 
photographic views, and lilanks. Cyrus B. Thomas, superintendent. 

I'ONTIAC PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The volume devoted to the Pontiac schools contains a photograph of the 
high school building and another of a ward school building ; also, a photograph 
of each member of the school board. A Centennial report, printed, gives 
statistics of the district, history, list of trustees, description of the buildings, 
engraving of the high school building and plan of the ward school-houses, 
course of study, text-books, rules and regulations, results, graduates of the high 
school, the connection of the high school with the University, and manuscripts 
of examinations in the various studies, and blanks. Joseph C. Jones, super- 
intendent. 

SAGINAW CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

Three volumes represent these schools. The first contains a desca-iption of 
the central building and photographs of the ward school buildings, list of 
trustees and teachers, course of study, statistics, and manuscripts of examinations 
in the various high school and grammar school studies; the second volume is 
devoted to examination papers iu German, and the last to exercises in penman- 
ship. C. A. Grover, superintendent. 

ST. JOHMS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The cxhiljit of the public schools of St. Johns consists of a cpiarto volume, 
half-bound in morocco, containing two photographic views, one of each school- 
house, a historical sketcli, in maiuiscript, statistics, examination papers, blanks, 
a printed manual containing the I'ules and regulations, course of study, etc. 
W. K. Clark, superintendent. 

WVAXDOTTE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

These schools exhibited one volume, containing photographs of the school 
buildings, history of the schools, and manuscnpts of examinations showing 
pupils' work. 



552 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 

Rev. D. C. Jacokes, D. D., of Pontiac, commissioner in charge of tlie educa- 
tional exhibit of Michigan, made a full and exhaustive report to the State 
Centennial Board, dated Pontiac, January 22, 1877. The first chapter of the 
report details the preliminary proceedings and plan adopted for exhibiting the 
workings of the Michigan system of education at the Centennial. This plan, 
first drawn up by the commissionei', was embodied in a circular to the Uni- 
versity and colleges. The commissioner then visited these institutions, and 
while at Adrian obtained the assistance of Professer Payne, and issued a second 
circular to the colleges. The purpose of the scheme was, "first, to exhibit 
the characteristic features, the genius of the Michigan graded school system, 
and, second, to present this information in a manner the most easily accessible 
to the visitor and the jury." This circular was issued December 20, 1875. 
On the twenty-eighth of the same month the State Teachers' Association met 
at Grand Rapids. This meeting of State teacliers was addressed by Governor 
Bagley and the commissioner in explanation of the scheme, and urging the 
active co-operation of the teachers of the State. A committee was appointed 
to co-operate with the commissioner, consisting of H. S. Tarbell, W. S. Perry, 
A. J. Daniels, Austin George and W. H. Payne. On the advice of the com- 
mittee, the commissioner proceeded to Washington and Philadelphia, and 
consulted with General Eaton, of the Bui'eau of Education at Washington, 
Director-General Goshorn and Professor Campbell. The plan of exhibition 
j^roposed for Michigan was explained in detail, and its characteristic feature of 
embodying the information and ]3i^ipils' work in bound volumes, compact and 
accessible, was welcomed, and so favorable was the impression produced by it 
that the commissioner was assured that the same plan would be adopted for 
general use, and the instructions to exhibitors issued by Director-General 
Goshorn immediately afterwards embodied this "Michigan plan of rejiresenta- 
tion." Finally Professor Payne was instructed to prepare the plan of exhibition 
in detail, which, on being approved by the Governor, the commissioner and 
Prof. J. M. B. Sill, was adopted January 17, 1876, and transmitted, with a circular 
from the Board of Centennial Managers requesting hearty, immediate and active 
co-operation, to all the graded schools of the State. 

The second chapter of the re2:)ort is devoted to a catalogue of the articles 
collected and exhibited at Philadelphia, mostly in the space devoted to the 
Michigan educational exhibit, on the southern central gallery of the Main Exhi- 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 553 



hitioii Building. These exliiliits are descrilKnl under their jqipropriate beads in 
otlier parts of this work. 

Intduding the colleges, State institutions, loeal, denominational and private 
schools, churches, societies, etc., there wei'e l.")!* descriptive volumes exhibited, 
all or most of which were retui-ned to and are preserved in the State library 
at Lansing. Most of the volumes were large quartos, elegantly bound in full 
morocco, and were exliiliitod in an upi'ight black walnut and glass case, w'hich 
was opened for the inspection of persons who desired to examine the books. 
Certain foreign commissioners and others interested in education would spend 
whole days in examining these bottks. In regard to the pupils' work, it was 
universally remarked that it w'as honest, tliere being no attempt to conceal 
defects. From the evident defects the commissioner finds grounds for suggesting 
ini[)r(>vements in tlie conduct of the schools, and claims that the effort to write 
uniform examination papers, as required for this exhibit, has already produced 
a good effect in making written examinations a means of culture iu the schools. 

The commissioner mentions, as specially worthy of credit, the samples of 
penmanship from the city of Detroit, where instruction iu writing has been for 
several years in charge of Professor Newby. The sam^Dles of writing were by four 
entire classes in all the grades where penmanship is taught, and ai-e models of 
neatness, accuracy, and a good illustration of the culture which may be attained 
even in simple matters by a steady adherence to a rational plan of instruction. 
He also commends the drawings from the polytechnic school and the micro- 
scopical drawings, botli from the University ; also. Professor TarbelFs volumes, 
as exhibiting the whole range of graded school w'ork, from the point wliere 
pupils begin to w'rite, up to and through the high school, the commissioner 
regarding these volumes as more comprehensive than any otlier in the depart- 
ment, and therefore as representing the entire graded school system of Michigan. 

The commissioner reports the gratifying fact that our State Public School 
for Dependent Children was the subject of profound study by the philanthro- 
pists of all nations, who saw a hitherto unrealized ideal, and that the institution 
has become a model for universal imitation. 

The report also mentions the valuable work of Judge Cam2)bell, who was 
requested to prepare a sketch of the legal history of j\[ichigan ; that the w^ork 
during its progress grew to the dimensions of a history, resulting in the publi- 
cation of the work entitled, " Outlines of the Political History of Michigan." 



•Stated on page 510 as "over fifty mamiscript reportii," preilicated on a siiinmary appentU'il to tlie 
printed catalogue of the forestry and niiruiid ixliiliiis. 



554 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



The history of the press of Michigan, contributed by T. S. Applegate, comes 
in for .a good and well-deserved share of the commissionei''s commendation. 

Tiie third chapter of the report is devx^ted to the awards of the judges 
in the Depai'traeut of Education and Science. These judges were : Andrew 
D. White, JAj. D., president of Cornell University ; D. C. Gillman, LL. I)., 
president of John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland ; John W. Iloyt, 
M. D., LL.D., JVIadison, Wisconsin; Sir Charles Reed, London, England; Juan 
J. Marin, Spain; Otto Torell, director of the geological survey of Sweden; 
M. Touret, Paris, France ; John M. Gregory, president of Illinois Industi'ial 
University, Champaign, Illinois, formerly Supei'intendent of Public Instruction 
for Michigan. The Michigan educational exhibit was thoroughly examined by 
these eminent gentlemen, and awards of medals and accompanying commenda- 
tions were made as follows : I. To the Centennial Educational Committee, 
Michigan, for general educational exhibits. II. To the Michigan State Univer- 
sity, for microscopical exhibits, etc. III. To the Industrial School for the Deaf, 
Dumb and the Blind, Flint, for pupils' work. IV. To the Michigan State 
Agricultural College, for collection of woods. V. To the School for Dependent 
Children, Coldwater, for plans, drawings and reports. VI. To Board of Educa- 
tion, Detroit, for school furniture. VII. To Board of Education, Ann Arbor, 
for pupils' work. VIII. To Board of Education, Adrian, for pupils' work. 

The fourth chapter of the report is devoted to the discussion of the ques- 
tion : To what extent do oui' public schools contribute to the formation of 
good citizens ? The principles embodied in this discussion were, that hximan 
suj^remacy over natural forces and natural products, for man's good, is the true 
meaning of civilization ; that utility should be combined with beauty and 
symmetry in our inventions, ministering both to material comfort and sesthetical 
enjoyment ; that the industrial spirit has become the spirit of the age ; that 
human intelligence is everywhere at work on these industrial problems, and 
national greatness and wealth rises with the application of intelligent skill to 
diversified forms of industry, and lines of traffic will fluctuate as the centers of 
such production pass fi'om nation to nation, and such centei's will be located 
wlierever skilled labor abounds and is employed in the production of articles 
which excel in quality and style; that the same principles that ap2ily to nations 
and states apply also to individuals, and lead to the conclusion that in all 
these respects skilled industry is the sure road to prosperity and progress. On 
these principles the commissioner bases a strong plea for industrial education 
being engrafted upon the intellectual education already so extensively estab- 
lished in the State. On this basis Italy is reconstructing her industrial condition. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 555 



The bi-ancli of iiistniction required to lead pu[)ils to seek industrial pursuits 
other than professional, and to fit them for the diversitied pursuits of life, 
according to the views of the commissioner, in addition to the bi'anches already 
taught in oui' public schools, is the art of drawing, as lying at the very basis 
of all skillful constructive ability, and imparting to education an almost 
universal industiial value. It enters to a greater extent than histoiy and 
geography the daily needs of men. It is the Ijasis of all industries and all 
the trades. It serves the mason and the car2)enter before serving the architect ; 
it serves the joiner and the blacksmith, the locksmith, the surveyor, the wheel- 
wright, the needle-woman, the lace-maker, the upholsterer, the jeweler, the 
gardener, all professional workmen, before serving the sculi)tor and the painter. 
It was said by Count Laborde, after the Universal Exposition at London, in 
1851, that "every man ought to leai'u drawing on the same ground that he 
learns writing, and that he might learn it without nuich more difficulty, since 
writing is itself a kind of exercise in drawing. Besides, this art, so simple, is 
destined to work an immense and beneficent revolution in the industry of 
France. To-day it is seen that the trade in those numberless articles which adorn 
the dwellings, the furniture, the costume, and, I was about to say, the manners of 
civilized nations, falls to the country which will introduce to all its industrial 
products the most delicate and refined tastes." Another quotation is given to 
show that instruction in drawing is obligatory in Prussia, Holland, Austria, 
Sweden and Denmark, and is included in the normal school course in France, 
Belgium, Italy, Spain and Portugal. In Massachusetts instruction in drawing 
is also made compulsory in the public schools, and in most of the large cities 
of the North drawing forms a regular branch of instruction, and is placed on 
an equality with reading, writing and calculating, while in Michigan but little 
attention has been paid to drawing as a branch of public school instruction. 
It has gained a foothold in a few of the larger cities, but practically it is a 
new branch of study, the importance of which has not been fully estimated. 
Every consideration of public policy and private interest justifies its intioduc- 
tion to the public schools of every grade, whei-e it should be ranked with 
nviding, writing and arithmetic. The commissioner lays down a general pro- 
gramme for the stmly of drawing in the public schools, beginning with the 
primary grade, in which oral instruction, with exercises in straight lines and 
angles, are to be given, with combinations, the first year, running thn)ugh a 
course during the first four years ; then directions for the grammar grade, a 
period of four years, closing with the elements of perspective, construction of 
original designs, elements of shading, and practical geometry. Then the course 



556 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

for high school practice, begiuning with drawing ornaments from flat copies, 
original designs, geometrical drawing, and continuing into the second, third and 
fonrtli years, ^^•\\en special courses, at the option of the student, are to l)e selected, 
architectural, mechanical, engineering or ornamental. The plan proposed would 
make drawing an element of school instruction in every grade, from the lowest 
to the highest, adopting specialties only during the last three years of a twelve 
years' course. The method i-econamended on this important topic is well 
elaboj-ated in the report. 

The commissioner also recommends more attention to natuial pliilosophy, 
chemistry and physiology, and urges the importance of a good supply of 
philosophical apparatus, a chemical laboratory, and a collection of physiological 
models, in every high school. While i-ecommending greater attention to these 
practical studies, he recommends that less time be devoted to spelling, geog- 
raphy and grammar, astronomy, mental and moral science, and perhaps rhetoric, 
and in all ))ut the largest schools Greek should be tliscontinued. Geography 
is begun too early, and might be confined to a three years' course, and should 
be compressed into one text-book. Grammar should be confined to a two 
years' course, and not be begun before the pupil has acquired suflicient maturity 
to comprehend it. The text-book of grammar should be purged of the small 
piint. Better to teach a few bi-anches well than to undertake too many and 
discourage the pupil. In the smaller high schools the course of study should 
be reduced to three years, and English literature, physiology, botany and the 
science of government might be substituted for Latin. The ambition to make 
even small high schools miniature colleges has done infinite harm. 

The commissioner presents a course of study for the average high school, 
in which Latin and drawing are taught throughout the course, algebra the first 
year, book-keeping the first term, physiology and geography the second and 
third terms of the first year, natural philosophy and geometry the second year, 
history and chemistry the thii'd year, science of government first term, physi- 
ology three terms, and botany the last two terms of the fourth year. 

While there is no attempt to disparage the efforts already made to furnish 
a complete system of education, the commissioner claims that the grave ques- 
tions of finance and the stern necessity which exists for pupils, on leaving 
school, to be able to earn something ; the moral disasters which follow their 
inability to do this, and the direct moral advantages of an education that shall 
enable pupils, on leaving school, to apply practically what they have leai'ued, 
all point to the importance of these changes. That although a full techno- 
logical education or apprenticeship to any special trade cannot and ought not to 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 



be expected in tlie pulilie scliools, ;i trmniiig that sliall lit pupils for acipiiring 
technological skill in the workshop and manufactory should be provided. 

The fact that the high school has become organically connected ^vith the 
University, and cnnseciuently a change in its courses must be sanctioned ])y 
the University, is discussed. The inliueuce of the University, with respect to 
the higher standard of scholarship, has been wholesome, while with reference 
to that kind of instruction which is the first need of the great mass of our 
people, its influence has not been helpful. The genei'al spirit of the University 
is literary and professional ; it assumes that its students are to become lawyers, 
clergymen, jthysicians, teachers, editors, etc. Tlie inevitable consequence is, 
that the high schools, whidi are closely connected with the University, must 
exert the same kind of influence on their pupils. To remedy tliis difficulty, 
the commissioner proposes to classify the high schools, as follows: I. A few, 
the veiy largest, may become classical schools, making the study of Latin and 
Greek the predominant purpose. II. A much larger number may make the 
study of science their leading purpose. III. Other schools, large or small, may 
pursue an independent course, basing their organization exclusively on the needs 
of the community in which tliey are severally situated. 

After giving an account of the course pursued in the agricultural colleges 
of France, this division of the report arrives at the following conclusions : 
I. The course of instruction in our public schools should be simplified ; it 
should be more intensive, less extensive. IT. A greater amount of useful 
knowledge should be communicated — useful as distinguished from the discipli- 
nary or remotely serviceable. III. Technical education and a general literary 
culture serve two distinct purposes, and they cannot be cai-ried on simultane- 
ously without mutual disadvantage. 

The fifth chapter (jr division of the commissioner's repoi't is devoted to a 
consideration of "the nature and extent of the provisions made in Michigan 
for the preparatory training of teachers." It is held that we have no educa- 
tional science, no established first principles to serve as criteria for estimating 
the validity of our methods ; and worse still, there is extreme scepticism, even 
among prominent teachers, as to the possibility, or even utility, of such a 
science. In actual practice empiricism is largely dominant. As a rule, teachers 
enter upon their duties with no critical knowledge of methods, and with no 
comprehensive notion of the nature and purposes of education. 

The commissioner then proceeds to consider: I. What is the nature of the 
])reparation which teachers should make for their respective duties ^ II. Under 
what circumstances and to what extent is a state justifiable in providing, at 



5r)8 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

public expense, for the professional education of teachers ? III. To what extent 
has Michigan furnished her teachers with facilities for normal insti'uction ? 
IV. What additional facilities for this object do we require, and how may 
they be most completely and expediently applied ? V. What means should be 
taken to stimulate teachers to make use of the helps which are provided for 
them by the State ? 

The first question is discussed on the basis that technical skill may be 
acquired in three ways: 1, Empirically, learning by experience ; 2, Imitatively, 
by observing methods as employed by others ; 3, Rationally, by first learning 
the science which underlies the given art. The fact is, empirical art precedes 
science, histoi'ically. The [^imitative process is strictly preparatory, taking 
advantage of accumulated experience and acquired skill. It does not neces- 
sarily imply scientific knowledge. But the third mode of learning is, in the 
highest degree, preparatory. Every true art has its correlative science or body 
of natural laws which underlies its processes. This science confers the power 
of prevision to avoid mistakes and invent new processes, as well as to correct 
mistakes and improve the processes in use. Science thiis involves art, and he 
who has learned the science has learned potentially its correlative art ; and as 
the principles of science are few and capable of exact definition, the most 
economical method of learning an art is to first learn the science which is its 
foundation. Every well conducted school is in its effect a normal school, if 
the methods are made the subject of critical study by any portion of its 
pupils. The conclusion arrived at is, that preparatory training for teachers 
should consist of : 1 , Instruction in the principles of educational science in 
connection with advanced academical culture; 2, Instruction in methods, in 
connection with an academic course of study considerably in advance of the 
grade of instruction to be given. 

In regard to the question as, to the State providing for the professional 
education of teachers, the commissioner, after discussing it, arrives at the con- 
clusion that it is justifiable in the following cases : 1, When there are no 
schools of a high grade where teachers may attain that degree of academic 
instruction which is necessary in their calling; 2, When the current methods 
of teaching and of general school management are obsolete or poor to such an 
extent that their renovation becomes a public necessity ; 3, When there is need 
of introducing to general use either a new branch of learning or some new 
system of instruction; 4, When the necessity is felt of cultivating educational 
science as the means of placing the system of public instruction on a rational 
basis. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 559 

The facilities fiiniislied by ^liebigaii for normal iiistiuetion are the Normal 
School and an annual appropriation of §1,800 for teachers' institutes. The 
Normal School was founded in 1849, when there were only six graded schools 
in Michigan. Tlie effect has been to keep alive the idea that teaching is an 
art which may be communicated, and which should be learned by every one 
wlio proposes to devote himself to work in the public schools. In its earlier 
stages it supplied the State with a limited niunber of better teachers than 
would otherwise have been placed in charge of schools. It has created a 
demand for students and has induced some to adopt the profession of teaching 
who would otherwise have chosen a different vocation. 

There are now in Michigan 2(56 graded and high schools, showing vast 
progress in twenty-seven years. The State employs more than 12,000 teachers. 
To supply the deficiency caused by death, removal, failure, marriage and change 
of employment, requires at least 3,000 new teachers every year. Of these the 
Normal School can only furnish about 100. The high schools perhaps furnish 
700 more, so that there are at least 2,000 teachers who enter upon their work 
without any special preparatory training. It does not appear that graduates of 
the Normal School are any more likely to obtain the charge of the largest 
graded schools than are the graduates of other or high schools. Of the 266 
graded schools, 26 are under the charge of Normal School graduates, while it 
is easy to find twenty-six other schools of greater magnitude, with the single 
exception of Detroit, where the superintendents are not graduates of the 
Normal School. The Normal School, from its organic limitati(ms, occupies a 
position just above the grammar grade and slightly within the high school grade. 

The commissioner claims that he has sought to attain two objects in his 
analytical examination of the Normal School : 1, To establish a basis of com- 
parison whereby means may be devised for supplementing our existing facilities 
for normal instruction ; 2, To indicate a way by which the Normal School 
may be strengthened to a still greater amount and a higher quality of good. 
That the criticisms offered are directed solely against the institution as an 
organization, not against its administration, past or present. 

In regard to the teachers' institute plan, the commissioner asserts that the 
work has never been organized, the law being permissive only, not mandatory. 
The superintendent is "authorized" to appoint an institute, if "reasonable 
assurance" is given that fifty, or in some cases twenty-five, teachers desu-e to 
assemble for this purpose. The class of teachers most likely to petition for an 
institute are the most sjiirited and earnest — the best teachers — the very teachere 
who need this aid the least. Its niovability makes it an efficient insti'ument to 



56U MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

arouse entliusiasm in educational matters, both among teachers and the people 
at large. Its provisions are insufficient. The appropriation only meets the 
expenses of eighteen institutes a year, whereas every county in the State having 
twenty schools should have its annual institute, conducted by the State Super- 
intendent or by some competent person whom he shall appoint for that purpose. 
Tlie law supplies no motive stimulating teachers to attend these institutes. 
The indifferent and incompetent do not, as a rule, patronize them. If absen- 
teeism without excuse were made a bar to a license, the usefulness of the 
institute would be greatly extended. In Wisconsin the State is divided into 
four institute districts, and one professor in each normal school is jjermanently 
set apart for the conducting of institutes in certain portions of the year. From 
the middle of March to the first of May, and the months of August, September 
and October, the four conductors are constantly in the field, and in August 
other qualified persons, pi-incipals of* high schools, etc., are employed in con- 
ducting these institutes. About (SO institutes are held annually, some occupying 
one and some two weeks, and in August and September a number are held of 
four weeks' duration. The county superintendent is required by law to hold 
at least one institute a year in his county. Enrollment blanks, blank registers 
and reports, and small note-books, are furnished by the board. The registers 
and reports are in duplicate — one forwarded to the state superintendent, and 
the other kept on file by the regular conductor of the district. The board 
pays the conductors and their expenses ; other expenses are a charge upon the 
county. The assignment of conductoi-s and arrangement of dates are the work 
of the institute committee. In July a conductors' meeting is held, when a well 
digested syllabus is agreed on for the long term institutes, and greater uniformity 
in system and method is secured. Probably no part of the whole educational 
system of the State has more firmly entrenched itself in the confidence and 
esteem of the people of Wisconsin than this institute work under the pi-esent 
system. 

Tlie commissioner arrives at the conclusion that there are absolutely no 
facilities in Michigan for studying the science of education, for learning the 
rational art of conducting school systems, while the facilities for the instruction 
of teachers on the imitative plan are vastly out of pi'0|)ortion to our imjiera- 
tive needs. 

The science of education is critical, as based on psychology, physiology and 
governmental policy ; and historical, as based on tyj^es of civilization and systems 
of education. Tlie conditions necessary for the training of educators on this 
basis are: 1, On the part of the instructor, a mind of great comprehensive 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. . 561 



power, a natural ivlisli for rational knowledge, profound scholarship in mental 
science, and a full kno\vled>ic of the condition and needs of schools and school 
systems. 2, On the part of the learner, a relish for philosophical studies, a 
good degree of general scliolarsliip, and a mind of considerable maturity, which 
has been trained into liabits of exact thinking. 

The connection of the graded schools witli the University is already leading 
to the placing of these schools in charge of University graduates, and the com- 
missioner, after a full discussion of the subject, arrives at the conclusion that 
the true way to secure scientific instruction in tlie art of education is to 
establish at the University a chair of education, as has been done in the 
University of Edinburgh. The objection that the science of education does not 
exist is a strong reason why this should be done. The materials for such a 
science exist in abundance. Let Michigan aid in organizing that science. The 
commissioner sees in this proposition a means by which the profession of 
teaching may be raised so that it will no longer be regarded as a temporary 
pursuit, but as a profession which shall secure to its members the prerogatives, 
emoluments and honors which the learned professions confer. It would place 
the art of teaching on a scientific basis, and open at once a field for the 
exercise of professional skill, which will create a distinction between rational 
and empirical practice, and tell in favor of professional emoluments, while the 
assurance of fair income will attract to the business of teaching that talent 
which is now diverted to the recognized professions. 

But as this desirable result cannot be attained at once, the commissioner 
proposes the follo\ving grade of preparation as the best which the gi'eat mass 
of teachers can be expected to secure under existing circumstances : 1, A course 
of academic instruction such as our high schools afford ; 2, Special instruction 
in the science and art of teacliiug, based on a text-book, and supplemented, if 
need be, by expository lectures ; 3, A careful observation of good models of 
general school management. All this, it is thought, can be accomplislied 
through the high schools without additional expense. There are at least sixty 
of these schools that can fulfill all these requirements with reasonable complete- 
ness. To accomplish this he proposes: 1, Tliat the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction be empowered to select the schools which may be willing to engage 
in this work, basing liis choice on their general efficiency. 2, Let this officer 
prescribe a uniform course of instriiction in the science and art of teaching. 
3, Wlien pupils liave comjileted a regular course of academic instruction foi- at 
least three years, and the supplementary course of special instruction, let the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction issue to such a license to teach foi- tlu'ee 



562 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

years, vSiicli license to be renewed, on examination and proof of success, for 
successive periods of three years. 

Already thirty-tliree high schools have assumed work of this kind, and 682 
pupils have I>een instructed in the art of teaching. The Normal School, \vithout 
disturbing its status, could be profitably employed in specialties, such as 
instruction in the art of teaching, drawing and the kindergarten culture. 

The commissioner strongly urges the necessity of adopting a more thorough 
supervision, and also a standard or grade of attainment, without which a 
teacher could not obtain or retain authority to teach, as a means of stimulating 
teachers to higher achievements. In this matter of competent supervision the 
laws of Michigan are defective, inasmuch as the 900 township superintendents 
ai'e but little better qualified than the persons they inspect. Nothing was so 
clearljf shown by the exhibit at Philadelphia as the supreme inq^ortance of 
skillful supervision. 

Tlie province of Canada furnishes an instructive example of the manner in 
which a wise su2)ervision may raise the condition of the entire school system 
of the country. Questions employed in the examination of teachers are prepared 
by the central board of examiners, for simultaneous use throughout the province. 
These questions, accompanied by minute instructions, are transmitted in a sealed 
envelope to every inspectoi', and are opened only at the moment when the 
examination begins. Candidates whose papers have a prescribed value receive 
a license ; those who fail must either abandon the business of teaching or make 
the needed prejiaration for its duties. The effect is to establish a uniform 
standard of qualification throughout the several grades of schools, which may 
be gradually and uniformly raised. There is no escape from the rigor of this 
inquest, and teachers are obliged to use the means which the law provides for 
their education and training. The result has l^een extraordinary progress in 
all departments of the public school system, the schools having become provided 
with a better class of teachers. 

The commissioner closes his report on Michigan education with the following 
summary of conclusions: I. The University, the head of the system, in its 
general organization and in its actual administration, is worthy of admiration. 
In its literary department and its professional and technological schools it offers 
unexcelled advantages for general and special culture. Its principal chairs are 
occupied by industrious and eminent scholars ; and the general influence which 
is exerted on the lower schools of the system is wholesome in the extreme. 
II. The city and village graded schools, usually culminating in a high school, 
which constitutes the middle element of the system, are generously supported 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 563 



bv tile public, are udiiiiialiiy oru'aiii/AMJ ;ui<l tiiuglit, and together form a char- 
acteristic and most valuable feature of our public school system. The}' enjoy 
the advantages of systematic and enlightened supei'vision, and, iu genei'al, their 
affairs are administered with prudent economy. These schools exhibit all the 
elements of a normal growth, and if their jn'ogress be not checked by unfore- 
seen misfortunes, they will become a most beneficent agency for the general 
culture of our people. III. Our country schools ai'e suffering for the want of 
intelligent and efficient supervision. The funds for their support are ample, 
and the houses foi- their accommodation are in general comfoi-table and often 
elegant. Many of these schools are weakened by the withdrawal of their 
better pupils to village or city schools ; and the average grade of teaching is 
low. Many of our graded schools were formed by the union of sevei-al district 
schools; and this concentration of numbei's, resources and interests, in connection 
with the classification of i)upils thus made possible, has given these oi-ganiza- 
tions their peculiar etticieucy and strength. There is no reason, in the nature 
of things, why the schools of each township might not be thus united, graded, 
compactly organized, and made subject to efficient su|)ei'vision. IV. Suj^ple- 
mentary to our school system proper are our charitable schools foi- the unfor- 
tunate of almost every class — the destitute, the insane, the blind, the deaf and 
dumb. Like a good parent, the State is a benefactor to all her children without 
discrimination, to male and female, to rich and poor, to the fortunate and the 
unfortunate. V. In the main, the organization of our system of public instruc- 
tion is sound. Its faults are chiefly faults of administration, which can be 
cured by simple means, Avhenever we are willing to confess that a system which 
has been so generally and in many^ I'espects so justly lauded, has some I'eal 
impei-fections. VI. There is need of giving an eminently practical diivction to 
our popular education — not practical in the sense of teaching handici-afts, trades 
and piofessions, l)ut in that of communicating the knowledge which is of 
immediate and constant use in the pi'actical affairs of life. The literary and 
scientific elements in education should be pursued in their just pro2)ortions ; 
and to effect this symmetry something must be taken from the first and some- 
thing added to the second. VII. Our system of normal instruction is inadetjuate 
because, in fact, it makes no provision for the cultivation of educational science, 
and furnishes only meager facilities for that lowei' degree of professional training 
which gives fitness for subordinate positions. 



564 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



JIAIiSHALL IIIGir SCHOOL. 



The Marshall schools made no special exhibit at the Centennial beyond 
their printed catalogue and cut of the high school building. The cut is given 




here as a good representative of the better class of high school buildings, and 
as appropriately closing the chapter on school interests. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 565 



IV.— MICHIGAX STATE IXSTITUTIOXS. 

IT would be dirticult to detiue clearly the line where human institutions cease 
to be educational and bec-orae something else, but the necessity of classifi- 
cation coHijiels a division and grouping of subjects in this part of this volume. 
In the method here adopted, the propriety of having those things that are 
strictly State institutions appear in [)i-oximity, is recognized. Hence the last 
preceding chapter is devoted to the State educational system propei', and this 
one to "^lichigan State Institutions," in which education is more or less 
blended with beneficent, refoi'inatory or restrictive measures as affecting par- 
ticular classes of iiersons. 

STATE PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR DEPENDENT CHILDREN. 
The State Public School, at Coldwater, exhibited a quarto volume containing 
a lithographic view of the buildings; ten photographic views, exteriors and 
intei-iors ; plan of cottages ; plan of grounds ; outline [ilan of all the buildings ; 
annual reports of the boards of control for 1874-5; and a well written manu- 
script entitled, "The Michigan State Public School for Dependent Children, 
Its Plans, Aims and History," pi-epared for the Centennial Exhibition at the 
request of the State Boaixl of Centennial Managers, by Hon. C. D. Randall, of 
Coldwater, and of which the sketch which follows is an abridgment. Mr. 
Randall was the author, in the .Michigan Senate of 1871, of the law establishing 
the State Public School, is Secretary, Treasurer, and a member of the Board of 
Control of that institution, and Vice-President of the National Prison Refoi'm 
Congress. There was also exhibited a manuscript entitled, "An Account of 
the Operations of the State Public School since its Organization, together with 
Class Examinations, Blanks, etc.," by Lyman P. Alden, Superintendent. A medal 
and diploma was deservedly awarded for the collective exhibit, giving, as it 
does, a complete and comprehensive view of this noble charitable institution. 

irisToiucAi. AND i)i>( uii'tivl; sketch. 

Tlie Micliigiui Stiilf I'liljlic .Scliool for De|H'ii(U'iit Cliiklren ha.s a twofold chiu-uctor : First, It 
Ls a temporary ediirational home for the cliiklren of the poor, to which poverty alone grants 
a(lmi.s.sion. Second, It i.s a merciful agency to restore a child that ha.s lost its natural home to a 
family home and to society. In its character first named, it is a branch of the educational depart- 
ment of the Stati' — purely a sciiool — making all its rejiorts to the Superintendent of Pulilic Instruction. 



566 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

By means of this school, the Michigan educational system is so far perfected that all healthy, 
dependent children of sound mind may be educated, beginning in this as dependents and completing 
the course in our University, the entire system being based on free education. By the two char- 
acteristics named, this is the only government institution of the kind existing in any country. It 
is established and maintained entirely by the State for dependent children, who, without it, would 
have no home excepting such as private charity or the county poor-house might provide. 

There were two motives leading to its establishment, and they were: First, to benefit these 
children. Second, to benefit the State. The childreh are to be benefited by removing them from 
the streets and county-houses to good homes, where they would be under moral and educational 
influences. The State to be benefited by preventing the increase of pauperism and crime, by 
cutting off their most fruitful sources, thus purifying society and reducing the burden of taxation. 

It is not, however, penal or reformatory. No taint of crime, by reason of the manner of its 
admission, attaches to any inmate, any more than it does to those in our district schools. No 
ministers of offended law bring children to its doors. In all other government institutions in this 
country and in Europe for children, crime, on sentence or suspension of sentence, gives admission 
to all or part of their inmates. But this scliool has no connection whatever with our penal system. 
Of course, its influences are preventive, but only in the same manner as are our churches and 
public schools. Dependency, with physical and mental liealth and proper age, alone admits. The 
plan is original with Michigan, and as its operations have attracted so much attention from 
legislators and scholars in social science at home and abroad, the writer has been requested to 
make this statement of its plan and aims, and of the causes leading to its establishment, for the 
purpose of showing the policy of governments maintaining such schools. The facts here given 
are mainly founded on the public records of this State, and where they are not, then on the 
personal recollections of the writer, who was connected with the project at its origin in the 
Michigan Senate, and has been most of the time since then in an official capacity. 

This institution is a very natural development of our modern Christian civilization, that 
operates to unite the humanities and economies. It is the direct outgrowth of a sentiment in 
society, that has been increasing for many years, in favor of dependent children, which asked of 
goverumeute, rather than of 2>rivate charity, the amelioration of their condition. This sentiment 
has been mainly developed by the discussions of problems in social science by national and inter- 
national conventions, associations, prison reform congresses, etc., held in this country and in Europe, 
for the purpose of perfecting systems of prison discipline, and to recommend measures for the better 
prevention of pauperism and crime. The addresses and papers of those taking part in these 
discussions have been published and widely circulated, read with interest, and have exerted a 
powerful influence in all civilized nations, to carry on and perfect the work began by John 
Howard alone in the last century. These influences have already established a more reformatory 
treatment of prisoners, and have provided correctional homes for criminal and vagrant children. 
In this State they have given us a house of correction, an intermediate prison, a reform school, 
and a rebuilt State prison, under improved management. At the same time, our jails have nearly 
been vacated as places of punishment, and our county poor-houses are, on the average, much better 
adapted to their f)urposes. But more than this, these influences have in this State inaugurated 
the preventive system embodied in the State Public School, of which our present chief executive 
said in a late message, it " will acconi])lish as much if not more real good than any yet founded 
by the State." 

The influences named had early practical eflect upon the minds of public men of this State 
which led to official incjuiry. The first official action in this regard, suggesting the propriety and 
necessity of investigation in matters pertaining to pauperism and crime, was by Governor H. P. 
Baldwin, who, in the fall of 1868, before assuming the duties of the office to which he had been 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 567 



elected, visited several of the State institutions and some of the county jails and poor-houses, and 
became convinced of the necessity of improvement in the general management, and a revision of 
our laws relative to them. He, therefore, in his inaugural message, recommended a revision and 
the appointment of a commission to examine and consider the whole subject connected with our 
punitive and reformatory institutions, and to report on or before the meeting of the next 
Legislature. In accordance with this recommendation, a joint resolution authorized (Laws of 
1869, i)age 442) and the Governor appointed the commission during that session. The 
appointees were. Dr. S, S. Cutter of Coldwater, Hon. C. I. AValker of Detroit, and Hon. F. H. 
Rankin of Flint, gentlemen eminently (lualified for the peculiar and difficult work allotted 
them. They spent several months in their investigations, visiting many of our county and our 
State institutions, and extending their researches into other States by visiting their jjublic institu- 
tions. Their report to the Legislature of 1871 was able and exhaustive, covering most of the 
questions in social reform attracting public attention, showing careful research, and containing 
many valuable recommendations. In submitting this report, Gov. Baldwin, in his message in 
January, 1871, called e.special attention to the facts and recommendations therein relative to 
dependent children, in and out of the county poor-houses, and asked for legislation for their relief. 
This report gave the number of these children under sixteen years of age, and gave a vivid 
account of their lamentable condition in the county poor-houses. It showed very plainly there was 
not, nor could there be, in such asylums, any separation or classification of inmates, so that from 
necessity the children were kept in close contact with the adult inmates of both sexes, who were 
often the i)hysical, mental and moral wrecks of their own excesses. They also had to associate 
daily, in crowded rooms, with the diseased, insane and idiotic. In such a school of ignorance and 
vice as thi^, which the average county poor-house afforded (and they arc no worse in this than in 
other States) with all these evil influences about them, the prospects for the young were gloomy 
indeed.' And these influences operated strongly to attach the child permanently to the pauper 
and criminal class in which he was reared ; the system thus working most effectually to propagate 
and per])etuate, from one generation to another, a dependent and criminal class of very low mental 
and physical type, the ratio of increase therein being disproportionate to the increase of population. 
Few could be saved to a better life in such surroundings, and hence, in order to save them and 
protect society, they must be removed to a better home, wlicre they should have moral and 
educational training. This, in outline, was the scheme which for many years had been recom- 
mended by writers in social science, boards of State charities, etc., and was endorsed by our 
special commission in its report. The recommendation of this commission that the State should 
assume control of, educate and provide for its dependent children, was the first official one made 
in this State. The facts and arguments, so well and forcibly stated in this report, brought the 
whole matter before the people and the Legislature, making the necessity of State intervention 
and remedy ijuite apparent, and was the moving cause of favorable action thereon at that time. 
This preceding legislative action by special investigation has always been a peculiar feature of 
Michigan legislation. Judge Campbell, in his admirable and scholarly Political History of Michigan, 
lately published, in speaking of the cstablLshment of our a.sylum at Kalamazoo, .says : " Chan- 
cellor Walworth visited personally all the institutions of that kind in the United States. Dr. 
Pitcher and Dr. Bcla Hubbard had made a study of the treatment of insanity and were well 
informed of the condition of the ])rincipal asylums." 

The commissionci-s suggested three plans of relief, seeming to prefer (hem in the order named, 
as follows : First, Establish a State agency by which dependent children could be removed from 
the county poor-hou.ses and placed directly in families. Second, Remove them from the county 
poor-houses to private orphan a.sylums, the expense of their supjrort therein to be paid by the 
State. If neither of these plans proved practicable, then : Third, E.«tablish a State primary 



oB.S MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



school " after tJie plan of that in Monson, Mass." Preference and prominence was given the plan 
second named, in the following laugnagc : " It would be well for the State to encourage the 
establishment of private orphan asylums, by placing therein as many of these children as the 
officers of these institutions are willing to receive, and allowing them an amount for their main- 
tenance which would e(|ual the expense of keejiing them in the alms-house." Neither of these 
plans was fully adopted, the Legislature proving the more radical, and established an institution, 
though in some respects like the Massachusetts one, yet being a school and not a penal establish- 
ment — it was new, and as an educational, preventive scheme, far in advance of any before proposed. 
When the Legislature of 1871 convened, it was soon generally understood that the matters treated 
by the special commission would furnish some of the most important work of the session. It was 
earlv decided there shouki be a joint committee of the Senate and House, composed of the 
committees on the Reform School and State Prison in the Senate, and the like committees in the 
House, forming a body of sixteen members. By request of the chairman of the special commission 
the writer accepted the chairmanship of the Senate committee on the Reform School, which would 
make him chairman of the joint committee. The joint committee also elected him chairman. 
During the usual vacation of a few days, the joint committee visited our State charitable, j)enal 
and reformatory institutions, and on its return held several meetings, discussing freely what 
recommendations should be made. After a full discussion, the committee instructed the chairman 
to report as he did February 15th, 1871. (See the Senate journal of that date.) This report 
largely adopted the views and conclusions of the special commission in regard to needed improve- 
ments in our penal and reformatory institutions, and also in regard to proposed aid for dependent 
children. The following language was then used in this report, which was the first appearance of 
the subject in that or in any other previous Legislature : " Your committee also recommend that 
among the institutions of this State there be established, at an early day, a State Public School, 
after the plan of that in Massachusetts, for the maintenance and education of indigent children. 
This class is now generally kept in our poor-houses, which arc unfit places in which to rear and 
educate boys and girls, and whence it cannot be expected they will go bettered in mind and 
morals. It would be a noble work for the State to do, and it is to be hoped that it will soon 
take them in its fostering care." When this report was drawn the wi-iter was not aware that the 
Massachusetts institution recommended was partially penal and reformatory. Two days after the 
submission of this report, a petition was presented to the Senate, signed by a large number of the 
citizens of Adrian ; also a memorial signed by the officers of the Michigan Orphan Asylum, a 
very worthy private charity of that city, both of which requested the Legislature to appropriate 
monev in aid of that institution. The petition stated, *>:=**" ^yg earnestly endorse the 
recommendation of said commissioners, and believe it would be wise for the State to encourage 
the establishment of orphan asylums by placing therein as many of these children as the officers 
of such institutions are willing to receive, and allowing them an amount for their maintenance." 
Both petition and memorial endorse especially this recommendation of the commission, and 
ask the Legislature, " that you afford such association such aiil as shall seem meet and proper 
upon an investigation of its merits." These papei-s are printed in full in the Senate Journal of 
that date. They were referred to the joint' committee, where they received tlue consideration. No 
formal report was made thereon, but the chairman replied informally to the friends of that asylum 
that his committee considered the aiding of private institutions out of public funds as of doubtful 
propriety. Tluit our State constitution had virtually prohibited the extension of such aid by 
providing that public funds should not be used for private benefit but by a two-thirds vote of the 
Legislature. Besides this, the granting of suili :iicl wdulil tend to involve our State in tlic same 
political embarrassments it had others, where aid had been extended to sectarian schools and 
asvkinis. That this sectarian aid savored too ' nuich of the union of cliurth and State, and was 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 569 



against the settled ])olicv of our jroveniineiit. Tlie friends of this asylum did not further press 
their claim, and when the i)rojeet of the State Public School was hroufrht forward lliey jrave it, 
as di<l others, tiieir cordial su])i)ort. 

The asylum named was organized in 1805 and reorganized in 18li'^. It lias done a good work, 
having by private charity alone provideil some 300 dependent childri'U with good homes. Since 
the opening of the State Public School it has kept up its organization only to supervise those who 
were indentured. There are, and have existed for a long time, several important and worthy 
private charities in this State that have contributed very much to educate the public miii<l and 
prepare it for favoring tho.se of a broader character founded on State suppt)rt. The most promineut 
among the.se is the Ladies' Protestant Orphan A.syluni of Detroit. This was organized in June, 
1836, by some of the most prominent ladies of that city. It has during its life of forty years 
placed in good homes about 1,.")00 dependent children, and still coutiimes its labors of love, having 
on the average about thirty children in its care. To use its own language: "The object of the 
association is to provide a teini)orary home for dependent children until a family home is found." 
Tills in outline is the same as the State Public School, and as much as any other foi-eshadowed 
it. Detroit has other very worthy and long-established children's homes. St. Vincent Orphan 
Asylum, which was established twenty-seven years ago; St. Anthony's Male Orphan Asylum, incor- 
porated in 1867 ; Woman's Hospital and Foundlings' Home, e.stablished in 1868 ; Home of the 
Friendless, established in 1861 ; House of Pi-ovidence, in 180ft ; and the Industrial School, which 
has been in operation nineteen years. Grand Rapids is entitled to great credit for its Union Benevo- 
lent Association and its St. Mark's Home. All these institutions are doing noble work, and are 
often the pioneers of our State institutions. 

The special commission, though presenting very convincing testimony and strong arguments, 
accompanied them with no bill as the embodiment of their scheme in regard to legislation for the 
benefit of the cla.s,s of children referred to. In other countries commissions generally pre-sent the bill 
in their report. But in this country the drafting of law's is usually left to a body of men, none 
of whom have identified themselves with the project, and most of whom are inexperienced in 
legislation. The joint committee, in its first report, though presenting other bills at that time, 
presented none for the benefit of dependent children. But subsequently in the session the writer, 
after giving the subject as careful a .study as he could in the haste of our short .sessions, became 
more strongly impressed that it was time the State .should assume control of these children. The 
first fifty days of the .session, after wiiii-h no l)il]s could be iiitrnduird, wi-ri' rapidly drawing to a 
close, and without the aid of precedent-^, for none existed for tlu' institution desired, he prepared 
such a plan as to him seemed nearest right as an educational preventive project ba.sed on our 
common school .system, having no regard to our penal or reformatory systems. Reports of com- 
missions of various states, especially in Ohio and Ma.ssachusetts, furnished useful suggestions, but 
none the biUsL* for the organic law of the propo.sed school, for they all treated of institutions of a 
mixed character, partly j)enal or reformatory, none having treated of an institution jnirely i)re- 
ventive, beginning with children before they had become criminal. Michigan already had a Reform 
School, so there was no good reason for establishing one of a mixed character. Governments, 
through all the ages, had never treated the de])endent children (|ue.stion correctly. The poor-hou.se, 
the work-hou.se, the industrial schools, have always, es])ecially in England, received the innocent 
and criminal alike, and i)Ut them under the same treatment, with the same a.s.sociations. Under 
this regime dependent children became criminals, and the governments, not as a remedy, but as a 
neces.sity, erected large and expensive reformatories and prisons to reform or punisii tho.se whom 
earlier jjreventive treatment, in all probability, would have .«aved to a better fate. It was believed 
when the (piestion of the plan of the sciiool was considered, that while reformatories were nece.s.sary 
and u.seful, yet with the dependent children prevention was much more just and economical, and 



570 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

had in itself far tiinrc ttio oloinoiits of safety. As odufatinn was rniioorlpfl to bo the hest preventive 
of |i:iui)crisni ami criiiic, csiicciallv wlicn assisted liv iiKirai and reiiiiinus Irainiiii;', in ili'al'ting the 
plan of the proposed sciiool, it was llie aim of tlie writer to eoiistruet the seiienie directly on the 
educational basis of cnir eoinnioii school system, <(iinbininrj teni])orary support of the vounjicr 
dependent childi'en in a home under the sujK'rvision of the State dtirint;' minority. Ho, on that 
plan was the iiill drawn, disconnected entirely with our penal system, so tliat no taint of crime 
on .sentence, or .suspension tlu'reof, sliouhl attach to any inmates; so that none in al'tei- life should 
ever have cause to blush that he had lieen a uard of the State in a school where the house had 
been built and the school maintained liy tjie same system of taxation that supports the common 
.schools of the State. 

That the plan thus drawn was a [lerfect jiresentatiou of the proj^sed scheme is not claimed. 
It was only intended to outline the projci-t, and at the sauu' time it was framed so as to }>Tant to 
the board of control of the school full discretionary powers to amplify it by proper regulations not 
inconsistent with the law. The act, however, with the ainendinents of 1873 and 1875, drawn by 
the writer, has so far perfci'tcd it, that it appears to operate with no disturbing etl'ect upon the 
jioor-law system of the State, and beneficially in the directions desired. 

The law thus drawn on (lie phin named, originating from the iniluenees anil sources stated, 
was on the twenty-second day of February, 1871, the last day of the session for introducing bilLs^ 
presented in the Senate and referred to the joint committee. (See Senate Journal of that date.) 
On the third dav of March, after a full discussion of the bill, by the unanimous instruction of his 
conuiuttee, the chairman returned the bill to the Senate witii the recommendation for its passage, 
accompanying the bill with a written report setting forth the reasons in favor of establishing the 
new State charity. The following extract is given from this report, as the language outlines the 
bill, and states what has been so far tlu- settled policy of the school : 

"Your committee earnestly and unanimously recommend the pa.ssage of the acconi]ianying bill, 
by which the State will bi'come the gnardian of these children, and taking them as wards into its 
control, will provide foi- them suitable homes in good families, and until that can be done, will 
maintain and educate them in a State Public School. * * * That the children, and any one 
interested in their behalf, should only recognize the |)roposed establishment as a temporary home 
while the child is on its way to its natural place in the family." 

This measure soon foumi in the Legislature many friends and uo active opponents. While it 
was under consideration the following gentlemen visited Lansing, and in public addresses favored 
it, viz: Z. R. Broekway, Es(|.; Hon. C. 1. Walker; Rev. E. C. Wines, D. D., LL.D., the noted 
philanthro])ist of international re|iutation ; Rev. Dr. Malum, President of Adrian College; and 
Rev. Dr. (Jillespie, now Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan. No' 
addiv.ss was made in eithei- house in opposition to tlu' bill. The scheme in the main had been 
reconuncnded by the .special commi.ssion, by the joint eouuuittee, and the press. On its final 
passage in the Senate there were 23 ayes and 4 noes. In the House there were 73 ayes and 10 
noe.s. It received the signature of Governm- Uahlwin .\pril seventeenth, and became the first gov- 
ernment institution ever established exclusively lor the children of the poor to which poverty alone 
gives admission. The Hon. O. I. Walker, of Detroit, who was one of the most efficient mend)ei-s of 
the special conuiussion, and who, on the establishment ot' the peiinanent State Board of Charities 
and Corrections, was nuule a nuMnber of that Board an<l it.s President, was in 187."> appointed by 
Governor Bagley his deputy to attend the National Prison Reform Congress, held in Baltimore. 
In his address to that body he torrectly says of the Michigan State Public School : 

"This grand public charity is an outgrowth resulting from the investigation made by the 
special commi.ssioners appointed in 18G9 to examine the State penal and reformatory institutions, 
and county poor-houses and jails. They urged the establishment of a State Prinuiry School. * * 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 571 



The establishment of this institution seems to us a step eminently taken in the right direction." 
The Judge has always taken a warm and intelligent interest in this School since he so strongly 
recommended it in his admirable report. 

Judge Campbell, in his excellent history of Michigan, rcfcrrerl to b.-forc, gives place to the 
following history and encomiums : 

"A most valuable and humane scheme was adopted in IJSTI, unrlcr the recommendation of 
Governor Baldwin, whereby much wiser provision is made for the prevention of juvenile depravity. 
A law was then pa.ssed to establish a State public school for dependent cliildren. This is fixed at 
Coldvvater, and the plan has been well devised and carefully put in execution under the j)ersonal 
care of Governors Baldwin and Bagley, and is apparently judicious and well adapted to ])romote 
the welfare of the young persons who are thus snatched from vicious surroundings." 

This paper having given an outline of the plan and aims in the history of the j)roject, a full 
-abstract of the law is unnecessary. For "the law in full, reference is niade to act.« No. 172 of 
1871, No. 144 of 1873, and No. 58 of 1875. Also to the report of the special commis.sion, in 
volume 2 of joint documents of 1870, and reporte of the joint committee in the Senate journal of 
1871, pages 462 and 784. 

The organic law of the school appropriated $30,000, and the citizens of Coldwatir <l(inated 
the site and 825,000 to secure the location in that city, where the commissioners located it by 
reason of such donation and the suitableness of the jdace. A further appropriation wa-s made in 
1873, and the buildings were completed and opened in May, 1874. The capacity was increased 
by legislative aid in 1875, so as to accommodate, a.s it now does, 250 children. 

The buildings are on the congregate and cottage plans combined, there being the main build- 
ing and wings, in which are the superintendent's residence and office, dormitories for the matron, 
teachers, and other employes, the .school-room, in the wings, the dining-room and kitchen in the 
rear projection, and the store-rooms, work-rooms, shoe-.shop, sewing-room, laundry, engine and boiler- 
room, etc., in the basement, which extends under all the main building and wings. In the rear 
of the main building, and connected with the same by a covered piu«sage-way, are the eight 
cottages for about thirty children each, who aic in charge of a lady cottage-manager in each, 
■whose duties are similar to those of a mother with a smaller family. The capacity of the school 
can be increased by the addition of cottages only. The children are taught the common English 
branches, as in our district schools. So far as their age will permit, they are taught how to work — 
the boys on the farm of forty-one acres, in the garden, in the shoe-shop, and to make their own 
clothing. The girls assist in making their clothing, do house-work, etc. Special effort is made to 
cultivate in the children industrious habits. Life in this institution, with a good school, moral and 
religious (not sectarian) training, wholesome food, comfortable clothing, kind treatment with good 
disci))line, soon produces excellent effects upon these children. The " poor-house look," .so api)arent 
in many when first admitted, with the^tendency and almost longing for the old vagrant life with 
some, soon pa.sses away, and their cheerful, healthy apjiearance, their proficiency in their work 
and in their school, make them comjjare very favorably with the same number of children 
attending our district schools. Their moral culture has pro])er attention, as required by law, both 
in cottages and school-rgoms, and religious ser\'ices are held for the children each Sunday in the 
chapel, conducted by the superintendent, and a.ssisted by ladies and gentlemen from the city, 
representing various religious denominations. The older boys, often fifty at one time, in charge of 
some teacher or manager, attend service in some one of the city churches. 

The children entitled to admission are those of sound mind and sound body, under sixteen 
years of age, that are dependent on the public. Until the buildings have a capacity for all such in 
the State, the adnii.ssions to the school are divided pro rata among the counties in proportion to 
the number in each that are admissible. They are sent here by the superintendents of the poor, 
on the decision of the judge of probati; of the county where they belong. On the child being 



•'5^2 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

brought before the judge, with the certificate of the superintendents of the poor, that in their 
opinion the child is dependent, he hears the testimony as to its alleged dependence, and if he 
considers it dependent, the child is sent here with a copy of the decision and an alistract of the 
evidence, which paper forms the basis of the child's history, which is kept upon the records of 
the institution. The law requires the board of control to place tlie children in good family homes 
as soon as practicable. 

The board has power to appoint an agent of the school, to have charge of this work. There 
is also an agent in each principal county, appointed by the Governor, charged with the duty of 
finding good homes and supervising the children after indenture. All such indentures contain a 
clause reserving the right in the board to cancel the same and retake the child when its good 
requires it. No child can be indentured unless the State agent, and the agent of the school (who 
is now the superintendent), decides the proposed home a proper one. The whole career of the 
child during minority, is carefully watched over, and all of its interests zealously protected by the 
State, as by an own parent. 

The institution is in charge of a board of control apjjointcd by the Governor, and confirmed 
by the Senate, for a term of six years each. At this date, this board consists of Charles E. 
Mickley, of Adrian, president; C. D. Randall, of Coldwater, secretary and treasurer, and James 
Burns, of Detroit. This board has quite full discretionary powers. It establishes the system of 
government for the school, engages all employes, and fixes their salaries, on approval of the 
Governor. The more direct management is in the resident superintendent, to whom is delegated 
large discretionary powers, and with whom is principally the responsibility of success. The present 
superintendent is Mr. Lyman P. Alden, a collegiate and successful business gentleman. 

So far the execution of this scheme has been very successful, and appears to give satisfaction 
to the people as a very useful agency to save our dependent children to a better life, and decrease 
pauperism and crime. 

For many generations in this country, and in Europe, governments have treated dependents 
so that pauperism, crime and consequent taxation have increased with the growth of population 
and the accumulation of wealth, more rapidly than the increase of population. The higher 
civilization became developed the more misery and degradation was there in the lower classes. In 
England the ratio of deiwndents to the population for many years has averaged about one in 
twenty. In the United States, by the census of 1870, it was one in 332, and in Michigan, by the 
same census, one in 462. This condition in England has been reached under the old system that 
provides only for children after they become criminals. In this country, under the old system, 
with an over-crowded population, we may acquire all of England's burthen of pauperism and 
crime. It hence becomes a serious question for legislators and social scientists, whether by the 
Michigan educational preventive system America may not be saved from becoming what England 
in crime and pauperism now is. 

This scheme of a State Public School for dependent children is believed to inaugurate a new 
era in educational and preventive work. It is receiving the careful consideration of scholars in 
social science, and legislators at home and abroad, who, with us, arc hoping it may prove a very 
useful agency, created by the social necessities of the age to develop and maintain the purity of 
the race. 

Note — The following is tlie te.\t of the report of the judges, as accepted by the United States Centennial 
Commission, and in conformity with which an award of diploma and medal was decreed to tlie State Public 
School: "The undersigned, Iiaving examined the product herein described, respectfully recommend the same 
to tlie United States Commission for award, for tlie following reason, viz: For the exhibit of plans, drawings, 
historical sketches and reports, showing the advantage of the separation of children untainted by crime from 
those more properly cared for in a reformatory institution; for the adaptation of the separate house or cottage 
system to the needs of said State Public School; and for the evidence of thoughtful planning and careful 
work in the establislinicnt." 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 573 



MICHIGAN INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB, 

AND THE BLIND. 

Tlie exhibit of this institution is a lari;'e (juarto volume, contaiuing a raaii- 
usoript history, forms of account, six photographic views of the buildings, 
educational department, principal's report, teachers' reports, and numerous exam- 
ination j)apers written by the pujiils, all of whom are eithei' deaf and dumb, 
or blind, or partially recovering from these severe atttictious. 

This State institution is located at Flint, in the county of Genesee, sixty 
miles north, bearin"- west, from Detroit. The act establishins; the institution 
was passed in 1848, and the school was first opened in 183-1, in a leased 
liuilding. It is a school in common for deaf mutes and for the blind, rather 
fi'om motives of economy thau from any relation \vhicli the two classes, or 
the methods for their care and instruction, bear to each other. It was origi- 
nally called an asylum, the name being subseijuently changed to that which it 
no\v bears. The first board of trustees consisted of Elon Farnswoi'th, Wayne 
county ; Charles C. Hascall, Genesee county ; John P. Cook, Hillsdale county ; 
Charles E. Stuart, Kalamazoo county, and Charles H. Taylor, Kent county. 
The location Avas made December 21, 1850. Charles H. Palmer was appointed 
the first principal. The oflScers and trustees for 1876 were: Charles G.John- 
son, president, Monroe; Almon L. Aldrich, treasurer and acting commissioner, 
Flint ; Irving D. Hanscom, secretary, liomeo ; Egbert L. Bangs, principal. 
Most of the teachers in the deaf mute department are persons either wholly 
or partially deaf. This department was represented at the Centennial by class- 
Avork by twelve classes, embracing examination papers and compositions. These 
sliow simplicity and sincerity in a remarkable degree, indicating that the 
deprivation which these unfortunates suffer is in a measure compensated by a 
larger degree of conscientious sensibility. The compositions ai'e (piaint, original 
and always to the point. The j)upils' work, consisting of a bedstead by a blind 
boy, and bedding by a blind girl, the Loid's prayer in needle-work, a pair of 
calf boots by deaf mutes, and basket work by blind pupils, atti'acted much 
attention, and were praised for their excellent workmanship. 

The industries taught are cabinet, shoe and basket-making, sewing and 
printing. In the first two only deaf mute boys are taught; in the third only 
blind boys. In the fourth deaf-mute and blind gills are instructed. Piinting 
is taught to both deaf-mute boys and girls. The girls are also instructed in 
cooking, dining-room work, laundry work ami ciiambermaids' work. The younger 
boys are employed in various ways (in the grounds, doing chores, before they 



574 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

are put to any trade. These industries have been introduced Avithin the past 
four years. 

Tuition and Ijoard are free to all residents of the State, and the trustees 
are authorized to assist indigent persons, in the way of clothing, etc., to the 
amount of forty dollars per annum, which is charged back to the county to 
which the pupil belongs. Persons from without the State may be admitted 
uj)on payment of such amount as will cover their care and keeping. The 
county poor authorities are required to place all deaf and dumb and blind 
persons under their charge, who are between the ages of ten and twenty years, 
and of sound mind, in the institution. OiRcial steps are taken each year for 
ascertaining the residence of deaf mutes and blind persons, and notifying their 
friends of their right to the benefits of the institution, attendance by any one 
person being limited to eight years. 

The actual work of constructing buildings for the institution was begun in 
1853. The principal buildings of the institution now are : Fi'ont building, 
43 x,72 feet, with east and west wings, each 28 x 60 feet ; center building, 40 x 60^ 
and east and west wings, each 50 x 70 feet ; main school building, 52 x ,54^ with 
two wings, each 25 x 60 feet. All of these buildings are four stories in height, 
except the center of the front building, which is five stories, including base- 
ment. The other buildings are : Boiler and engine-house, wash-house, dry-house, 
ironing-house, cabinet-shop, barn, pump-house, well-house and other necessary 
outhouses. Value of property, real and personal, $434,954.36. Average annual 
cost of maintenance, about $34,000. 

MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. 

This institution was well represented at the Centennial by a lai'ge oblong 
folio volume, in which were seven fine photographs of the buildings and 
grounds, by Baldwin, of Kalamazoo, and a historical sketch of the institution. 
The volume is elegantly and strongly bound, and the manuscript features 
exceedingly neat. The following particulars are given in the sketch : The site 
is upon an irregular eminence about one mile west of Kalamazoo. The grounds 
consist of 200 acres, about one-fifth of which is finely timbered with the orig- 
inal growth of oak and hickory. The water supply is pure and abundant, but 
has to be raised by steam power. The ground plans of the institution were 
furnished by Dr. John P. Gray, superintendent of the New York State"asylum, 
at Utiea. The erection of the buildings, commenced in 1853, and the comple- 
tion was in 1869. The first patient was received in the spring of 1859, although 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 575 



tlie institution was not oflicially opened until August tu'enty-nintli of that year. 
The Legislature of 1871 ai)[)ropriated $280,000 for an additional l)uilding, which 
was soon ei'ected. The institution now consists of two hospital buildings 
distinct and separate, l)ut identical in plan and ari'angement, each providing for 
about ;500 patients, with the usual statt' of officei's, attendants and assistants. 
The material used in the construction of the buildings is brick, with stone 
trimmings, and the sti-uctures are substantial. 

The first building completed is occupied exclusively by females, and the 
male patients are located in the new building. They have a bakery and 
lanndiy in common, both of which are at the femahi department, but in all 
other respects they are conducted as distinct asylums. 

The dormitories, a large proportion of which are single, have a cubic 
capacity of 1,450 feet and a ^vindow sui-face of 28 feet. Very satisfactory 
ventilation is secured b}^ a centrifugal fan, which su])plies pure air, warmed 
when necessary by steam-pipes, banked in e(pializing chambers. This is supple- 
mented by a system of direct radiation, especially designed for cool moi-iiings 
and evenings. The main exit air-ducts, which open into large cupolas, are 
supplied, during winter, through ventilating flues located near the base-board. 
AVhen any free ventilation is required. Hues near tlie ceiling are opened also. 
The sewers do not pass into the building, and all waste-pipes are double tapi)ed. 

A strictly professional considei'ation underlies every detail. Frequent regular 
medical visits are made ; carefully recorded notes are preserved of every case, 
and occupation, recreation and amusements are prescribed, as well as food and 
medicine. Gi'eat care is exercised in the selection and education of a very full 
corps of attendants. The proportion of personal attendants to patients is one 
to six. The aim is to have a very perfectly administered hospital for the 
treatment of the insane, curable as well as incurable. 

The cost of the female department, including the amount paid for the land, 
the engineer's d\velling-house, wanning and ventilating apparatus, furniture, barns, 
outbuildings, stock and implements, and all improvements since 1850, but not 
including the cost of reconstructing the portion destroyed by fire in 1857, which 
was §6!>,237.80, and the as\dum extension, was $442,651.57. The whole number 
of patients admitted is 2,101 ; of these, 1,509 have been discharged, and 579 
remain under treatment. Of those discharged, 579 were recovered, 2G7 improved, 
377 unimproved, and 286 have died. About 14 per cent are epileptics and 
paralytics. Of the others, 45 per cent are recent cases, and 55 per cent chronic 
cases. Of the foi-raei-, 71 per cent were returned, and of the latter, 18 per cent. 

The disbursements on current expense account from Apiil 1, 1859, to April 



576 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

30, 1876, are $1,078,818.98. The whole number of weeks spent by patients 
under treatment during this period is 218,303, and the average cost of main- 
tenance, including disbursements of every class, is $4.92 a week. The amount 
received from counties and individuals for the support of patients is $866,012.28; 
the sum appropriated for the same purpose by the State is $193,110.39. Dr. 
E. H. Van Deusen has been medical and general superintendent of the Asylum 
for many years, and has had directory chai'ge of the erection and arrangement 
of buildings and accessories. 

STATE REFORM SCHOOL. 

The exhibit of the State Reform School consisted oi one quarto volume, 
containing thirteen photographic views of the school buildings and a])artmeuts, 
by B. F. Hall, Lansing ; a historical sketch by A. L. Bours, and examination 
papers by pupils of the School, principally in practical arithmetic. 

The School is located at Lansing, and its object is the connection and 
reformation of juvenile offenders by judicious restraint and moral instruction, 
and by teaching some useful employment. Many are now occupying })ositions 
of usefulness as a result of the restraint and habits of industry acquii'cd in 
this institution. 

Governor A. Parsons, in his valedictory message to the Legislature, January, 
1855, suggested the establishment of a house of correction for juvenile offenders. 
The I'ecommendation was repeated by Governor K. S. Bingham, in his inaugural 
message, and in response to these wise counsels an act passed the Legislature, 
and was approved February 10, 1855, providing for the establishment of a 
"house of correction for juvenile offenders." It was to be in or near Lansing, 
provided a suitable site, of not less than twenty acres, should be donated for 
the purpose. A site comprising about thirty acres, at the eastern terminus of 
Shiawassee street, and fronting westward toward Pennsylvania avenue, was 
donated by the citizens of Lansing, and one hundred and ninety-five acres 
adjoining the sanie were subsequently purchased by the State. The I>uilding 
was first opened for the reception of inmates September 2, 1856, and from that, 
time to September 30, 1875, there have been 1,597 commitments, of which 
1,477 were white and 111 colored boj^s, 1 Lidian boy, and 8 girls. The name 
was changed to "Michigan State Reform School "by act approved Febi'uary 12, 
1859. A board of six commissioners originally had the management of the 
Scliool, but by an act approved February 10, 1857, the management was vested 
in a " board of control " of three members, consisting at present of George W. 
Lee, chairman ; Daniel L. Grossman, ti'easurer ; and Eli H. Davis, secretary. By 




GOMBCKT U 



_ . 1- 1- . Nt S. I . I'. I )l-. 1 -Al riM i; X !■.,_ 



viRT LiTM Co.Drrmon 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 577 

the law of 1855, offenders under the age of fifteen years were to be sent to 
this liouse of correction, and those between the ages of fifteen and twenty 
might ])e sent there, in the discretion of the court or magistrate. They had 
hitherto been sent for definite terms by the circuit Judges, police judges and 
justices of the peace. The law of 1857 ])rovided tliat tliose guilty of prison 
offenses, under the age of sixteen years, sliould Ix' sent until twenty-one years 
of age. By act of March K), isiU, tlie limits of age for commitment to the 
institution were establislicd at seven and sixteen, and by act of March 27, 
1867, ten and sixteen. The first superintendent was Theodoi'e Foster, who 
i-esigued in 1860. Rev. Danforth B. Nichols succeeded him foi- one year, when 
he was succeeded by Cephas R.ol)inson, wlio died August 27, 1866. Rev. O. 
W. Fay succeeded, November 16, 1866, but soon resigned, and Rev. Charles 
Johnson was appointed. He contiiiued in charge until April 1, 1875, when he 
was succeeded by the present superintendent, Mr. Frank M. Howe. 

The institution has not only reformed many bt)ys, but has itself passed 
through a long period of reformation, gradually losing its prison-like character, 
until it has become a boarding, industrial school, witli all its prison character- 
istics — grates, bars, liigh fences and heavy locks — removed. An interesting 
episode in connection with this change was related by Dr. Jacokes before the 
international conference of educators, spoken of on page 516. He said, before 
the prison form was entirely abandoned, the gentleman who had charge of the 
school did not have much confidence in the boys. He Relieved they were born 
thieves and rascals, and could not be trusted, and that to reclaim them was a 
very difficult and slow process. One day Governor Bagley, accompanied by 
jMrs. Bagley, visited the Reform Scliool. Mrs. Bagley, looking out at a back 
window, inquired: "John, did 1 understand that this is a reform school?" 
"Yes," the Governor rej^lied, "that is what it is called." "Then what is that 
twenty-five feet fence around this yard for, shutting out the air of heaven and 
the light of the sun '{ A reform school, you say ! Let us go and see the boys 
eat." They went into the dining-room — all the plates and dishes were of tin ; 
not a knife or fork was allowed; plain board tables, and without a cloth upon 
them. The boys were obliged to j)ick up tlieir food as well as they could. 
.Mrs. Bagley remarked again: "John, is this a reform school? I have lived in 
count)')- places, but I have never seen boys treated as these childi-en are treated." 
The Governor asked the superintendent why the b(jys were not allowed knives 
and forks? He said they would cut their way out of their cells if they had 
knives given them. " Not if you leave the cells uidocked," .said the Governor. 
" I would not be responsible for their custody if the locks were taken oft"," 



578 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

said the superintendent. "You must take that high fence down," said the 
Governor, " and put up a neat picket fence." " I tender you my resignation," 
said the superintendent. " All right, I accept it," responded the Governor. 
The result eventually was the appointment as superintendent of the present 
incumhent, Mr. Frank M. Howe, who had been filling the position of deputy 
superintendent. Mr. Howe is son of the superintendent of the Ohio Reform 
School, where the mild plan of treatment has been in operation successfully for 
some time. The high fence has been taken down, and a neat picket fence 
substituted; knives and forks ai'e used at dinner; a table-cloth covers the dining 
tables, which are now set neatly and tastefully with cups and saucers, plates 
and dishes, and everything pleasant to look at. Dr. Jacokes said this plan had 
been tried a year when he visited the school, and he inquired of the superin- 
tendent how many cases had been reported to him for correction and punish- 
ment. " Not a single scholar," said he. The change made in a single year is 
very great. The buildings are painted, and everything has a pleasant appearance. 

The police regulations of the school are of the mildest possible type. One 
of the inmates is appointed doorkeeper, and is dressed in a neat navy-blue 
uniform, with brass-gilt buttons, marked " R. S." This is the dress uniform of 
all the boys on Sundays. The work-day uniform is gray. The principal pun- 
ishment for refractory boys is a system of demerit marks, or deprivation of 
some enjoyment allowed to other boys. Corporal punishment is seldom required, 
and is resorted to only in extreme cases. The boys show no disjjosition to 
abuse the confidence reposed in them, and many months have elapsed since an 
attempt has been made by any one to escape. 

The center building is 48 feet front, 56 feet deep, and four stories high. 
There are wings, extending north and south, 95 feet long, 33 feet deep, and 
three stories high, with towers at the extremities four stories high. The north 
wing extends to the east 83 feet. This building contains dining-i'oom, kitchen, 
laundry, office, rece2)tion I'oom, parlor, guest chamber, rooms for officers and 
employes, and chapel capable of seating 300 persons ; also, an art gallery, read- 
ing-room and dormitories, with separate sleeping apartments for the boys. 
There are also bath and wash-rooms, school-room and library, store-room, bakeiy, 
ironing-room, shoe-shop, hospital and bed-rooms. At short distances on either 
side of the front lawn are two family houses, each 42 x 50 feet, two stories 
high, with a mansard roof, and, like the main building, built of brick, which 
is now painted a pleasant stone-color. Each of these houses contains suitable 
apartments for an overseer and his family, with accommodations for a large 
number of boys, who are placed there as a reward foi- good conduct. The 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 579- 

shops are northeast of the main building, and are in a substantial brick structure, 
three stories high, 146 feet long, and 52 feet deep. The buildings are heated 
by steam supplied by the boilers connected with the workshops. An artesian 
w'ell 600 feet deep supi)lies ample pure water for the use of the institution. 

The farm is all under improvement, being worked by the boys. There is 
a barn 48 x 66, on a stone foimdation ; also, sheds for stock and implements. 

The total property of the institution is estimated at $2."55,i;^6.39, besides 
$3,570.19 due the institution for the laboi- of boys. Chair bottoming is the 
chief manufacturing industry, apart from shoemaking and tailoring. The average 
number of boys during 1874 was 241 i; expenses, $22,666.72, or $93.92 per 
capita. The libraiy contains 2,631 volumes. 

The most important change made recently was the removal of all the 
remaining prison features of the institution. This has been done under Super- 
intendent Howe's direction, and the effect on the conduct of the boys has proved 
this and the kind treatment they receive in other respects a great success. The 
boys do not regard themselves as convicts, nor as under disgrace; thej^ acquire 
habits of industry, cleanliness and regularity, and sickness is so rare among 
them that a salaried physician has been dispensed with. The boys are cheerful 
and happy. Religious services are held every Sunday afternoon, and ministers 
of various denominations officiate as invited by the superintendent. 

The school is conducted in a similar manner to an t)rdinary graded school, 
with si.K divisions, having from thirty to fifty scholars and a teacher for each. 
The examination papers which formed a part of the exhibit were highly credit- 
able to the scholai'shi^) of the boys. There w^as also a printed volume from 
the Reform Scliool, in w"liicli the annual repoi'ts from 1864 are bound. The 
most interesting features of these J'eports are the numerous letters received from 
boys w'ho have been inmates of the school, written after they have left the 
institution. They generally express the warmest gratitude for the kind treat- 
ment and useful instruction they have received, and affection for their instructors. 



580 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



v.— COLLEGES, SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES. 

UNDER tliis head are included desci'iptive notices of the exhibits by the 
denominational colleges, priv^ate schools and ladies' library associations rep- 
resented at the Centennial Exhibition. There are many denominational and 
private schools in the State that were not represented, especially those suppoi'ted 
by the Catholic church, none of which appear. There are also a number of 
libraries that are not public in the sense of being controlled by public authority, 
but yet are public so far as offering their benefits to all of the people, without 
distinction or condition, other than the payment of small fees necessary for 
their suppoi't and attendance. At the head of these may be mentioned the 
Detroit Young Men's Society library, with a catalogue of 13,500 volumes. 

ADRIAN COLLEGE. 

The College was organized March 22, 1859, under the auspices of the Wes- 
leyan Methodist connection, and was incorporated under the general laws of 
the State. At this time the incorporation consisted of twelve trustees, who in 
1868 transferred the institution to a new board, representing the Collegiate 
Association of the Methodist Protestant Church, on condition that the new 
board would assume all the obligations — then over $;30,000 — and endow the 
College in not less than $100,000. In 1870, the articles of association were so 
amended as to allow of thirty trustees, which enabled the Collegiate Association 
to take direct control, and invested the General Conference of the Methodist 
Church with power to elect, at each one of its quadrennial sessions, one-half 
of the entire board, placing the College under the entire control of the denom- 
ination. The officers of the Board of Trustees for the Centennial year were : 
Pi'esident, Norman Geddes, Adrian ; secretary and assistant treasurer, G. B. 
McElroy, D. D., Adrian ; treasurer and general agent, N. R. Swift, Port Byron, 
New York. The College is located at Adrian, the county-seat of Lenawee 
county. The college grounds consist of twenty acres, donated by Hon. L. G. 
Berry and Dr. D. K. Underwood. Five buildings are contemplated, four of 
which have been built. The institution is for the education of both sexes, and 
retains the dormitory and boarding feature (the halls for the sexes being sepa- 
rate), and will accommodate at present 225 students. The fifth building, to be 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 581 



erected in the center, will iviulei' the appearance of the whole liariiioiiious and 
complete. The whole value of tlie property, June 19, 1S74 — the last time it 
was estimated — was $l;?7,000, exclusive of tlie endowment fund. An effort was 
being made to create a Centennial endowment fund of $75,000, which, together 
witli other endowments, will make the total assets of the College, in round 
num])ers, $;^00,000. 

FACULTY Ol' THE COLLEGE. 

G. B. McElroy, M. A., D. D., President, and Professor of Matlii'inatics and Astronomy. 

A. H. Lowrie, M. A., Political Science and English Literature. 
D. S. Stephens, M. A., Logic and Rhetoric. 

I. W. McKeever, M. A., Natural Science. 
M. L. Jennings, M. A., Greek and Hebrew. 

B. H. Rupp, Instrumental Music and Musical Composition. 

D. Scbindlcr, M. A., Rational Psychology, Latin and Theology. 
Martha Sinclair, Principal of Ladies' Department, French. 
Cynthia Walker, Vocal Music. 

Both the classical aiul scientific courses continue througliout the four years, 
open to both sexes, and when satisfactorily completed, the full course entitles 
tUe student to the usual academic degrees. No student is allowed to pursue 
more than three studies simultaneously. 

Whole number of graduates since organization : gentlemen, 79 ; ladies, 55. 
There is a good scliool of theology, and three literary societies. A college 
paper, the "Adrian College Recorder," is published monthly. There is also an 
excellent cabinet of natural history. There is an alumni association, that meets 
annually. President, J. H. Fee, M. A. ; secretary, A. Bennett, M. A. ; treasurer, 
R. A. Watts, M. A. The College is complete in nearly all its departments, 
and is well supported by the denomination to which it belongs. 

.\LB10N COLLEGE. 

The germ of this institution is found as far back as 18;J5, as the "Spring 
Arbor Seminary," under a legislative charter. An amendatory act, in 1850, 
changed the name to the "Wesleyan Seminary," and the location to Albion. 
The "Albion Female Collegiate Institute " followed as an adjunct, the whole 
assuming the title of the " AVesleyan Seminary and Female College at Albion," 
by virtue of legislative enactment in 1857, and by similar enactment in 1861 
it was simplified as "Albion College." The full college courses were not estab- 
lished till 18(i4. The College is under the control of twelve trustees, appointed 
by tlie Michigan and Detroit Annual Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. The College has power to confer degrees such as are usually conferred 



58l> MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

by collt'gt's iind universities, aiul re([iiires such tliorougli and systematic courses 
of study as will secure a nu^utal developnu^nt, culture and discipline that should 
always be made a coudiliou iirecedeiit to a degree. 

The college buildings .iic bc.-iut il'ully locatei] in the \illage of Albion, on a 
lot of eighleen acres, on a portion of w liich a nati\'e grove of oaks still remains. 
The buildings are of luick, and being on an elevated position, conuiuuid a fine 
view of the village and surrounding country. The three princii)al college 
buildings are known as the south, center and noilh buildings, in size respect- 
ively 4(5xS(», 10 \ 100 and ITxSO, and all three stories high, with a total cash 
value of about f 70,0OO. The ch.-ipel, located in the south building, has seating 
for SOO persons. 

FACri.TY OK llll.; (■OI,hi:(iK. 

George B. Jaeolyii, D. D., Presideut, ami Professor of Moral and lutellectual Philosophy.* 

James H. Hopkius, D. D., Vice-President, and Professor of Latin and Literature. 

William Af. Oshaud, Natural Science. 

J>ucy A. Oshand, A. M., Preceptress, and I'n.lesscu- of iModeni Languages. 

Kollin C. Welch, A. .M., (iirrk, llchivw and Literature. 

William Hauenuinn, Vocal ami Inslrumenlal ISIusic. 

George B. Merriman, A. M., Mathematics. 

Lewis F. Stearus, A. M., History and Belles Lettres. 

H. A. Mills, Painting, Drawing and Perspective. 

P. Delia Pierce, Latin. 

Ucrlha V. Aldrich, Ennlish. 

Cliarlcs 11. Chase and (Worge L. ]?ailey, Mathematics. 

( >n Suiulay morning all students are required to attend public worship at 
sui'h ihurch jis they or their parents or guardians may select. There are three 
literary societies, one compost'd of gentlemen, one of ladies, and one a union of 
botli these societies. There is a missionary society, a musical society called the 
"ArioMs," and a debating society called the "Senate;" also a choral society for 
social nuisical culture. The Alunuial Association was org.anized dune l'(>, ]8()(>. 
Sixty-si.v naiut's appear on the listof graduates from IStU to 1874. The library 
has 2,000 voliunes. There is also an art department, reading-room, cabinet with 
casings for .-),000 specimens, working chemical laboratory, refractino: telescope, 
etc. In 1874-."), (!8 ladies and 84 gentlemen were connected with the prepara- 
tory classes alone. Since LS()4 the College has had an average of 280 students 
annually. ;iiid has gradnated 6() ; expended over ^7."»,<H)t) in teaching and $15,000 
for re[>airs and im[)roveineuts ; secured an endowment of nearly $200,000, 
$U)5,000 of which is already producing an income of $17,000. Its debt is only 

* Died .lainiarv IT, 1877. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 



583 



$15,000, for li(|iiitl;iriiii;- wliicli ii siiikiiiL;' fuiKl li;is Imtm cstnlilislKMl. Tlic "Alliioii 
Female Colleyinlc liistitulc," fioni IS.M (o ISC.;;, cniircnvd Ihc dciricc of Mis- 
tress of Arts and Sciciu'cs uinin lis vouiil;' latlifs. 



IIIIJ.SDAI,!', ('olJJ^di;. 



In ScptcinlxT, ISH. tlic Sjniiiij,- Ailioi' Sciiiiiiaiv \\;is ori^faiii/.cd,* and met 
in an old room formerly nscd .-is a slorc, one mill! ;iiid a liall' from IIk; site 
afterwards seleetcd, and wlicrc Iwo IimIIs were eivcted, I \vn slmics liitxli, lOx.'U* 
feet, with chaiicl. rccilalion I'ooms ;ind dormiloi'ics. (>nly ci^'lit sludcnts wei'c 




iiii.r>iiAi.K ('<ii,i,i:m;. 



present at the opening term. IJcv. I). M. (iraliam, a graduate of^OIteilin Col- 
lege, was the first prinei]ial. The next ye.ir I he seminary was incorporated as 
the " Miehigan Central College." The location was changed to Hillsdale, and 
the college incorporated, July 17, 1S55, as "Hillsdale College," under the hav 
of 1855. The co-education of tjie sexes was adopted by the founders ol' the 
institution, .'ind at that lime was a distinguishing feafui'e. The College confers 
degrees on its graduates. An alnnuii association w;is I'oiined in ]S(\^^, with 85 
membei's, and the number of graduates was imicased to .",;',7 alumni 217, 
alumnso 120 — ^April I."), 187*!. Ninety-live had I'eceixcil the degree of A. M., 
<">G of M. S., and one Ui.I). Forty-niiie graduates had taken a<lvance(l d(!grees 
at other colleges. In eoiiiiection with the College was a commercial and tele- 
graphic department, organized in IStlC. as ;iri Independent school, known as 
"Hillsdale Coraraercial College," with Charles P. (irilhn as [)resident. An 



• Appiircnlly ii Inter effort llmii lliiil frnm wliieli Altiion Collej^e sprung. 



584 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

accident resulting from the falling of tlie building in which it was located, 
detached the school from the College until 1870, when they were again con- 
nected, but it suffei'ed again severely by the fire of 1874. Notwithstanding 
these drawbacks, its average attendance has reached 22.5 for the past six years, 
one year reaching as high as 2()5. It has become self-supporting, has paid the 
College $1,165, and raised a subscription of $10,000 towards the new building. 
A theological department was organized September 1, 1873, under the direction 
of the Fi-ee-will Baptist denomination. 

FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE. 

Rev. DeWitt C. Duryiu, D. D., Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy. 
Rev. Ransom Dunn, D. D., Systematic Theology. 
Rev. John Butler, D. D., Sacred Literature. 
Rev. R. S. James, D. D., Homeletics. 
Rev. William H. Bowen, Sacred Rhetoric. 
Prof. George B. Gardner,- Art Department. 
Prof. W. W. Chase, Music. 

Rev. S. J. Fowler, A. M., Physics and Mathematics. 
Daniel M. Fisk, B. P., Chemistry and Natural History. 
Rev. John S. Copp, A. M., Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. 
George A. Ricker, A. M., Greek and Latin. 

Mary B. Phillips, A. M., Principal of Ladles' Department and Instructor in History and French. 
John H. Butler, A. B., Latin. 

Arthur E. Haynes, B. S., Physics and Mathematics. 

Alexander C. Rideout, Principal of Commercial Department, Commercial Law. 
Warren A. Drake, Associate Principal of Commercial Department, Commercial Arithmetic 
and Penmanshij). 

Hon. Daniel L. Pratt (Judge of Circuit Court), Real and Personal Property. 
Judson B. Palmer, Assistant Instructor in Telegraphy. 
Orpheus E. Davis, B. S., Telegraphy. 
Bessie B. Rideout, Elementary Telegraphy. 

The location of the College at Hillsdale was in consequence of the liberality 
of the citizens of Hillsdale county. Hon. E. Blackman donated twenty-five 
acres of land, beautifully located, for the site of the College, and the citizens 
of the county guaranteed the erection of the buildings. The corner-stone was 
laid June 4, 1853, and the building completed in two years. March 6, 1874, 
all but the right wing of the building was destroyed by fire. The corner-stone 
of a new main building was laid August 18, 1874. The design of the new 
group of buildings is well described by the accompanying engraving. All but 
one of these buildings are erected. Main building, 80 x 80 feet ; east and west 
buildings, each 48x72 feet; northwest building, 50 x 72 feet. The five buildings 
extend 192 feet north and south, and east and west 496 feet, and contain 50 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 585 



per cent more room than t]ie foinuM- l)uiltliiigs. Gas, wariath ami ventihitiou 
are on the most approved plans. The income of the College is derived fi'om 
an endowment fund of about $1(I0,(»U0, raised by the sale of scliolai'ships. 
The amount is increasing annually. The salai-ies of teachers range from $r)00 
to ^1,500. Tlie dormitory and boarding features are kept u]), with separate 
halls for ladies and gentlemen. 

HOPE COLLECJE. 

Commencing as Holland Academy in 1851, "Hope College" was incorporated 
in May, 1866, under the general law of the State passed in 1855. It is intended 
to establish the institution eventually as "Hope Haven University." It is located 
on a campus of fourteen acres in the city of Holland, Ottawa county, the 
recognized capital of the Holland colony, and the western educational center of 
the Reformed (Dutch) Church in this country. The first corporators of the 
College numbered seventeen, among whom were Rev. Albertus C. Van Raalte, 
D. D., the founder of the Holland colony (whose removal by death, during 
the celebration of the Centennial, may be noted as one of the historical events 
of the year) ; Hon. Schuyler Colfax, South Bend, Indiana ; Rev. Jolin L. 
See, of New York city ; and Rev. Philip Phelps, Jr., president of the College. 
The Council must all be composed of members of the Reformed Church of 
America, and elected or appointed by its General Synod, which is the propri- 
etor of the establishment. When, in 1863, the General Synod first appointed 
the Board of Superintendents, an endowment was initiated commencing with 
a grant of $30,000. Since then the endowment has been increased to about 
$55,000, chiefly by the donations of wealthy and well-known families of Dutch 
ancestry in New York city and State. Much real estate has also been 
donated by Dr. Van Raalte, which at jsresent is unproductive. There are 
also promissory notes, bearing interest, amounting to about $12,000, contributed 
by the Holland churches. The annual income from all sources is about 
$8,000. The usual degrees are conferred. The principal building is of 
brick, three stories high, with basement, and four smaller Iwildings, including 
chaiiel. On an adjoining two-acre lot is a publication hall, a small two-story 
frame structure, fitted up with a power })i'inting press, the gift of William 
A. Hall, of New Yoi-k, and with other requisites for the publications of 
the College. Thei-e is also in the same enclosure a residence for Jajianese 
students. The total value of the buildings is about $17,000. The princijial 
object was to funiisli Christian education and prepare men for the gospel min- 
istry. During the formative period — 1851 to 1863 — the alumni included 27 



586 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

ministers of the gospel, 6 teachers and 2 jjhysicians, who finished their schohistic 
course at other institutions. Since the organization of the College, in 186.'5, the 
number of graduates is : From the Pre2:)aratory department, 9(5 ; Academic or 
Collegiate, beginning in 1866, 52; Theological, beginning 186il, 24. A much 
larger number received from one to three j'ears' instruction, but have not grad- 
uated. The Faculty consists of Rev. Philip Phelps, Ji"., who as President of the 
College is e.r ojjieio instructor in each department, together with professors 
in Latin, (ireek and literature; mathematics, natural philosophy and astron- 
omy ; modern languages ; rhetoric and English literature ; and mental and moral 
philosophy. These chairs are filled by Rev. Cornelius E. Crispell, D. D., Rev. 
Charles Scott, D. D., Rev. T. Romeyn Beck, A. M., and the President, all of 
whom are likewise teachers in the theological department. The following are 
also pi'ofessors in the collegiate and preparatory departments : Cornelius Does- 
burg, A. M., William A. Shields, A. M., and Gerrit J. Kolleu, A. M. The library 
consists of .3,500 volumes. A basis for a futui'e scientific department has been laid 
by the donation of $5,000 by the late James Suydam, of New York, and $4,000 
by William H. H. Moore, all invested in peninsula land, midway between 
Holland City and Lake Michigan. "De Hope" is a weekly paper, published 
in the Holland language by the professors during the past ten years. An 
efiicient preparatory department is conducted by a separate faculty, the instructors 
in which ai'e aided in their work by advanced students, forming the germ of 
a normal department, for the furthei" development of which real estate has been 
donated by Rev. Di-. Van Raalte. Tuition is free ; expenses of boai'd from 
$2.50 to $3.50 per week ; contingent fee $4 a term. The attendance now is 
about 70 male and 8 female students. 

In addition to the elaborate history of the College fui'nished by President 
Phelps, from which the above information is derived, class A of Hope College 
sent the Centennial number of their magazine, entitled " The Exeelst)ria," issued 
semi-monthly, which contains numerous choice compositions. 

KALAMAZOO COLLEGE. 

First incoi'poi'ated by the territorial Legislature, Api'il 22, 1883, as the 
"Michigan and Huron Institute." March 21, 1837, the State Legislature incor- 
porated it as the "Kalamazoo Literary Institute," and Febi'uary 10, 1855, the 
act of incorporation was amended so as to confer college powers, and it became 
"Kalamazoo College." The original incoi-porators were Caleb Eldred, William 
Meek, William Duncan, H. H. Comstock, Nathaniel Millard, John Clark, F. P. 
Browning, Anson Brown, John Booth, R. B. Kerchevel, Thomas W. Merrill, 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 587 

Jolin S. Twiss, C. H. Swain, Robert PoAvell, Stephen Goodman and C. A. Lamb. 
Tlie trustees are divided into three cLisses, one of these retiring every year. 
The board is self-perpetuating. The trustees are empowered to confer degrees 
upon such persons as may have acquired scliolastic attainments equal to the 
standard required in the University of Michigan. The college grounds are in 
the western part of the village of Kalamazoo, and consist of twenty-six acres, 
traversed by the Michigan Central Railroad and by Michigan avenue. It is 
consequently divided into three sections. The original building stands on the 
western section. It is of brick, covered with mastic, and four stories high. It 
contains library, two society halls, study rooms, and dormitories foi- sixty young 
men. It was erected in 1847. Another building, erected in 1858, known as 
Kalamazoo Hall, contains a cliapel, eight recitation rooms, four music rooms, a 
drawing and painting room, an apparatus room, and a hall for the Young 
Women's Literary Society. The value of the premises and building is about 
$100,00tt. The founders of the College were connected with the Baptist denom- 
ination. The trustees are not all Baptists, and no restriction is placed on 
students with reference to religious opinions. Yet the Baptists of Michigan 
regard it as their college, and its maintenance as their dutj'. The incumbent 
of the Merrill professorshij) is required, by the terms of the endowment, to be a 
minister of the Baptist denomination. It is made his special duty to seek the 
moral and spiritual welfare of the students. He therefore is virtually the College 
pastor. The college library consists of 2,700 volumes, besides several hundred 
pamphlets. Classes are open to all, without distinction of race or sex. 

FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE. 

Rev. Kendall Brooks, D. D., President and Professor of Moral and lutelleetual Philosophy. 

Rev. Samuel BrooLs, D. D., Latin. 

Rev. Nathan S. Burton, D. D., Natural Theology, Evidences of Christianity, and College Pastor. 

Howard G. Colman, A. M., Chemistry. 

Lewis Stuart, A. M., Greek. 

Henry M. Fish, A. M., Principal of Preparatory Department. 

Augustus J. Teed, A. M., Mathematics. 

Arthur d'Armand, French. 

Charles J. Toof, Instrumental Musie. 

Sarah H. Coleman, A. B., Latin. 

Victoria A. Cadman, Painting and Drawing. 

Mary E. Clark, P. B., History and Grammar. 

Felicia S. Gaston, Vocal Masic. 

Samuel Brooks, Librarian. 

Rev. T. Z. II. .Tones, jVssistaiit Lihrarian. 



o88 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



There are three preparatory courses, corresponding with the three courses of 
college study: I, Classical; 2, Latin and Scientific; 3, Scientific. There are three 
terms a year. There ai"e tliirty seh(i]ai"shii)s, of $50 each annually, endowed by 
Kev. Thomas W. Mei'i'ill, A. M., of Lansing, for the benefit of young men pre- 
paring for the ministry in connection Avith the Baptist denomination, two of 
which ai-e now available, and the rest will be in 1880. L. W. Taft, of Wauseon, 
Ohio, has endowed the College with i5;2,35(», the income of \vhich may be used 
in aid of students who require it. The first president was Rev. James A. B. 
Stone, D. D., from 1855 to 18(14; the second Rev. John M. Gregory, LL.D., 
1864 to 18(i7 (since regent of Illinois Industrial School). President Brooks 
came into the office in 1868. The number of graduates since 1855 is 69; the 
attendance in all dej)artments in 1875, 174, which is near the average. 

OLIVET COLLEGE. 

The College at Olivet was founded by a colony from Oberlin, Ohio, in 1844. 
Rev. John J. Shipherd, founder of Oberlin, was the projector of Olivet. The 
pui'pose of the founders was to establish a distinctively Christian college. The 
name was selected by Mr. Shipherd, and was suggested by the site. The land 
is elevated, and at the foot of the hill is a brook, which Mr. Shipherd called 
" Kedron." The first application for a college charter was rejected by the 
Legislature of 1846, as its policy was to limit college powers to the Univei'sity, 
so that the title of "Olivet Institute" was first adopted. In 1859, however, the 
Institute was organized under the general law granting college powers on 
compliance with certain specified conditions. The first board of trustees con- 
sisted of Wilson C. Edsell, William Hosford, Carlo Reed, John B. Barnes, James 
Douglass, Charles M. Bordwell, Enoch N. Bartlett, and Oramel Hosford. The 
board of trustees now consists of twenty-four members ; term of office, six years. 
One-si.xth of the board is elected every year by the board. The trustees during 
the Centennial year were : Rev. H. Q. Butterfield, D. D., president ; Rev. Arthur 
T. Pierson, Hon. William A. Howard, Hon. Oramel Hosford, Samuel F. Drury, 
Rev. James L. Patton, Rev. Philo R. Hurd, D. D., Rev. J. Morgan Smith, Hon. 
Alanson Sheley, Homer O. Hitchcock, M. D., Fitz L. Reed, Philo Parsons, Rev. 
J. L. Daniels, Rev. Wolcott B. Williams, Rev. Zachary Eddy, D. D., Rev. W. 
D. Love, D. D., Hon. D. M. Richardson, John H. Hewitt, Henry Fralick, 
Franklin Moore, Rev. George D. Baker, Rev. James S. Hoyt, Rev. Calvin Clark, 
Newell Avery, Hon. John K. Boies. Secretary, George W. Keyes; treasurer, 
Henry Fralick ; librarian, Charles P. Chase, A. M. The Congregationalists and 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 589 



Presbyterians are specially interested in this college, and are contributors to its 
support, but no organized religious body controls its operations, its govei-nment 
being with the boai'd of trustees. All its funds are derived from voluntaiy 
contributions. The endowment fund aiiinunts to $14(),587, and the buildings 
and contents are worth about $93,250, making the total assets $289,8;^7. 

The buildings consist of two brick structures, four stories high, and two 
frame buildings. There are 5,000 volumes in the library. The departments are 
Classical, Scientific, Ladies', Musical, Normal and Preparatory, and the course of 
study in each is as thorough and extensive as in like departments in other 
colleges. Students can pursue a select course, and substitutions are allowed in 
all the departments except the classical. Degrees are conferred on those com- 
pleting the course in the classical and scientific departments; diplomas and 
certificates in other departments. Although there is no college church, some 
member of the facidty conducts church services. More than 5,000 students 
have enjoyed the privileges of this college, the great mass of whom, although 
not completing a coui'se of study, have secured a degree of culture that has 
fitted them for high and responsible positions. There are three literary societies 
and a Young People's Christian Association. 

COLLF.OE FACULTY. 

John H. Hewitt, A. M., Actiug Presidout, and Rutati Professor of Latin and Literature. 

Rev. Oramel Hosford, A. M., Astronomy, Natural Philosophy, Theory and Practice of Teaching. 

Alexander Brown, A. M., Music 

Charles P. Chase, A. M., Mathematics. 

William A. Houghton, A. B., Principal of Primary Department, Latin and < (reek. 

Herbert M. Deuslow, A. B., Natural Science. 

Miss Helen E. Martin, Principal of Ladies' Dejjartment, French. 

Miss Kate K. Koous, English branches. 

Mrs. H. B. Northrop, Drawing and Painting. 

Miss Lizzie E. Battle, A.ssistant on the Piano. 

Charles O. Brown, Penmanship and Book-keeping. 

.MICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY, KALAMAZOO. 

This institution was orgaiuzed by adopting its articles of association Decem- 
ber 15, 1850. It is under the general supervision of the Synod of Michigan, 
but its chai-ter provides that, "religiously considered, the board of ti'ustees shall 
secure the inculcation of a pure Christianity, without any reference whatever to 
any paiticular church, form or piactice." The charter declares its purpose to 
be "to establish, endow and control a seminary of leaining, foi- the education 
of young ladies in the higher brandies of a thorough education, havintr refeicnce 



590 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

to the entire person, physically, intellectually, morally and religiously considered, 
and to be essentially modeled after Mt. Ilolyoke Seminaiy, in Massachusetts, 
founded by Mary Lyon, and the Western Female Seminary, at Oxford." The 
board of trustees during the Centennial year consisted of Rev. A. T. Pierson, 
Hon. Alanson Sheley and Rev. George D. Baker, of Detroit ; Rev. A. K. Strong, 
D. D., Monroe ; Hon. Edward S. Moore, Three Rivers ; Rev. J. A. Ranney, 
Delphi. Indiana ; Hon. H. G. Wells (clerk), Hon. F. W. Curtenius, Hon. Allen 
Potter, Henry Gilbert, E. O. Humphrey, Jonathan Parsons (treasure!'), William 
A. Tomlinson, James Taylor, and L. H. Trask, Kalamazoo ; Rev. Calvin Clark, 
Mai'shall ; Edward P. Ferry, Grand Haven (president) ; Rev. George Duffield, 
D. D., Lansing; C. W. Hall, Allegan; Rev. Milton Bradley, Richland; Hon. 
H. H. Coolidge, Niles. 

Owing to financial difficulties and the Avar, the Seminary did not open for 
pupils till 1867. The average attendance for the ten yeai's has been about 
sixty-five. Sixty young ladies have completed the course of study, which is 
extended and compi-ehensive. 

MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY. 

Miss Jcauuette Fisher, Priucipal, Mental and Moral Philosophy and Geology. 

Miss Arastina D. Webster, Latin, and History of Literature. 

Miss Edla M. Geer, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. 

Miss Sarah A. Hosford, English Literature, History and Composition. 

Miss Mary A. Lovelaud, Botany aud Mathematics. 

Mrs. Lina E. Phetteplace, Physiology and Laws of Health. 

Miss Alice W. Allen, Instrumental Music. 

French, German, vocal music and painting are taught. All the students 
assist in the household work of the family, one hour each day being thus 
occupied. The whole coiirse of study occupies four years. Pupils are advanced 
according to their progress, and not according to time spent at the Seminary. 
The charge for the school year, including furnished room and fuel, is $175, 
with a deduction of $60 to daughters of clergymen, when desired. 



RAISIN VALLEY SEMINARY. 

Established in 1850, near Adrian, by the Quarterly Meeting of Friends. 
The seminary buildings have a farm of thirty-seven acres attached, the value 
of which is estimated at $3,700. Value of buildings, $8,000 ; of observatory, 
$2,000 ; apparatus, library and cabinets, $550 ; endowment fund, $25,600 ; making 
the total assets of the Seminary $39,850. The principal endowment legacy was 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 591 

by Moses Sutton, in 1874, $20,000. There are four instructors — one man and 
three women — and preparatory and high school depai-tmcnts. Attendance duiing 
the yeai", 110 — males 70, females 40. The institution is not incorporated. 

YOUNG LADIES' SEMINARY AND COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, MONROE. 

Oi'ganized December 1, 1849, and incorporated Febi'uaiy If), 1850, by act 
of the Legislature. The first incorporators and trustees were Hon. Charles 
Noble, Hon. Warner Wing, Hon. Robert McClelland, Hon. David A. Noble, 
Hon. William H. Boyd, Geoige Lander, M. D., S. R. Arnold, M. D., Dan. B. 
Millei-, Charles G. Johnson, Thomas G. Cole, N. R. Haskell, Wed. W. Clark, 
Ira Mayhew, Rev. H. H. Northrup, Rev. Mr. Lewis, and Rev. Mr. Morgan. 
The trustees are elected annually by the stockholders. The site proper embraces 
three acres. An island of five aci-es, o^vued by the president and principal, 
located in the bay of Raisin river, devoted to vineyard and ornamental grounds 
for the use of the Seminary, is frequently visited by the young ladies for 
recreation and picnics ; also twelve acres of land in the vicinity devoted to 
gardening. Total value of buildings and lands, $12,000. There are five build- 
ings, the principal of which is the main hall, 120 feet long and two stories 
high. The plan is to give a thorough, liberal education to young women. 
Those who are recommended by a committee of examination, and who are 
eighteen years of age, receive diplomas signed by the president of the faculty. 
Number of pupils in the collegiate department in 1875, 102; number of grad- 
uates since the establishment of the institution, 147; number of pupils during 
the same period, 2,000. 

FA('l!I,TY. 

Rev. E. J. Boyd, A. M., and Mrs. Sarah C. Boyd, PriucipaLs. 

Miss Martha H. Sprague, Principal and Preceptress. 

Miss Kate Pinder, French, German, Painting and Drawing. 

Mrs. M. C. Kipp, Piano and Organ. 

Mrs. C A. Bahlwin, Vocal Music. 

Miss Alice King, English and Academic Department. 

The e.xhibit of this institution contained a historical narrative of the first 
twenty-five years, by Rev. E. J. Boyd, tlie jjrincipal, abstracts of lectures wiitten 
out Ijy pupils, and examination papers. 

DETROIT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 

A preparatory medical school existed for some time in the city of Detroit, 
but it was not till 1808 that the Detroit Medical College was organized, under 



592 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

the geiiei'al State law. Its object is to offer to students facilities for thorough, 
practical clinical instruction. The college buildings are located on the grounds 
of llai])er Hospital, on Woodward a\enuc. The College has lecture, dissecting 
and faculty rooms, with tlie ]'e(iuisites of a Urst-class medical school. Three 
hospitals ai'e und'er the medical faculty of this college — St. Mary's, under the 
Sisters of Charity ; St. Luke's, Episcoi)alian ; and Harper, the grounds for which 
were the gift of John Harper. The last is the largest hospital in Detroit. 
Deriving their clinical material from so many sources, the professors of the 
College ha\'e been able to show in the class examples of almost every variety 
of morbid phenomenon. Advanced students are called upon, in tui'u, to examine 
patients, and to j^i'oiiounce upon the differential diagnosis, pathology and treat- 
ment of the disease in cpiestion. Regular session opens October sixth of each 
yeai', and continues five months. During the term all the branches of general 
medicine and surgery are taught, both scientific and practical, with care and 
thoroughness. All students ai'e examined daily on the subjects of the lectures, 
and on their dissecting and laboratory work. Preliminary session opens on or 
about September first, and continues one month. Clinics are held and lectures 
delivered by the profession in the same order and fre(piency as in the winter 
term. Diplomas granted only at the close of the regular session. Recitation 
session begins about March fifteenth of each year, and continues four months. 
The [)eculiai' feature of tlie school is the intimate union of its clinical and 
didactic instruction. Number of graduates since organization of College, 210. 
Edward W. Jenks, M. D., is president ; Leartus Connor, M. D., secretary ; and 
Theodore A. McGraw, M. D., treasurer. The folloAving named physicians are 
members of the faculties: Samuel P. Duflield, Ph. D., M. D., J. M. Bigelow, 
M. D., Edward W. Jenks, M. D., Theodore A. McGraw, M. D., George P. 
Andrews, M. D., C. B. GiUiert, M. D., James F. Noyes, M. D., N. W. Webber, 
M. D., Albert B. Lyons, M. D., Leartus Connoi-, M. D., H. O. Walker, M. D., 
J. II. Carstens, M. D., Daniel La Ferte, M. D., E. L. Shurly, M. D., J. G. 
Johnson, M. D., F. A. Spalding, M. D., David Tnglis, M. D., C. C. Yemaus, 
M. D. An alumni association was organized Mai'ch "J, LSTo. 

(iRAND RAPIDS BUSINESS COLLEGE. 

Thn)Ugh one of those mishaps which cannot be explained, the exhibit of 
this College, although foi-warded, did not I'each its position at the Centennial, 
but this should not exclude it from the record. The College was founded 
January 26, 1866, by Professor C. G. Swensberg, its present proprietor and 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 593 



president. Diiriiii:; llic first nine years of its existenee, tlie (\)lle<^e was located 
in Luce's l)l()ek, but in May, 1875, it was removed to ciuarters specially [)re])ared 
for tlie purpose, under the direction of its chief, in the new building known 
as the "Business College and Ledyard Block." The college rooms are located 
above those used by the Young Men's Christian Association, public library and 
Ladies' Literary Society, all of which furnish additional facilities for study, 
culture and good influences. At the head of the stairway leading to the third 
rioor are the business offices, reception room, stationery room, and pri\'ate sitting 
room, all tastefully and appro})riately furnished. On the floor above is the 
commercial department and a separate apartment devoted to telegraphy, which 
is amply supplied with all facilities for ])ractical work, and disjaatcJies are 
transmitted by the students luitil they are able to fill any position of tele- 
graphic responsibility. Book-keeping is not oidy taught as an art, based on 
well defined scientific pi-inciples, but it is exemplified in actual practice. The 
theory becomes imjji-essed upon the mind by practice, and jjractice is liourly 
corrected by theory and principle. In the princij)al room lectures are given at 
stated periods by ))rominent lawyers, bankers and ()ther business men, on 
specialties with which they are familiar. 

The apartments have toilet conveniences, and are carpeted throughout, thus 
avoiding all noise, so that two hundred students attend to their studies without 
suffering disturbance. The real progress made by students in this institution 
shows tluit the mechanical and methodical operations of lousiness are thoroughly 
taught, while the essential [)rinciples of commercial probity, morality and sin- 
cerity that lie at the basis of human confidence and ti'ust serve to elevate the 
.standard of business character and capacity. 

THE .MAVHEW BUSINESS COLLE(;E. 

lion. Ira Mayhew, the founder and president of the Mayhew lousiness 
College, commenced teaching in Jefferson county, New York, in 188l>. In 1841 
he was chosen county superintendent of common schools. After serving for 
two years, he removed to Michigan, in 184.'i, where he engaged in teacliing till 
1845. He was then appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction, which 
position he filled four years. From his extensive experience he became con- 
vinced of tlie need of more systematic methods for preparing young men for 
the duties of business life, and for the proper discharge of the duties of ordi- 
nary citizenship. This led him to the publication, in 1.S51, of " Mayhew's 
Practical iiook-keeping," prej)ared as a text-book for common schools and home 



o5>4 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

study. It was undertaken with the conviction that book-keeping should become 
as coraiuon a branch of school study as arithmetic, geogi-aphy and grammar. 
This idea has been pretty fidly realized in some portions of the country. With 
the same end in view, the " Mayhew Business College" has been established to 
give teachers an opportunity of acquiring the art of teaching book-keeping in 
other schools, although a majority of the students at that college are thei-e with 
a view to becoming themselves practical book-keepers. Tlie establishment of 
such a college was projected twenty-five years ago, l)ut Mi-. Mayhew, being 
called to the pi'esidency of another college, and subsequently elected twice to 
the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, deferred the project until 
18(i(). Since that time he has devoted his entire attention to providing the best 
text-books, Ijusiness 23ractice and methods of instruction, wliicli liis exliibit at 
the Centennial ampl}^ illustrates. His system is well developed in "Statement 
and Exhibit of the work of the Mayhew Business College," " Mayhew's Univei'sity 
Book-kee[)ing," and "Mayhew's University Book-keeping Key." These, for con- 
venience, are bound in one volume, large octavo. Besides this is a folio volume 
containing " statement and exhibit," together with a set of books, being Mayhew's 
uaiversity book-kee23ing lilanks, a full set of eight books, as filled up by A. W. 
Ferguson, one of the students at the College, together with practice papers of 
teachers and students, completely illusti-ating all the transactions connected with 
the business recorded in the sets ; also, bank currency and scrip used in the 
transactions of the College, and the bank deposit books which are employed 
as in well conducted actual business. It is a very comprehensive volume, and 
furnishes an excellent view of the business jn-actice pursue<l at the College. 

GOLDSMITH'S BUSINESS UNIVERSITY. 

This institution was established about the year 1851, by W. D. Cochi'an, 
and was conducted several years as a private school. November 28, 1857, it 
was purchased and added to what was then known as " Bryant, Sti'atton & 
Co.'s Chain of Mercantile Colleges," but moi-e recently known as the " Interna- 
tional Business College Association," this at Detroit being the fourth of the 
series. It has continued under its present management from the last named 
date to the present time. The number of students in 1857 was (JO, with two 
teachers. The College has continued to prosjier and increase in the number of 
its students, until now there are 432 students and six teachers. It has been 
necessary to change its location three times to accommodate its patrons. The 
course of instruction has been materially improved. The present mode of 
instruction requii'es banks, business offices, boards of trade, etc., for the puj'pose 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 595 



of fully illusti'atin<;' husiness ;is it takes place among l)usiiiess men, tliiis giving 
students matei'ial from which to write up their books and business papers. 
The samples exliibited were not written up for the purpose of e.xliibition, but 
were selected from the students' woi-k befoi'e representation at the Exhibition 
was determined ui)on, and therefore they show the ordinary work of the school. 
The principal and proprietoi' is Mr. J. H. Goldsmith, and he is assisted by a 
corps of experienced teachers. The location of the LIniversity now is at 
Mechanics' Hall, Griswold street, op[)osite the c-ity hall, Detroit. The coui'se 
of instruction is such as to meet the demands of the age, thorough, practical 
and comprehensive, combining theory and pi'actice, and designed to (pialify 
the student for all phases of practical business. Ladies [)ursue the same 
course as gentlemen. The books exhibited were : " Programme for the Course of 
Instruction," "The >[anual of Theoretical Training," "Bryant <fe Stratton's 
System of Book-keeping and Business Arithmetic;" also, a written manual 
illustrating the a[){>licati()n of the system to various business re(|uirements, 
cash, a l)ill book, a penciled set of books, a commission set, a banking set, 
journal and leilger, l)esides numerous commercial papers, draft and check books, 
etc. It was an exliibit of great interest to the student of mercantile and 
business [)i'actice. 

KALAMAZOO BUSINESS COLLEGE. 

This institution was represented at the Centennial by a quarto volume, 
elegantly bound in morocco, beveled boards, full gilt and gilt edges, with a 
bronzed border around the manuscript pages. It contains a photographic view 
of the block in which the College is conducted, a preface by W. F. Parsons, 
president of the College, in which it is stated that the manuscript history is 
in the handwriting of students of the College, and that the whole work was 
executed in three weeks. An index shows the pages written by each of the 
students. These embrace historical sketch, course of study, examination exer- 
cises, and a description of the methods pursued. There are also photographs 
in miniature of the president, two teachers, and of about 140 students, with 
interior views of the college, and a [)hotogra[)li, reduced, of a handsome diploma 
certifying to the conferring on Lewis A. Melcher of the degree of Master of 
Accounts. The forms and blanks used in the College, and various specimens 
of fine penmanship are given. Tlu; history, in brief, is that this college was 
founded December •22, 1N()'.I, by W. F. Pansons, fifty students attending the 
first year. A telegraph tlepartment was added, and opened with twenty students, 
in 1870. In 1871 another liall was addeil and the rooms newly furnished. 



5U(i MlCimiAN AND THE CKWTENNIAL. 



There were 1 .'{;") s(ii(l(^ii(s (liis yc.'ir, <>( wliniii If) were Ijulies; two iuldiiioiial 

tciicliers were eiii|il()ye(l. 'I'lie iiutiilier of stiideiits iiicre!ise(| lo I Sd In I S7C, 

10 of wlidiii w ei'c ladies. Many of the stndenls lia\c taken |ir<>nilnenl positions 
III aeli\e liiislness II I'e. 

LADIKW IJIUJAItY ASSOCIATIONS. 

In the VVoiiKMr.s l*a\IIIoii was e.xhihllcd a lurge (iiiarto \(>liiiiie entllh'd, 
" I list>iilcal Sketches of the Ladies' liihrary Associations of the Slate of iMicii- 
ii;aii, ((iiii|nleil and ari;in'j,'ed l>y Mrs. A. I'\ liLvliy and Mrs. A. IIowcll," and 
|irinled at the ullire of the "'I'iini's and IO.\|iositor," Adrian. Tiu; volunu! was 
neatly |>iliited, with ain|>le niai'i;In, eoiitainlnn' histoncal sketches of (he library 
associations in Michigan eslalilished hy the eil'orts of Ladies in their respective 
localities. TJic work was Li'otti'n nji for the Ceiileiuiial hy the ladies mentioned 
in the litle |iai;t', |)nrsiiant (-o a resolution passed at the I'eii'ular meeting of the 
Adrian Ladies' Lilirary Association, held April •_".•, ISV."). h'dVorts wcih; mad(^ 
liy these ladies to obtain material facts from all the ladies' library associations 
in (he State, and also IVom tli()se in which both ladies and gentlemen are inter- 
ested in inanagement. ,\ltlioiigh all did not respond, ('iioiigh did to foi'in a 
N'alnable and iiitiu'esting record of nsefnl co-o|H'rali\(' work. I^'roni this handsome 
vobiine the following particniars are compiled : 

i,.\i>iKs' i.ii!i:ai;v associaiion ok adiman. 

( )rgani/,ed in bSilS, its iirsi jiresident- was Mrs. A. V. lii.xby ; librarian, Mrs. 
.\. Howell; secretary. Mis. ('. 1{. Miller. Mrs. Kixby has been re-elected |>resi- 
dent every year since, and Mrs. Howell was continned librarian until 1<S75, 
when Mrs. 11. Stephenson was (declcd to that ollice, Mrs. Howidl declining a 
re-election. A most cordial xole of I hanks w.-is |)iissed to Mrs. Howell for her 
faithful sei\ ices as librarian for seven years. The mode of raising funds, in 
addition to stock and assessments, was by lectures, public entertainments, private 
receptions, steainbo.at excursions, fruit and ice cream soirees, [iiiblic dinners, etc. 
At a New Kngland supper, under charge of Mrs. lii.xliy ;ind Mrs. Stejdienson, 
the receipts were $ b'ilt, netting over f.'SOO to the society. 'I'he cash receipts 
the lirst \ear, from all sources, were f l,t>2().(t7. In 1S7I a Imildiiig was pur- 
chased for the use of the association. The total receipts during eight years 
ha\c amounted to ^S,;5'J7.<>S. The nnml)er of l)ooks in the librjiry is 'J, 17!', and 
the iiuiniier of menibcis •200. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 597 



M.lilOS I.AIUK-S' IJUHAI'.V ASSOriATIO.V. 



Commenced operations Auffust 10, isfji*, by forming a committee to canvass 
for members and contributions. February ."», 1H70, tlie library wa.s opened at 
Mrs. A. M. Culver's, with ~)'2 volumes. May first of the same year the com- 
mittee surrendered their trust to a re<.'ularly organized society, of which Mi's. 
JL Wood was president; Miss R. Augusta Whiting, secretary : and Mrs. A. W. 
Culver, librarian. The association steadily advanced, having now a library of 
700 volumes, including many standard works. 



ALI'EXA I.IHKAI'.V ASSf>CIATIO.\. 

Organized Februaiy lO, 1h7*>, and increased from si.v to thirteen members. 
It is well supplied with bf»oks and j>eriodicals. The first jiurchase of books, 
to the amount of ijoo. ua- about being ma^l*- wTk-ti th*- 7eport was written h»y 
Mi-s. A. B. Allen. 

ANN AHBOK LADIEx' LfBKAKi' AS.SOf I AT[0>'. 

The first meeting for organization was held March 19, 186^5, when thirty -five 
ladies joined the association, and ft] 18 was 8ubscril>ed. Mrs. A. E. Kellocfg 
was elected president. A board of fifteen was elected, and Mrs. S. II. Douglass 
and Mrs. A. H. Hunt have continue*! regularly in the service ever since. In 
April the ladies arranged tableaux, from which they netted i^l.35. A room 
was engaged at ^.oO a year rent, and the money thus raised was used to furnish 
it, and it was made to appear both neat and cheerful, with library shelves 
alrea'ly half full of bfx<ks. The cantata of " Queen Esther " brought in ft259.28, 
making the receipts the first year, from entertainments alone, $45;^».28. With 
the new year, 1867, the association took possession of its present library room. 
Lectures, recitations, strawberry' and other festivals and entertainments, have 
been held, and some donations received, until, in 1876, 1,6.36 volumes constitute 
the library. Miss Sarah Barry acted as librarian most of the time until 1«75. 
The histor}', which contains many interesting features, was written by Mrs. M. 
L. D'Oge, the present secretary. 

BA'nLE CKEEK LIBKAl'.V A»f>< lATION. 

Organized March 12, 1864, and has given several courses of lectures and con- 
certs. It has 1,200 volumes, and has about $800 at interest. It has recently 
remf»ved to a new suite of rf>om3, where its continued j»rosperity is assured. 
The historical sketch was well arranged and written by Mi-s. Ann Eliza Graves. 



598 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

BLISSFIELD LADIES' I.IBRAKY ASSOCIATION. 

Commenced by Mi's. Joliu Mitcliell, Mrs. R. G. White and Mrs. S. Z. Foster, 
who, in October, 1874, made a partial canvass, and soon obtained the names of 
seventy or more who agi'eed to become members, and on Tuesday, October 28, 
1874, a meeting was held at the Methodist church, presided over by Mrs. A. 
C. Bartholomew. Mrs. John Mitchell, as the secretary, came prepared with a 
di'aft of constitution and by-laws, which were adopted. Mrs. E. W. Blaisdell 
was elected president ; Mi-s. S. Z. Foster, secretary ; and Mrs. John Mitchell, 
librarian. A room was secured in the new post-office building and fitted up 
for the society. The libraiy was opened to the public December, 1874, and 
the opening was an event of much interest and enthusiasm. The ladies have 
given entertainments and collected funds. The books are selected with great 
care, and nothing but those of an ennobling tendency are admitted. The 
number of volumes in 1876 was 262; the number of members, 96. One hun- 
dred and twenty dollars have been expended for books, and about $800 foi' 
other [)urposes. A Centennial tea-party netted $70 toward the support of the 
association, which is now regarded as one of the solid and necessaiy institutions 
of the village. 

COLDWATEK LADIES' LIBRAKY ASSOCIATION. 

In 186."), during the flourishing period of lecture bureaus, the ladies of 
Coldwater determined to raise a fund that should guarantee the expenses of a 
lecture course. They performed the " Mistletoe Bough " three times, and then 
had a masquerade ball, and the result was a fund of about $500. This was 
put at interest, and not being wanted for deficiencies in the lecture course 
business, it remained until 1869, when it aggregated about $600. December 
thirteenth of that year the members of the lecture association and others met 
to consult about the formation of a ladies' library association. This was agreed 
on, and twenty-two ladies became charter members. The funds of the lecture 
association were transferred to the library association. Mrs. Alma Lewis was 
elected president, and Mrs. Josephine McGowan, seci'etary. The first year the 
office of librarian was filled gratuitously by Misses Wendall, Ilaynes and Prudeu, 
and Mrs. Woolley. Since then from $80 to $100 have ])een paid for this service. 
Entertainments of vai'ied character have been held, sometimes literary and 
musical, and generally social and agreeable. In 1874 a l)uilding and lease 
of ground for five years were presented to the association by Dr. Beech, whose 
parlors the society had used hithei'to. In June, 1876, the library consisted oi 
2,200 volumes, purchased at a cost of nearly $8,000. The whole amount 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 599 

collected ;iii(l disbursed by the association is something over $4,700. The 
officers for the Centennial year were : Mrs. Alma Mansfield, president ; Miss 
Kitty Cuttei', secretary ; Mrs. J. P. McGovvan, ti'easurer ; Miss Eugenia Piuden, 
libi'arian. 

CORl'NNA I.ADIKS' I^lliUAKY ASSOCIATION. 

Miss Alzina Wheeler, while on a visit to Boston, having enjoyed the privi- 
leges of a library association there, on her return to Corunna, in 1 863, proposed 
the organization of a library association. A committee consisting of Mrs. J. 
Litchfield, Mrs. Dr. Tuttle, Mrs. T. C. Garner, and Mrs. C. J. Gale, was appointed 
to canvass. They received a donation from the Pyronatheon Society of $80, 
which they augmented by other donations to $132.34, with which they purchased 
the first books. The organization was then effected : Mrs. T. C. Garner, presi- 
dent ; Mrs. C. J. Gale, secretary ; and Miss Alzina Wheeler, librarian. The total 
receipts the first year were $27L83. The library in 187() consisted of 900 
volumes, valued at $2,.5()0. The amount has been raised by entertainments, 
lectures, literary socials, etc. The history was well compiled l)y Mrs. C. J. 
Gale, Mrs. W. D. Holt, and Miss Olive Cooper. 

DKYDEN LADIES' LIHltAltY ASSOCIATION. 

Dryilen is a prosperous agricultural village in Lapeer county. In March, 
1871, social visits to each other's homes led to the organization of a society, of 
which Mr. J. C. Lamb was chosen president ; Mrs. Joseph Manwaring, seci-etary ; 
and Mrs. N. B. Ehlredge, treasurer. Active members consist of married ladies 
only. The first library consisted of six books, placed in a little box nailed to 
the wall, when Mrs. Sessions became librarian. In June a dozen ladies adopted 
by-laws, and a building was rented for the society. Each lady took a chair, 
some carried rags for a carpet, and others carried the books, and the whole 
institution was installed in the new building. The rag carpet was made and 
placed on the floor by September, when a social supper, festivals and other 
entertainments gradually procured funds, and by November twenty-ninth $iiO 
was expended for 49 books. In 1870 there were 468 volumes in the library, 
$100 at interest, and $450 insurance. The anniversaries are celebrated by 
music, speaking, charades, tableaux, dancing, and suppers. The history, written 
in a pleasant, animated style, by Mrs D. C. Bacon, closes with these words : 
"There is a strong attachment for the little brown building among the trees. 
Our Centennial maple is near the dooi'. Hope was planted with it; Love is 
around it ; and we have Faith that our tree will live. Here is a thank you 
for those who have appreciated and assisted our women's work. May there 
aluavs be some blessinirs in life for tliem." 



600 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

FENTONVILLE LADIES' LIBKARY ASSOCIATION. 

Ill 1!S(m Mrs. H. Riggs and Mrs. Deuio canvassed for funds for a library, 
and obtained in two days $130, and December fourth purchased $50 worth of 
books. At this time a constitution and by-laws were adopted. December ninth 
$50 more was expended in books. The second year a room in the town hall 
was pi'ocured for the library, then nearly 400 volumes, A\'ith a good book-case 
and suitable furniture. The next year the property, except a few of the cheapest 
books, was destroyed by a fire, that also destroyed the town hall. Having no 
insurance, this discouraged the enterprise. After this a library association was 
organized on the south side of the river, and then the old association organized 
as the Ladies' Literary and Library Association, on the north side. By giving 
entertainments and suppers, socials, etc., the association has flourished again, 
and is now in good, comfortable, elegantly furnished quarters in the new town 
hall. They have 70 subscribers, and 500 to 600 volumes. Mrs. M. A. Helm 
wrote the histoiy. 

FLUSHING LADIES' LIBEABY ASSOCIATION. 

At a meeting of the ladies of Flushing, held at the residence of Mrs. James 
A. Button, Mrs. George Button was chosen president, and Mrs. E. G. Bryant, 
secretary. The constitution, by-laws and rules of the Birmingham association 
were read and adopted ; fifty-two members joined the association, and a fund 
of $67. GO was raised. Mrs. T. V. Rogers was the first president elected, and 
$63 was expended in purchasing forty-one volumes of books. Total amount 
raised by entertainments and use of books to the spring of 1876, $889.66; 
number of volumes, -tSO ; number of members, 102 ; balance in treasury, $50.25. 
Mrs. E. B. Codding writes a very clear and well condensed history, closing 
with this appropriate sentiment : " May the lil)rary era, so recently inaugurated 
with us, take no backward step, and, in view of past successes, may we be 
stimulated to new energy, trusting to attain better and nobler achievements in 
the not distant future." 

GRAND BLANC LADIES' LIBllARY ASSOCIATION. 

Organized in September, 1869, with sixty-four members. Mrs. Charlotte 
Whitmore, wife of Rev. O. Whitmore, was its first pi'esident. The fii'st drawing 
of books took place October 13, 1869, with fifty volumes. For the first three 
years the dues were confined to an annual membership of one dollar, and since 
then persons liave been permitted to draw books by paying ten cents a month. 
This plan has worked well, adding to the efliciency and usefulness of the 
society. Funds have been raised by a series of socials, an occasional festival, 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. <i01 



and a table, set, at tlie fair i^tohikI. The lil»rary has been increased at the i-ate 
of about 100 volumes per year. There ai-e 'M annual subscribei's. In February, 
1875, a New Ent,dand supper bi-ought $15H, which, together with $70 raised 
bv a Centennial supper, and othei' cDutributions, has enabled the society to 
place $840 at interest towards the erection of a suitable library building. The 
history is a contribution by Mrs. M. G. Davis, and embodies the following 
sentiment: "We trust that when those who are now laboring to establish the 
institution on a permanent basis have passed to their final reward, it will 
flourish and prove a blessing to many generations yet to come, and that wlien 
our beloved countrv shall celebrate its next Centennial, this institution will 
have a history." 

GUKENVILLK I.ADIKS' LIHItAKY ASSOCIATION. 

Commenced with a strawberry festival, in the summer of ISOS, netting $70. 
Augu.st seventh a meeting took place, when the articles of association were 
adopted. Ladies were admitted to membership on payment of fifty cents 
quarterly. Mrs. G. S. Barnes was elected the first president ; Mrs. 11. E. Light, 
secretary; Mrs. F. N. Wright, treasurer; Mrs. H. L. Bower, librarian. The 
Methodist church donated the use of its vestry for the purposes of the library. 
At the first annual meeting, June !), 18(39, $848 were reported as having l)een 
received. In 1872 the association removed to a large room on the second floor 
of one of the brick blocks. It is well furnished ; an oil painting by a lady 
artist of the city, and presented by her, and several other pictures, adoi'ii its 
walls, and in 1874 a fine piano was added to the attractions of the room. A 
literary, musical and dramatic society is an outgrowth of tlie library association. 
Gentlemen are now permitted the privileges of the library and its social acces- 
sories on the same terms as the ladies. A meeting is held every alternate 
Monday evening, when a critique on the proceedings of the previous meeting 
is read by a member pre\nously appointed to the work l)y the president. 
Essays, readings and music make out an agreeable evening's entertainment. 
The business consultations often give rise to spiiited debates. The anniversary 
is held in June, when an address is delivered, and the progress of the year 
reviewed. In the Centennial year the library consisted of 1,000 volumes, and 
tliere were 128 members of the Jissociation. Mrs. J. S. Crosb)' closes her 
interesting narration by e.vpressing "a well-grounded hope for the continued 
prosperity of our beloved institution, feeling truly grateful to the (Ti\or of all 
good for the success He has accorded our past efforts." 



602 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



JONKSVIJJvK LADIES' LIBKAHY ASSOCIA'l'ION. 

Ill tlie spring of 1878 ;i lialf dozen ladies who had been reading Dickens' 
works, formed a plan whereby they might obtain the reading of several desirable 
books at the cost of one. The names of twenty-three ladies were taken, who 
each purchased one book foi- the club. The l^ooks were exchanged every two 
weeks. The next year two clubs were in operation, and the idea of a ladies' 
library was developed. Miss Ellen B. Baxtei' and Miss Annie Lewis gave a 
concert in .June, 1873, which I'aised the first money, and in Novembei-, 1874, 
the organization was completed. Donations of books, carpet, lamps, etc., followed, 
and the cash receipts since the organization amounted to $63.50. Number of 
books, 8U0; and of members, 128. The president is Mrs. Amelia A. Gardner; 
treasurer. Miss Jane S. Sinclair; cori-esponding secretary, Mrs. Hattie G. White. 
The librarian is changed every three months. Mrs. A. A. Gardner, who writes 
the history, closes with this appropriate sentiment: "With large hopes for the 
future, believing that all eai'nest endeavor to elevate the masses by fui'nishing 
suitable reading, and a library room made attractive by pleasant surroundings, 
to draw the young, will always be a success." 

KALAJIAZOO LADIES' LIBRARY ASSOCIATIOK. 

Organized in January, 18r)2, witli about fifty volumes, contributed as a 
nucleus. The catalogue now shows a list of 2,800 carefully selected books. 
The association is managed by a board of fifteen ladies as trustees, who elect 
from their number the officers, committees, etc. Seven courses of lectures have 
been given under the auspices of the association. The study of history has 
been pursued by a large number of the ladies, the class meeting weekly at the 
library. In 1873 tlie class was reorganized, with a more extensive range of 
studies. The first Monday afternoon of the month is devoted to art and liter- 
ature ; the second, to science and education; the third, to history; and the 
fourth, to miscellaneous topics. Eacli period lias its own committee to select 
topics, and select those who are to prepare original or selected articles, to be 
read for the benefit of the whole. This is a very popular feature. The asso- 
ciation o('cu]>ies two rooms in corporation hall, furnished by the town at a 
trifling rent — one used as a library, and the other as a ^'JU'loJ', where the social 
meetings are held. The parlor is adorned with a number of valuable paintings, 
engravings and statuary, and a cabinet of shells, minerals, and cuiiosities. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 603 



LAI'KKi; l.IliUAWV ASSOCIAl'IOxV. 

Ory'iinizeil in April, IS;")',). Tlu' first president was Mrs. William Tuttle ; 
secretary, Mrs. R. G. llart ; treasurer, Mrs. C. Tuttle ; librarian, ]\Irs. Dr. Gris- 
vvo'ld. Gentlemen were allowed the privilege of meuibersliip, but excluded from 
•voting or holding otKce. Social meetings were held at the houses of the 
members once in two weeks, a small fee being paid and light refreshments 
served. Some difficulty on the subject of entertainments I'esulted in the organ- 
ization of a Woman's Chi'istiau Library. The ])arent society, however, sui'vived 
this division, and by means of various entertainments, dining booths at the 
county fair, excursions, etc., the funds were re[)lenished, and no debts incurred. 
The officers for the Centennial year were: President, Mrs. C. P. Thomas; secre- 
tary, Mrs. W. H. Gregory ; librarian. Miss N. Gaskill. The list of members 
has 553 names of persons, many of whom have been members from the first. 
Mrs. N. 11. Hart, who compiled this instructive little history, concludes by 
remarking: "We might compare the present literature with that of a hundred 
years ago, when our grandmothers were reading 'Fox's Book of Mai'tyrs,' 
Baxter's 'Saint's Rest,' Addison's 'Spectator,' and the old-time poets, wdio, with 
the exception of a few readers, are now almost unknown. Sound and profitable 
reading it was — food for deep thought, as they sat in meditation by the (piaint 
little spinning wheel, which liuinraed almost a lullaby. Ah! who can tell \\haf 
changes time shall bring, when our great-grandchildi'en shall find relics of the 
present time, and say: 'This book was my great-grandmother's, a hundred 
years ago ! ' " 

MAUSIIALL LIBRAIJY ASSOCIATION. 

The oi'igin of this association is attributed to Mr. D. Darwin Hughes, who 
long entertained the idea of a literary or libraiy association, and at last showed 
both good sense and taste in laying the mattei' before the ladies. The first 
meeting was held January 18, 1869, when a constitution was adopted and 
officers elected. Mr. Charles Dickey was made president ; Mrs. Charles T. 
Gorham, seci-etary; Mrs. Chai-les P. Dibble, treasurer; and Mrs. M. A. Starr, 
librarian. The library was opened March 20, 186!), with 207 volumes, 40 of 
which were ^^''t^s^nted by members. There were lO'j names on the roll of 
members. A lecture by Hon. E. J. Eggleston, of Grand Ra[)ids, netted $>56, 
he declining even his traveling expenses, and together with other donations, 
and the proceeds of concerts and festivals, the total receipts of the first year 
amounted to $1,337.38. The society has prospered, although the membersliij) 
has almost entirely changed since the foundation. There ai"e now 1,850 volumes. 



604 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Miss Annie C. Gill, who contributes the historical sketch, remarks : " We are 
depending solely on the merits of the library for its support. We need large- 
hearted liberality from the citizens of the place before attaining the high position 
and measure of success we have so confidently looked forwai'd to, and were the 
hopes of those who originated the association." These "hopes" were beautifully 
expressed in the first annual repoii by the secretary, Mrs. George Boughton : 
" We look forward to no very distant day when we shall have a honuf of our 
own — a [ilace which we shall delight to beautify and adorn as we do our own 
private places of abode ; where we may gather cabinets of mineralogical and 
geological specimens, pictures, statuary and music ; where we shall have lectures, 
liistorical lessons and literary entertainments, to which we shall be proud to 
invite our friends, and where we ourselves shall love to linger, communing with 
the leai-ned and eloquent, whose better part remains with lis, though they may 
have long since passed away." 

OWOSSO LADIES' LIBKAUY ASSOCIATION. 

Organized May 5, 1867, when Mrs. J. A. Church was elected president; 
Mrs. A. H. Parkin, secretary; Mrs. J. II. Kelly, treasurer; and Mrs. J. C. 
Williams, librarian. The meetings were first held at the residence of Mrs. E. 
Gould, and aftei'wards, for several months, in the common coiuicil room. In 
1868 the bank parlor was rented to the association and occupied until October, 
1871, when the library was removed to Union Hall, where a room sufliciently 
large for social parties and entertainments was secured. The library finally 
settled in a comfortable home in the Bank block. This room is neatly furnished. 
The library has steadily increased from 262 books in 1868 to 910 in 1876. 
The amount expended for books has been $1,360 ; foi- i-ent, |60((. The number 
of members is 140. In January, 1876, Messrs. A. L. and B. O. Williams pre- 
sented the Ladies' Library Association with a valuable building lot on the 
coi'ner of Park and Exchange streets, and the Centennial tea party netted $100, 
which was deposited toward the formation of a building fund. The officers for 
the Centennial year were : Mi's. J. C. Williams, president ; Mrs. Eva Doane 
Perkins, secretary ; Mrs. J. Merell, treasurer ; Mrs. N. II. McBain, librarian. 
Mrs. J. C. Williams, who wi-ites the history, pays a high tribute to Mrs. C. G. 
Ilatliaway and Mrs. R. L. Stewart, both deceased, but who were much beloved 
co-workers in the association. 

PLAINWELL LADIES' LIBliAKY ASSOCIATION. 

This organization received its first impetus through the exertions of Mrs. 
11. J. Cushman. The organization was effected February, 1868, when Mrs. J. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. <i05 



AV. Hicks was elected president; Mi'?;. II. J. Ciisliman, secretary : aud Mrs. Alos 
Dunham, treasnrei'. The plan of hoi-i'owinu' Imoks from i)i'ivate citizens was 
tii'st adopted. In September, isiiS, tlie (rood Templais donated $29; concerts 
aud other entertainments of a varied character wei'c tlie means em})loyed to 
raise funds. The society occupy a room at the pust-otHce, the use of which is 
donated by INIr. F. A. Hayes. The officers for the Centennial year were : Mrs. Geo. 
Smith, })resident ; Mrs. G. G. Soule, secretary ; Mrs. J. W. H. Hicks, treasurer. 
The number of volumes has increased from 96 the first year to .574 in June, 
1876; entire amount of money raised $1,553.27. Mrs. George G. Soule writes 
the history, and describes the association as one of the leadino- orpj'anizations of 
the village. 

i'oi;i- nriioN i.aoies' i,iiii;Ai;v associatiox. 

FtMUided January, ISlUS, when Mi's. B. C Farrand was elected jiresident; 
Mrs. A. H. AN'riglit, secretary; Mrs. J. B. Hull, treasurer; Mrs. A. B. Comstock, 
librarian. The common council chamber was donated for the use of the asso- 
ciation, and (R'cu[)ied by the ladies until iSdS, when the lil)rary was removed 
to rooms in the town hall. Marcli 4, 18(i9, the room over M. Walker's store 
was leased and occupied. ^Vpril 2, 1870, the books were removed to the room 
now occupied. \'arious entei'tainments have been the means of raising monej', 
and May 25, 1870, Mrs. Mary J. Sweetser made a note in favor of the associ- 
ation for SI, 000, to be paid on or before her decease. Her death occuri'ed 
before the close of tlie year, and tlie note, with interest, was paid l)y her 
e.xecutors, and the amount was added to the building fund, which, at the close 
of 1875, amounted to 82,400. Besides this amount, $1,129.58 was raised the 
Hrst three years, and .$505. 4() in 1.S75. The society's operations are largely 
litei'ai-y, and a museum is in course ot prepai'ation. Many pictures, stereoscopic 
views and curiosities have been donated. A Cyclo])edia Club raised the funds 
by which several populai- cyclopedias were pui'chased. The society commenced 
the Centennial year with 1;5() membei's, who pay fifteen cents a month; a libi'ary 
of 2,000 volumes, a hired l)ut well furnished I'ooni, and the following officers : 
Mrs. S. L. Ballentine, president ; Mrs. John P. Sanlmru, eorrespondiug secretary; 
Mrs. H. G. Barnum, treasurer; Mi's. S. M. Huntingdon, librarian. The histoi-y 
was prepared by Mrs. B. C. Farrand and read at the decennial celebratit)U, 
held .January 6, 1 .S76. 

<^i 1N( V LAOiKs- i.iti:i;ai;v so( iktv. 

Organized January lil, 1.N71, witli eight members. The e.\ercises ])rovided 

by the constitution consisted of music, select readings, essays, recitations and 
77 



<30() MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

discussions. In 1873 a library was commenced with 180 volumes, purchased 

with the proceeds of lectures. Although no donations had been i-eceived, the 

society had twenty-four members and 300 volumes by January, 1 876, and to 

May of that year the total receipts from various sources were $1,200.73. The 

Thespians, a dramatic association, and the Quincy Glee Club, materially aided 

in the entertainments of the society. Mrs. S. M. Turner wrote the history, and 

was aided by Mrs. C. E. McCarn and Mrs. M. A Shepherd, who collected the 

statistics. 

ST. (;laik ladies' ijbkauy association. 

Organized February 10, 18(59, when Mrs. J. C. Clarke was elected president; 
Minnie Owen, secretary; Mrs. T. C. Owen, treasurer; and Addie Ladd, librarian. 
The association commenced with sixty-two membei's and thirty-four subscribers. 
Socials, oyster suppers, amateur concerts, etc., followed, and in March 140 
volumes were purchased, at a cost of $200, and $100 was expended in fur- 
nishing a room. While the funds were low, each lady loaned a chair, ^v]lich 
gave an appearance of diversity to the room, at once imique and elegant. 
The second year the tpwn library was removed to the association room, for the 
care of which $40 a year was added to the funds of the association. Courses 
of lectures have added to the funds. In June, 1874, the library was removed 
to pleasant rooms in the city hall, which are elegantly furnished. The officers 
during the Centennial year were : Mrs. N. Higley, president ; Mrs. Emma L. 
Barnard, secretary ; Mrs. J. C. Clark, treasurer ; Miss Lizzie Grace, librarian. 
Literary exercises, Avith varying success, have been attempted. Mrs. Emily Owen 
Whiting concludes her historical sketch of the association with the following : 
"Let us conclude by hoping that when, in our next Centennial year, our pos- 
terity shall look upon this meager record of a tiny seedling, it may have grown 
and flourished as a cedar of Lebanon ; and may they be enabled to exult over 
the great results of an earnest though small endeavor." 

ST. JOHNS LADLES' LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 

Organized February 2, 1870, when Mrs. R Strickland was elected president; 
Mrs. J. L. Paldi, secretary ; Mrs. J. Wilkinson, treasurer ; Mrs. J. H. Cranson, 
librarian. In 1876 there were 822 volumes, and 216 members had been enrolled. 
For the year ending March 1, 1876, 2,007 volumes were drawn, and the amount 
of funds received and disbursed was $381.38. The entertainments given by 
the association have been liberally patronized, and the rooms are well furnished 
and decorated Avith numerous engravings. Mrs. S. S. Walker, who furnishes 
the sketch, concludes: "We are now looking forward to the time when, instead 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 607 

of opening the lil)r;irv once a ^veek for di-uvviug books, we sliall he able to 
Lave it opened daily, in connection with a reading-room, tliereby doing more 
good than we are now accomplishing, and furnish reading to a class of persons 
that we at present do not reach." 

UNION crrv i.rni:Ai:Y association. 

First started in 1872, by the purchase of sixty-three volumes, and was 
legally organized in the fall of 1875, and the name of the "Ladies' Library 
Association" adopted. Messrs. Corbin and Tucker presented the association 
with a large, pleasant room in their new ])rick building on Broadway. The 
Light Guards of Coldwater generously donated the entire proceeds of one of 
their entertainments, which enabled the ladies to purchase furniture for the 
new room and add sixty volumes to the library. In May of the Centennial 
year the society possessed a tine Ijlack walnut book-case, a small museum, 368 
volumes, and liad li't) ticket-holders. There is a general waking up of the 
people to the needs of the village in this direction, "which seems to verify," 
Mrs. S. A. Bakei', the historian, adds, " the old adage, ' Merit does much, but 
fiirtune more.'" 

YPSILANTI LADIES' LIHltAUY ASSOCIATION. 

This association was the result of a conference held in the monthly meet- 
ings of the " Home Association," a benevolent society composed of women from 
all religious denominations, that had existed twenty years. March 27, 1868, the 
Library Association was organized : Mrs. E. N. Follett, president ; Mrs. L^na 
Watling, secretary ; Mrs. Isabella Bacon, treasurer ; Miss Sarah Pardee, librarian. 
A room was secured at Al()(l a year rental, in Arcade block. April 7, 1808, 
was the first regular monthly meeting, and they found in the room a good 
book-case, presented by Mr. McAndrew and Mr. Moorman, and Itm volumes, 
which had Ijeen collected by the committee, the gifts of citizens. The usual 
resources of ladies, socials, lectures, dramatic entertainments, concerts, etc., were 
brought into operation. The fiftietli anniversary of the first celebration of the 
Declaration of Imlependence in Ypsilanti occurred in 1874, and the Libraiy 
Association was offered the privilege of feeding the multitude, bringing in a 
net profit to the libi'ary fund of $(579.16. This was made $700 and louuied at 
ten per cent. Four lectures from J. B. Gough netted S518, and three concerts 
by Professor F. II. Pease, of the Normal School, netted S300. The number of 
books in 1876 was 1,876. Mrs. R. B. Norris, who writes the narrative, con- 
cludes: "To many of its menibei's and readers the lil^rary is a never-failing 
source of instruction and pleasure. When it can be opened every day, and be 



608 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



absolutely free to all readei's, without regard to color, sex or race, the best 
wishes of its fouiiders will have lieen realized." 

LADIES' Ln'KKAItY Cf.UH OF (rltANl) KAl'IUS. 

During the winter of 1869, Mrs. Stone, of Kalamazoo, organized a class of 
ladies in history.* A few of the members of this class established a ladies' 
library association, July 2;5, 1870. Proving successful, the board of education 
offered to consolidate the public school library with that of the ladies' associ- 
ation, which was done, and the united lil)rai'y was managed by a board 
consisting of four of the ladies' association and three members of the board of 
education. The result has been highly satisfactoiy. Mrs. Stone has from time to 
time resumed her history classes, and when not attending, several members of 
these classes met at private houses for mutual improvement. A ladies' literaiy 
chib was the result, and its first meeting was held in April, 1872. The club 
occu^ties a large, well-fui'nished room in Ledyard block, where the public library 
and Young IMeu's Christian Association reading-room are also located. Dui'ing^ 
the past year thei'e were 164 members of this club, and the average attendance 
has been loO. C'ommittees prepare a progi-amme of exercises for each weekly 
meeting of the club. 

The " West Side Literary Club of Gi'and Rajiids " is an offshoot of that 
above mentioned. It was organized April 8, 1875, at the residence of Mrs. A. 
J. Rose. President, Mrs. P. M. Goodrich ; corresponding secretary, Miss H. A. 
Lathrop ; treasurer, Mrs. Widdicomb. The first yeai-'s efforts placed |43(i in 
the treasury. A library is in contemplation, for which Hon. E. G. D. Ilolden 
has already donated a few valuable works. Mrs. E. L. Briggs has donated a- 
collection of cabinet material from specimens collected by herself on and west 
of the Rocky Mountains and along the Pacific coast. Mrs. P. JVI. Goodrich,, 
who contributes the sketch of the West Side Club, remarks : " That the bene- 
ficial infiuence of this organization is already being felt in this community 
cannot l:)e questioned." 

Mrs. S. L. Fuller, the lady who contributed the history of the original 
Literary Club in Grand Rapids, remarks, in reference to both clubs : " It may 
be ([uestioned whether any progress in this community dui'ing the last six yeai's 
has been more marked than that of the intellectual growth of its woiuen, very 
much of wiiich must fairly be attributed to the tone of public sentiment 
engendered and fostered l)y the spiiit of the members of the various enterprises, 
the origin and expansion of which are here briefly chronicled." 

* Mrs. Dr. .1. A. IS. Sionc, well known as having, among other worthy enterprises, organized and 
successfully dii-ccti'd a number of " classes," chiefiy yoiui;,' ladies, in lours of travel, (>l)SPrvalion and study, 
in Europe. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 609 



VI.— RELIGIOUS ORdANIZATIONS. 

THIS cliaptcr is, ol' iiecessity. coiiliiifil to those leligioiis organiziitiuiis tliat 
were represented at the C'eiiteiiiiial Kxliiliitioii. There are ])esides a number 
of sects or denominations, more or less numerous, in the State, among vvhicli 
may be mentioned the Wesleyan Metliodists, the Lutherans, the Universalists, 
the New Chui'ch or Swedenlxirgians, tlic I'liitarians, the Jews, the Friends or 
Quakers, the Christians, technically so called, United Bretliren in Christ, tlie 
Spiritualists, etc. Some statistics of the several denominations, based on the 
census reports, will be found in the Ap[)endi.\. The order of precedence in 
the abstracts that follow is chronoloo-jciil solely, so far as tiie same appears: 

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. 

As early as HV.VJ, Fatlier Tiieodat Sagard planted the cross of Christ in tlie 
forests of the Huron ti'ibes roaming east of the Peninsula, and the Jesuit soon 
followed. Fathei's Raymbaut and Isaac Jogues, S. J., left Georgian Bay Sep- 
teml)er 7, lii-H, and in a l)ircli canoe paddled their way to Sault Ste. Marie, 
where they visited a (Chippewa settlement, preaching Christ crucified to 2,()(»0 
Chippewas. Father Rene ^lenard, S. J., passed by the site of Teuclisa Grondie 
(now Detroit), ou liis way to Lake Superior, in l(i()(), and founded the first 
Catholic missionary station on the borders of Keweenaw Bay. Father Claude 
Allouez, S. J., visited the Lake Superior region in 1666, and remained there 
alone over two years, wandering from tril)e to tribe, ministering. He was 
joined in l(i6.s by Father Claude Dablon and James Marquette, S. J., they 
together founding the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Soon after the great council 
of the Indians and French oJticers at that place, in 1671, Father Marquette 
gathered a little flock of hidian converts on the main land north of the island 
of Mackinaw, and called his new mission Pointe St. Lgnacc. This enterpi'ising 
e.xplorer. on his return from liis expedition to the Mississippi, died at the 
moutli of the lake now known by his name, on the western shore of the Lower 
Peninsula, where tlie city of Ludington is now located (foiinerly the village of 
Pere Manjuette), May 11*, 1(57."), and his remains were removed by the Indians 
to tlie church of Micliiliiiiackinai- two veai'S afterward. In the mcantinic. Father 



610 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Allouez Avas evangelizing the Miamis in the south at the mission of St. Joseph, 
founded by him at the mouth of the St. Joseph river, in the Lower Peninsula. 
The College of Mackinaw was subsequently established by the Jesuits for the 
education of yoimg men. This college remains at the Sault Ste. Marie mission 
to this day. At the settlement of Detroit by Cadillac, in 1701, the Jesuit, 
Yaillant, and the Franciscan, Constantin Delhalle, accompanied him, the first 
to evangelize the neighboring tribes, and the latter to act as chaplain to the 
military post of Fort Pontchartrain. Since that time Detroit has not been 
without a priest attending to the spiritual wants of the inhabitants. In 1786 
another missionary station was established at River Raisin, now Monroe, thirty 
Catholic families having founded Frenchtown, on the borders of that river, the 
same yeai". Father Frichette, pastor of St. Ann's, Detroit, visited the mission 
four times a year. Rev. Gabriel Richard came to Detroit in 1799. He was 
the first to establish Sunday schools in that city, and the first to bring a 
printing press west of the Alleghanies, printing, at his own expense, the first 
school books used in the first female boarding school, which he established. 
The rebuilding of St. Ann's Church was his crowning work. The cholera 
broke out in Detroit, and the good father fell a victim to his Christian work 
among the sick, September 13, 1832. From this time Catholic missions were 
established wherever a white man was to be found. The diocese of Detroit 
was erected in 1833, and when its first bishop, Frederick Reze, amved, January 
7, 1834, he found eleven priests on the mission, which included the whole 
Northwestern Territory. Of 95,000 inhabitants of Michigan in 1837, 24,000 
were Catholics, composed of 3,000 converted Indians, 8,000 English, Irish, 
Americans and Germans, and the remainder descendants of the French. The 
same year (1837) St. Phillip's College, cote du nord est, Detroit, was established 
under the auspices of Right Rev. Dr. Reze, Rev. Mr. Vandepoele, superior, and 
Rev. Mr. DeBruyu, prefect of studies. This institution was desti'oyed by fire 
in January, 1842, and never rebuilt. The old church remained till 1861, when 
it too was reduced to ashes. St. Ann's High School was established in Detroit 
in 1839, Mr. William McDonagh, superintendent. Bishop Reze resigned and 
Right Rev. Peter Paul Lefever succeeded him, November 21, 1841. June 29, 
1844, the corner stone of the cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul was laid, and 
the jurisdiction of Bishop Lefever was from this time confined to the two 
peninsulas of Michigan, the increasing population of which he endeavored to 
supply with priests by the establishment of St. Thomas' Theological Seminary 
in his own house, in 1847. The St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum, directed 
by the Sisters of Charity, was established in 1850. The ladies of the Sacred 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. (HI 



Heart opened their select school for young ladies in 1851, and the Brothers of 
the Christian Schools assumed the direction of the Cathedral schools in the city 
of Detroit in 1858. An asylum for the insane was provided in 1860; a school 
for the colored population of Detroit in 18(55. St. Anthony's Male Orphan 
Asylum was established in 1SG7, under the care of the Sisters Servants of the 
Sacred Heart of Mar> ; and the Sisters of Charity commenced the House of 
Providence in 18H9. Bishoji Lefever died March 4, 1869. His successor, 
Riglit Rev. Caspar Henry Boigess, was consecrated as bishop April 24, 1870. 
In 1875 the Little Sisters of the Poor commenced a charitable institution in 
Detroit. In lN7t) the diocese of Detroit contained: Churches and chapels, 
173; priests, 109; clerical students, 38; parochial free schools, 57; hospitals, 3; 
orphan asylums, 4; religious institutions— male 4, female 10; pupils in free 
schools, 15,000; Catholic population, about 180,000. 

The diocese of Sault Ste. Marie and Man^uette, embracing the Upper Penin- 
sula, was established and placed under the pastoi'al care of Bishop Frederic 
Baraga, in 1857. The Right Rev. Ignatius Mrak succeeded Bishop Baraga, 
who died January 19, 18()8. The diocese of Marquette, according to the latest 
returns for 1876, contained: Churches, 27; religious institutions, 3; charitable 
institutions, 3; clergymen, 18; academies, 3; Catholic population, 20,000. 

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 

In the spring of 1804, Daniel Freeman, a Methodist preacher from Canada, 
preached once or twice in Deti'oit. In June, 1804, Nathan Bangs was appointed 
by the New York Conference to the Thames circuit, in Canada, and preached 
three times in Detroit. In 1809 William Case was appointed by the New 
York Conference a missionary to Detroit, remaining one year. Robert Abbott 
was converted under his ministry, and his conversion was followed by others, 
so that in the aiitumn of 1810 a church was organized, consisting of seven 
members. Ninian Holmes was the next preacher sent, remaining two years, 
and was in Detroit on the day of Hull's surrender. This little church had 
increased to about thirty members when the war of 1812 commenced. Only a 
few remained, and dui-ing that war the church was without a pastor. The 
honor of organizing this first Protestant church in Michigan belongs to William 
Mitchell, who was a member of the Westei-n Conference, which included Ohio 
and Westei'n Viiginia. He was appointed to Detroit by that conference in 
1810. He continued in the circuit for the year, in conjunction with ]\Ir. 
Holmes. lie also organized the society on tlie Raisin livcr, near Monroe. j\Ir. 



612 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Holmes was assisted, the second year he \vas in Detroit, by Sihis Hopkins. In 
the spring of 1811 Mr. Mitchell oi-ganized a church at or near Monroe, consist- 
ing of twenty-three members, who became entirely scattered by the wai\ In 
June, 1815, Joseph Hickox was sent to Detroit. He found Mr. Abbott had 
kept up regular services, although many of the members had been scattered 
by the war. He reorganized the church, obtained the use of the old council 
house as a place of worship, and commenced preaching. He created a circuit 
of as much territory as he could visit once in three weeks, preaching nearly 
every day. During his second year Mr. Hickox was assisted by Rev. Joseph 
Mitchell, and was succeeded, in June, 1817, by Gideon Lanning, who was 
assisted part of the year by Thomas Harmon, from Canada. Alpheus Davis 
succeeded in 1818, and Freeman Dixon in 181!». In 1820 there were three 
churches and twenty meraliers in Michigan. Only one church building had 
been erected, a log structui'e, on the Rivei' liouge, five miles from Detroit. 
These eai'ly preachei's were allowed !j^lOO a year salary by the discipline of 
the church, and were entertained by the people. In 1820 Michigan was 
attached to the Ohio Confei'ence and separated from the Canada district, and 
John P. Kent was appointed to the Detroit circuit, and was succeeded, in 1821, by 
Piatt B. Morey, who died a few weeks after his arrival. John P. Kent, who had 
taken a superannuated relation, was induced to take the circuit for the balance of 
the year. He organized a society at Mt. Clemens, and held a camp meeting on 
the Rouge in June, 1822 — the first of the kind held in Michigan. At the 
conference of 1822 he returned 1;!0 members. At this conference Alfred 
Brunsen and Samuel Baker were appointed to the Detroit circuit, which 
extended from Mt. Clemens to the Maumee river. The Methodist Episcopal 
church in Detroit became incorporated in 1S2;). The first jiermanent church 
was built of wood on the corner of \\\jodward avenue and Congress street. 
In 1830 ten preachers were regularly engaged and 9(i8 members reported. 
In May, 1840, the Michigan Conference became a separate organization to that 
of Ohio, and in 185<) it was divided by the principal meridian, creating the 
Detroit Conference, to which the Upper Peninsula was attached. A Methodist 
Sabbath school was established in Detroit in 1<S27. In 1850 there were 257 
of these schools in the State, aud 10,;5;^4 scholars; and in ]<S7<) there were 957 
schools, and 63,394 scholars, and more than 10,000 teachers. By the action of 
the General Conference of 1864, a Methodist book depository was established 
in Detroit, and a prosperous trade in Methodist publications is the result. The 
"Methodist Publishing Company" was organized in 1874, and January 1, 1875, 
a weekly newspapei- entitled the " Michigan Christian Advocate " was com- 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 613 



meuced by that company. At a session of the Detroit and Michigan Confer- 
ences for 187;"), a committee was appi)inted to select pennaiient grounds for a 
State camp meeting. Tlie i-esult was a coi-[>oi'ation called the " Michigan Camp- 
ground Association of the Methodist Episco])al Ciuii-ch." In January, 1870, 
they selected .S.SO aci'es of suitable grounds at Petoskey, at the head of Little 
Traverse Bay, for the pui'pose. The last returns show that in 1875 there were 
480 ministers; 51,919 members; 50-i church buildings, worth $2,8(il,2()() ; 281 
parsonages, worth $84-l-,112; local preachers, about 5(tO; Sunday-school libraries 
valued at about $;iO,000. The sketch from which the foi'egoing is compiled was 
prepared by Rev. Elijah H. Pilcher, T). D., of Detroit. 

PRESBYTERIAN SYNOD OF MICHIGAN. 

Rev. John Monteith was the first Presbyterian minister who gained a foot- 
hold in Michigan. He was sent by the Board of Domestic Missions, and 
reached Detroit June 27, 181 (i. He commenced his labor as a stated minister, 
but one month of each year he devoted to missionary excursions to the Miami, 
to Port Lawrence, to Toledo, to the River Raisin, and Monroe. July 12, ISK), 
he preached the first Pi'otestant sermon ever heard in Monroe, and July !.'{, 
1820, organized the Pi-esbyterian church there. From 1845 to 1855 he preached 
at Blissfield, after which he removed to another Presbytery. In 1820 Rev. 
Moses Hunter performed a mission of six months at ?\)rt Meigs and other 
settlements, the only other Presbyterian minister, Rev. Stephen Froutis, being 
at River Raisin. In 1822 the General Assembly appointed Joshua L. Moore 
for six months at Detroit. In 182:'. the Western Missionary Society of the 
Synod of Pittsburg established a mission at the Falls of St. Mary, and the 
labora of Rev. Robert L. Laird were followed by signal success, especially among 
the soldiers. Especially prominent among the pioneer ministers was Rev. 
William ^Montague Ferry,* acting under the auspices of the United Foreign 
Missionary Society. He founded the mission and church at Mackinac. On 
arriving at this place, he could not find a Chiistiaii bi'other \vitli whom he 
could say, "Our Father." Acting, however, as chaplain of the important mili- 
tary post, his laboi's wei-e well received by the soldiei's, tradeis and Indians, 
many of whom were converted. He was ;i hard \\ oikei', exjiloring very thoi-- 
oughly the western coast of the State from Mackinac to the (irand River, and 
with his family was the first white settler in Ottawa county, where he landed 
on Sunday morning, November 2, 1884, holding i-eligious services the same day, 



* Projrcnilor of tlie Fciijs of (iiaiid Haven and Fornsbiirir. 
78 



(U4 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

on the site of the present city of Grand Haven. He gave his ministerial services 
gi-atuitously here for eighteen years, though at the same time employed in 
active business. The Pi-esbytery of Deti-oit was erected by the Assembly in 
1827, and consisted of five ministers and churches: Noah M. Wells, Detroit; 
Isaac W. Ruggles, Pontiac ; William M. Feny, Mackinac ; Eric Prince, Farm- 
ington ; and William Page, Monroe. Seven or eight ministers and as many 
churches were added duiing the ensuing five years. In 1832 the Presbytery of 
Detroit reported thirteen ministers and fourteen churches. In 1833 the Pres- 
byteries of Monroe and St. Joseph were organized. In 1836 the three Presbyteries 
numbered together thirty-two ministers and fifty-nine churches. The Synod of 
Michigan was organized September 25, 1834, with seventeen members, which 
was increased to twenty-two by the addition of two ministers and three elders. 
This Synod constituted itself a foreign missionary society, auxiliary to that of 
the valley of the Mississippi, and pledged themselves to raise $1,500 for the 
cause during the coming year. They also organized a board of home missions. 
Due attention was also given to the claims of the American Bible, Tract and 
Educational societies. The body took strong ground against the use of alcoholic 
liquors, requiring a pledge of abstinence from all persons admitted to member- 
shijj in the churches; also, in favor of Sabbath observance, and the abolition 
of slavery. A reorganization of the Synod in 1875 resulted in reducing the 
nundjer of the Presbyteries from nine to six, and now the Synod is composed 
of the Presbyteries of Detroit, Grand liapids, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Monroe and 
Saginaw, with 137 ministers, 13,177 communicants, and 14,493 children in the 
Sabbath schools. Funds raised during 1875: General Assembly, $10,028.16; 
hoiue missions, $11,773; foreign missions, $8,983; education, $5,170; publication, 
$521; church erection, $2,063; ministerial i-elief, $830; freedmen, $782; susten- 
tation, $465; congregational, $178,425; miscellaneous, $11,750. This abstract is 
comjiiled from sketch furnished by Rev. George Duffield, I). D. 

THE BAPTIST DENOMINATION. 

The first Baptists in Michigan came fi'om the State of New York, and 
settled chiefly in the neighborhood of Pontiac, Oakland county. The New York 
Baptist State Convention, in 1822, sent to these Michigan pioneers the Rev. 
Elon Galusha, and by him the first Baptist church in Michigan was organized 
at Pontiac, in June, 1822, with eighteen mendjers. The first four churches, 
forming the first Baptist association in- Michigan, which met in 1827, were 
organized in Oakland county — at Pontiac in 1822; at Stony Creek in 1824; 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 615 



at Tn)y in 1S:}5; and at Farmington in 1826. Churclies were tliereafter organ- 
ized in Detroit in 18'27, in Ann Arbor in 1828, and in otlier places along tbe 
lines of communication, until, in I.S35, there were three associations rejxn'ted : 
the Michigan, Lagrange, and the Raisin Riv^er, which, with nine churches not 
associated, showed a total that year of y>2 churches, 2,(i9U members, and ."58 
ministers. In 1846 the denomination recorded 159 churches, 98 ministers, and 
7,;^96 members. The increase was gradual until the last report (1875), when 
there were ;50() churches, 30-1 ministers, and 21,()7<> members. The churches 
are all independent of each other, and all ecclesiastical authority above that of 
the individual churches is avoided. The associations in the State now number 
sixteen. In the early period the missionary work was carried on by the New 
York State Convention. The Missionary Union subsequently sustained missions 
among the Indian tribes. At several of these were flourishing churches, but 
the Indian in ^Michigan [)roving incapable of sustaining the burdens of civiliza- 
tion, the whole work came to nought. The Michigan Baptist Missionary Society 
was formed in 18;n. This proving unequal to the work, the Baptist State 
Convention was organized in 18;56, holding its first meeting in Detroit, Septem- 
ber first of that year. The late Rev. Roljert Powell, of Clinton, was the first 
president. The Convention received a special charter from the State in 1842. 
During thirty-nine years no less than $150,000 have been contributed through 
the Convention for home and State missions, and $100,000 for foreign missions. 
For aid to students studying for the nunistry, $;50,000 have been contriliuted, 
besides large amounts to the Ba})tist Publication Society. In 1841 the Conven- 
tion commenced the publication of the " Michigan Christian Herald," which 
was continued till 1807, when it was merged with the "Chicago Standard." 
The organ of the Convention is now the " Christian Herald " — a weekly paper 
published at Detroit, l)y llev. L. H. Trowbridge. In addition to the Kalamazoo 
College, the denomination supports the Fentou Seminary, now in charge of 
Professor C. Van Dorn. Although without endowment, the property of the 
seminary, under trustees, is estimated as wortli $40,000. A Woman's Missionary 
Society was organized l)y the ladies of the Baptist churches from various parts 
of the State, in 1873. It is an independent organization, and has raised about 
$1,000 a year, besides specific donations, and i)rovi(les a lady teacher among 
the freedmen and a missionary at Ishperaing. The Board of State Missions 
connected wdth the State Convention raised, in 1875, $3,042. 5(), and employed 
two general and five local missionaries. The Board of Christian and Ministerial 
Education liad an income from all sources, in 1875, of $3,082.07, $1,000 of 
which was invested permanently in the Merrill fuml. and the balance expended 



016 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

for other educational purposes. The Board of Bible Publication and Sunday- 
School A\'o]'k has employed a missionary for four or five years, ^\■hn liolds 
Sunday-school institutes. The Sabbath-schools of the denomination reported in 
1875 numbei- 245, with i?3,();57 merabei's. Those not reported are estimated at 
(If), \vitli 5,100 soliolars. The value of church property, as far as reported, less 
indebtedness, was $788,150. There are 41 parsonages, valued at $-14,050; 
number of churches repoi'ting salary of minister, 150, aggregating $1»9,962. 
Estimating the j^roperty of 124 churches not reporting at $320,000, the whole 
chin\-li ])roperty of the denomination is $1,108,150, and in parsonages $53,550. 
Only tliree cluu'ches are known to have become extinct. The whole member- 
ship to January 1, 1876, Avas 22,112, associated in 303 churches. This abstract 
was compiled from sketch furnished by Rev. Alfred Owen, D. D. 

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES. 

The chief distinction claimed by Congregationalists is the independence of 
each church from the control of any other ecclesiastical authority. lu its early 
history, Congregationalism in Michigan Avas largely merged with Presbyterianism,. 
members belonging to either denomination being permitted to enjoy their own 
peculiai' form within the particular church on a union plan. Although some 
of these churches were called Congregational, they were in fact under the care 
of the Presbytery within Avhose jurisdiction they happened to be. Although 
their ministers were, for the most part, from Congregational New England, they 
were very generally membei'S of some Presbytery. The result is, that nearly 
all the old, strong churches of the State, irrespective of their origin, are found 
ill the Presbyterian communion. The first Congregational minister that ever 
visited Michigan, and it is believed the first minister of any Protestant evan- 
gelical denomination, was Rev. David Bacon, of Connecticut, fathei- of the 
present Rev. Leonard Bacon, D. D., of New Haven. Mr. Bacon arrived at 
Detroit in September, 1800, with a view to establish a mission among the 
Inilians. He however did not meet with success, and subsequently formed the 
cliuivli and town of Tallmage, Ohio. In July, 1824, Rev. Isaac W. Ruggles 
came fi'oni Connec-ticut, and established himself at Poutiac, then an Indian 
ti-adiug post. From this place he radiated in every direction, traveling on foot 
and forming churches. At that time there was no other affiliating minister 
nearer than Mackinaw, where Rev. William M. Ferry was a Presbyterian mis- 
sionary. Pi'evious to 1830 several churches, some called Congregational and 
.some Presbyterian, the representatives of which and the six ministers then in 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 617 



the territory, composed the Deti'oit I'resliytery. In June, 1831, Rev. John D. 
Pierce airived, under eoniinission from tlie American Home Missionary Society. 
In pursuance of the advice of the secretary of the society, he consulted ^vith 
the missionary committee of the Deti'oit Presbytery. He was advised tliat he; 
^\•ould be expected to connect liimseH with the Presbytery, and that it woidd 
lif iK'ithei' desiralde noi' wise to organize distinctively Congregational churches, 
for although Congregationalism was well enough in New England, it was not 
at all adapted to the new settlements of the West. This assertion was so 
frequently made that it was (piite extensively believed, even in New England, 
iuu] it had the effect of repressing Congregationalism in the entire western field. 
Mi-. Pieive, however, did not follow the advice, and his independent course and 
activity had much to do in shaping the polity of the churches, and also in 
shaping the educational system of Michigan. Previous to 1885, distinctively 
Congregational churches were oi'gauized in Rochester, Romeo, Lima, Pontiac, 
Clinton, Bruce and Barry. These churches either stood alone or were connected 
with a Presbytery until 1 840. In addition to the above, chui-ches at Marshall, 
Homer, Richland and Ypsilanti (1829) were organized as Congregational, and 
remained so till, through pressure of outside influence, they became distinctively 
Presbyterian. The church at Battle Creek, organized on the union plan in 
183G, continued to report to both Synod and Association until, in 1874, it was 
obliged by the compact of union adopted by the General Assemblies of the 
Presbyterian church to relinquish its mixed character, Avhen it elected to be 
numbered with the Presbj'terians. From 1835 to 1840 nineteen other churches 
were formed, which still retain their connection with the denomination, but 
being of limited membership and scattered over a vast extent of territory, 
fellowship was rendered extremely difficult, but they remained firm in the simple, 
untrammeled polity of the Pilgrims. The Eastern Congregational Association 
was formed May 12, 1840, and the Jackson Association May 17, 1842. 
The General Association was organized at a convention which assembled at 
Jackson October 11, 1842. In 1845 there were five conferences and fifty-three 
churches, with a membership of i>,l I t. In 1875 the conferences had increased 
to ten; the ministers to 174; the churches to 199; and members to 13,209. 
The amount ascertained to have been collected for and expended in benevolent 
works in 1875 was §24,410.93, and for parish purposes during the same year, 
^223,291.87. The property is estimated as $994,733 in churches, and $01,000 
in paisonages; in libraries, etc., $15,190. Sunday-schools have been vigorously 
Hustaincd from the earliest period, and now aggregate 1 (),8r)t) members. The 



618 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

sketch from which this abstract is made was furnished for the Centemiial by 
Rev. Philo R. Ilurd, D. D., Secretary of the General Association. 



THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN MICHIGAN.* 

Just how eai'ly the Episcopal service was first held in jVIichigaii is not 
exactly known. The Rev. Mr. Pollard, a prominent and most zealous clergy- 
man of the English church, ministered to the people scattered along the 
Canadian side of the Detroit river, in Windsor, Sandwich and Maiden, as early 
as 1804, and it is very probable that so earnest a man made his way across 
the river very soon after that date. It is a fact that he first held the service 
of the church here, baptized children, and buried the dead, although the date 
of his first, or even of any of his subsequent visits, is not on record. In 1821 
the Rev. A. W. Welton came to Detroit from the State of New York, and 
established a school, doing at the same time missionary work, but he only 
lived about three months after his arrival. In 1824 the Rev. Richard F. Cadle 
was sent to Detroit as a missionary of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary 
Society. He arrived here July twelfth of that year. The city then contained 
2,000 inhabitants, and in his first repoi't, made soon after his arrival, he states 
that about forty persons were connected with the church, of whom only three 
or four were communicants. November twenty-second of that same year the 
present parish of St. Paul's church, in Detroit, was organized, and in March 
following called Mr. Cadle to become its rector, pledging him a salary of $150 
per annum, while he retained his connection with the missionary society. In 
1827 a small brick church was commenced on what is now the east side of 
Woodward avenue, between Earned and Congress streets, and Bishop Hobart, 
of the Diocese of New York, laid the corner-stone, and was thus the first 
Bishop who visited the territory. In the following year the church was com- 
pleted and consecrated by the same Bishop. 

From this date until 1832 we have few facts connected with the growth of 
the church. On the eighth day of September of that year the primary con- 
vention of the church was held in St. Paul's church, Detroit, and adjourned to 
the tenth, at which delegates were present from the church in which the 
meeting took place, and also from parishes which had, during the previous 
four years, been organized at Dexter, Monroe, Tecumseh, Troy, and Ypsilanti. 
At this convention a constitution and canons were adopted, and steps were 



f Compiled by tlie Kev. J. T. Webster, Secretary of the Diocese of Michigan. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 619 



taken to apply to the General Convention for admission as a diocese. April 
9, 1883, the standing committee elected at the primary convention held its fu'st 
meeting, and among other acts, placed the diocese under the care of Bishop 
Mcllvaine, of Ohio, who made one visitation, beginning April 19, 1884. He 
presided over the first annual convention, which met in Trinity church, Monroe, 
May third of that year, consecrated that church and confirmed a class therein, 
and confirmed classes in St. Paul's church, Detroit, and St. Peter's church, 
Tecumseh. He also visited St. John's church, Troy — the first Episcopal visita- 
tion outside of Detroit. At the second annual convention, held in St. Peter's 
church, Tecumseh, June 18, 1835, the Rev. Henry J. Whitehouse, of the Diocese 
of New York, was elected the first Bishop of the church in the tenitory. He 
however declined the election, and a special convention was held in St. Paul's 
church, Detroit, November 25, 1835, which convention, finding itself canonically 
incompetent, by reason of recent clerical removals, to elect for itself, made 
application to the House of Bishops to elect a Bishop for the diocese, where- 
upon the Rev. Samuel A. McCoskry, rector of St. Paul's church, Philadelphia, 
whom the diocese desired to elect, was elected. He was consecrated in his 
own church, July 7, 1836. August twenty-fifth following. Bishop McCoskry 
arrived in Deti'oit, and accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's chui'ch in addition 
to his episcopal duties. The Bishop at once entered upon his double duty, 
and from that day forth, now forty years, has been faithful, absenting himself 
from his diocese less, perhaps, than any Bishop in the church. The following 
taV)le shows the growth of the church by decades during the forty years ending 

June 1, 1874: 

1834. 1844. 1854. 1864. 1874. 

Clergy 8 25 39 58 80 

Parishes 10 31 43 70 90 

Communicants.. 200 1,200 2,000 4,300 8,800 

Contributions . $18,378 65 -S 1 65,694 37 8239,776 58 

In addition, to the growth indicated by these figures, an Episcopal fund, 
amounting to over $82,000, an Episcopal residence, \alued at $20,000, a fund 
for aged and infirm clergy and the widows and oi'phans of deceased clergymen, 
amounting to $5,000, and a hospital and church home in Detroit, valued at 
$5(1,000, have been secured. So rapidly had the church grown in the State 
that it was found necessary, two years since, to divide the diocese, to secure 
additional episcopal supervision, and at the fortieth annual convention, held in 
St. Mark's church. Grand Rapids, June 10 and 11, 1874, a north and south 
line of division, following the meridian save where the boundaries of counties 
interfered, was decided u[)()ii, and steps taken to secure the consent of the 



620 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



General Convention to such division. At the triennial meeting of that Conven- 
tion, held in the city of New York from October seventh to November third 
the same yeai-, such consent was given. October 17, 1874, Bishoj) McCoskry 
issued a call for the meeting of the primary convention of the new diocese, 
Avhicli was held in St. Mai'k's church, Grand Rapids, December second aud 
third of that yeai-. At this convention the diocese was named Western Mich- 
igan, and the Rev. George D. Gillespie, rectoi' of St. Andrew's church, Ann 
Arbor, was unanimously chosen its first Bishop, and was consecrated to that 
oflice in the same church where he was elected, February 24, 1875, by the 
Bishop of Michigan. This diocese has already accumulated an Episcopal fund 
of $30,000, and a fund for aged and infirm clergy and the widows and orphans 
of deceased clergy amounting to nearly $2,000. In 1874, the date of the 
division, the diocese reported : Clergy, 28 ; parishes, 82 ; communicants, 2,588 ; 
contributions, $66,472.75. The growth of tlie diocese will appear from statistics 
below. June 1, 1876, the church in the State showed the following figures: 

01(1 Diocese. New Diocese. Total. 

Clergy... 55 33 88 

Parishes - - 63 33 96 

Commuuicauts _._ 5,865 3,022 8,887 

Contributions $106,083 74 $65,040 25 $231,123 99 



THE KEFORJMED CHURCH. 

The Classes of the Reformed Church were first established in Michigan in 
1841. In 1847 the Holland colony was located on Black Lake, now Hope 
Haven, in Ottawa county, under the leadershij) of the late Rev. Dr. A. C. Van 
Raalte, D. D., with whom there were associated Rev. Cornelius Van de Meulen and 
Rev. Seine Bolks. At that time the Classis of Michigan embraced a few feeble 
missionary stations at Grand Rapids, Centreville, Constantine, Ridgeway, and 
Medina. The sympathies of the church in general were soon enlisted on behalf 
of the new colonists whose ecclesiastical origin was the same as that of the 
Reformed church in this country. In 1847 the interest of the General Synod 
was awakened by a report from Rev. James Romeyn, who,' while arguing for 
the commencement of educational measures for the West, said : " Added to all 
the claims advanced by patriotism, by humanity, by religion, we liave an appeal 
to our affections and sympathies based on endearing affinities. A new body of 
pilgrims has reached our shores from Holland, the land of our fathers, and the 
shelter in ages gone by to outcasts by persecution. The movement will not 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 621 

lose on the score of its moral grandeur by compaiison with any associated act 
of emigration in the history of our country." Two years later Rev. Dr. Isaac 
N. Wyckoff was sent by the General Synod as a commissioner to visit the 
colony in Michigan. In 1.S65 the Legislature of Michigan passed an act for 
the incorpoi'atiou of the Reformed Protestant Dutch churches, by which, among 
otliei' jirovisions, the minister, eldei's and deacons were granted corporate powers, 
so that the same body might liave charge both of the temporal and spiritual 
interests of the church. This placed the Reformed clnu-ches of Michigan on a 
similar footing Avith tliose of the same denomination in New York from long 
anterior to the American Revolution. Although the Holland churches are an 
integral part of the one denomination, yet by means of delegates they maintain 
a correspondence with tlie Separatist churclies in the fatherland, of which they 
constituted a part before seeking an asylum here. 

There are now three Classes of this church in Michigan — the Michigan, the 
Holland, and the Grand River. These include 36 churches, .'52 ministers, 3,264 
families, and 4,0;3() communicants. These, with the Classes of Illinois and Wis- 
consin, form the Synod of Chicago, which was organized in l<S5»i, and which 
is one of the four lower synods centralized in the General Synod of the 
Refoi'ined Church of America. There are a few Holland churches in Michigan 
which maintain a separate relation, who, in connection with a small secession 
in the East, style themselves " The True Reformed Dutch Church." Their 
standunls and usages are, however, the same. The form of government of the 
Reformed church is purely Presbyterial. The sketch from which this abstract 
is taken was furnished by Rev. Philip Phelps, Jr., of Holland. 

THE SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS. 

Although not exhibiting with the other religious denominations in the 
educational department, the Seventh-day Adventists of Michigan had a special 
exhibit of their own in the Main liuildiiig, in tlie quarter devoted to American 
literature. Over thirty books and tracts, chietly on the subject of hygiene aiul 
the use of stimulants and narcotics (their health regimen being Grahamite or 
vegetarian), printed and issued fioni the pul)lisliing house at Battle Creek, were 
exhibited, and they distributed gratuitously over 200,000 pages of tracts on 
health, temperance and religion from their stand. During the past three years 
more than 60,000,000 pages of such literature have been printed at the puhli- 
cation office and circulated in the United States,»Canada, England, Scotland, 
Ireland, Switzerland, Germany and Australia. Aside from books and pamphlets, 
79 



H22 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



the "Advent Review and iSabbatli Herald," with a weekly circulation of 7,600 
copies, is the principal publication, with supplemental editions in foi-eij^n lan- 
guages, a health magazine, and a youths' j^ap^^'"- fhe Adventist establishment 
enibi-aces the publishing house, a college, and a health institute. 

The publishing work of this denomination was commenced by Elder James 
White, first at Paris, Maine, in 1851, and was subsequently removed to Saratoga 
Springs, and then to Rochester, New York, and to its present location in 
November, 1855. The "Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association" has its 
location at the corner of Maine and Washington streets, in Battle Creek, and 
from small beginnings it now occupies three commodious two-story brick build- 
ings and one frame building. 

Tlie subject of education among Seventh-day Adventists, and the foiuiding 
of a denominational school, was brought to the attention of the denomination 
by Elder James White and wife, in the early part of 1872, and sevei'al meet- 
ings at their call were held in Battle Creek. May 11, 1872, the matter was 
put into the hands of the General Conference committee, who, during the 
summer and autumn of 1873, solicited subscriptions to the enterprise, and 
o})tained pledges for over $54,000. March 16, 1874, an association was formed, 
and ground was broken in May following for the erection of a suitable building. 
The site is a beautiful plot of twelve acres, opposite the grounds of the Health 
Institute, the whole being on an elevated location. The building, which is of 
brick, is 87x71 feet, with two hall wings, each 17^87, and three stories high, 
and capable of accommodating between four and five hundred students, and 
was opened for use January 4, 1875. The school had been in operation in 
other buildings two years prior to tlie completion of the new college building. 
The first annual catalogue, issued in 1875, showed an aggregate attendance 
during the year of 289 students. The College is governed ])y a b<iai-(l of 
trustees, of whom Elder James White is ]»resident, and thirteen pi-ofessors and 
instructors ai-e employed, the curi'iculum including the Danish, Swedish, Italian, 
and French languages. 

The "club system" pi-evails very generall}' anK>iig the students, who unite 
in cluljs of ten to thirty or moi-e, by which means the cost of subsistence is 
merely nominal — said to I'ange from fifty cents to one dollar per week. The 
cost of tuition is from four to six dollars per term of twelve weeks, or special 
courses from twenty to forty dollars for from two to five years' tuition. The 
course of study also comprises a biblical department, a normal course for 
teachers, nuisic, phonographt, book-keeping, etc. A beginning has been made 
in tilt' estal)lisliment of a museum. txraduates receive degrees, and diplomas 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 623 

certify to special attaiiiiiiciits. 'I'lie ('ollciie is open to persons of all ivligions 
beliefs, and to both sexes. 

The Medical and Surgical Sanitarium or Health Institute has a site of 
twenty jicres, with a main building and six cottages. The treatment of patients 
is dietetic and hydro]iathic, associated with exercise and recreation, medicines 
being seldom or jiever given. 

Battle Creek is the center of denominational effoi't by the Adventists for 
the United States, and it may be said also for the woi'ld. They take their 
name from their regarding and observing the seventh day of the week as the 
Sabbath, and from their belief in the early second coming of the Saviour, predi- 
cated upon what is regardeci as scripture evidences, or the existence and 
occurrence of facts at the present time that are regai'ded as fulfilling the 
prophecies indicating the nearness of the coming, although their belief is so far 
distinct from the Millerite belief of a few years ago, that they do not pretend 
to fix any definite time for that event. They claim to have no creed as a test 
of admission to church fellowship, other than a general belief in the ti-uths of 
the Bible, and require al)stiuence from the use of tobacco as a matter of 
personal cleanliness. Their general jtractice is, however, entii'e abstinence from 
tobacco, pork, and intoxicating li(|Uors. In fact, the flesh of animals is regarded 
as gross food, and, although not forbidden, is seldom partaken of by them. 

There ai'e State conferences, and one General Conference of the United 
States, the fourteenth annual session of which was held at Battle Creek, August 
15, 1H75. There are in the United States 389 churches, with an enrolled 
membership of 8,022, although it is believed that if all the adherents, who are 
widely scattered, could be enumerated, there would be at least double that 
number. Ministers, 69 ; licentiates, 76. Missionary and tract society efforts are 
maintained by a systematic plan of propagandism, based on the contribution of 
ten per cent of the income of each member of the ilenomination. Camp meet- 
ings are held during the summer months. Worship is generally maintained in 
the churches without a preacher (ji- ministei-. The ministei's are usually at 
woi-k on missionary ground extending the princi]iles of the church. 



624 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



VTL— MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURES. 

THE representation of machiueiy and manufactured articles from Michigan 
was quite meagre, owing to the extreme depression at the time existing in 
general business, and especially among manufacturers. The expense of trans- 
portation and superintendence was moi-e than most manufacturers felt that they 
coidd afford to incur. This department was specially in charge of Messrs. Mills 
and Fralick, of the State Centennial Board, who made every possible effort to 
awaken manufacturers to the importance of the occasion, both by the distribu- 
tion of circulars, by letters, and by personal appeals. But. although these efforts 
failed to secure as full a representation in this department as was desired, the 
gentlemen in charge of the department found ample field for work. Mr. Mills, 
from his residence in Detroit, found himself, by a sort of necessity, called to 
act, in connection with Governor Bagley, as a voluntary executive committee on 
very many matters connected with the duties of the Centennial Board. It was 
largely through their eft'oi-ts, assisted by Mr. Noble, the secretary, that funds 
and material were procured for the Michigan Building. Mr. Mills spent about 
five weeks at Philadelphia during the Exhibition, visiting there at two different 
times, in June and November, giving his attention to Michigan intei'ests. In 
connection with others of the Board, he also visited Philadelphia in the fall of 
1875, selecting the site for the Michigan Building. Mr. Fralick directed and 
mailed nearly 5,000 circulars and wrote about 2,000 letters, and visited person- 
ally all important points in the western part of the State ; and it was due to 
his efforts that the manufacturing interests of Grand Rapids were so well 
represented. He also assisted materially in the collection and forwarding of 
agricultural products, fruit and forestry, from his section of the State. He went 
to Philadelphia in April, before the opening of the Exhibition, remaining until 
the latter part of May, and made two other visits thei-e during the summer, 
giving his personal attention to the Michigan features of the Exhibition, to the 
erection and finishing of the Michigan Building, and in many other ways devoting 
his time and practical ability to the work of placing Michigan in the best 
pi-esentable form before the world. Mr. Fralick spent in all over six months' 
time in and about the Commission work. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 625 



FURNITURE AND WOODEN-WARE. 

The wealtli of forestry possessed by Michigan, the abundance of water-po\ver, 
and the facilities for ti-anspoi'tation, both by water and railway, give to the 
State especial advantages for the manufacture of all articles made largely from 
wood. Grand Rapids, with its great water-power, and its connection with the 
great hard and soft wood forests of Michigan, by means of the Grand river 
and its tributaries, very naturally became the site of furnitui-e manufacture by 
machinery. This business was commenced in 1S,57 by C. C. Comstock. From 
that year to 1859, the shipments amounted in value to from §6,000 to 88,000 
a year. By increasing machinery the value of products was increased nearly 
tenfold in 1863. That year Mr. Comstock received James M. and Ezra T. 
Nelson as partners, and in 1865 sold his interest to Tileston A. Comstock, 
M. G. Colson and James A. Pugh, and the firm of Nelson, Comstock <fe Co. 
was established. This continued till 1<S70, when Mr. E. Matter bought the 
interest of Mr. Comstock, and the firm of Nelson, Matter & Co. resulted. In 
1872 Mr. S. S. Gay purchased Mr. Colson's interest, without changing the firm 
name. The value of the furniture shipped by this firm soon increased to 
$20,000 a mouth, and extensive buildings have been erected for manufacture 
and storage. The e.xhibit of Nelson, Matter & Co. at the Centennial consisted 
of a costly bedstead, dressing-case and bureau, of elaborately carved Michigan 
black walnut and Fi-ench burl, with ebony pillars. The distinguishing feature 
of the bedstead was the carved niches for statuary, so that when the statue 
of Washington was placed in the center niche, and other appropriate statuary 
in the others, the bedstead possessed a historical character which secured for 
it the name of the " Centennial Bedstead." The price of the bedstead was 
$6,000, and of the set $10,(tOO. It was the most elaborate and costly set of 
bedroom furniture exhibited. 

In 1859 Mr. Julius Berkey commenced the manufacture of furniture by 
machinery in the upper part of William A. Berkey's planing mill. The busi- 
ness grew from a very small beginning to large proportions, ivsulting in the 
formation of the firm of Berkey Brothers & Gay, and ultimately in the Berkey 
& Gay Furniture Company, incorfjorated under the statute, in 187^^. In 1874 
the new company added a massive five-story building to their other factoiy 
buildings, and in 1875 they opened a branch establishment in New York city. 
The company emjjloy about ;^50 men, and the furniture finds a market in every 
state in the Union, in Great Britain, and in Australia. The bedroom set 



(520 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



exhibited l)y tliis coiiipniiy oonsisted of ;i l)e(lstea(l, bureau and dressing-stand 
of Mieliigan black walnut, witli Freiicli burl veneer panels. 

In 187l> William A. lici-kcy, i'oiincrly senior of the firm of Berkey Brothers 
it Gay, became i>resident of a new company, entitled the "I'lKenix Manufac- 
turing ('om})aiiy," whicli in IS"- was changed to the "Phuuiix F'urniture 
Company," with !J^;^O0,O0l) capital. A six-acre lot on the Converse addition to 
(Ji'and Ivapids has liccn Imilt over for the factory, with railroad ti'acks at each 
end of the lot. The principal building is 75x-|,5o feet, ;ind the premises cost 
over $]r)(),0()0. The exhibit of this company consisted of one suite made for 
exhibition, consisting of bedstead, di'essing-case, etc., manufactured of Michigan 
walnut, with French burl panels. The price of this suite is $8,000. It was 
ehxboi-ately carved and highly finished. Another suite was taken from the regular 
stock of the company, and was similar to the other except in the carved work, 
which ^vas not so elaboi'ate, the price of this suite being |50Ci. The other arti- 
cles exhibited consisted of a hall stand, a sideboard, and a table. The officers 
of the company are: William A. Berkey, president; J. W. Converse, vice-pres- 
ident; B. A. Harlan, secretary; O. L. Howard, treasurer. These, together with 
Adolph Leitelt, W. L. Graham, W. D. Tolford, Eben Smith, and C. G. Swensberg, 
are members of the board of dii'ectoi-s. 

The furniture business is extensively carried on, in its various branches, by 
other firms and companies in Grand Rapids that ditl not exhibit at the Cen- 
tennial, it h;iviug ])ecome the leading manufacturing interest of that citv. 

8T0 VE ]VI AiN' UFACTUIIE. 

The modern stove, as an article of human convenience anil comfort — in its 
variety of construction and adaptation, no less than in the universality of its 
use — is so great an advance ujion what was known or conceived of even at 
the beginning of the present century, that any reference to moi'e primitive 
methods for heating and cooking would demand a full chaptei'. The modei'n 
air-tight stove is said to have been the invention of Emanuel Swedenborg, at 
Stockholm, Sweden, who was a scientist of great repute before he became noted 
as a seer or }iiopliet. The various modifications since are all based on the air- 
tight principle. The common Dutch stove is the simplest in use. - It genei'.-illy 
consists of a cylindrical case of sheet-iron, within and near the bottom of which 
is a grating for containing the fuel. There is an ash-pit beneath the grating, 
and three openings to the interior — one to the ash-pit, one foi- inti'oduciug the 
fuel above, and one leadina: to a flue or chimne^■. When the fuel-door is closed 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 627 



and tlu' asli-door opt-ii. theiv is then one a]>ei-ture by wliicli cold air (-an enter, 
and anotliei- hy wliicli tlie smoke can e.sc-ape. There is with tliis stove great 
economy of fuel and an absence of smoke and dust. In Germany stove.s are 
on the same jirinciph', Init more ornamental. The Russians use earthenware 
and even l)rick-\vork, instead of metal, as a means of avoiding the intensity of 
the iron stove, and of keeping uj) a reserve of heat even after the fire is extin- 
guished. The Russian stove is l)uilt in a massive style, and consists of a series 
of chandlers, of which the lowest serves as a fire-place, and the ujjper ones as 
tines, and being entirely composed of brick and porcelain, the outer surface 
remains at a moderate temperature for a very long period. I)r. Aniot, who 
published his woik in England, in l!S;5«, sought to overcome the most serious 
objection to ii-on stoves, which is, the effect of highly heated iron in decom- 
posing the heteiogeneous particles always floating in the air, producing a Ijurnt 
and sulphurous odor, exercising a dry and shriveling effect on objects in the 
room, ami pioducing headache and giddiness to those exposed to it. His plan 
was to olttain a ct)nsiderable extent of surface, heated not nuich above 2oO 
degrees, as a means of warming apartments. He caused a water stove oi- tank 
to be constructed, with a fire-box in the center, and by certain anangements 
for regulating admission of air and emission of smoke, he kept the watei' at 
the boiling temperature. This being expensive and difficult to manage, he 
dispensed with tlie water and surrounded the fire merely Avith a body of aii'. 
He also adjusted the air-valves so as to be self-regulating. This he called a 
"thermometer stove," which he used in his library during the sevei'e winter of 
18.SH-7. He tlius kept the temperature of the room uniformly sixty to sixty- 
three degrees witli six pounds of coal — less than three cents woi-th — a day. 
Since 18;i8 many varieties of stoves have been invented, which were tlisplayed 
at the Centennial. In this display Michigan took a prr)minent pai-t, for the 
manufacture of stoves has of late years liecome an important feature of .Mich- 
igan industiv. 

Previous to 18()4 the people of Michigan and of other northwestern states 
were almost wholly supplied with stoves from Albany and Troy, New "^'ork. 
In that year tlie Detroit Stove Works Company was organized, with W. H. 
'1 ett't as president, Jeremiah Dwyer as supei-intendent, and II. J. Fisk as secre- 
tary. This pioneer com])any commenced work in small woo(U'n buildings on 
Mt. Elliott avenue. In 1M9 they purchased a five-acre lot fronting on Jeifer- 
son avenue and Detroit i-iver, and in ]87<i they erected extensive buildings and 
docks. Beginning with the yearly production of 2,000 stoves, they can now 
finish over :'0,00<i stoves a yeai'. Tiieii- jiaid up capital is !5^.".00,(lO(l. Thev 



628 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

give employment to ;-550 men, and their sales amount to $500,000 a year. 
Their monthly pay-roll is !j;l<),000. The exhibit of this company at Philadel- 
phia consisted of thirteen stoves, the principal ones being the Occident, Teft't's 
Wood Cook, the (tazelle, and the Crown Jewel, with and without oven. These 
are stoves designed and patented by gentlemen connected with the company. 
The judges awarded this company a medal for "stoves for parlors, halls, 
stores, etc." 

When, in 1871, Jeremiah Dwyer withdrew from the Detroit Stove Works 
Company, he became siiperintendent in a new corporation called the Michigan 
Stove Company. This company purchased fourteen acres of land at the point 
that is now the coi'ner of Jefferson avenue and Adair street, having some 500 
feet frontage on the avenue, and running back to the Detroit rivei', and on 
which their ^vorks are built. The workmen are employed the entire time, and 
the demand for the stoves is so great that, although they have a capacity of 
25,000 stoves a year, the year closes with many orders unfilled. They employ 
350 men and have $400,000 invested in the business. Their exhibit at the 
Centennial consisted of the Iron Age, the Detroit, and the Centennial cook stoves ; 
and as heaters the Excelsior, the Forest Light, the Monumental, and the Garland. 

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS. 

The history of agricultural implements would show a gi-adual development 
in the art of husbandry, to trace which would be exceedingly interesting. Dr. 
Miles, formerly professor of agriculture in the Michigan Agricultural College, 
had on exhibition at Agricultural Hall a series of plaster models of plows, 
showing the history of the plow from the earliest records of Egyj^tian agricul- 
ture. He intends to complete the series up to the modern inventions of cast 
steel and chilled iron plows. Dr. Miles has a private museum of agriculture 
at Lansing, where his historical models will remain on exhibition. The plow, 
however, is only one of the implements the improvement of which shows the 
progress made in agricultural science. 

AGItrCULTUKAL AND OAKDENING IMPLKJIENTS. 

Messrs. Withington, Cooley & Co., of Jackson, exhibited in one large glass 
case a variety of agricultural and gardening implements, such as hand hoes, 
hand rakes, spades, shovels and forks, all of which, in their light, elegant form 
and polished surfaces, show in a striking manner the contrast between the 
pi-esent and the i)ast in the manufactiu-e of these useful and indispensable 



.STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 629 

iiiij)lt'meiits. In a case near bv was a sample of tlie hand hoe and lake of 
only foi-tv years a<!;o, ais made by an ordinary l)lacksmit]i, sliowini:' the contrast 
in a sti'onu" lit^dit. 

The manufacture of farniin<;' tools was commenced in Jackson in 1S4S, by 
Messrs. Peuney, Connable <fe Co. Tliis firm was succeeded in 1S.");5 by th:it of 
Messi-s. Penney & Lamson, and this was superseded in ISSN by tlie present 
firm of \\ ithiugton, Cooley & Co., whose farming and gardening tools made 
the finest display of tlie kind in Agiicultural Hall. This firm employ 175 
men, and make goods to the value of $250,000 a year. Their sales extend 
from New England to California in the United States, and in foreign countiies 
they reach Canada, England, France, Germany, Sweden, etc. They use 180 tons 
of steel, 500,000 handles, and other material in ])roportion. The capit;d invested 
in their business is $2(»o,(»(io. 

TRAVIS' WHEAT IIOK. 

Among the many ingenious and novel inventions displayed in Agricultural 
Hall was the Travis wheat hoe and planter. It is claimed that the main 
cause of difference between the avei'age yield [)er aci'e of wheat in this country 
and in England is in the fact that in the latter country wheat is hoed or cul- 
tivated, while the high price of hand labor and the generally low [)rice of 
wheat are supposed to render it impracticable in this country to cultivate the 
crop. This machine is to promote machine cultivation, thereby cheapening the 
operation. The Centennial judges assigned the following r'easons for granting to 
the inventor. Mi'. A. B. Travis, Brandon, Oakland county, an award for his 
invention : 

For a conihinatidii whiili effects two important operatiou.s, viz: To sow grain broadcast and 
cover the seed by means of a series of lioes attached to a pivoted frame, witli handle.s. The same 
implement is an efficient hoe for drilled grain, the workman being able to steer the frame with 
great nicety. The seed distribution is effected by means of reciprocating slides with holes of 
tliffereut sizes, driven by cam gearing on insides of driving-wheels. Different shaped lioes can 
be attached. 

TIIKKSIIIN*; .MACIIIXKS. 

Messrs. Xichuls, Shepard tVr Co., of Battle Ci'cek, exhibited llicii- c<'lcl)i'ated 
*'\'ibrator" threshing machine and their straw elevator, on both of wliicli they 
received a well-deserved award. This company commenced business in 184M, 
and l)ecanie incorporated in ISC'.i. They manufacture exclusively thresliing 
machines and attachments. Tlu-ir sales aggregate §1,000,00(1 annually ; they 
t'inploy 2<lll hand.s, consume aninially about a million feet of lumber, l,(Mio tons 
80 



630 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



of pig and 500 tons of wrought iron, :uul tlieir sales may be said, in general 
terms, to extend wherever grain is raised in the oouutry. 

vnvrv DPtYEits. 

Of the numerous inventions exhibited at the Centennia,l for diying fruit, 
that of Jones Brothers, of Stiirgis, Michigan, appeared to meet with the most 
general approval, all things considered, as they make small dryers for farmers, 
and large ones for factory use. The latter can be built of any required cajiacity, 
being capable of drying se\eral hundred bushels of fruit per day. Their method 
is to dry with lapid hot-air evajjoratiou, which takes the watery constituents 
so quickly from the fruit as to leave no chance for the solid portion to mate- 
rially change in flavor. The jury of award recommended the usual medal and 
di])loraa. 

.MINOR AGKICULTUKAI. EXHIBITS. 

The Gale Manufacturing Company, of All)ion, exhibited a plow of elegantly 
burnished steel and elaboi'ately carved l>eani. Also, a horse rake, made strong 
for practical purposes, but nickel plated and elegant for show. 

Mrs. Colvin exhibited at the Women's Pavilion a churn of her own inven- 
tion, personally explaining its operation. 

Messrs. Jarves & Hooper, Detroit, made a good exhibit of their well-known 
animal charcoal fertilizers and glue, and received an award of merit for them. 

Messrs. Austin, Tomliuson <fe Webster, of Jackson, made a good show in 
the Wagon Annex, of their celebrated Jackson wagons, for farm and I'oad use. 

A. II. Chaplin, Tecumseh, exhibited his steel-spring wooden revolving horse 
rake in Agricultural Hall. 

J. Hagerdorn, Ann Arbor, exhibited Michigan plows of his own manufacture. 

THE MANUFACTURi: OF FLOUK. 

As one of the prime industries of the State, owing to the excellent quality 
of Michigan winter wheat, everything calculated to promote the greater perfec- 
tion of the art of manufacturing flour is of great interest and importance. 
D. M. Richardson exhibited at Machinery Hall his wheat scourer, polisher and 
separator, which received the award of medal and diploma. The machine con- 
sists of beaters revolving inside a perforated cylinder, the effect of which is not 
to scratch the bran of the wheat, but to cause the kernels to rub against each 
other, so as to remove all the light, powdery beai'd and dust adhering, and 
polish the bi'an without fracturing it. The wheat cleaned by the Richardson 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 631 



process when ground leaves bi'oad flakes of l)i-aii, which are easily sepai-ated 
from the tine flour, leaving it free from the residuum of fine dust that would 
otherwise remain. While the wheat is thus scoured and cleaned without 
injury, the light kernels, cockles, Aveed seeds, etc., are drawn off with the dust 
by suction produced by a fan. 

Not far from the exhibition of Richardson's wheat cleaner and polisher was 
a beautiful model of the Union Flouring Mills, of Detroit, in which Mr. Rich- 
ardson owns a controlling iiiterest, being president of the comjiany. 

BOULT'S CARVER AND MOULDER. 

The Battle Creek Machinery Company exhibited in section B 8-55, Machinery 
Hall, a machine named a,s above, but which is more fully announced as " Boult's 
Patent Carving, Paneling, Moulding and Dovetailing Machine, for the manufac- 
ture of furniture, carriages, cars, pianos, organs, churches, dwellings, stairs, desks, 
coffins, churns, chairs, washing machines, cigar moulds, bi'ushes, and all other 
kinds of wood work." The machine is an excellent illustration of the facility 
with which some kinds of modern machinery are adapted to perform an almost 
infinite vai'iety of intricate work. The announcements of the company, who are 
the sole maimfacturers of the machine, contain about one hundred and fifty 
testimonials, covering ten pages of print, from manufacturers in different parts 
of the country, many of them from Michigan, certifying to its value. Some 
extracts are made from a brief description of the machine in the "Battle 
Creek Journal : "' 

We doubt if the inventive genius of man, within the hxst ten years, has produced anything 
In the department of machinery more worthy of itself than this simple improvement of our towns- 
man, M. T. Boult. The machine is remarkable alike for its simplicity and for the variety, rapidity 
and completeness of its work. The work of change and adjustment is rapid, and consumes but 
little time. It adapts itself to all kinds of moulding, paneling, carving, dovetailing, and inlaying, 
heretofore done by hand, without regard to the degree of ornamentation required. We witnessed 
the process by which a sample block, three inches by five, was turned out, exhibiting five varie- 
ties of work, viz: surface moulding, edge moulding, bracket moulding, dovetailing, and rosette 
cutting, all done in about two minutes, and each part of the work executed with a smoothness and 
perfection of finish which could not have bean improved if a man had worked on it with hand 
instruments for a week. These simple blocks are sent by mail at any distance to parties who 
desire to test, by actual inspection, the character of the work done by the machine. Of surface 
carving and paneling, of variety moulding, of scroll or fret work, inlaying and engraving, we saw 
various and beautiful patteriL'* in the sho])S of the company, and it can be nothing less than a 
surprise to one who has known only the old method of doing this work, to sec how the ingeniously 
contrived cutters, set in motion by a simple system of belts and pulleys, easily reversed, with 
couuter-shaft, does it all nicely, and does it with the celerity of magic. The whole machine 
occupies a space not more than three feet by Jiiur, and weighs about 1,100 pounds. 



(i32 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



This valuable invention secured for the company the award and medal of 
the Exhibition. The otficers of the company are: William Andrus, pi'esideut ; 
J. M. Wai'd, vice-president ; D. B. Biindiam, general manage)' ; Frank Beach, 
seci-etary and treasurer. 

PHARMACEUTICAL. 

Frederick Stearns, of Beti'oit, exhibited a case of pharmaceutical prejiara- 
tions from his laboi'atory. Tn this exhibit, Mr. Stearns says, an attempt is made 
to repi'esent some items of interest in those classes of pharmaceutical pi'oducts 
peculiar to American pharmacy ; to illustrate somewhat the progress made 
toward rendering remedies pleasant to the eye and agi'eeable to the taste; and 
to show where inert and useless matter can be removed from drugs, and the 
active portions thereof prepared in a form both efficacious and convenient. The 
case contained I'epresentative specimens of the 168 classes and neai'ly 10,000 
items of his catalogue No. 75. There were fifty-six varieties of fluid extracts, 
in blue-tint pint bottles, representing a list of 420 sorts in his catalogue. The 
rest possess much interest, either on account of their recent introduction to 
therapeutics, or from their being newly introduced fluid extracts, oi- from the 
high estimate placed upon their remedial value in certain localities in the 
country. Twenty-seven of the articles exhibited originated with Mr. Steai'us. 
Upon the labels were given formul* and uses. On the thi'ee upper shelves, in 
inverted sample vials, were seventy-two sorts of sugar-coated pills. These were 
from a stock of 400 kinds, as listed in catalogue. The exhibit also showed 
many varieties of powdered drugs out of a stock of 828 kinds. Twenty-eight 
troches were exhibited out of 212 kinds. Four suppositories were shown out 
of 120 sorts, and six sorts of effervescing granules. The show case was designed 
liy Gordon V^ . Lloyd, and the work executed by William Wright <!v (-o., of 
Detroit. The exhibit by Mr. Steai'ns was the only one of manufacturing phar- 
macy fi'om west of the AUeghanies. 

CABINET AND COMBINATION ORGANS. 

Tile Clough & Wai-ren Organ Company, of Detroit, made a dis})lay with 
thi'ee of their combination organs, which for appearance alone, beauty and 
ingenuity of design, and elaborate carved work, attracted much attention from 
those of artistic taste who thronged the Exhibition, and when any one of 
these oi'gans was played all the aisles in the vicinity soon became blocked up 
by the people, who seemed to forget they wei'e obstructing the progress of 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 633 



sight-seeing. These instrunients were suri'ounded, in the American department 
of the Main Building, by hxrge pipe organs, and were not far from the large 
organ at the east end, but even while one oi- more of these powerful instru- 
ments were being played the Clougli S: Warren would strike into the same 
tune and blend with a harmony and yet a distinctness which were wonderful, 
and excited very genei-al expressions of astonishment. The judges from whose 
re2)ort the award of merit was made gave this organ credit for "volume, witli 
j)urity of tone, having the charactei' of the diapason in the ordinary (pipe) 
organ." The other ground of awai'd given by the judges was "because of 
certain mechanical arrangements which facilitate the working of the instruments, 
together with neatness of design and ornament, combined with sim])]icity of 
construction." 

WVKIOrS EXHIBITS. 

The jS'atii)nal Leather Company, of Deti'oit, made a display of their leather, 
tanned on the Richter prcxress, which con\'erts hides into leather in a few days, 
instead of by the old routine of from six to twelve montlis. Their exhibition 
was in the Shoe and Leather Building. The leathei' is peculiarly adapted to 
the making of laces for machinery belting, for \vhich purpose it was very 
generally applied and tested. Its great strength was proven by its use on 
the heavy belting of the Corliss engine. The Richter process is also applied 
to the preservation of hides with the hair or wool on, adapted to the manu- 
facture of robes and mats, arctic shoes, etc. Neither bark nor alum are used 
in the process. 

James Flower tVj Brothers, of Detroit, exhibited James Flower's patent stop- 
valve for water and steam, James Flower's patent hydrant for fire purposes, 
James Flower's patent squaring machine, and William P. Stephenson's oil cup, 
for lul)ricating engine cylinders, etc. On the first two a diploinaof merit and 
medal were awarded. 

The manufacture of artificial veneer, or in other words converting common 
wood into the finest ornamental wood, iu outside appearance, is an inxention 
of Messrs. Cross tVr Melding, of (jrrand Raj)ids. Their imitations, exhibited in 
Agricultural Hall, pi'oduced great surpi-ise when visitoi's were told that they 
were not the real wood, which they so closely resembled. The exhibit received 
an award. 

C. W. Coe, of Fentonviile, cxhiititcd iu .Machinery ILili, class .jl."), his patent 
drill press and bolt cutter. The machine is made of different sizes, for use 
either by power oi' hand, juices ranging from $25 to $50. If is claimed to be 



634 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



capable of drilling holes and cutting screws up to two inches in diameter. 
The Centennial Judges recoimuended it for an award "for ingenuity of feed- 
motion, simplicity, and adaptability of machine to its use." 

The exhibition of two of the Pullman palace cars, manufactured at the 
company's works at Detroit, attracted many visitors, who were permitted to 
walk through these beautiful i)ortable palaces. 

J. B. Sweetland, of Pontiac, exhibited his very useful invention for elevating 
building materials during the process of erecting the walls. The chief econom- 
ical feature is, that while one platform is going up loaded the other is coming- 
down empty, and that it can be operated by either horse or hand power. The 
invention received diploma and medal. 

D. Farrand Henry, of Detroit, exhibited his invention — a current meter, 
inlet jiipe and strainer for a water works — -a very valuable invention to cities 
obtaining their supplies of water from rivers and other streams more or less 
impui'e. It received an award. 

E. J. Knowlton, of Ann Arbor, exhibited his patent bathing apparatus in 
Agricultural Hall. It consists of a bath-tub formed of water-proof material — 
mainly of India rubber made for the purpose — -^vhich is suspended to a pole 
of hickory wood, so bent as to form the top of the tub in the shape of an 
OS-yoke, but large enough for an adult to bathe in. An award of diploma and 
medal was granted. 

Messrs. Bishop and Northrup, of Wyandotte, had a display of their beautiful 
long wool dusters and mats of various colors and shades, which was, so far as 
could be found, the only display of woolen manufacture from Michigan, and 
therefore attracted the more attention. 

D. C. Grant, of Houghton, exhibited what is designed both as an ice-plow 
and ram attachment for vessels, in its fii'st named character being an instrument 
for breaking and removing ice obstructing the passage of vessels, and in its 
other feature a naval ram or submarine armor. 

Charles L. Millar, of Colon, exhibited at Agricultural Hall samples of 
his flour of pumpkin. It is made of pumpkin dried as in the Alden or Jones 
process, and then ground into flour, in which shape it is made into packages 
and shipped to any part of the world. It is said to be admirably adapted for 
making the favorite New England pumpkin pie. 

Notwithstanding the fact that Detroit is probably the most extensive tobacco 
manufacturing point in the Northwest, there was but one exhibitor of tobacco 
or its product from Michigan, namely, the firm of Sullivan cfe Burk. This firm 
are the successors of Oliver Goldsmith in the business of manufacturing cigars. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 635 



wliifli business has been estublislicd in the city of Detroit about twenty-five 
years. They exhibited four of their well kncjwn brands: The "Detroit Club 
House," the "Gold Medal," the "E. B.," and the "Iron Cross." 

Louis Black tfe Co., of Detroit, e.xhibited a glass case of their optical insti'U- 
ments, chiefly spectacles and eye-glasses. 

In Agricultural Hall C. C. Corastock had samples on exhibition of his pails, 
tubs and other woodwai'e from his large factory at Grand Rapids. 

F. Shaft, Detroit, exhibited, in the Main Building, a handsome sideboard of 
black walnut, elegantly carved, with marble top. 

Ferdinand Lapp, of Detroit, exhibited in ]\Iemorial Hall a handsome carved, 
clock-case, w^hich commanded general admiration for its elaborate workmanship. 
The diploma and medal were awarded to this exhibit. 

J. W. Donovan, of Detroit, exhibited printed forms for files to hold legal 
papers, adapted for clerks of courts and for law offices. 

Messrs. Richmond, Backus <fe Co. exhibited a railway ticket case, adapted to 
hold all the vai-iety of tickets sold in a general ticket agency. An award was 
granted. 

The Grand Rapids Brush Manufacturing Company exhibited a large case of 
their goods in the American department of the Main Building. 

Marshall Wheeler, of Big Rapids, exhibited in the Main Building, N 62, a 
solar chronometer Avhich was much admired. 



(VM] 



lyriCHlGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



\ 111. -MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS AND LIST OF AWARDS. 

UNDER this lii'ad :uv iiu'lu<U'(l various fxliibits that could not well be 
olassitied in tlie foivgoiiig chaptei's. The greater pait of the ohapter, as 
are the prei-eding ehaptei'S of this part of the work, from and inohiding Cha|>ter 
in, is compiled from material collected directly or indirectly through the 
department in charge of I)r. Jacokes. The sketches of the State Agricidtural 
Society and the State Pomological Society are included nndei- the first general 
head following, because they arc legally organized bodies, and their inaiiagement 
is more or less under the sanction of State authority. 

STATE AND OTHEK OFFICIAL EXHIBITS. 



oo:Mi'M;Ari\ K statistics. 



In the Michigan Ruildin 
drawn by J. E. Sherman, of 
l>i'incii)al resources of the St 

183(3. 

roiuilutioii .. . 

Square miles .. _ . 

Subject to taxation, acres 

Total value of jiroiluetions 

Mauul'aetiu'e.-J . . - 

Luniltor product . 

Fish , 



g w 
the 
ate 



4 
SIO 



Farm produce 

Bushels of wheat raised--. 

Bushels of oats raised 

Bushels of corn raised 

Bushels of jHttatoes raised . 
Pounds of wool _ . 



as dispf 
State L 
at the t 

loO.Ot)0 
r)i).45 1 
,000,000 
,000,000 
,:!aO,Ot»0 
;U>o,ooo 

100,000 



.000,000 
,000,000 
,000.000 
000.000 
.000,000 

ir)0,ooo 



Number of schools 

Attendance 

Value of school property 



SCO 

•2,000 
?loO,0,)0 



ayed a chart, being one of the series 
and Office, showing the population and 
wo periods, 1830 and 187^!, as follows: 

1876. 

IVpulation „ 1,416,000 

Square miles . - 56,451 

Subject to tuxation, acres. 26,530,168 

Total value of productions.-. ... 8330,000.000 

Manufactures . 130,000,000 

Lumber [iroduct . 40,000,000 

Fish i)00,000 

Iron 6,948,000 

Coppei- - 5,1 20,000 

Salt - 1,200,000 

Farm produce 90,000,000 



Bushels of wheat raised . . 

Bushels of oats raised 

Bushels of corn raised . . 
Bushels of potatoes raised 

Pounds of wool 

Number of farms. 

Acres in farms. . . 
Acres improved — 
Number of schools 
Atteudaucc . 



. . 16,000,000 
10.000.000 
21.000.000 
12,000,000 
8,000.000 
113,413 
10,213,000 
5,540.000 
5.787 
343.900 
Value of school property.- §9,115,000 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 637 



STATE AliUR'lI.TlliAl, SOCIKTV. 

Not only (lid the iState Airrieultural Society exhibit, throiigli its commis- 
sioner, Mr. Charles A. Ilgenfritz, the agricultural prnduetions of the State, but 
its printed trausaetions veiy properly formed an important part of the educa- 
tional exhil)it. Since the organization of the State Board of Agi-iculture, the 
law^ has provided for the pul>lication of the proceedings of the State Agricul- 
tural Society in the same volume with those of the State Board of Agriculture, 
but previous to that period the transactions of the society were published in 
sej^arate volumes, and frt)m these we gatlier that the State Agricultural Society 
WJis organized at Lansing, March 17, 1841). The meeting held for this pui-pose 
was called, by the executive officers of the State and members of the State 
Legislature, sixty-three in all. The first meeting was held March Id, 1<S4!», and 
a committee was aj)])ointed to draft plan of organization, constitution, and 
by-laws. Two acts were ]);issed at the then session of the Legislature, one of 
which incorporated the State Agricultural Society, and the other appi'opriated 
the sum of §400 annually in aid of its objects. The acts were quite specific 
in defining the powers and duties of the society, and i-equii-ing it to report and 
publish results, thus giving to it a decidedly educational character. The society 
was first formally oi'ganized March 23, 1849, with (jovernor Epaphroditus 
Ransom as president ; J. C. Holmes, of Detroit, secretary ; John J. Adam, of 
Lenawee county, treasurer ; with an executive committee of ten member-s, 
and a vice-president and a cori-esponding secretary from each county in the 
State. The first State fair was held in Detroit in 1849, the citizens of which 
raised $500 toward local expenses. The aggregate sum of §; 1,000 was offered 
in premiums, and there were 023 entries in all deiJaitments. The amount of 
money received the fij'st year from all soui'ces, including the State appropriation, 
was $8,923.91, leaving a balance, after paying all expenses, of §l,109.().s. The 
second State fair (1850) was held at Ann Arbor, but the results were so 
unsatisfactoiy that it was i-eturned to Detroit the following yeai', and continued 
there until 1862. In 1863 and 1864 the fair was held at Kalamazoo; in 1865, 
at Adrian; in 1867 and 1868, at Detroit; in 1869 and 1S70, at Jackson; in 
1871 and 1872, at Kalamazoo; in 1873, at Grand Kapids ; in 1874 and 1875, 
at East Saginaw; and in 1876, at Jackson. The later fairs have continued five 
days each. The progress of the society is shown to some extent by comparing 
the results of the first year, given foregoing, with those of 1875, the nundjer 
of entries that year being 2,656; amount of premiums offered, $15,261.50; 
amount of premiums awarded, §11,843.50; total casli disbiusements, §27,964.66. 
«1 



638 MU'HIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Mr. .1. (\ lloliiii's colli iiiut'd .-is sccrrtiiiy of the society until IS.")?, when he 
decliued a further re-eleetion, and received the thanks of the society for his 
past services. K. F. Johnstone was secretary from ISoS to 187;?, when lie was 
succeeded bv 0. F. Kimball, ;ind the latter, in l.s7(>, by -I. P. Thoinpson. The 
iinnnal transactions of the society, which at first were comprised in a small 
pamphlet, now n\ake a volume of several hundred pages. In 1851 the Strife 
appropriation in aid of the society was increased to $1,00(* per year. 

In 1S71 the " Northern ^lichigan Aiiriciiltural and ]\Iechanical Society" was 
oriianized, in consequence of some feeling that the wishes of the people of the 
northern jH^'tion of the State were not sutlicieiitly consulted in regard to the 
place of holding the State fair. This society held its first fail- at Gi'and Rapids 
in 1871, in conjunction with the State Pomological Society, which, as to attend- 
ance, was the largest fair e\er held in the State. A second fair was held under 
the same auspices at Grand Rapids in 1872, on the same days with the State 
fair at Kalamazoo, having on one day 40,000 visitors — the largest number ever 
brought together on a single occasion in .Michigan. The rivalry gave to both 
fail's a high degree of success, but the new outstri})ped the old, and an amal- 
gamation was the result, the State fair for 187''5 being held at Grand Rajiids, 
and being the most successful of any ever held in the State, Hon. Henrv 
Fralick being made the recipient of a gold medal by the society for his activity 
and energy in its behalf, as representing the people of the city. 

The State Agricultural C\dlege received its first impulse from the State 
Agricultural Society-. At the meeting of the executive committee of the society, 
held at Jackson December 1V>, 1849, a resolution was offered by Bela Hubbard, 
by A\ hicli the Legislature was re(]uested to take steps for the establishment of 
a State central agricultural otfice, with which sliould be connected a museum 
of agricultural products and implements and an agricultural library, and as 
soon as practicable an agricultural college and model farm. The resolution Avas 
laid on the table and printed in the proceedings, with the remarks of Mr. 
Hubbard in its favor. In January, 1850, Mr. Hubbard, on behalf of the 
executive committee of the State Agricultural Society, sent a memorial to the 
Legislature for the establishment of a State agricultural college, setting forth 
elaborately the reasons urged for such a step. 

ST.VTK IMMOI.OIJUAI, .'^OllKTY. 

Among the educational exhibits was very properly placed a set of the 
reports of the Michigan State Pomological Societj^ which may be regarded as one 
of the effective technological institutions of the State. The societv was perma- 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 0:^.9 



iiently organized in Grand Rapids, Febi'uary ^C), 1S7M, and became incorpoi'ated 
in July, 1871, pursuant to an act of the Legislature at the session of that year, 
and which also provided for the publication of the transactions of the society, 
thus extending to it, in so far, the patronage of the State. The first oflScers 
were: Dr. H. G. Saunders, ])resident; S. L. Fuller, treasurer; A. T. Linder- 
man, secretary. Among others prominent in the organization were S. S. Bailey, 
L. S. Scranton, E. U. Knapp, Henry S. C'lubb, James Hamilton, Daniel 
Upton, George Parmelee and others. The organization was the outgrowth 
•of individual effort co-operating with local societies. The first annual 
exhibition of the society, which was very successful, was in connection with 
the Kent County Agricultui-al Society, in the fall of 1870. The two following 
years the exhibition was in conjunction with the Northern Michigan Society 
at Grand Rapids, and since then with the State Agricultural Society. The 
society has held other fruit exhibits, including one or two at Lansing during 
sessions of the Legislature, all of which have been every way creditable and 
successful. The influence of such an organization in developing a taste for 
fruit culture, and in disseminating information as to choice in variety, methods 
in cultivation, etc., is beyond estimate, as is also the influence of an intelligent 
and extensive culture of tVuit u])on the civilization and social advancement of 
the people of a country. The transactions of the society exhibited at the 
Centennial consisted of two volumes, the first for 1870 and 1871, compiled by 
A. T. Linderman, the then secretary, and the other by C. J. Dietrich, secretary 
for 1872. The officers for the Centennial year were: T. T. Lyon, of South 
Haven, president ; IL Dale Adams, of Galesbui'g, treasure!- ; J. P. Thompson, 
of Detroit, secretary. The agency of the society in securing fruit represention 
at the Centennial is spoken of elsewhere. 

STATE 150Ai:i) OF IIKAI.IH. 

Among the State educational exhibits were thiee volumes of the annual 
reports of the State Boai'd of Health. This body was established by act of 
the Legislature in 1<S7-"). The members arc a])p()iiited In' the Governoi- and 
Senate. The chief oVjject of the Board is, inquiry into and dissemination of 
information as to the causes of disease, with the view of its prevention so far 
as practicable. The secretary of the Board is also superintendent of vital 
statistics. Circulars have been issued from time to time by the Board, to call 
the attention of local boards of health to their duties undei* the law, and 
asking for special rejDorts placing such boards in direct communication with the 
State Board; calling the attention of physicians to the laws (lefining their 



640 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



duties in regard to contagious and dar.gerous diseases ; transmitting blanks for 
reports ; by Dr. Hitchcock, inquiring into the effect of alcohol, and on the 
decomposition of organic matter; transmitting illustrated directions for restoring 
persons rescueil while di'owning ; in relation to the water supply ; relative to 
prevalent diseases in 1875 ; inquiring as to diseases of crops and animals. 
These circulars have brought many replies, which have been of value to the 
Board. About the 10th of August, 1870, circulars asking for weekly I'eports 
of diseases prevalent in various localities were issued, and by this plan, which 
is now in full operation, the Board is kept advised as to the prevalence of 
diseases in various parts of the State. About seventy-five regular correspondents 
have been secured, and sixteen meteorological observers report regularly 
according to forms prescribed, so that in the four years of its existence the 
Board has secured a large amount of active, intelligent co-operation throughout 
the State. Dr. Kedzie has made special investigations in regard to the poison- 
ous character of certain wall papers. He selected about 100 samples, which he 
made up into large books, entitled, " Shadows from the Walls of Death." 
These formidable sample books, with printed information, were sent to the 
various public libraries of the State as a caution to the people against using 
these decorative papers. Many suggestions for amendment of the health laws 
have originated with the Board, especially one relating to the inspection of 
illuminating oils. A list of members of the Board is given in Appendix. 

PRISON EXHIBITS. 

The State Pi-ison, at Jackson, had at the Centennial a volume of photo- 
graphic views of the buildings and shops connected with the prison. So far 
as its current expenses are concerned, it is a self-sustaining institution, several 
important manufacturing enterprises being carried on by means of convict 
labor, the principal of which are agricultural implements, wagons, and cabinet 
work. The exhibits of the Detroit House of Correction consisted of two 
volumes, one containing thirteen photogra])hic views of the buildings, grounds 
and apartments, and the other the printed annual i'e[»orts from 1864 to 1875. 

ARCHiEOLOGY. 

To the Detroit Scientific Association is due the collection, preparation and 
forwarding of the interesting display of archaeological specimens from Michigan 
at the Centennial Exhibition. While the contributions were from various 
sources which will be noticed, the collection \\as made l)y the association here 



STATE KKl'KKSIONTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 641 



named. The association was organized April 27, l<S7n, luuler tlie general law 
of the State. Its objects are declared to be " to promote the study and inves- 
tigation of the several branches of scientific knowledge, to create and maintain 
a museum of material illustrating scientific knowledge, and especiall}' of speci- 
mcTis illustrating natural history, and also of curiosities and historical relies ; 
and to establish and maintain a libi-ary of books and documents especially upon 
scientific and historical subjects." The first officei's were : George P. Andrews, 
president ; Eugene C. Skinner, vic*-president ; Albert B. Lyons, corresponding- 
secretary; and they and Charles C. Cadman, D. Farrand Henry, John C. Holmes, 
Frederick Stearns, and Henry Gillman, \vere the first board of directors. Charles 
C. Cadman was the first ti'easurei-. These gentlemen wei'e also the charter mem- 
bers. The association has many tliousands of specimens, and its museum is open 
to the public on the evenings of Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, and on 
Saturday afternoon, of each week, and frequent lectures are given by members 
of the association and others. The committee on the part of the association 
having charge of the Centennial display consisted of Bela Hubl)ard, J. C. Holmes 
and B. F. Bush. The display embi-aced some three hundred and seventy differ- 
ent specimens, a summary of which, with the contributors, is given below: 

From B. F. Bnsh, of Detroit : Fifty-seven specimens, consisting of stone 
spade and other implements, stone ornaments, war hatchets, pestles, axe, adze, 
gouges, hammers, celts, pottery, Indian flute, totems, goi'gets, stone pipes, etc. 

From S. B. Mann, of Lenawee county: A stone celt from that county. 

From Fred. A. Beard, of Ruby, St. Clair county : Fifty specimens, embracing 
stone celts, lances, a.ves, hammers, ornaments, etc. 

From the Board of Education of Corunna : Stone pestle and stone axe. 

From the collection of the Detroit Scientific Association : Over thirty speci- 
mens, embracing stone celts, hammers, and other implements, war hatchets, 
spear points, arrow lieads, hidian skulls, and specimens of Indian etching and 
painting on stone, found near Brownstown. 

From J. A. Bailey, Detroit : Lai'ge stone implement from a mound at Fort 
Gratiot. 

From Colunel P. W. Norris :* About twenty specimens, embracing hatchets, 
skull-crackers, celts, ornaments, spears, pipes, paint l)ag, copper ornaments, etc. 

From Bela Hubbard, Detroit: Stone arrow heads, spear points and knives, 
and stone celt. 

From Noble &, Brady, Detroit: Stone hanuner from Lake Superior. 

♦Proprietor of tin- (Di'lroil) suliiirliun town of Norrig. 



642 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

From the Scliool lioiird of Flint : Fifteen specimens, consisting of Indiun 
war clubs, axes, toys, chisels, "skinner," speui' heads, shuttle, etc. 

From the Kent Scientific Institute, Grand Kapids :* One hundred and thirty 
specimens, sixty of whitdi were arrow lieads, all on glass tablets. There were 
also many copper articles, such as awls, tiles, needles, spear heads, knives ; and 
of stone specimens, pipes, ornaments, cord-gauges, pestles, vases, totems, etc., 
with a luimber of im])Iements of bone, horn, etc. 

WORKS OF ART AND DESIGN. 

SCHOOL AND OTHER PICTURES, JIAPS AND DRAWINGS. 

Calvin township, Cass county, by J. Rivers, township superintendent of 
schools, was represented l)y a photograph of each of its nine district schools, 
neatly mounted and framed, showing at a glance the style of country school- 
houses so familiar to the traveler through the rural districts of Michigan. 

There were also exhibited photographic views and drawings of the plans of 
the three principal school-houses in Grand Rapids ; engravings of the State 
Capitol ; the State University ; the State Public School ; the Michigan Asylum 
for the Insane at Kalamazoo, male and female departments ; the central building 
of the Calumet graded school ; the Ishpeming graded school ; and the Battle 
Creek College. 

Also, Farmer's map of the Upper Peninsula and Lake Superior mining 
regions ; map of the central portion of the Upper Peninsida, by T. B. Brooks, 
of the geological survey ; large map of the farm, garden, lawn, etc., of the State 
Agricultural College, by R. C. Carpenter, C. E. 

The original painting, by J. M. Stanley, of the "Indian Telegraph," was 
exhibited by the owner, Mrs. M. N. Braiuerd, of Lansing, formerly a pupil of 
Stanley. Many of Stanley's original pictures were destroyed at the burning of 
the Smithsonian Institute, but fortunately this one was in Europe at the time 
of the Are. 

E. E. Myers, of Detroit, exhibited designs of the following buildings : 
Court house in Marshall ; insane asylum, Pontiac ; Michigan State capitol ; model 
farm-house; Lansing high school. 

Julius Hess, Detroit, exhibited design of the Michigan Centennial Building. 

Mrs. E. T. Nelson, of Grand Rapids, exhibited a chair at the Women's 

*This institute has been in existence for about twenty years, has a very valuable collection of minerals, 
birds, etc., and numbers amon!^ its members many of the most learned and best citizens, and is doing a 
valuable work in educating tlic young in many things not comprehended by otiier educational agencies. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 643 



Pavilion, iipliolstert'd witli bhu-k s:itiii, on which was a representation of flowers 
e.\i|iiisitcly ih>ne by the exliiliitor. 



In Machinery Hall, the working model of the Calumet and Hecla Stamj) 
Mills, on a scale of one-half inch to the foot, was a subject of study and of 
great interest to mechanics generally, and especially to those interested in 
mining machinery. This beautiful model, although gotten up by the mechanics 
and other employes of the company, at Torch Lake, in the Upper Peninsula, 
whei-e the mills are located, is said to have cost about Si 0,000. It was a 
jjerfect model of the works, with the outside boards and shingles taken off, so 
as to expose the operation of the machinery. The starajj mills ai-e not run 
by shafting and pulleys turned by a large engine, but each mill has a cylinder 
supplied with steam by pipes direct from the large boiler, and all that is 
required to set all the vast machinery in motion is to turn on the steam. 
This is the model of probably the largest and most comj)lete stamp mill in 
the world, and the success and broad libei'al policy of the Calumet and Hecla 
Company, are a matter of State pride. When in operation, all the processes 
are shown, from the dumping of the car loads of (juartz at the top of the 
mills, to the filling of the wash-troughs with the pulverized material from wdiich 
the copper is separated by the action of water running through the various 
troughs. The model, after being exhibited at the Centennial, was presented 
by the company to the museum of the State Univei'sity. 

The Detroit Bridge Company exhibited a model of the iron bridge which 
they constiaicted over the Missouri River, at St. Joseph, Missouri. The model 
Avas closely scrutinized by the judges, who evidently discovered its merits, as 
shown by their recommendation to the Commission. 

IMIOTOOWAIMIV. 

Michigan Mas represented in pliotogr;i]ihy bv L. (J. Bigelow, of Detroit. 
He had a varied collection of work on exhibition at "Photographic Hall." 
He was awarded the first medal in this departmeiit, and the judges, in 
noticing the collection, say : " For novelty in effects of lighting, and the 
originality displayed in the composition of these pictures, they are not 
sun>assed bv any in the entire Exhibition." Mr. Biyelow also had charge of 
the operators in the Centennial Photogiaphic Company's studio, on Belmont 
avenue, near the lake, during the Exhibition. There were from 100 to li'5 
Avorkint'ii employed in the various depai-tments, as well as sixteen to twenty 



6-44 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

saleswomen and clerks. The great featuie of the first three months of the 
Exhibition in the portrait department was the making of the small medallion 
portraits required on all season tickets for exhibitors, and all persons employed 
inside tlie grounds. Some thirty thousand of these were made. On one 
occasion three operators took the unprecedented number of seven hundred and 
eighty-three negatives in one day, and this in the month of July, with the 
mercury at 102 degrees for nearly the entire day. As high as 750 sheets of 
paper, representing nearly 15,000 sterescopic views of the great Exhibition, 
have been printed in one day. 

SECRET SOCIETIES. 

MASONRY IN JIICH1(!AN. 

Capitular Masonry was introduced into Michigan February 3, 1818, at 
which time a dispensation was granted by Dewitt Clinton, Most Excellent 
Grand High Priest of the General Grand Chapter of the United States, to 
fourteen Royal Arch Masons, to open a chapter and confer the sevei'al degrees 
in Detroit, under the name and style of Monroe Chapter No. 1. St. Joseph 
Valley Chapter, No. 2, at Niles, was organized in May, 1845, and Chapter No. 
3, at Jackson, in INIarch, 1847. The Grand Chapter of the State assembled at 
Jackson, March 9, 1848. At that time the number of Royal Arch Masons in 
Michigan did not exceed seventy. In 1851, the number of subordinate 
chapters was seven, and membership 214. In 1855, the subordinate chapters 
had increased to thirteen, and the membership to 544. There was a steady 
increase up to 1876, when the number of subordinate chapters was ninety- 
eight, and membership 7,255. The money invested in furniture and parapher- 
nalia is over $144,000. 

The C'Ouncil Degrees, representing Cryptic Masonry, were introduced into 
Michigan by E. Smith Lee, in 1844. Januaiy 13, 1858, the Grand Council of 
Royal and Select Mastei's was organized by representatives from local councils 
in Detroit, St. Clair and Pontiac. There are now forty-six subordinate councils, 
and a membership of 1,986. 

The order of Templar Masonrj' was first instituted in Michigan by the 
organization of Detroit Commandery, No. 1, January 8, 1851, under a warrant 
fi'om the General Grand Encampment of the United States. By the same 
authority several other subordinate commanderies were organized. April 7, 1857, 
a State Grand Commandery was organized in Detroit, under wai-rant of Grand 
Master William B. Hubbard. The number of Knights Templar in the State 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 645 

at that time was fifty-five. This miinlier uradiiully iiicre;ised until in ]H7'> it 
was 2,171. The amount invested in paraphernalia, fui-nitnre and other materials 
appertaiiuni;- to masonry is over $172,000, as Follows: Regalia, $17,000 ; jewels, 
$10,000; real estate, |15,000 ; uniforms, $1;'.(),000. 

The Blue Lodge degrees of Masonry were not represented at tlie Centennial. 
There were in the State in 187(), '^-W lodges, having a membei'ship of 26,704. 

INDKPENIIKNT OliDEI! OF (iOOD TKMri.A liS. 

This order was first inti'oduced into ^Michigan by Rev. S. Steele, a Methodist 
clergyman, in 1854. The Grand Lodge of Michigan was instituted, with Mr. 
Steele as the first ofticer, and Rev. George Taylor as secretary, February 20, 
185.5. The Sons of Temperance — an ordei- which had previously fiourished in 
Michigan — were soon absorbed by the Good Templars, owing mainly to the 
fact that the latter admitted women on an equal footing with men. The object 
of both orders being the promotion of temperance, it was soon seen that the 
most effective organization for this purpose was one that encouraged the co-oper- 
ation of both sexes. In 1857 the Grand Lodge of Good Templars reorganized, 
with twenty-three lodges and 903 members. M. S. Bi-ackett was elected G. W. 
C. T., and John Evans G. W. S., a position he has held nineteen consecutive 
years. The membership of the order has fluctuated considerably, being stated 
in 1868 at 50,000, in 1870 at 20,000, in 1872 at 5,000, and in 1876 at 10,000. 
These fluctuations are attrilnited to the political party movement, based upon 
the leading idea of legal prohibition of the liquor traffic, organized under the 
leadership of Rev. John Russell, who was an active member of the order and 
its chief officer from 18(58 to 1869, and who now holds the same position, to 
which \n'. was re-elected in 1875. 

One or more lodges of the order e.\ist in each of sixty-one counties in 
-Michigan. During the war of the rel)ellion, especiall}', the lodges of this order 
rendeivd efficient service, "keeping the fires of temperance and patriotism burn- 
ing on the same altar." Many inebriates, it is claimed, have been reformed 
through its influence, and thousands of young men tided over the most dangerous 
period of tiipir lives, and confirined in hal)its of sobi-iety and useful citizenship. 

AWARDS GRANTED TO MICHIGAN EXHIBITORS. 

An awai-d liy the judges in any and all departments at the Centennial 
Kxhil)ition carried witli it tlie uniform Diploma and Medal, tirades of merit 
were expressed in the langiiaire in wliieh the award was made, "^riie formal 



646 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



reports of tlie jiulges of award on articU's exliihitcd from Michigan were not 
received l)y the State Board of ^lanagers before this work went to press. 
They were in some cases I'eceived by parties to whom awards were made, and 
when reachini;' ns tlirough tliese cliaimcls, tlie substance of them is stated in 
connection with notices of the particuh^i' article or thing. The cut of medal 
appearing in this connection is the Award Medal granted by the Exhibition. 
The representation of mc(hd appearing on page 458 is the Memorial Centennial 
Medal authorized by act of C'ongi'ess of June Ui, 1S74. 

1, 1ST OF AWAUnS. 

H. Dale Adams, Galesbvu'j^ — Apples. 

Adrian Board of Education — Pupils' Work. 

Agrieultunil College, Lansing — Collection of Woods representing the Forests of Michigan. 

Ann Arbor Board of Eduuatiou— -Pupils' Work. 

Battle Creek Machinery Company — Moulding and Dovetailing Macliines and Solid Steel Cutter. 

Berkey & Gay Furniture Company, Grand Kapids — Furniture. 

L. G. Bigelow, Detroit — Photographs. 

E. Bradfield, Ada — Grapes. 

Burt Freestone Company — Brown Freestone. 

Calumet and Hecla Mining Company — Copi)i'r and (.'oppcr Ores, with Model of Stamping Mill. 

Central Mine, Lake Superior — Native Copper. 

N. and C. Chilson, Battle Creek — Apples. 

Clougli & Warren Organ Company, Detroit — Reed Organs. 

C. W. Cos, Fentonville— Drill Pre.^s and Bolt Cutter. 

A. J. Corey, Quincy Mine — Native Silver. 

Cross & Mehling, Grand Kapids — Artificial Veneers. 

Detroit Board of Education — School Furniture. 

Detroit Bridge Company and Iron Works — Bridge over Missouri river at St. Joseph, ]Mo. 

Detroit Stove Works — Stoves for Parlors, Halls, Stores, etc. 

Educational Department, Michigan — General Educational Exhibits. 

Flower Brothers, Detroit — Stop Valves for Fire Hydrants. 

E. Ganjot, Lake Superior — Cojjper. 

Gale Manufacturing Company, Albion — Hay Kake. 

W. Harris, Lake Superior — Native Silver and Copper. 

B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Roude — Apples. 

D. Farrand Henry, Detroit — Current Meter and Inlet Pipe Strainer for Water Works. 
S. W. Hill, Lake Superior — Native Copper. 

J. W. Humphrey — Two awards on Apples. 

Industrial School for Blind, Deaf and Dumb, Flint — Pupils' Work. 

Jarves & Hooper, Detroit — Animal Charcoal Fertilizers and Glue. 

Jones Brothers, Sturgis — Fruit Dryer. 

Ernest J. Knowlton, Ann Arbor — Bath Tub. 

L'Aose Brown Stone Quarry — Brown Freestone. 

District of Lake Superior — Exhibit of Minerals. 

Ferdinand Lapp, Detroit— Walnut Clock Case. 

Ferdinand Massett, Grand Rapids— Clock Pedestal. 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 



647 



Michigan Geological Survey — Geological Charts. 

Minong Mining Company — Native Copper. 

Nelson, Matter & Co., Grand Rapids — Bedstead and Dressing Case. 

Nichols, Shepard & Co., Battle Creek — Threshing Maehiin' and Str.iw Elevator. 

A. A. Olds — Apple.s. 

Phoenix Furniture Company, Grand Rapids — Two Bedroom .Sets. 

State Pomological Society — Three awards on Fruit Collections. 

Qnincy Mining Company — Refined Copper. 

D. M. Richardson, Detroit — Wheat Polisher, Scourer and Separatoi-. 

Richmond, Backus & Co., Detroit — Railroad Ticket Ca.se. 

School for Dependent Children, Coldwater — Plans, Drawings, Reports, etc. 

C. D. Sheldon & Co., Detroit — Archieological Specimens. 

State of Michigan — Collection of Oras and State Building ''an award on each). 

J. B. Sweetland, Pontiac — Hod Elevator. 

Univer.sity of Michigan — Pharmaceutical and Mieroscojiical E.\liil)it.s. 

Wolfe Brothers & Keitch, Centreville — Es.sential Oils. 

Withington, Coolev & Co., Jackson — Rakes, Forks, Hoes, etc 





CENTEXNrAI, AWARD MKIiAI.. 



648 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



IX.— MILITARY AND OTHER EXCURSIONS. 

THE visits to the Centeunial of the military and other organized bodies from 
Michigan, although not within the range of official representation, did much 
toward giving to the State that enviable notoriety which it acquired. 



THE MILITARY. 

Seven Michigan companies visited Philadelphia during the Exhibitidii, 
namely: The Detroit Light Guai-d, one company; the National Guard, of 
Detroit, one company ; the Ionia Light Guard, of Ionia, one company ; and 
four companies of the Pelouze Corps, Detroit Cadets. 

THE DETROIT LIGHT GITAKD. 

Among the many first class military organizations of the country that 
responded to the call for a showing of their drill and discipline at the nation's 
Centennial, was the Detroit Light Guard — an organization so well known in 
Michigan, and in fact throughout the whole country, that the mere mention of 
the name brings to mind thousands of old and cherished associations on the 
part of every one interested in military matters in the State. The Light 
Guard is the oldest, and for a long time was the only, military company in 
the State, having been organized on the sixteenth of November, 1855. The 
company absorbed much of the spirit and material of the " Brady Guards," the 
first uniformed company in Michigan, organized in 1836, and its successor, the 
"Grayson Guards," organized in 1850. For twenty-two years this comjsany has 
continued to exist and pros})er, although often in the face of many obstacles 
and discouragements. The principal citizens of Detroit have always taken a 
great degree of pride in the organization, as a large proportion of them have 
at one time or another been connected with it, either as active or honorary 
members. The Light Guard, although liable at any time to military duty at 
the call of the State, has been supported mainly by its own membership. 
The Light Guard acquired, during the late war, a brilliant record. Among 
those who distinguished themselves in the sei'vice of the Union, from the 
major-general down to the private, are to be found manv who are or have 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 649 



been connected with tlie company. General A. S. AVilliaias, Colonel Horace 
S. Robei'ts, Major John T. Fairhiinks, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert T. Elliott, 
Colonel Charles 'SI. Lum, Colonel F. W. Swift, and others, are faniih'ar 
representative names. The Guard, as a company, activ^ely participated in 
the ^\•ar. In response to the first call of the Governor of the State for 
volunteers, it immediately tendered its services, and on the first of May, IMGI, 
tlie company was mustered into the service of the United States as company 
"x\" of the First regiment of Michigan infantrj^ The company proceeded to 
Washington with the First infantiy, and with it crossed into Virginia, where it 
encamped on Shuter's Hill, near Alexandria. Marching with the regiment to 
Bull Run, it participated in the l)attle of the twenty-first of July, 1861, losing 
two killed, six wounded, and thirteen taken prisoners. Returning -with the 
regiment to Detroit, and its tei'm of service having expired, the company was 
mustered out of service at Fort Wayne, August 7, 18(51. 

The members of the Guard that were unable to enlist with the company in 
the United States sei'vice, on the twenty-ninth of April met together and organized 
the Detroit Light (luard Reserve Corps. After the muster out of the company, 
the name was again changed to the Detroit Light Guard. The same organiza- 
tion has since been maintained. The company has on several occasions been 
called into the service of the State in cases of actual or threatened disturbance, 
notably during the riot in the city of Detroit, on the sixth of March, 1863, 
when it rendered efficient aid in preserving the peace, guai'din<i- the jail and 
patrolling the district where the <listurbances occurred. 

The commanding officers of the company since its organization have been : 
Alpheus S. Williams, James E. Pittman, Ileniy L. Chipman, Jerome Croul, 
Enos R. Mathews, Chai-les M. Lum, Fred. W. Swift, Geoi-ge L. Maltz, David 
F. Fox, Robert A. Liggett, Chai-les Dupont, Lewis Cass Twombly. 

Eai-ly in the year the company resolved to participate in the celebration of 
the Centennial Fourth in Philadelphia, hut yielded to the general wish that 
they woidd remain to join in the celebration of the day in their own city. 
They however subsequently received an invitation from the Governor of Penn- 
.sylvania to take part in the review of the state militia at Philadelphia on the 
tenth of August, which invitation they accepted. On the moi-ning of August 
fifth the Light Guard, accompanied by al)out one thousand friends fi-om all 
parts of the State, left for Philadelphia by special train, the ti'ansportatiou 
being in charge of Mr. H. F. Ebeits, a member of the company. Aside from 
musicians and attendants, the company was officered as follows: 



r.50 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



0FFICEE8. 

Captain — Lewis Cass Twombly. 
First Lieutenant — Max Hocligraef. 
Second Lieutenant — F. F. Wormer. 
Quartermaster— A. P. T. Beniteau. 

Sergeants — Thomas L. Grant, Charles Siau, Albert Denike, H. F. Eberts, Wm. E. Riiidk-. 
Color Sergeant — Hubbard Smith. 

Corporals— C. F. Hall, R. W. Ballentyne, L. D. Harris, Harry Mil ward, Charles Schwartz, 
W. S. Barrows. 

Markers— Charles Smith, John .J. Bagley, Jr. 

It is proper to coinhiiie with tlie mere record of fact something of the 
spirit of the occasion, as embodied by an appreciative newspaper writer in the 
extracts that foHow : 

Arriving at Philadelphia, the Guard and their guests were quickly domiciled in their chosen 
quarters at the Grand Villa Hotel, and assuming citizens' dress, occupied several days in sight- 
seeing, and also received many visits from curious members of rival military organizations, the 
whilom fame and advent of the comjiauy having been duly heralded by the press of Philadelphia, 
which prudently warned their local organizations of the reputed mettle of the Michigauders they 
were about to encounter in a friendly contest for military superiority. On the tenth of August 
took place the grand review and parade of local and visiting military, to the number of at least 
ten thousand men, under the auspices of the State of Pennsylvania. This was the opportunity 
sought for by the Guard. Having been assigned a prominent position in the line, the Guard set 
out at an early hour for the rendezvous, accompanied by a host of anxious Michigan visitors. 
Whether by accident or design, the Michigan boys were placed directly in front of Pennsylvania's 
crack military organization, "The State Fencibles," of Philadelphia. Nothing daunted, however, 
the Michigan boys bore themselves bravely, as all Michigan soldiers do, although unused to such 
magnificent rivalry, and accordingly nerved themselves to win the honors of the day, if strict 
attention to duty and conscientious hard work could do so. And win they did, much to the 
surprise of their eastern fellow soldiers, who had evidently been taught to consider themselves 
invincible. From the time of starting, throughout the entire march, the Guard was the constant 
recipient of unusual demonstrations of applause and appreciation, and at numerous points, while 
executing some of their peculiar and difficult evolutions, the commands of the officers were liter- 
ally drowned in the tumultuous uproar of approbation. Elevated into sudden though deserved 
notoriety through the results of its laudable efforts to excel, the Guard now found itself the 
military lion of Philadelphia, and the balance of its sojourn there was one continued round of 
invitations and entertainments, showing the desire on the part of all to do honor to the organization 
"from the far West," as it was termed. On the twelfth the company left Philadelphia for Long 
Branch, and on arriving there they found that an extensive affiiir in the shape of a "hop" had 
been gotten up in their honor by the sojourners at the Branch, and supjjer being over, " our boys " 
were directly made prisoners by the fair " belles of the beach," and marched off to the immense 
dancing hall of the " Ocean," where the captivity was made immensely pleasant by attentions 
showered without stint upon the " dancing members" of the corps. The following day a parade of 
the Guard was demanded and given, and it may be said here that never in the history of the 
Light Guard did that organization appear to better advantage. 

The homeward route of the Guard was by way of New York, where they were met by an 
escort from the military of that city, and in their parade tlirough Broadway won new laurels on 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 651 



that historic military groimtl. Anioiii;- iii;iny invitations cxtcnilcd to the Guard through Captain 
Twombly to visit different points in New York and the East, the only one that could he accepted 
was from company " D," of BuHiilo, hy whom they were given a magnificent reception, and with 
whom a day was spent before final embarkation for home. 

Previously notified of the movements of the Guard, the citizens of Detroit jiri pared to give 
to its famous military child a fitting welcome, and a-s tlie returning excursionists step])ed from 
the cars, they found, to their glad surprise, a long and glittering line of soldiery and Knights 
Templar drawn up to bid them welcome home. Immense crowds of citizens thronged the streets, 
and welcoming cheers resounded from the throats of thousantls who desired to say to their repre- 
sentatives, " well done." At the armory the company was met hy a delegation of leading citizens, 
who welcomed them home with speeches and congratulations. 

In the conception and carrying out of this ever to be remembered trip of the corps, great 
credit is due the commander. Captain Twombly, whose military zeal and perfect system of drill 
and discipline contributed not a little towards the attaiiunciit oi' tiic national reputation now 
possessed by the Light (jruard. 

The press of Pliiladi'lplii;! eomiueuted veiy tiiittt-riiiuly upon the appearauoe 
of the corps, and a coui>le of extracts are given : 

The Philadelphia " Press : " Then came the Detroit Light Guards, so picturesque in their 
white shakos, the cynosure of all eyes. Their reputation is now a national one, and Philadelphiaus 
are as conversant with their excellence in drill as the peoj)k' of their own State ; and they do 
march magnifilcently. Their evolutions were executed with mathematical precision, and established 
their right to the enviable prominence lluy liavc gained. 

The Philadelphia "Bulletin:" From tlie commencement of the march at Columbia Avenue 
until its close at the Public Buildings, the Detroit Light Guard Infantry were the recipients of 
a perfect ovation, and the citizen soldiery never traversed our streets who more richly deserved 
the plaudits fairly showered upon llieni. 

UKrttOir N.VTIOXAL ctAin). 

The Detroit National (ruaid, officially kno\vn as Company B, Third Regiment 
Michigan State Troops, was one of the most notable l)odies of men in the 
grand parade, on the Centennial Fotirth, in Philadelphia, and in every way 
reflected credit upon their city and State. 

The company was first organized Octobei' 25, l<S(j9, as a distinctively Irish 
American military company, all of the original members being either of Irish 
birth or descent, although since that time some few who did not possess these 
distinguishing characteristics have been admitted to its rank.s. On the thirty-first 
of March, 1870, the company was accepted by the Governor as a part of the 
regular militia of the State, and was accoi-dingly mustered into the service as 
a company of the First Regiment. During the first foiu- yeais of its existence, 
there were no noteworthy episodes in the history of the company ; but in July, 
1874, a supposed urgent necessity aro.se for -their services to aid in the preven- 
tion or suppression of anticipateil disturl^ances at Ishpeming, in tiie iron regions 



(;52 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



of the Upper Peninsula. Accordingly they, together with Company A (the 
Detroit Liglit Guard), left Detroit, in obedience to orders, on the twenty-third 
of July. Fortunately, however, the magnitude of the troubles had been over- 
estimated, and no occasion arose for active military intervention. 

Early in 187B the company decided to visit the city of r]iiladel]iliia anil 
take part in the exercises commemorati\'e of the Centennial anniversary of the 
Nation, and by long and regular drills prepared themselves for the critical 
ordeal, which they knew they must undergo when brought into review and 
actual competition with some of the finest bodies of men in the country. 
Their exertions were fittingly rewarded, and there is not a member of the 
company, or a jjei'son from Michigan who saw them on that occasion, but will 
ever remember it with justifiable pride. June thirtieth they were escorted from 
their armory to the depot, in Detroit, by an immense ci'owd of citizens, and 
about noon left on a special train by the Canada Southern Railway. 

Arriving in Philadelphia on the evening of July first, they were received as 
the guests of the Second Regiment of Pennsylvania State Troops, who gave 
them a reception at their armory and escorted them to the cpiartei's which had 
been engaged by them. They remained in the city five days, during which 
time they were the recipients of marked and flattering attentions. They 
attended the celebration of Mass at the Cathedi'al, in a body, with their band ;: 
they accepted invitations to visit both the Arch and Chestnut Street Theatres,. 
and were compelled to decline others for want of time ; they were honoi'ed 
guests at several militar}' receptions tendered to them, and were hospitably- 
entertained by the " Gallowglasses." A reception at their own (piarters was- 
given by the company in acknowledgment of these courtesies. 

On the Fourth of July they formed a portion of the column of i'(),UOU men 
who took part in the grand procession, and though but a handful in that 
large body of men, their fine physique, superb marching, soldierly bearing, 
elegant uniforms, and, iu short, general excellence, attracted universal attention 
and gained f<n' them most favorable notices from the press. 

PKKSS NOTICES. 

The Philadelphia "Public Ledger" said: "This was the only company from the West, and 
was well drilled." The " Times " said : " The National Guard, of Detroit, Michigan, Capt. O'Keefe, 
numbered sixty muskets, with an honorary guard of veterans. With their blue uniforms and 
green plumes, they elicited much applause. They are counted one of the best drilled corps in the 
West." The " Press," usually chary iu its praise, allows itself to say of them : " It luis rarely 
been our pleasure to see a more perfect organization, whether as regards the manual or tactics. 
The company wore dark blue coats and light blue ])ants, black shakos adorned by green and 
white plumc.«. The guard, judging from the ovation it received, was a favorite with our people." 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. (358 

The " Item " said : " They came with the reputation of being one of the crack military organiza- 
tions of the West. They certainly present a fine appearance, and are acknowledged by our 
famous Invincibles as dangerous rivals in drill, which is j)aying them a decidedly fine compliment." 

The Nationals were the only company in the whole procession who carried 
the green flag as representatives of Ireland, and with the exception of the 
I'elouze Corps, Deti'oit Cadets, had tiaveled further to he present than any 
organization in the line. 

On the sixth, the Michigan State Building was formally opened, and the 
National Guai'd Band was selected to furnish the music. The band received high 
encomiums on that -and other occasions, and was especially spoken of by the 
press as the only band in the city provided witli the cap-torch for serenades 
and night marching. 

The ninth of July concluded the visit of the Guard, and on their departure 
the}- were escorted to the depot by detachments from the First, Second and 
Third legiments Pennsylvania militia, the " Gallowglasses," and representatives 
of several independent companies. 

On their return the company was entertained by the Mayor of Buffalo 
while passing through the city, where they made a good impression, and were 
further complimented l)y the press. When they arrived in Detroit they had 
a perfect ovation, being received by the Detroit Light Guard, the Scotch Guard, 
and the Detroit Coramandery of Knights Templar, while tbe streets were 
thronged with cheering spectators. 

OFFICERS OF TIIK XATIONAL CUTARD. 

Captain — John O'Keefe. 
First Lieutenant — Charles Lynch. 
Second Lieutenant — John C. Donnelly. 
Quarterma.ster Sergeant — Thomas Roe. 
Color Sergeant — Patrick Sheehan. 

Sergeants — James W. Fi.shcr, John W. Monaghan, Dennis Harrington, John B. Finucan. 
Corporals — James Brady, .John Taylor, Cornelius Sexton, Joseph J. Monaghan, Richard Walsh, 
Charles Sullivan. 

THK I'KI.OI ZK coin's, DETHorr CADKT.S. 

This cor[)s, which was complimented, l)anqueted and applauded on every 
hand in Philadelphia on the Centennial Fourth, was organized April 22, 1872, 
for the pui-pose of IxMiefiting, morally, physically and socially, the yoimg men 
of Detroit. Gen. L. II. Pelouze, U. S. A., through whose voluntary and liberal 
efforts the cor]»s \vas formed, had the immediate charge for the first six months, 
jierfonuing the difficult task of moulding one hundred and fifty boys, between 
8.3 



654 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



the ages of eleven and sixteen, into a well disciplined military corps, the pride 
of the City of Detroit and of the State of Michigan. His many excellent 
qualities, both as a gentleman and as a military commander and instructor, won 
the hearts of the boys, who look to him with gratitude and veneration as the 
father of the corps. Gen. Pelouze retired from the command December 18, 1872, 
having received orders to report at Washington, and transferred his charge to 
Lieut. J. Smuner Rogei's, U. S. A., a gentlemanly ofhcei- and an accomplished 
tactician, under whose instruction of five years the corps increased to nearly 
three hundred members. On his return from the successful trip of the corps 
to Philadelphia, he resigned, and in December, ISTli, Major D. F. Fox, a favoi'ite 
of the coi'ps, was chosen by acclamation as his successor. 

The business aifairs of the orgauization are managed by a board of directors, 
choseu from the honorary members, wdio consist of the parents and guardians 
of the cadets. The corps parades on all national holidays, and has an annual 
encampment, Avhere the cadets employ their time in instructive and recreative 
exercises, and in the ordinary duties and discipline of the camp, and are 
reviewed by the Governor and his military staff. The general government 
equipped the cadets with rifles of an improved pattern as a testimonial to their 
military discipline. The coi'ps has encamped twice on Grosse Isle, twice at 
Orchard lake, and at Philadelphia. 

Tlie corps, consisting of one hundred and sixty-five members, arrived at 
Fairmount Park on the first of July, 1876, and pitched camp on St. George's Hill, 
about half a mile from the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds. The 
camp was composed of fifty-one tents, arranged in six sections, facing towards 
the city, which was in vie\v. 

On the morning of the Centennial Fourth, the young soldieis were aroused 
from their slumbers at an early hour, and ordered to prepare for the grand 
jiarade of the day. They started soon after for the city and took their place 
in line with the determination not to be surpassed by any of the organizations 
present. Although the heat was intense, each cadet maintained his position 
in the ranks throughout the entire mai-ch ; wdiile many of the West Point 
cadets and members of other military companies fell out and were taken to 
their respective camps in ambulances. The corps, while passing the grand 
stand, was complimented by Vice-President Ferry, Gen. Sherman and others, 
upon the excellence of their drill. Mr. Ferry's remai-k w-as, "Michigan may 
well be proud of her boys." 

At their camp the cadets handsomely entertained Gov. Hartranft and staff, 
of Pennsylvania, Go\-. Bagley and staff, of Michigan, and many distinguished 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 655 



officers and notables, who reviewed the corps. All were pleased and delighted 
with the lioy soldiers. 

At the formal opening of the Micliigan i^uilding the corps gave an exhibi- 
tion drill which was the most prominent featnre of the day, and cansed Gov. 
Bagley nuicli gratification, as the execntive of a State that could pi'oduce so 
tine a liodv of vonnir soldiers. 



oi'ricKits OF ruK cintenxiai. uaitamon. 

Coniiuaiiilanl — T. Suiniirr llogw.s. Adjutant— K. McD. Canipau. 

Major — I), r. Fox. Quarteniiaster — W. II. Maxwell. 

Surgeon — Andrew Borrowniaii, M. D. Ordnance Officer — T. J. M. Starring. 

Directors — Sylvester Lariied, S. K. Stanton. Scrgoant-Maior — A. L. Wolcott. 

COMPANY offici;k.<. 

CojirvNY A. — Captain — F. P. Kadeliffe ; Fii-st Lieutenant — T. .J. M. Starring; Second Lieu- 
tenant — A. Heukel; Sergeants — Horace Avery, E. W. Gregory, W. N. Worcester, F. II. Crawford, 
L. Liggett ; Corporals — F. Stevens, B. Brodie, W. Hunt, C. M. Lightner, F. Lederle. 

CoMPAXV B.— Cai)taiu— C. E. Locke ; First Lieutenant — J. E. Dupont ; Second Lieutenant — 
Wilder Smith ; Sergeants— L. J. Koster, J. McAuley, S. JNIcC. Stanton, W. C. Jupp, F. Mandell ; 
Corporals— F. G. Smith, J. Fat/.inger, J. Stokes, W. Eichbaum, T. Christie, E. F. Mills. 

Company C. — Captain — James Lynch ; Fii-st Lieutenant — Charles Thompson ; Second Lieu- 
tenant — W. H. Candler ; Sergeants— Fred. Whiting, Wm. Clai)p, I. Burnstinc, A. K. Stimpson, 
John Darragh ; Corporals — J. A. Kurtz, W. H. Brady, Geo. Hohenstein, C. Pitcher, G. J. Vinton, 
.1. H. Cleveland. 

Company D.— Captain— H. B.Wiley; First Lieutenant— T. Lynch; Second Lieutenant— 
J. H. Johnson; Sergeants — W. A. Shaw, F. Cross, Wm. Millward, Fr. B. Preston, J. Dwyer; 
Corporals — L. H. Keaii, L. Stanton, Geo. Eaton, J. Freedman, J. H. Ferguson, Charles Kauffinau. 

iiii; loxiA i.Kurr (;tAi;i). 

Tlie Ionia Light Guard was organized August IS, 1875, and M'as mustered 
into the service of the State in February, 1876, under the name and style of 
the " Second Independent Coin[)any of State Troops." It was subsequently 
a.ssigned to the Second regiment, and is now designated as Company "G" in 
that regiment. The company has eighty-three members. The officers are : 

Caj)tain — James II. Kidd. 

l-'irst Lieutenant — Osmond S. Tower. 

Second Lieutenant — Henry C. Sessions. 

An excursion to Philadelphia, at first designed to he onh local in its char- 
acter, was determined Ujion in August, and October third was fixed upon as the 
date. The enter] >rise took on greater proporti<»ns, however, than was at first 
intended, and tlie party left Detroit on the day last nameil twelve hundred 
strong — among which numlier were many of the lea<liMg citizens of Michigan, 



656 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

nearly eveiy portion of the State being represented. The company were 
handsomely received at Detroit and entertained by Captain L. C. Twombly 
and his fine company, the Detroit Light Guard. The route selected was by 
the Canada Southern, New York Central, Northern Central and Pennsylvania 
i-aih'oads. 

The party, when it reached Rochester, was dra\vn by three locomotives, 
with a train of thirty-four coaches, including nine sleeping cars. The excursion 
is represented as having been eminently successful and satisfactory in every 
way, not the least of its agreeable results being a profit of fifteen hundred 
dollars realized by the company, which it is intended to use in building an 
armoiy. The Guard was accompanied on the trip by the Saranac Cornet Band. 

SOCIETY AND OTHER EXCURSIONS. 

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR. 

We are told that there should be wisdom to direct, strength to support, 
and beauty to adorn, every great and important undertaking. As the sum of 
the civil and social life of a people is made up of many subordinate bodies 
and functions, the three elements necessary to so important a structure as a 
national existence are found in its subordinate parts. We may properly look 
for the wisdom to direct, in the public counsels. The strength to support may 
be found in the military arm of the government. The various social, moral 
and religious organizations supply the beauty that adorns the whole. Among 
these, Masonry has in the United States taken a very marked and prominent 
position within the past forty years. Masonic bodies constitute the leading 
feature on very many public occasions, and at the ceremony of laying the 
symbolical corner-stone of any public edifice, the square, the level, and the 
plumb, as Masonic emblems, no less than the trowel, are bjought into practical 
use. It will perhaps be held an open question whether Templar Masonry is 
legitimately a part of Masonry proper or not, but whatever the original rela- 
tion may have been, the two are at the present day so fully intei'woven that 
the question, if any exists, is more abstract than real. The writer of this 
paragraph has no knowledge of Templar Masoniy beyond what the jjublic 
have, and hence it would be assumjition to attempt an essay upon the tenets 
of the order. But in general terms perhaps tliei'e is no hazard in saying that 
the modern Templar seeks to perpetuate .and emulate the sentiment that in the 
ancient knight nerved the arm in actual deeds. As I'epreseuted before the 
public, therefore, the mission of the Knight Templar of to-day may be regarded 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 657 

as a speculative aud artistic, rather tban a practical oue. Templar Masonry is 
artistic in its costume, in its armor, and in the accuracy and precision of its 
movements when on parade. As such it liolds a prominent and influential 
position in our modern social state, and conti'ibutes largely to the beauty that 
adorns the structure. 

The Knights Templar of INIichigiui, in competition with their brethren of 
other parts of the country, hold the post of honor. Their sevei-al excursions 
prior to that of 187(5 had given them a worthy fame throughout the country, 
aiad when, at the grand procession in Pliihulelphia, on the first day of June, 
woi'd was passed from point to 2>oiut that Detroit Conimandery was coming, 
the interest awakened called attention to the city and the State to a degree 
scarcely less than any feature of the great Exhibition in ^vhicll Michigan held 
prominence. 

The history of the trip of Detroit Commandery, No. 1, to Philadeli)liia, 
which is here introduced, is preserved in a pamphlet of sixty pages, prepai'ed 
by the historian of the Commandery, John W. McGrath, under the title : 
^'Re-union of Knights Templar, in commemoration of the Hundi'edth Anniver- 
sary of American Independence, held at Philadelphia, June 1, 1870, under the 
auspices of the Right Excellent Grand Commander)^ of Pennsylvania." The 
Commandery left Detroit May twenty-eighth, returning on the evening of June 
ninth. They were accompanied by Gardner's Flint City Band, commendatory 
mention of which will appear follo\ving. The route was by the Great Western 
Railway to Suspension Bridge, Erie Railway to Waverly, Lehigh Vallev to 
Bethlehem, and Northern Pennsylvania and Reading to Philadelphia. The trip 
was made pleasant by the welcome and attentions of citizens, railway officials, 
and members of the fraternity, along the route. 

At Philadelphia the Commandery were received and entertained by St. 
Johns, Philadelphia, and Mary Commanderies, of that city. The grand 
parade occurred on the first day of June, Detroit Commandery marching about 
five miles to the place of rendezvous. A march of this distance, begun at 
seven in the morning, followed by a tedious march and review in column, in 
the city of Philadelphia on the Hi'st of June, with social greetings lasting until 
a late hour of the evening, suggests a high capacity of endurance, but the 
chronicle makes no mention of complaint oi- flagging. At the new Masonic 
Temple, Br<jad and Filbert streets, tlie column was reviewed by the grand 
officers of the Grand Encampment of the United States aud the Grand Com- 
mandery of Pennsylvania. Of the parade generally, the Philadelphia "Sunday 
Dispatch" of June fourth had this to say: 



658 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Even ill tliis Ci'iitciiuiiil vfiir. when our cily is inv|)aivd tor ;ill iii;uuu-r of liriUiaiit displays. 
preceUouco Ibr spleiuloi- ami oiilor imist, in all {nohiiliility, bo finally yielded tu the jiageant of the 
Kuights Tenijilai- which enlivened and beautitied our streets on Thursday last. They came from 
almost every state — from Michisran, in the Northwest: from Alabama, in the South; from far-away 
Texas; from more distant California. Outside the wide limits of our own land, there were knights 
present from Canada, Scotland, Ireland ; and one sword-bearer I'eprcseuted South Africa. Fully 
impressed with the importance of appearing at their best in the Centennial city in this glorious 
Centennial year, the Templars came with full ranks, in splendid array, and with generous supplies 
of music. Astonishing was the number of brass bauds, and on Wednesday night martial music 
in the streets was as frequent as wius the jingling of the bells of the horse-cars. Sight-seers from 
far and near were made happy on Thursday. The weather was simply superb, and the procession 
of Templars was maguificeut. Brilliant uniforms were enhanced by the gallant bearing of manly 
wearers. It may well be doubted if the devoted, warlike predecessors of the peaceful Templar 
Knights of to-day contained in their serried ranks such exceptionally fine specimens of gentlemen 
as paraded on Tluii-sday last. In such a select body, the best i>f order prevailed as a matter 
of course. 

Of the part taken bv Detroit ('oiuinandeiy in the paiach^, the press 
gave expression as follows: 

The principal features of the parade were the noble appearance ot' the men in line, and the 
creditable military evolutions of a number of the Commanderies, especially York Commandery, 
No. 55, of New York, and Detroit Commandery, No. 1, of Detroit, Michigan. The latter bears 
the palm of being the best drilled Commandery in the world, and the perfect manner in which 
they executed the most difficult evolutions yesterday, certainly was not equaled by aiiv other 
Commandery in the line. — [Philadelphia Item. 

Every one was on the tip-toe of expectation when it was announceil that the champion drilled 
Commandery, Detroit, No. 1, was approaching; and they were the cynosun' of all eyes. Their 
evolutions, of all the usual kinds and many new ones, were received with noisy demonstrations of 
delight and admiration; and, without any intent of partiality, we think that the award for supe- 
riority must be given to this Commandery. It is a pity they did not afford our citizens an 
opportunity of witnessing their perfection in drill at the Academy, when it eoiild more thoroughly 
have been appreciated.— [Philadelphia Press, June 2. 

The crack Commandery of the United States, Detroit, No. 1, whose evolutions, crosses and 
triangles were performed with remarkable quickness and accuracy ; and the body were recipients 
of continual ovations. This Commandery won the prize at Baltimore, three years ago, for being 
"the best drilled Commandery in the United States."— [Philadelphia Herald. 

Detroit Commandery, distinguished for previous displays of drill, executed several movements 
quickly and neatly in front of the reviewei-s. — [Dispatch to the New York Times. 

The Detroit Commandery was present, and kept up a continuous change of line ; and, in our 
opinion, if a prize had beeu offered, Detroit would have received it. — [Dispatch to the Chicago Times, 

This Commandery (Detroit), not only captured our city, but our citizens, who, with one accord 
and by acclamation, acknowledged it as the "excelsior" of all Commanderies which appeared in 
the late Knights Templar parade, from their manly and gentlemanly bearing and their superior 
drill.— [Philadelphia Press, June 8. 

From repeated conversations with Sir Knights Templar from various parts of the country, I 
find it is generally conceded by them that the Detroit Commandery is the best drilled and best 
appearing Commandery in the Ignited States; and had there been a contest between the Comman- 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 659 



deries at the late encampment here, the Detroit Commauderj woulil iiiidouljtedly have won the 
highest prize. — [Correspondence of the Detroit Post. 

Although badly cramped for room, the Detroit Sir Knights executed a number of their 
beautiful manoeuvres, which caught the popular admiration and added another to the already 
numerous laurels they have won. It is also acknowledged here, in all the Commander)^ head- 
quarters, that Detrf)it received the honors of to-day, while the general verdict is unanimous to that 
effect. This, in the face of the fact that a strong effort had been made to outdo the champion 
Commandery for once, and to concentrate the rivalry in that direction. Other Commanderies made 
notal)l<> display, but not one could .show the discipline and perfection of movement upon which 
Detroit Commandery re.«ts its undisputed claim to .sujjeriority over all other like bodies in the 
United States. — [Di.spatch to the Detroit Free Pre.s.s. 

In tlie evening, the Connnanilerie.^; of Penn.sylvaniu united in a grand recep- 
tion at the Academy of Music and Horticultural Hall, which buildings had 
been connected by a bridge, erected for the occasion. Over twenty thousand 
invitations were issued, ;ind fully two-thirds of that nurnlter pai'ticipated in the 
festivities of the evening. Both halls were elaborately decorated with Templar 
emblems and the stars and stripes. This was spoken of by one of the local 
papers as "a fitting crown to the day's brilliant parade." An address of 
welcome was delivered by Hon. James H. Hopkins, Eminent Grand Commander 
of Knights Templar of the United States. 

Commenting upon the occasion and the events of the day, the historian says: 

Thus closed the most memorable day in the history of Templar Masour}', and perhaps the 
grandest display of the Centennial year. The number of Sir Knights who participated in the 
parade has been estimated by the local press all the way from 8,000 to 15,000. One of the local 
Commanderies turned out 500 swords, and another 300. There were present representatives from 
Ireland, Scotland, Soutlv Africa, the Dominion of Canada, and from nearly every State in the 
Union — particularly from the Southern States. In making the proclamation, provided for by the 
Act creating the Centennial Commission, President Grant .said : " In the interest of peace, 
civilization, and domestic and international friendship and intercourse, I commend the Celebration 
and Exhibition to the people of the United States, and in behalf of this Government and people, 
I cordially commend them to all nations who may be plea.sed to take part therein." It is 
eminently fitting that we, as Ma.sons, should take an especial interest in the re-unification of this 
great nation, in the extension of the broad mantle of charity over the indiscretions and errors of 
the past, and in harmonizing the sectional differences produced by our late internecine war. No 
event of the year will have contributed more to this end than the Knights Templar parade of 1876. 

The Commandery was officered on the trip as follows : 

Jessa E. Saxton, Eminent Commander. Alex. McGregor, Sentinel. 

Richard Rowland, Generalissimo. Sidney B. Dixon, First Guard. 

P^ugene Robin.son, Captaui General. Edward Slaves, Third Guard. 

Rev. C. H. W. Stocking, Prelate. W. S. Coon, Commander l.'^t Platoon. 

^I. V. Borgniau, Senior Warden and Adjutant. .James Hough, Commander 2d Platoon. 

Janie- Hough, Junior Warden. IMward Burke, Commander :}d Platoon. 

Walter H. Coots, Standard Bearer. A. J. Rogers, Commander 4tli Platoon. 

Charles E., Warren, Sword Bearer. .1. W. Dyer, Guidon. 

James Findlater, Warder. A. .Mulluwson, Guidon. 



660 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Among the many social greetings, was the reception and dinner given the 
Detroit Commandery by St. John's Commandery, of Philadelphia. The intellectual 
feature of the occasion was a poem by Rev. C. H. W. Stocking, D. D., Rector 
of Grace Church, Detroit, and Prelate of the Commandery. The poem touched 
quite happily upon the graces and duties of social and political life, contrast- 
ing the past with the pi'esent. Some extracts more particularly applicable to 
the mystic Brotherhood are given : 

No patriot there is but e'er must feel 
A thrill of pleasure at his country's weal ; 
No Templar, but must ever gladly pay 
Masonic thanks for this Centennial day. * * 

* * Ah ! well, methinks, a sober, wholesome thought 

Should creejJ into our verse, and we be taught 

To blend the virtues of the Present and the Past, 

And o'er their follies a broad mantle east. 

To-day, we're circled by a magic chain. 

Whose links of common feeling can contain 

Millions of hearts, and bind them into one ; 

That chain is Masonry — a strong link, Washington. 

Our hearts are light: with pardonable pride elate. 

We glory in the present ijros])erous state 

Of her, whose sons in every clime appear. 

Whose fostering arms reach o'er each hemisphere ; 

Within whose household of Masonic love 

Millions are gathered here, and in the Lodge above. 

Monarchs enthi-oned in splendor, yet who thought 

The royal hand but honored, when it wrought 

With square and compass — instruments that tell 

That only he is great who rules his passions well. 

Heroes of every age, the gallant Knight, 

Forth hastening for his lady fair to fight ; 

Bishops who joined the rule to pastoral rod, 

To fashion temples for the Living God; 

Martyrs embracing block and burning stake 

Of persecution's hatred, to awake 

To endless glory in the Lodge on high; 

Statesmen, whose honor money ne'er could buy : 

These crowd around us from the hoary past, 

An army grand, courageous, and vast. 

The lamb-skin with the purple, and the square 

And compass, with the sceptre, equal honors share ; 

The rich and poor, the lofty and the low, 

On the Masonic floor, no false, distinctions know. 

Here come to faithful Templars, from above, 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 661 

Fresh guarantees to holy wedded love : 
Here is another altar, where we humbly bow 
To swear allegiance to our marriage vow : 
To feed the hungry, and to nurse with care 
The sick ; the lone widow's grief to share, 
And wipe the bitter tears that e'er must flow 
From human eyes while in this world of woe. 

So, as true Templars, may we love to tliink 

Of the great "High Twelve," nor, like :i hcatlion, shrink 

From scythe and hour-glass, since some hand 

We've often clasped within our mystic band. 

May smooth our pillow for our long, last rest. 

And lay the green Acacia on our breast. 

On Sunday, June fourth, Dr. Stocking preached before the Commandery at 
their quarters in Phihidelphia from the text, Deuteronomy, x.xiii : It ; " When 
the host goetli forth against tliine enemies, tlien keep thee from every \vicked 
tiling." The discourse was an exhortation to virtue and discipline of character 
not only as essential to personal success and moral health and vigoi-, but a 
force in the social and politi<-al world. 

The concluding portion is given: 

How careful, then, should we. Sir Knights, he to watch vigilantly against every source and 
element of weakness! How should we stand shoulder to shoulder in an unbroken front, lest 
divisions beget distracted counsels, and broken ranks invite defeat and ruin I How honest in the 
discharge of business obligations should they be who profess and preach houesty to others! How 
free from .slander should the knightly lip be that has confessed at the mystic altar Him who was 
Charity itself, and which, at the church's altars, has been moistened with the blood of Jesus' 
j)a*sion ! How pure in heart he who teaches and demands purity in others ! How charitable in 
his judgments he who remembers that he him.self has sins that must stand the scrutiny of Ahnighty 
God ! How must the Christian Tem])lar be patient and prayerful, forgiving and forbearing, 
courageous and loving, hopeful and earnest, pure and humble, lest, having preached to others 
I)atience and prayer, forgiveness and forbearance, courage and love, hope and sincerity, purity and 
humility, he himself become a castaway! Here in this beautiful City of Brotherly Love we have 
opportunity for the exercise of both the positive and prudential virtues. The graceful hospitality 
of our valiant and magnanimous Sir Knights is surrounding us with good cheer, that is not 
unfrequently the parent of conviviality. But you have not yet forgotten whose and what good 
name is entrusted to your keeping. To singular proficiency in drill you have added the dignity of 
gentlemen and the bearing of true and worthy Knights Templar; and when again the spire.-! of 
the lu-autiful " City of the Straits " shall rise upon your vision, tipped with the glow of the sunset, and 
fla.shing back to you the image of the same cross tliat graces your persons, may the proudest trophy 
you lay at the feet of wife or mother, sister or child, friend, or one nearer and dearer than that, be, 
not these badges that tell of fraternal affection, not the i)rinted plaudit.^ or the remembered com- 
pliments of a public-spirited eifizenshi]), but an liouor unsullied, a hmlv and soul " unspotteil from 
the world," because that "When thou wciitest Cnilli uilli the im-t. llmii didst keep thvself from 
every evil thing." 
83 



662 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

Besides the Centennial Exhibition, the Knights visited Girard College, the 
Alms House, the Philadelphia House of Correction, and other public institutions, 
and were shown many courtesies by those in charge, all of which are reported 
at length in the historical sketch to which reference has been made. The 
Commandery left Philadelphia on their return on the morning of June eighth^ 
reaching Deti'oit the following day about five o'clock in the evening. The 
return trip at many points partook of the character of an ovation. Their 
reception at Deti'oit is thus chronicled in the Detroit "Free Press:" 

At the Michigan Central depot the returned Kuiglits were met by a division of about fifty 
Sir Knights ^vho remained at home. Forming in line, and headed by the famous musical organ- 
ization which accompanied them, the returning Knights marched out into Third street, where they 
saw drawn up in line, and at "present arms," the Detroit Light Guard, the National Guard and 
its baud of music, the Centennial Battalion Pelouze Cadets, and the Cadets' Drum and Bugle 
Corps. The sidewalks were thronged with citizens, while the roofs, windows and doors overlooking 
them were filled with men, women and children. At the first appearance of Drum-Major Murray, 
of Gardner's Flint City Baud, a cheer went up and continued as the Band and Connnandery 
passed along the line. The reception thus began continued by marching up Third to Fort street, 
up Fort to First street, thence to Michigan and Washington avenues, thence to Woodward avenue, 
down to Jefferson avenue, and to Masonic Hall, where they disbanded. All along the line of 
march the Sir Knights gave some of their celebrated marching manoeuvres, and were' ajiplauded 
and greeted with waving of handkerchiefs and hats, showing conclusively that the trip and 
achievements of the Knights have been watched with interest by our citizens, and that their efforts 
are fully appreciated. 

The many courtesies of which the Templars were the recipients were duly 
acknowledged and recorded in the history of the trip. Of Gardner's Flint C'ity 
Band, the chronicler has this to say : 

Our Connnander\- was fortunate in the selection of (Jardner's Flint City Band to lU'company 
us on the trip. The gentlemanly character of the members of that body, their proficiency in music 
and drill, and their beautiful instruments and dress, elicited the admiration of not only our party, 
but of the people everywhere. We had intended to append some of the press notices of tlic hand, 
but they are so numerous as to extend an already too long narrative. 

The subjoined account of the return of the band to its home in Flint is 
given l)y a newspaper coirespondeut : 

As the train steamed into the depot, people by hundreds were watching for faces seeming long 
absent from home, and it seemed as if Flint had thrown all cares aside, making the day more 
like a holiday than a busy Saturday. As the train came to a halt and the inmates of the 
crowded cars descended to the platform, the usual hand-shaking and warm greetings were gone 
through with, when the band formed in line and found themselves headed by the Flint Cadets, 
under command of Major Lochead. Here Hon. E. H. Thomson called the crowd to order, and 
delivered a stirring address of welcome, which was received with cheers. After the address, three 
cheers and a tiger for (lardner's Flint Citv Band was ])ro])os('(l by Colonel Thomson, which were 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 663 



heartily responded to. The profession, houdcd by tlif Fliut Cadets, in (•(iluiuiis of four, began to 
move; the band, tired and worn out, jjhiyiug old fimiiliar airs, marched to the bund room, where 
the Cadets formed into lino and iirosented arms as the band passed up stairs into their rooms, 
amidst the hurrahs, the clapping of hands and waving of handkerchiefs — such a scene as was never 
known here before. Old men and young men, on the march to the rooms, so overcome with 
excitement and joy in seeing the band return, having borne the heat and burden of the day, and 
coming lionie victorious, fairly hugged the mend)ers, so anxious were they to be near them. 

Tlie band was composed as follows; 

J. Henry Gardner, leader and K fhil eoniet. .Inhn Shmdcr, seroud 15 Hat tenor. 

Dexter Bowman, second E flat cornet. William Lyon, third B flat tenor. 

Samuel Young, first B flat cornet. Melvin Bowman, solo baritone. 

William Beach, second B flat cornet. James Cummins, fir.st B flat bass. 

N. J. Kruscn, third B flat cornet. Frank Farrer, first E flat tuba. 

Alfred Hirst, E flat piccolo. Charles Mack, seconil E flat tuba. 

Bernhard G. Berger, E flat clarionet. Jetterson Powell, double B flat ba.«s. 

James Austin, first B flat clarionet. Charles Ward, first tenor drum. 

Jacob Bauer, second B flat clarionet. Adelbert Raymond, .second tenor (hum. 

Maitland Corless, solo alto. Andrew Ward, bass drum. 

John Stephens, first alto. Fred Bort, (ynd)als. 

William Shipner, second alto. E. W. Miiiray, Drum .Major. 
Eugene Parsoll, fii-st B flat tenor. 



THE INDEPENDENT OKDEK Ol-' ODD I'KI.I.O \VS. 

This organization was introduced into Michigan ahotit the year 1844, the 
Grand Lodge having been organized at Detroit November fifth of that year. 
There are at the present time 275 working h)dges, witli a meml)ership of about 
14,000. Tlie "Encampment of Patriarclis " is an advanced grade of Odd Fel- 
lowship, holding a relation to tliat fraternity sotnewliat analagons to tliat which 
the Knights Templar hold to Masoiuy. The Right Worthy Grand Encampment 
was organized at Kalamazoo, February 4, 1847. There are at this time in the 
State eighty-eight subordinate encampments, with a membership of nearly .'5,000. 
The Odd Fellows of Michigan were represented by an excursion to Philadel- 
phia, leaving Detroit September fifteenth, going liy way of the Canada Southern, 
Erie and Lehigh Valley railroads, and returning b}' way of New'^York. The 
e.vcursion embraced members of the ordei', with their families and friends, from 
all parts of the State, numliering about "2,000 [)ersoMs, about one-half of whom 
were members of tlie order. Detroit Encampment, No. 1, Uniformed Patriarchs, 
was the only organized feature of the excursion. This body sent about forty 
members, uniformed and bearing 8wor<ls. Tlie (iiaiKl l^odge of the United 
States being in session at Philadelphia, was the occasion of Ininging together 



664 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

represeotatives of the o]'der from all parts of the country, culminating in a 
grand procession September twentieth. Of this procession, and the participation 
of the Detroit Patriarchs in it, a press dispatch gives the following accoimt : 

Over fifty tlii)u.'-;iiid persons were in the line of niareli, hciiig the largest procession of the 
season. There were seveuty-fivc bands. Detroit took the honor, as usual. All along the route 
they were cheered and applauded. You heard the cry, " They're the boss company," " They are 
the Detroit company." The fanc}' movements were highly applauded by members of the Grand 
Lodge. An immense crowd thronged the line of march, and Detroit may well feel proud of her 
company of Patriarchs. Every man did his best, and every movement was well executed. The 
Patriarchs are in fine spirits to-night, and feel highly flattered over the laurels they have gained. 

The officers of the Grand Lodge and of the Grand Encampment for the 
year 1876, were: 

GKAXl) LODGE OFFIC!ERS. GRAND ENCAMPMENT OFFICERS. 

John N. Ingorsoll, M. W. Grand Master, Corunna. O. W. Oviatt, M. W. Grand Patriarch, St. Joseph. 

D. Burnham Tracy, R. W. D. Grand Master, Detroit. Geo. H. ghearer, M. E. Grand Higii Priest, Bay City. 
Edward H. Thomson, R, W. Grand Warden, Flint. Norman Bailey, R. W. G. Senior Warden, Hastings. 

E. H. Whitne}^ R. W. Grand Secretary, Lansing. E. H. Whitney, R. W. Grand Scribe, Lansing. 

R. H. Morrison, R. W. Grand Treas\u-er, Sturgis. R. H. Morrison, R. W. Grand Treasurer, Sturgis. 

George W. Griggs, R. W. G. Rep. G. L. U. S., Grand Chas. H. Palmer, R. W. G. Junior Warden, Jackson. 

Rapids. De.xter Gray, R. W. G. Eep. G. L. U. S. , Hudson. 

George Dean, R. W. G. Rep. G. L. U. S., Detroit. Fayette S. Day, R. W. G. Rep. G. L. U. S., Allegan. 

E. K. Grout, W. Grand Chaplain, Leslie. D. B Harper, W. Grand Marshal, Niles. 

James M. Servoss, W. Grand Marshal, Marshall. J. W. Ely, W. Grand Inside Sentinel, Allegan. 

Geo. W. Westerman, W. Grand Conductor, Adrian. W. D. Whalen, W. Grand Outside Sentinel, Howell. 
Wm. A. Sweet, Jr., W. Grand Guardian, Carson City. 
Christian Jacobs, W. Grand Herald, Detroit. 



KNIGHTS OF I'YTHIAS. 

This is a secret organization of quite recent date, the first lodge being said' 
to have been formed in Washington in 1864. A meml)ership in the entire 
country of 100,0U0 was claimed in 1872, with some variations but no increase 
up to 1876, when the number of lodges was given at 1,526, and the member- 
ship) at 100,000. The fraternity has for its motto Friendship, Charity and 
Benevolence, and claims to have chosen its name, as exemplifying the devoted 
friendship represented by the legend of Damon and Pythias. Olympic Lodge, 
No. 1, the first lodge in Michigan, was organized in Detroit on March 15, 
1871, by Supreme Chancellor Samuel Read, of New Jersey. Among the prom- 
inent members at that time were W. S. Wood, now of Coshocton, Ohio, John 
Hosmer, C. H. Ilorton, George C. Chandler, M. S. Smith, Thomas H. Armstrong, 
and others. At the present time there ' are twenty-eight lodges in Michigan, 
with a membership, January 1, 1876, of over 1,000. The Supreme Lodge of 



STATE REPRESENTATION AT PHILADELPHIA. 665 



the United States met in Philadel}iliia August tweuty-tliird, calling together 
re2)i'esentatives from different parts of the country. The occasion embraced a 
parade on August twenty-sixth, which was participated in by a delegation from 
^[icliigaii, including representatives from Pythian lodges in Saginaw, Bay City, 
Detroit, Hastings and Flint, all uniting under the bannei- of Rowena Lodge, 
No. 2i>, of Jackson. The visit of these parties to Philadelphia was made the 
occasion of an excursion under the auspices of the ordei', in which some four 
hundred persons, including members of the order and their friends, partici])ated. 



OTUEi: KXcrwsioNs. 



Tlic Mechanics and Inventors' Association, of Detroit, of which Thomas S. 
Sprague is president, H. F. Fberts, treasure!', and H. S. Sprague, seci-etary, is 
organized as an agency generally foi' pi-ocuring patents and other similai- work 
iu connection with mechanical inventions. Two large excursions under the 
auspices of the association, leaving Detroit September twelfth and twenty-eighth 
respectively, visited the Centennial — the first numbering 1,641 persons, and the 
second over 1,000 persons. Two large e.xcursions, known as farmers' excursions, 
although not confined exclusively to that class, were gotten up chiefly under 
the management of the proprietors of the " Michigan Farmer." They were 
(juite successful in every feature. There were a number of other minor excur- 
sions during the season. These were chiefly private enterprises, yielding 
pecuniary profits to the managers, but they demand mention as part of the 
great tide that flowed from Michigan to the Centennial Exhibition. 



RATES OF FARE AND RAILWAY ROUTES. 

Early in the season, through the concurrent action of railway passenger 
agents, the rates of fare from the west to Philadelphia, during the Exhibition, 
were fixed at twenty-five per cent below the regular schedule, the arrangement 
taking effect May first, and all tickets purchased to be gocjd until November 
first. The fare for the round trip from Detroit under this ariangement was 
S2:5.40. This rate continued imtil September thirteenth, when through competi- 
tion tlie price was reduced to §18. The regular fare one way between Detroit 
and Philadelphia was, at the opening of the Exhibition, $16.25, but early in 
June it was reduced to $12, and later in the same month it was further 
reduced by competition to nine dollars, w Iiicli I'ate was maintained during the 
balance of the season, the ticket conditione(l that it should be used within five 



666 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

days. Commutation rates to excursions were $14 for the round trip, tickets 
good for sixty days. On all ronnd tri]) tickets one dollar was added where 
the jjurehaser desired to return by way of New York. 

The principal routes taken by Michigan people were: 1. By the Canada 
Southern, Ei'ie and Lehigh Valley railways to Philadelphia, returning by way 
of the New Jersey Southern or Pennsylvania Central to New York, thence by 
the Erie and Canada Southei'n ; 2. By the Great Western, New York Central, 
and Northern Central, to Philadelphia, returning by the Pennsylvania Railroad 
to New York, thence homeward by the New York Central and Gi-eat Western 
railways. 

A FINANCIAL COMPUTATION. 

The number of persons registered at the Michigan Building during the 
Exhibition is stated by Mr. Secretary Noble, in his final report to the Board 
of Managers (page 476 of this work), at nearly 32,000. It seems hardly 
probable that this number of people from Michigan visited the Exhibition. A 
prevalent social lawlessness, it is believed, prompted many persons who visited 
the Michigan Building to register their names, who were not residents of the 
State, to prevent which no efficient check could be devised. To attempt to 
say what number were thus impi'operly registered would be mei'e guess-work. 
If we accept 30,000 as the number from Michigan, and $20 as the average 
cost of transportation, the expenditure for this item would amount to $600,000. 
Presuming that each j)erson would consume, on an average, two weeks' time, 
at an average daily expense of three dollars, for 30,000 persons, would give an 
aggregate of $1,260,000, which, added to the cost of transportation, would be 
$1,860,000 as the amount exj^ended by the people of Michigan in visiting the 
Centennial Exhibition. Although these figures are made from very uncertain 
data, they are below the general aggregates of other computations, and do not 
take into account extra expenses to which exhibitors were subjected, cost of 
transportation, etc. 



APPENDIX. 

CONCLUDING NOTES OX THE CENTENNIAL. 

MICHIGAN PEOrLE AT THE EXHIBITION. 

JCNTION is made following only of those Michigan people who were 
}jl officially connected with the Exhibition, or whose continued attendance 
there was worthy of special note. The attendance of members of the State 
Centennial Board at the Exhibition is spoken of in other parts of this work. 
The Secretary, Mr. Noble, with the exception of a short visit to Detroit during 
the summer, was at Philadelphia from the latter part of April until December, 
giving his undivided attention to the duties of his position, and being aided 
at the Michigan headquarters by Mrs. Noble and daughter. Mr. Samuel Brady, 
in charge of the mineral exhibit, was in attendance from July until the close 
of the Exhibition. Dr. Jacokes, in charge of the educational department, spent 
a large portion of the summer there. Mr. Ilgenfritz, in the agricultural depart- 
ment, was there during the entire period, and received from the executive 
committee of the State Agricultural Society a unanimous resolution of thanks 
for his services. Mr. H. S. Fralick was also an attendant at the Michigan 
Building during the last three months of the Exhibition. Mr. Bronson Howard 
and ^Ir. Henry S. Clubb, both of whom are contributors to this volume, Avere 
in attendance at the Exhibition during its continuance. 

Of the judges of award, two were given to Michigan. Professor J. C. 
Watson, of the State University, was appointed to Group xxv, comjirising 
philosophical instruments and apjjai-atus, such as instruments of precision, 
research, experiment, and illustration. T. T. Tiyon, Esq., of South Haven, was 
one of the judges in pomology. 

THE PRESS OF MICHIGAN. 

A printed history of the press of Michigan, prepared by Thomas S. Apple- 
gate, of the "Adiian Times," at the request of Governor Bagley, was included 
in the Michigan educational exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition. It was 



60S 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



arrano-ed 1)V counties, and g-ave historical sketclies of the sevei-al newspapers 
then and previously published in Michigan, with the persons engaged in their 
publication and management, so far as could be ascertained by the compiler. 
Our notice of this exhibit is supjdemented by the following list of newspapers 
and periodicals published in the State on the first of Januaiy, 1877, as found 
in the "Tribune Almanac'' for that year. 

In the following table R. denotes the character of the paper as Republican; D, Democratic; I, independent; N, neutral; 
M, mining. The dailies, which in most oases issue alsb tri-weekly and weekly editions, are designated by the asterisk (*). 
The dagger (t) denotes that the paper is issued semi-weekly; in all cases not marked, the issues are weekly. 



ALLEGAN COUNTY. 

Journnl, Allegan, R. 

Democrat, Allegan, D. 

Lake Shore Cuiinuerciiil. Saugii- 

tuck, I. 
Republic, Pliiinwell, E. 
Union, Ot.sego, I. 
Courier, Wayland, I. 

ALPENA COUNTY. 

Pioneer. Alpena, R. 
Argus, Alpena, D. 

.\NTUIM COUNTY. 

Progress, Elk Kapiils, 1. 

BARAGA COUNTY. 

Xews, li'Anse, I. 

BARRY COUNTY. 

Republican Banner,t Hastings, ti. 
Home .Journal, Hastings, D. 
Republican, Middleville, R. 
News, Nashville, 1. 

BAY COUNTY. 

Chronicle, Bay City, R. 
Herald, Wenona, R. 
Tribune,* Bay City, I. 
Observer, Bay City, D. 
Growler, Bay City, I. 

BENZIK COUNTY. 

Benzie Co. Journal, Benzonia, R. 
Express, Frankfort, I. 

BERRIKN COUNTY. 

Democrat, Nilcs, D. 
Journal, Berrien Springs, I. 
Era, Berrien Springs, R. 
Journal, Watcrvliet, N. 
Palladium. Benton Harbor, R. 
Republican, Nilcs, R. 
Record, Buchanan, R. 



Republican, St. Joseph, D. 
Traveler and Herald, St. Joseph, R. 
Times. Benton Harbor, D. 
Independent, New BufTalo, 1. 
MiiTor, Nilcs, D. 

liRANCII COUNTY. 

Times, Quincy, 1. 
Republican,! Coldwater, R. 
Reporter. Coldwater, 1. 
Register, Union City, K. 

CAT.nOUX COUNTY. 

Statesman, Marshall, R. 
Democratic Expounder, Marshall, D 
Journal,* Battle Creek, R. 
Michigan Tribune, Baltic Creek, I. 
Recorder, Albion, 1{. 
Mirror, Albion, D. 
Index, Homer. N. 

CASS l'OI!NTY. 

Argus. Edwardsburg, I. 
Republican, Dowagiac, R. 
National Democrat, Cassopolis, D. 
Vigilant, Ca.ssopolis, R. 

CLINTON COUNTY. 

Republican, St. Johns, R. 
Independent, St. Johns, D. 
Register, Ovid, I. 
Messenger, Maple Rapids, 1. 

CUARLKVOIX COUNTY. 

Sentinel, Charlevoix, K 

CHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 

Free Press, Cheboygan, D. 
Northern Tribune, Chelioygan, R. 

CLARE COUNTY. 

Register, FarwcU, R. 

DELTA COUNTY. 

Tribune, Escanaba. I. 



EATON COUNTY. 

Leader, Charlotte, I) 
■Republican, Charlotte, K. 
Gazette, Bellevue, N. 
Enterprise, Vermontville, I. 
Independent, Grand Ledge, I. 
Journal, Eaton Rapids, I. 

EMilET COUNTY. 

Republican, Little Traverse, R. 
Emmet Co. Democrat, Peloskey, D. 

OENESEK COUNTY. 

Globe, Flint, R. 
Wolverine Citizen, Flint. R. 
Democrat, Flint, D. 
Journal, Flint, D. 
Independent, Fenton, I. 
Gazette, Fenton, 1. 

GRAND TRAVERSE COUNTY. 

Grand Tiaverse Herald, Traverse 

City, R. 
Traverse Bay Eagle, Traverse 

City, D. 



Journal, Ithaca, K. 
Herald, St. Louis, I). 

HILLSDALE COUNTY. 

Standard, Hillsdale, R. 
Gazette, Litchfield, N. 
Democrat, Hillsdale, D. 
Business, Hillsdale, R. 
Independent, Jonesville, R. 
Press, Reading, I. 

HOUGHTON COUNTY. 

Mining Gazette, Houghton, M. 
Mininir Journal, Hancock, M. 



APPENDIX. 



669 



HURON COUNTY. 


LAKE COUNTY. 


MKNO.MINEE COUNTY. 


IniJepeiKlent, C'aseville, K. 


Star. Baldwin City, R. 


Herald, Menominee, R. 


Iluron Co. News, Port Austin, K. 






Backwoodsman, Bad A.xe, D. 


LAPEER COUNTY. 


MIDLAND COUNTY. 




Clarion, Lapeer, R. 


Independent, Midland, R. 


INGn.\M COUNTY. 


Democrat, Lapeer, D. 




State Republican, + Lansing, R. 


Herald, Almont, R. 


MONROE COUNTY. 


Journal, Lansing. D. 


Advance, Imlay City, R. 


Commercial, Monroe, R. 


New.s, Mason, R. 


Observer, North Branch, I. 


Monitor, Monroe, D. 


Democrat, Mason, D. 






Local, Leslie, L 


LEELANAW COUNTY. 


MONTCALM COUNTY. 


IONIA tOCXTY. 


Tribune, Xorlliport, R. 


Independent, Greenville, R. 
Democrat, Greenville, D. 


Standard, Ionia, D. 


LKNAWKE COUNTY. 


Herald, Stanton, R. 


Sentinel, Ionia, R. 


Times,* Adrian, R. 


Record, Howard City, R. 


Advertiser. Hutibardston, I. 


Press,* Adrian, D. 


Commercial, Carson City, I. 


Observer, Portland, N. 


Journal, Adrian, D. 


Journal, Stanton, R. 


Grand River Herald, Muir, R. 


Gazette, Hudson, I. 


Citizen, Lakeview, N. 


Reporter, Saranac, R. 


Post. Hudson, R. 






Herald, Tecumseli, I. 


MUSKEGON COUNTY. 


IOSCO COUNTY. 


Advance, Blissfield, N. 




Iosco Co. Gazette, Tawas City, R. 


State Observer, Moreuci, I. 


Chronicle, Muskegon, R. 
Lakeside Register, Muskegon, D. 


IS.MiELl,.\ COUNTY. 


LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 


News and Reporter,! Muskegon, D. 


Enterprise, Mt. Pleasant, R. 


Republican, Howell, R. 


Forum, Whitehall, R. 


Times, Mt. Plea.sant, D. 


Democrat, Howell, D. 
Review, Fowlerville, I. 


Lumberman, Montague, D. 


JACKSON COUNTY. 


Citizen, Brighton, I. 


NEWAYGO COUNTY. 


Citizen.* Jackson, R. 




Times, Fremont Center, R. 


Patriot,* .Jackson, D. 


.MACO.MIi COUNTY. 


Republican, Newaygo, R. 


News, Concord, I. 


Monitor and Reporter, Mt. Clem- 


Tribune, Newaygo, R. 


Signal, Springport, I. 


ens, R. 




Saturday Times, Jackson, R. 


Press, Mt. Clemens, D. 


OAKLAND COUNTY. 




Observer, Romeo, R. 


Gazette, Ponliac, R. 


KALAMAZOO COUNTY. 


Telegraph, Armada, I. 


Bill Po.ster, Pontiac, D. 


Telegraph,* Kalamazoo, R. 


Sentinel, Utica, I. 


Sun, Rochester, I. 


Gazette,* Kalamazoo, D. 


Herald. Richmond, I. 


Register, Holly, 1. 


Dispatch and News, Schoolcraft, I. 




Times, Jlilford, L 




MAUtJUETTE COl,T(TY. 


Era, Rochester, I. 


KALKASKA COUNTY. 


Mining Journal, Marquette. M. 


Times, Orion, I. 


Ealkaskian, Kalkaska, R. 


Iron Herald, Negaunee, R. 






Iron Home, Ishpeming. M. 


OCEAN.A. COUNTY. 


KENT COUNTY. 


Times, Marquette, D. 


Journal, Hart, R. 


Eagle.* Grand Rapids, R. 




N<;ws, Pentwater, R. 


Democrat,* Grand Rapids, D. 


MASON COUNTY. 


Hesperian and Leader, Hesperia, R. 


Morning Times,* Grand Rapids, I. 


Record, Ludington. R. 




Journal, Grand Rapids, R. 


Appeal. Ludington, D. 


OGEMAW COUNTY. 


Post, Grand Rapids, I. 




Journal, West Branch, N. 


Staats Zeitung (Ger.), Gd. Rapids, I. 


MANISTEB COUNTY. 




Journal, Lowell, R. 


Times, Manistee, R. 


ONTONAGON COUNTY. 


Clipper, Cedar Springs, R. 


Times and Standard, Manistee, R. 


Miner, Ontonagon, M. 


Register, Rockford, I. 


Advocate, Manistee, I). 




Banier (Ilolhindsch), Gd. Rapids, R. 




OSCEOLA COUNTY. 


Standaard (HoUandscli), Grand Rap- 


MECOSTA COUNTY. 


Outline, Herscy, R. 


ids, D. 


Pioneer and Magnet, Big liapids, R. 


Review, Evart, R. 


Sentinel, Sparta, I. 


Herald, Big Rapids, D. 


' Clarion, Reed City, R. 



84 



670 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



OTSEGO COUNTY. 

Herald. Otsego Lake, K. 

OTT.WVA COfNTY. 

Herald, Grand Haven, R. 
News and .lournal. Gd. Haven. D. 
Courier, Coopersville. I. 
News, Holland, I. 
De Grondwet (Hollandschi, Hol- 
land, H. 
Hollander (Hollandscli), Holland, D. 

UOSCOJIMON COUNTY. 

Pioneer, Houghton Lake, I. 

S.\GINAW COUNTY. 

Courier,* East Saginaw, D. 
Republican,* East Saginaw, R. 
Zeitung (Ger.), East Saginaw, I. 
Saginawian, Saginaw, D. 
Saginaw Valley News, Saginaw, R. 

SANILAC COUNTY. 

Jeffersonian, Lexington, R. 

SIIIAWASSEK COUNTY. 

American, Corunna, R. 
Press, Owosso, D. 
Stereoscope, Owosso, R 



ST, CLAIR COUNTY. 

Times,* Port Huron, R. 
Commercial,! Port Huron, D. 
Republican, St. Clair, R. 
Gazette. Marine City, R. 
.lournal. Port Huron, L 

ST. .JOSESPII COUNTY. 

.Tournal and Times, Sturgis, R. 
Democrat, Sturgis, D. 
Reporter, Three Rivers, L 
Herald, Three Rivers, D. 
Republican, Centreville, R. 
Times, Mendon, I. 
St. Joseph County Advertiser, Con- 
stantine, R. 

TUSCOLA COUNTY. 

Pioneer, Vassar, R. 
Advertiser, Caro, R. 

VAN BUREN COUNTY. 

True Northerner, Paw Paw. li. 
Courier, Paw Paw, R. 
Press, Paw Paw, D. 
Tidings, Bloomingdale, I 
Republican, Decatur, R. 
Sentinel, South Haven, R. 
Day Spring, Hartford, R. 



Advertiser, Lawrence, L 
Reflector, Bangor, R. 

WASHTENAW COUNTY. 

Courier, Ann Arbor, R. 
Argus, Ann Arbor, D. 
Register, Ann Arbor, R. 
Sentinel, Ypsilanti, D. 
Commercial, Ypsilanti, R. 
Leader, De.xter, L 
Herald, Chelsea, N. 
Enterprise, Manchester, L 
Oracle, Saline, L 

WAYNE COUNTY. 

Tribune,* Detroit, R. 

Post,* Detroit, R. 

Free Press,* Detroit, D. 

Abend Post* (German), Detroit, L 

Evening News,* Detroit, L 

Volk.sblatt* (German), Detroit. D. 

Record, Northville, N. 

Courier, Wyandotte, L 

Pilot. Wayne, L 

Sul)url)an, Norris, L 

WEXFORD COUNTY. 

Wexford Co. Pioneer, Sherman, R. 



In the following: list tiit* asrerislc (*) indicates weekly publications. The others are mostly semi-monthly ami monthly. 

Besides the foregoing, there are of publications not easily classified in tabular form, the following: 
The Frolic, Alpena, humorous; Lumbermen's Gazette,* Bay City, lumber interests; Odd Fellow^, Bay City, 
Odd Fellows; Reporter, Quincy, literary; Advent Review and Herald,* Youths' Instructor, Health Reformer^ 
Advent Harold (Swedish), and Advent Tidendi (Danish), Adventist publications, at Battle Creek; Deaf-Mute 
Mirror,* Flint, by deaf-mutes; Enterprise,* Williamston, local; Michigan Free Mason. Kalamazoo, Masonic; 
Monitor, Vicksburg (semi-weekly), prohibition; De Wachter (Dutch), Grand Rapids, religious; Enterprise, 
Clarkston, Methodist; .Journal,* Oxford, literary; Evangelist,* East Saginaw, religious; the Chronicle, and the 
Palladium, Ann Arbor, University; The School, Ypsilanti, educational; Leader,* Detroit, license; American 
Observer, Detroit, homeopathic; Detroit Medical Journal, medical; Amphion, musical; Commercial Adver- 
tiser,* family; Michigan Farmer,* agricultural; Song Jotirnal, musical; Michigan Christian Advocate,* 
Methodist; Our Dioceses, Episcopal; Truth for the People,* temperance; Western Home Journal,* Catholic; 
Chri.stian Herald,* Baptist; Marine Record,* commercial interests: Tidintjs.* Wavne, local. 



EXPENSES OF THE CENTENNIAL MANAGERS. 

All tippropriation of S8,H0O was made by the Legislature oi 1877 to cover 
the deticieiicy in the expenses of the Centeunial Board, as stated in their 
report, page 472, the joint resolution, which had previously passed the Senate, 
having passed the House May fourth. This makes no disposition of the Mich- 
igan Building, which is left in the hands of the Board, and will be sold and 
the pi-oceeds applied to the payment of their employes. 



APPENDIX. 671 



SOME GENERAT. STATISTICS. 

It is not within the (lesigu of this work t<> go iiuich into details in general 
statistics. For purposes of present I'eference, the statistical publications of the 
year 1870 are ([uite full. The general statistics that follow are given in the 
belief that they will have a value in years to come, Avhen details would be too 
cumbersome and <>f little interest. 

POLITICAL STATISTICS. 

TlIK I'KKSIDKNTIAL CAJII'.VKiX OF 187(). 

A reference to tlie political features of the Centennial year cannot well be omitted from this 
volume. And yet it must he only a reference, and not a review. The two principal parties were 
the Republican and the Democratic. The " Greenback " party, .«o called from its demand for a 
more liberal i.ssue of government paper money, or " greenbacks," with Peter Cooper, of New York, 
for its presidential candidate; and the Prohibition party, whose leading idea was the prohibition 
by law of the liquor traffic, with Green Clay Smith, of Kentucky, for its candidate, represented 
what would be called in politics side issues. The former polled in Michigan 9,060 votes, and in 
the United States 82,926 votes, its largest vote being in Illinois, 18,240. The Prohibitionists 
polled in Michigan 767 votes, and in the United States 10,659, their highest vote being in New 
York, 2,359. This should not be accepted as a fair test of the numerical strength of those holding 
these political sentiments, as former political associations were a controlling power with many. 

The issue of the canvass as between the two princii)al parti&s will form one of the most 
interesting chapters in our political history. As finally determined, Hayes and Wheeler, the 
Republican candidates for President and Vice-President, received 185 electoral votes, and Tilden 
and Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, 184 votes. The Republican electors received in Mich- 
igan 166,901 votes, and the Democratic electors 141,695 votes. 

THE VOTK OX STATE OFFICERS IN 1876. 

The total vote cast in the State at the general election in November, 1876, for the camlidates 
of the two principal parties for State officers, is given below. The Greenback and Prohibition 
vote is s])oken of in another place. The Democratic candidates for Lieutenant-Governor, Treasurer, 
and Auditor-General received also the Greenback vote, which accounts for the excess of their votes 
over other candidates on the same ticket. The Republican candidate for Superintendent of Public 
Instruction also received the Greenback vote. 

Title of OtBce. Republicans. Democrats. 

Governor Charles M. Croswell lfi.'5,926 William L. Webber 142,492 

Lieutenant-Governor Alonzo Sessions 160,173 .Julius Houseman 150,901 

8<;crelary of State Ebenczer G. D. Holden 167,129 George H. House 141,718 

State Treasurer William B. McCrcery 108,152 .John G. Parkhurst 149,093 

Auditor-General Hulpli Kly 160,045 Fred. M. Holloway 148,435 

Commissioner State Land Offlee. . Benjamin F. Partridjre 164,714 .loseph Brush Fenloii 142,784 

Superintendent Publiclnstruction, Horace S. Tarbell 173,784 Zclotes Truesdel 141,503 

Attorney-General Otto Kirchner 166,477 Martin Morris 142,302 

Member of Board of Kducalioii.. Wiitcr .1. Baxti-r I6(!,724 Charles I. Walker 141..573 



672 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



MICIIKiAN STATK OI'^KICEKS. 

In the following schcdulu is given tlic priiu'ipal State officers and ailiuinistrative State boards 
for the Centennial year : 

ELECTIVE STATE OFPICEHS AND TItEIU PUINCII'AL DEPDTIES. 

Governor — John J. Bagley, Detroit; Private Secretary — George H. Hopkins, Detroit. 

Lieutenant-Governor — Henry H. Holt, Muskegon. 

Secretary of State — E. Q. D. Holden, Grand Rapids; Deputy — William Crosby, Lansing. 

Auditor-General — Ralph Ely, Alma; Deputy — Hubert R. Pratt, Lansing. 

Commissioner of the State Land Office — Leverett A. Clapp, Centreville; Deputy — Ozro A. Bowen, Lansing. 

State Treasurer — William B. MeCreery, Flint; Deputy — Charles H. Hodskin, Lansing. 

Attorney-General — Andrew J. Smith, Cassopolis. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction— Daniel B. Briggs, Romeo; D.eputy— Cortland B. Stebbins, Lansing. 

Regents of the State University— Samuel S. Walker, St. Johns; Byron M. Cutcheon, Manistee; Edward C. 
Walker, Detroit; Andrew Cliraie, Leonidas; Charles Rynd, Adrian; Claudius B. Grant, Houghton; Joseph 
Estabrook, Ypsilanti; Jonas H. McGowan, Coldwater; the President of the University, James B. Angell, LL.D., 
Ann Arbor, ex officio. 

Members of the State Board of Education — Edgar Rexford, Ypsilanti; Witter J. Ba.Mer, Jonesville; Edward 
Dorsch, Monroe; the Superintendent of Public Instruction, e.r officio. 

As the result of the election in Noveinher, 187(5, the following officers succeeded the corre- 
sponding ones named above on the first day of Janiuuy, 1877 : 

Governor — Charles M. Croswell, Adrian. 

Lieutenant-Governor — Alonzo Sessions, Ionia. 

Commissioner of the Land Olfice — Benjamin F. Partridge, Bay City. 

Attorney-General — Otto Kirchner, Detroit. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction — Horace S. Tarbell, East Saginaw. 

In April, 1877, Victory P. Collier, of Battle Creek, and George L. Maltz, of Alpena, were 
elected Regents of the University, to succeed Regents McGowan and Estabrook. 

OFKICEKS AND HOARDS CKEATED liY THE LEGISLATURE, 

Commissioner of Insurance — Samuel II. Row, Lansing; Deputy — Henry N. Lawrence, Lansing. 

Commissioner of Railroads^Stephen S. Cobb, Kalamazoo; Clerk — Samuel F. Cook, Lansing. 

State Librarian — Mrs. Harriet A. Tenney, Lansing. 

State Salt Inspector — Samuel S. Garrigues, East Saginaw. 

State Swamp Land Commissioner — Joseph B. Haviland, Traverse City; Clerk — L. H. Briggs, Lansing. 

State Building Commissioners — E. O. Grosvenor, .Jonesville; James Shearer, Bay City; Alexander Chapoton,^ 
Detroit ; the Governor, ex officio. Allen L. Bours, Secretary, Lansing. 

State Board of Agriculture— See page .")40 of this work. 

Slate Board of Health — Homer O. Hitchcock, President, Kalamazoo; Robert C. Kedzie, Lansing; Rev. C. 
H. Brighain, Ann Arbor; Henry F. Lyster, Detroit; John S. Goodman, East Saginaw; Arthur Ilazelwood, (irand 
Rapids; Henry B. Baker, Secretary, Lansing. 

Commissioners for the Sujic'vision of Penal. PanpcT ami lieformatory Inslitulions— Charles I. Walker, 
Detroit; Uzziel Putnam, Jr., Pokagon; Henry W. Lord, Pontine; Z. R. Brockway, Detroit. Charles M. Cros- 
well, Secretary, Adrian. 

Board of Truslejs for the Michigan Asylum for the Insane — Luther H. Trask, Kalamazoo; E. S. Lacy, 
Charlotte; James A. Brown. Detroit; William A. Tomlinson, Kalamazoo; Joseph Gilman, Paw Paw; .James E. 
Pitlman, Detroit; Charles T. Mitchell. Dr. E. H. Van Deusen, Medical Superintendent, Kalamazoo. 

Comndssioners of the Eastern Asylum for the Insane — Warren G. Vinton, Detroit; George Iliinnahs. South 
Haven; JL E. Crofoot and W. M. McConnell, Pontiac; Samuel G. Ives, Inadilla. 

Trustees of the Inslilution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Blind.— I. D. Hanscomb, Romeo; A. L. 
Aldrich. Flint; Charles G. Johnson, Monroe. E. L. Bangs, Principal, Flint. 



APPENDIX. «V3 



Commissiouers of the Stnte Public School— Charles E. Mickley, Adrhiii; James Bums, Detroit: Caleb D. 
Handall, Coldwater; the Governor, ex officio. 

Board of Control of the State Reform School— George W. Lee, Detroit; E. II. Davis, Lansing; Daniel L. 
Grossman, Williamston. Frank M. Howe, Superintendent, Lansing. 

State Prison Inspectors— A. A. Bliss, Jackson; William S. Wilco.x, Adrian; Lafayette W. LovcU, Climax. 
William Humphrey, Warden, Jackson. 

State Board of Control for Railroads— D. Belliune Dntlield, Detroit; Hyion M. Cutoheon, Manistee; Darius 
Monroe, Bronson; P. Dean Warner, FniTnin^ton. 

State Fish Commissioners- Eli H. Miller, President, Richland; George Clark, Ecorse; A. J. Kellogg, 
Detroit; the Governor, ej: offiHo. George II Jerome, Secretary Niles. 

Military Officers of the State— The Governor, Commander-in-Chief; Brigadier-General John Robertson, 
Adjutant General; Brigadier-General Salmon S. Matthews, Quartermaster-General; Brigadier-General Luther S. 
Trowbridge, Inspector-General; Major George H. Hopkins, Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief; 
Major John Pulford, Judge Advocate. 

State jAIilitary Board — Charles E. Grisson, St. Johns, Henry M. DufliiUl, Detroit; the Inspector-General, 
ftr officio. 

TFIK SUPREME COUUT. 
Judges. First Elected. Term Expires. 

Thomas M. Cooley, Ann Arbor *iyG4 December 31, 1877. 

.Tames V. Campbell, Detroit 1857 December 31, 1879. 

Isaac Marston, Bay City *18T5 December 31, 1881. 

Benjamin F. Graves, Battle Creek Ih67 December 31, 1883. 

Reporter Hoyt Post, Detroit. 

Judge Cooley was re-elected in April, 1877, for the term eoinmenciug January 1, 1878. The 
judge having the .shortest time to serve Ls acting Chief Justice, the regular terra being eight years. 

UNITED STATES SENATOKS. 

Isajic P. Ohristiancy Term expires, 1881. 

Thomas W. Ferry Term expires, 1883. 

Mr. Ferry was first elected in 1871, and re-elected, without opposition within his own party, 
in 1877. -As President pro tern of the Senate, he became acting Vice-President on the death of 
Vice-President Wilson, serving as such until March 4, 1877, and he was then re-elected President 
pro tem. Mr. Christiancy was elected to the Senate in 1875 from his seat as a judge of the 
Supreme Court of the State. 

MEMBEHS OF THE FOKTY-FIFITI CONGRESS. 

1st District— .Vlpheus S. Williams, of Wayne county. 0th District— Mark S. Brewer, of Oakland county. 

2d District— Edwin Willits, of Monroe county. 7th District — Omar D. Conger, of St. Clair county. 

3d District — Jonas II. McGowan, of Branch county. 8th District— Chas. C. Ellsworth, of Montcalm county. 

4th District— Edwin W. Keightley, of St. .Joseph Co. 'Jth District— Jay A. Huhbell, of Houghton county. 
5th District— .lohn W. Stone, of Kent county. 

These are all Republicans except Mr. Williams, D(!niocrat, in the First district. 

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF MICHIGAN. 

The bonded debt of the State, September 30, 1875, less cash on hand apj)lieable to its 
payment, was .?!, 136,315. 7.3. The sinking, fund, derived mainly from .specific taxes on corporations, 
is more than sufficient to pay the inter&st on the entire debt and meet the principal as it falls 
due, and to guard against the accumulation of funds from this source, the Legislature in 1875 

♦ First election to fill vacancy. 



674 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



authorized tlie purchase, at a premium, of unmatured bonds of the State to an amount sufficient 
to exhaust the accumuhiting surplus. Considerable amounts of bonds have thus been purchased 
at a premium of about three per cent. Governor Bagley, in his message to the Legislature in 
1875, showed by careful computation that the accumulations to the sinking fund will be sufficient 
to wipe out the entire bonded debt by the first of January, 1883. 

The valuation of the property of the State, as fixed by the State Board of Equalization in 
1871 (fixed also at the same figure in 1876), was $630,000,000. The State tax apportioned in 
1875 was $521,232.50, or a small fraction over eight-tenths of a mill on each dollar of the valuation.. 



STATISTICS OF POPULATION. 

The total white population of Michigan in the year 1800 was 551, and the population at 
different periods since is shown following. The earlier enumerations did not include Indians, but 
the later ones do, as all the Indians in the State are regarded as civilized and non-tribal. 



1810 4,763 

1820 8,890 

1830 31,039 



1840 313,267 

1850. 397,654 

1854 507,521 



1864 .. 803,661 

1870 1,184,282 

1874 1,334,031 



The following tables, compiled from the United States census of 1870, will show the nativity 
of the principal classes of the population, as returned by the census of that year : 



Michigan 507,268 

New England States. . . 41 ,398 
New York 331,509 



British America 89,590 

England 35,051 

Ireland 42,013 

Scotland 8,552 

Pi-ussia 28,660 

Other Gerniiin States 35,483 



BORN IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Ohio 62,207 

Pennsylvania 28,507 

Indiana 13,140 

BORN IN FOKEKiN COUNTRIES. 

Holland *2,5.59 

Sweden 2,406 

Norway 1,516 

Poland 947 

France 3,121 

Switzerland 2,116 



New Jersey 8,033 

Illinois 6,0.55 

Other States 18,933 



Bohemia 1,197 

Belgium 883 

Austria 795 

Denmark 1,354 

Other countries 1 , 158 



The total of persons in the State of ten years and over who could not read was 34,613 — a 
small fraction less than 3.5 per cent of the whole population. The number who could not write 
was 53,127, or a fraction over 5.6 per cent of the whole, of whom 22,547 were of native, and 
30,580 of foreign birth. 

STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE. 

The following aggregates are mainly compiled from the State census of 1874, the amounts in 
most cases referring to the preceding year : 



IMPROVED FARMS AND ACREAOE, 



Number of improved farms 98,786 

Improved land, acres 5,540,839 00 

Wheat harvested, acres 1,134,484.00 

Corn harvested, acres 041 , 329 . 00 

Orchards, acres in 237,098.00 



Vineyai'ds, acres 

Raspberry bushes, acres 

Strawberry vines, acres 

Currant and gooseberry bushes, acres 
Melons and garden vegetables, acres . 



1,029.64 
947.53 

1,648.;^2 

387.37 

8,431.00 



APPENDIX. 



675 



.\GGKE(}ATKS OK I'UODUCTION, 187;!. 



Wheat, bushels raised 15,4!)6,203 

Corn, bushels raised 20,7U2,!)11 

Grain (other than wheat and corn) 13,209,758 

Potatoes, bushels raised 5,018,863 

Hay, tons cut 1 , 134 ,077 

Wool, pounds sheared 7,739,011 

Pork, pounds marketed 48,434,100 

Cheese, pounds made 4,101,912 

Butter, pounds made 27,972, 117 

Apples, bushels 5,928,275 

Peaches, bushels 22 , 06!) 

Pears, bushels ... 40,857 

Plums, bushels 3,607 

Cherries, bushels 06 , 746 

Grapes, cwt 29,601 

Strawberries, bushels 48,922 



Currants and gooseberries, bushels 40,562 

Melons and vegetables, bushels 930,680 

Fruit, pounds dried for market 2,604,709 

Cider, barrels made 182,347 

Wine, gallons made 50,851 

Fruit and vegetables, cans 1,003,803 

Maple sugar, pounds 4,319,793 

Horses, number of 281 ,394 

Mules, number of 3,906 

Work oxen, number of 38,901 

Milch cows, number of ; 321 ,732 

Neat cattle (other than oxen and cows) . . . 307, .554 

Swine over six mouths old, number of .... 401 ,719 

Sheep over six months old, number of . . . 1 ,051,899 

Sheep sheared, number of 1 ,676,176 



PUBLIC LANDS. 

There were subject to entry in Michigan, in the year 1876, 5,231,016.71 acres of public 
lands, as follows: 

Government lands 451,500.00 

State lands: Primary school . 447,318.87 

Agricultural College 105,504.57 

Swamp lands. 2,514,304.43 

Other State lands 8,126.84 

Railway and canal hinds 1,044,202.00 



STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES. 



The following .summary of leading manufacturing indiistrie.s, whose anmial products exceed 
$1,000,000, Is taken from the State census report of 1874: 

Capital intested. 
Flouring mills 87,037,502 



Foundries and machine shops 

Wagon, carriage and sleigh factories. 

.\gricultural implements 

Furniture and chair factories 

Planing and turning mills, etc 

Other wood-working industries 

Breweries 

Copper smelting 

Bridge and iron works 

Railroad car and car wheels 

Ship building 

Boot and shoe factories 

Tobacco and cigars 



4,049,899 
1,569,700 

962,700 
2,184,700 
2,975,700 
1,277,440 
1,802,900 
1,000,000 

300,000 
1,677,000 

532,000 

471,400 
1,686,300 



Value of Products. 
$20,170,067 
5,924,937 
1,777,525 
1,400,400 
2,630,611 
5,174,621 
1,391,985 
1,931,992 
2,600,(H)0 
1,000,000 
6,029,911 
1,204,000 
1,748,5.50 
4,411,200 



Over eighty other industries are enumerated, while the whole number of manufacturing estab- 
lishments of all lynds in the State is stated at 4,292, giving employ to 59,346 persons, with a 



676 MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 

capital of $73,893,428, and a product of $122,901,262. Tlie census returns were very incomplete 
as regards the manufacturing industries of tlie State. 

MINERAL STATISTICS. 

Copper ore produced in 1875, 22,658 tons; ingot copper, 35,250,000 pounds; value, $7,843,150. 
The product of iron ore in 1875, a year of great depression in the trade, was not far from 
900,000 tons from twenty-eight mines, one-half of which produced less than 10,000 tons each. 
There were in the Upper Peninsula seventeen smelting furnaces in blast, and in the Lower 
Peninsula eleven. There were shipped 81,753 tons of pig iron. There were inspected in 1876, 
1,462,729 barrels of salt — an increase over the previous year of 380,874 barrels. 

LUMBER PRODUCT, 1873. 

There were 1,600 saw mills, 1,156 of which were operated by steam, employing 23,522 
persons, having a capital of $28,448,014, producing 3,231,470,849 feet of lumber, valued at 
$39,850,156; 223 shingle mills, employing a capital of $1,087,220, with a product valued at 
$2,950,585 ; and 91 stave, heading and hoop factories, the value of whose product is stated at 
$1,716,637. 

RAILWAYS. 

There were in the State in 1876, 3,346 miles of railroad. The following gross figures show 
the cost, value, indebtedness, etc., of railroads doing business and situated in the State : 

Paid in capital stock $63,539,917 86 

Average per mile paid in 26,529 76 

Funded debt 95,674,337 07 

Debt per mile of road 30, 138 56 

Aggregate of paid in stocli and debt 169,314, 154 93 

Aggregate per mile of road 56 , 8G3 77 

Cost per mile of roads and equipments 54,453 91 

Cost per mile of roads, exclusive of equipments 46,715 13 



THE MILITARY. 

The active militia of the State is composed of volunteers between the ages of eighteen and 
forty-five years, organized into uniformed companies, known as State troops. The number of 
companies enrolled in 1876 was twenty-four, being the maximum limit allowed by law in time of 
peace. 

SUMMARY OF MICHIGAN PRODUCTS. 

In his message to the Legislature on the first of January, 1875, Governor Bagley summarizes 
the value of the products of the State for the preceding year as follows : " The aggregate products 
of the soil, mines and forests of the State for the year amount to $145,000,000, distributed among 
the different interests as follows: Agricultural, $84,000,000, consisting of 15,000,000 bushels of 
wheat, 21,000,000 bushels of corn, and 13,000,000 bushels of other grains, 14,000,000 bushels of 
potatoes, 1,400,000 tons of hay, 7,800,000 pounds of wool, 48,500,000 pounds of pork, 4,000,000 



APPENDIX. 



677 



pounds of cheese, and 28,000,000 pounds of butter; cattle and horses estimated at $7,000,000, and 
fruits estimated at $5,000,000. Product of the mines, $16,000,000, consisting of 880,000 tons of 
iron ore, 80,000 tons of pig iron, 22,000 tons of coi)per, and 1,000,000 barrels of salt. Products 
of the forest, $4-5,000,000. To tliLs should be added the product of the mechanical aud manufac- 
turing labor of the State, the vahie of which can hardly be e^stimated." 



POPULATION OF MICHIGAN CITIES. 

The following table shows, as jier census of 1874: A, the cities of the State; B, counties in 
which located; C, year of incorporation ; D, population in 1874: 



Alpena . 

Adrian 

Ann Arbor. . . . 
Battle Creek. . . 

Ba.v City 

Hig Kapids . . . 

Coldwater 

Charlotte 

Corunna 

Detroit 

East Saginaw. . 

Flint 

Grand Haven . . 
Grand Rapids. . 

Greenville 

Hastings 

Hillsdale 

Holland 

Ionia 

Ishpeming . . . 



Alpena 

Lenawee 

Washtenaw. . . . 

Calhoun 

Bay 

Mecosta 

Branch 

Eaton 

Shiawassee 

Wayne 

Saginaw 

Genesee 

Ottawa 

Kent 

Montcalm 

Barrv 

Hillsdale 

Ottawa 

Ionia 

Marquette 



1871 
185:{ 
1851 
1859 
1805 
1869 
18(n 
1871 
1869 
1815 
1859 
1855 
1867 
1850 
1871 
1871 
1869 
1867 
1873 
1873 



3,964 
8,863 
0,693 
5,323 

13,690 
3,103 
4,330 
3,631 
1,345 
101,2,55 

17,084 
8,197 
4,363 

35,923 
3,140 
3,075 
8,684 
3,469 
3,251 
4,692 



Jackson 

Kalamazoo* . 
Lansing ... . 

Lapeer , 

Ludington. . 
Manistee .... 

Marshall 

Marquette . . . 

Monroe 

Muskegon . . . 

Niles 

Negaimee . . . 

Owosso 

Pontiac 

Port Huron . 
Saginaw City 

St. Clair 

Wyandotte . . 
Ypsilanti .... 



Jackson 

Kalamazoo 

Ingham 

Lapeer .... 

Mason 

Manistee . . 
Callioun . . 
Marquette . 
Monroe . . . 
Muskegon . 

Berrien 

Marquette . 
Shiawassee 
Oakland . . . 
St. Clair. . . 
Saginaw. . . 
St. Clair... 

Wayne 

Washtenaw 



1857 

1859 
1869 
1873 
1869 
1859 
1871 
1837 
1869 
18.59 
1873 
1859 
1861 
1857 
18,59 
1858 
1867 
1858 



13,859 
11,033 
7,445 
3,882 
3,177 
4,894 
4,633 
5,243 
5,782 
8,505 
4,593 
3,741 
3,448 
3,051 
8,240 
10,064 
2,003 
3,338 
5,211 



EDUCATIONiVL STATISTICS. 

Very nmch sjjace is given in the body of the work to educational interests as represented at 
the Centennial Exhil)ition, and under this head only a few leading facts will be added. The 
following table of statistics of primary and graded schools for ten years will be of interest. The 
table shows: A, number of townships in the State; B, number of school district.-? in the State; 
C, number of school-houses; E, F, average wag&s per month of male and female teachers respect- 
ively; G, number of children in the St^ite between five aud Iw.nty years of age; I, number 
attending school ; J, value of school property : 



1865. 

1866. 

1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873 

1874. 

1875. 



713 
725 

774 
780 
828 
858 
883 
901 
941 
955 
987 



4,474 
4,625 
4,744 
4,8.55 
5,0.52 
5,108 
5,299 
5,375 
5,521 
5,571 
5,706 



$41 77 

43 53 

44 03 
47 78 

47 71 

48 04 

49 92 
49 11 

51 94 

52 31 
01 29 



F. 


$17 54 


18 44 


19 48 


21 93 


24 55 


34 73 


37 21 


36 72 


27 13 


27 (11 


38 19 



298,607 
331,186 
.338,244 
354,753 
.374,774 
384,5.54 
393,375 
404,335 
424,322 
436,694 
449,181 



278,629 
246,957 
243,101 
250,996 
269,1587 
278,686 
294,466 
316,006 
324,615 
331,506 
343,931 



!$3,355,982 
3,854,990 
3,361,507 
4,303,472 
5,331,774 
6,334,797 
6,755,995 
7,470,339 
8,105,391 
8,613,845 
9,115,350 



^Not an incorporated city, but proud of the distinction of being the largest village in the State. 
85 



678 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



The liighest ])cr cent of attendance was 79 in 1875 and one or two years prior. Statistics 
from twenty-one of tlie princijjal towns of the State show the per capita cost of education, 
computed upon the whole number of jnipils attending school, to have ranged from $15.73 to 
$24.29 for the year 1873-4, the lower figure at Flint, and the higher at Houghton. 

RELUUOUS ORGANIZATIONS. 

A table compiled from the returji.-i of the United States census for 1870 shows the number of 
organizjitions aud the seating capacity of edifices of the several religious organizations in the State 
to have been as follows : 



DENOMINATIONS. 



Baptist 

Congregational 

Episcopal 

Lutlieran 

Metliodist 

Presbyterian 

Catliolic 

Christian 

Evangelical Association 

Friends 

Jewish 



No. of 
Org. 



36G 

156 

100 

00 

HG4 

187 

107 

38 

15 

10 

5 



Capacity. 



74,100 

38,:j20 

20,750 

3a, 150 

140,290 

48,925 

02,991 

4,025 

3,350 

2,000 

1,300 



DENOMINATIONS. 



Second Advent 

Spiritualist 

Unitarian 

Moravian 

Swedenborgian 

Reformed Church in America 

Het'iirniud Cliurch in United States. 

United Brotliron in Christ 

Univursalist 

Unknown (union) 



No. of 
Org. 



Capacity. 



4,840 

1,190 

1,700 

100 

970 

8,700 

2,800 

4,225 

5,550 

750 



SOME GENERAL FACTS. 



There were in Michigan in 1876, seventy-seven national banks, with a capital stock of 
$8,392,200 ; fifteen State banks (other than savings banks), with a capital stock of $1,347,800 ; 
and twelve savings banks, with a capital of $870,720. In 1875 there were 879 vessels owned in 
Michigan, exclusive of those owned in the Upper Peninsula, which were not reported, with a 
capacity of 157,916 tons. The internal revenue taxes collected in Michigan in 1875 amounted to 
$2,021,863.74. The Detroit Board of Trade report for 1876 gives eight tobacco manufacturing 
establishments in that city, turning out 4,246,208 pounds of manufactured tobacco, and paying 
thereon a government tax of $974,474.01 ; aud 171 cigar manufacturing establishments, turning 
out 29,397,600 cigars, and paying a government tax of $170,631.90. The amount of capital 
invested in fisheries in Michigan, according to the State census report of 1874, was $334,091, and 
the catch of fish the previous year 107,710 barrels. 



APPENDIX. 679 



AUDITKJXS AND Cl^KKECTlOX.S. 

In a work of this character, so largely a compilation, it would be impossible to verify every 
feet among so many existing in so many different directions. Many corrections were made 
through advance proof slips forwarded to persons and institutions. In some cases corrections 
and alterations were received in thb manner after the matter had gone to press. All the more 
important ones are given following. 

OLIVjn KJi.i.hi.fc. 

The iiaiut-.- ui ihe Fai-uiiy lor the Centennial year, given on page 589, differ somewhat from 
the Faculty as constituted at the beginning of the year 1877, which was as follows : 

Rev. H. Q, Butterfield, D. D., President, and Drury Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy. 
Rev. Oramel Hosford, A. M, Astronomy, Natural Pliilosophy, Theory and Practice of Teaching. 
Rev. Henry ^L Groodwin, Logic, Rhetoric and English Literature. 
George W. Chadwick, Mu-sie. 

Charles P. Chase, A. M., Rutan Professor of Latin Language and Literature. 
William H. Hotchkiss, A. B., Principal of Preparatory Department, Latin and Greek- 
Stewart Montgomen.-, A. iL, Natural Science. 

Miss ilan,- A. Bumham, Prineijial of Ladies' Department, French. 
Miss Josephine S. Houghton, English branches. 
Mrs. H. B. Northrup, Drawing and Painting. 
Miss Lizzie E. Battle, Assistant on the Piano. 
Charles O. Brown, Penman.=hip and Book-keeping. 

THE SEVENTH D.W ADVEXTISTS. 

Aside from the denominational work of the Adventists noted on page 622, it may also be 
stated that the Publishing Association represents a capital of over 8100,000, and that the denomi- 
nation also has a Publishing Association in Oakland, California, with a capital of $40,000, 
issuing a weekly paj>er, with a circulation of over 10,000 copies. It also sustains several missions 
in Europe, with missionaries in .Switzerland, Franc-e, Prussia and Denmark. The mission in Basle, 
Switzerland, have a publication office, with a capital of $1-5,000, which isues publications and 
periodicals in the French and German languages. 

The statement of metho<l3 of treatment at the Health In-stitute represents the institution 
as it was some time ago. The methods have been modified, and are now entirely eclectic, the 
physicians being graduates of the so-called regular schools, and in their methods and remedies 
selecting what is believed to be best. The cost of living at the college under the "club 
system" is placed Umi low — should be one to two dollar? per week. The German and 
Hebrew languages are als*) include<l in the curriculum. 



6S0 



JiOCHIGiLK A2»D THE CESTKXSLLL 



It fe p(«f«r i» aM t» d>^ wxiiv «f tlie A<lnui Laidl«s* libniy JbsocaiMaL «»■ pae<e SMs, 
dw KUKti^ vsT tbe t£r>t Bonni ot' DiTw-tor>v «ii>> «w« ako dte fout«kr$ of tlie SixazT. as »>Ik>«s : 

Mri^ A. HoweiL Mt^ G- R M^w. its. R Tuver. Mrs. A. F. 

TVya^'a. Mr?. R. ^»{i^eat£v«u Mr~. H. A. As^^hL 3fi^ J:iate$ 

-= F. 0>:-is, Mk. L T»bcr. Mr. X- H. Wuk-JkLL TW s«m oj 

-:^i»eaif iojnu^ed wader tke ■>■■ igii^i'M «jf Mis. A. 

-r*I etir is 1^71. 

'.i'c>ruT A:£«.vs»M«. p^ iMOc the BaMe of Mis. £. £. 

-j:^ :s«<:ft!cux. <&(.>(ild l« *idKd. 3b. Claries DmIx^. is t^ BMxe 
v Mrs. Claries Deefcey, Mt& M. A. ^aycr sftkwki rakd Mis. M. A. 
. be Mrs. Amhk' G. ^U. 1W Fact Harm Ass<i««ikw vss Madoi 



Mrs. H«irT Hain. Mrs. W. S, C*--v,v 
Biihv. Mr^ C K. Milkr. Mrs. T. P. 
R!«r. Mrs. V T ot^-^ x|^ T,„^ 

Oxi , - 

«t'^ M*rfa»il A^ • 

:^K«. «»i Mi^ A 

Bi 1 j<6i^ iatssead .^ , ~ '. .-> >. 



■WTSK EXHIBIT. 






i^s. by Jacoirb Bdkr. «f I)«Ktt. as itLe C^siksis^&I Exkibo^.^a. aikd i» 
■:f Wu* viaesv »ae exUMRil by Mr. Beil^rr ii A£T*--tii:;i;aI TT-»;i 



INDEX 



Abbott, T. C. 540. 

Adams. John, iS. 

Adsinis. C. K., 534. 

Admissions and Hecoipis at Coiitomiial Exhibilioii, 
454-57. 

Adrian, Centennial Fourth at, i>t)-!)9. 

Adrian College, 523, 5S0-«1. 

Adrian High School. 518, 543-44. 

Adventists — See "Seventh-Day Adventists." 

Agricultural College— See " Stjite Agricultural College." 

Agricultural Hall, 404; plate, 437. 

Agricultunil 5tacliinery and Implements, 628-30. 

Agriculture and Pomology:— Michigan E.\iiibit of, 478- 
9i); List of County Superintendents, 481 ; Catalogue 
of. by Counties, 485-92; General Hemarks on, 496- 
99; Circular of Centennial Board relative to, 466; 
Award of Centennial Judges on, 485, 493, 490. 

Agriculture: — General Exhibit of, 435-45; Countries 
Exhibiting, 436; Statistics of. in Michigan, 674. 

Albion College, 523, 581-83. 

Aldcn, L. P.. 5(i5, 573. 

Allegan County, Agricultural Exhibit, 485. 

AUegiiD, Centennial Fourth at. 99-101; Centennial 
Tree-planting at, 182. 

Angell, J. B., 529. 

Ann Arbor High School, 518, 543-45. 

Ann Arbor Light Guard, at Adrian, 97. 

Ann Arbor, Centennial Fourth at, 101; Centennial Tree- 
planting at, 181. 

Antrim County, Agricultural Exhibit. 484. 

Applegate. T. S., 667. 

Archieology. Exhibit of, 1)40-42. 

Art and Design, Works of, 642-44. 

Asylum for Deaf, Dumb and Blind, 523, 573, 574. 

Asylum for Insane, 574-6, 042. 

Audubon Club, Detroit, 186. 

Authors, Tribute of, to Signers. 90, 91. 

Award of Medals, 458-60. 

Awards: — To Michigan Educational Department, 554; 
to Michigan exhibitors, 472, 645-47; in Agriculture 
and Pomologj-, 485, 493, 496. 

Bagley. John J., Governor, 76. 79. 174-,5, 1S4, 463, 464, 

470, 471, 473. 475, 476,577, 624, 654. 
Bagley, Mrs. John J., 577. 
Baldwin, H. P.. Governor, 401. 



Banks, Number of. in Michigan, 678. 

Baptist Denomination, the, 014-16. 

Baraga, Right Hcv. Frederick, Oil. 

Battle Creek:— Centennial Fourth at, 103, 103; Centen- 
nial Tree-planting at. 183; Schools of, 518, 545. 

Battle Creek College, 632, 043, 079. 

Battle Creek Machinery Company, 631. 

Bay City;— Centennial Fourth at. 103, 104; Public 
Schools of, 518, 545. 

Bay County Agricultural Exhibit, 486. 

Bcal, W. J., 479. 

Beeson, Jacob, & Son, 499. 

Beller, Jacob, 680. 

Benton Harbor, Public Schools of, 545. 

Berkey & Gay Furniture Company, 635. 

Berrien County Agricultural Exhibit, 480. 

Bigelow, L. G., 043. 

Big Rapids, Centennial Fourth at, 103. 

Bigsby, Prof., Song by. 157. 

Birney, Jas., U. S. Centennial Commissioner, 461, 463. 

Black, L., &Co,, 035. 

Borgess, Right Rev. C. II., 123, 611. 

Boston Massacre, 21. 

Boston Tea Party, 22; Centennial Celebration of, 69. 

Brady, Sam'l. .Mineral Superintendent, 472, 511-15, 067. 

Branch County Agricultursil Exhibit. 486. 

Brooklyn Union School, 545. 

Bronson, Centennial Fourth at. 106. 

Bunker Hill:— Battle of, 25; Centennial Celebration 
of, 75, 76; Fiftieth .Anniversary of, 75. 

Burns. James, 572. 

Bush, B. F., 515, 641. 

Butler, Centennial Tree Planting at, 183. 

Buyce, Rev. Father, 186. 

Calumet and Hi!cla Mining Company, Liberal Donation 
by, 473; Stamp Mills, .Model of, 643. 

Calumet Public Schools, 546. 

Calhoun County Agricultural Exhibit, 486. 

Calvin Township, Public Schools of, 643. 

Campbell, James V.. 532, 553, 567, 571, 673. 

Campbell, J. L., Secretary of United Slates Centen- 
nial Commission, 373, 375. 

Canada, Educational System of, 562. 

Canadian Firemen at Celebration in Port Huron. 156. 

Caro, Centennial Fourth at. 107. 



682 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Carpenter's Hall, Philadflpliiii, 2a. 

Cass County Agricultural Exhibit, 48G. 

Catholic Church in Michigan, OOil-ll. 

Centennial Award Medal, <U7. 

Centennial Board of Finance, 375 

Centennial Board of Managers— See "State tJenteunial 
Board." 

Centennial Congress of Liberals, 92. 9:!. 

Centennial Display by State Agricultural Society, 184. 

Centennial Exhibition; — History of, 373-79; Locally 
and Externally, 390-406; General Review of, 407- 
460. See "Exhibition Buildings." 

Centennial Fourth, the:— Remarks introducing, 77-78; 
Celebration of, at Philadelphia, 78-89. 

Centennial Fourth, the, in Michigan, 95-170. 

Centennial Orations and Addresses: — Adams, C. F., 
234; Adams, J. Q., 152; Aikman, Rev. Wm., 120; 
Aldrich, A. J., 106; Baker, Rev. Geo. D., 122; 
Barnes, O. M., 179, 180; Beardsley, Levi, 151; 
Beers, Capt J. P., 160; Brewer, M. S., 279; Brown, 
Giles T., 135; Brown, S. C, 149; Butterfleld, Rev. 
I., 137; Chad wick, John W. (poem), 172; Church, 
Thos. B., 255; Clark, Mrs. M. N. (poem). 163; 
Clark, Aaron, 299; Denison, C. H., 302; Dibble, 
L. D., 281; Donovan, J. W., 129; Duffield, D. B. 
(poem), 116; Ellsworth, C. C , 133; Ely, S. P., 147; 
Estabrook, Prof. J. A., 164; Evarts, Wm. M., 187; 
Fenn, A. H., 300; Fiske, Rev. L. R., 121; Foote, 
Dan. P., 274; Gibson, W. K., 136; Graves, Mrs. 
B. F., 103; Hildreth, Rev. T. F., 165; Ingersoll, 
.Tohn N., 167; Jerome, Geo. H., 298; Johnstone, 
Miss Marian, 176; Kilbourne, S. L., 148; Lawrence, 
J. F., 126; Lewis, J. D., 107; Livermore, F., 137; 
Long, Jas. W. (song), 149; Marston, Isaac, 285; 
McGowan, J. H., 291; Millard, A. L., 290; Mills, 
Chas. T., 129; Owen, Rev. Alfred, 122; Palmer, 
J. H., 170; Potter, Fred. H., 161; Romeyn, Theo., 
2C9; Rose, H. T., 130; Sanford, George P., 134; 
Sherwood, Isaac R., 140; Smith, Rev. Moses, 137; 
Stebbins, Giles B , 371; Stevens, W C, 168; Stod- 
dard, A. H. (poem), 140; Storrs, Rev. R. S.. 211; 
Tenney, J. E., 287; Thomson, E. H., 128; Whalen, 
Rev., 154; Whitney, T. W., 166; Willitts, E., 138; 
Wilson, G. W., 293; Winthrop, R. C, 248; Wix- 
son, Levi L., 146; Yerkes, W. P.. 154. 
Centennial Tree Planting, 171-83. 
Centennial Year, Greeting of, in Michigan, 95 
Charlotte, Centennial Fourth, at, 107-10. 
Charlevoix County, Agricultural Exhibit, 487. 
(-harts, Educational, 520-23. 
Christiancy, Isaac P., 673. 

Clark, Gen. George Rogers. Conquest of N. W. Terri- 
tory by, 35-37. 
Cleveland Iron Mining Company, Exhibit by, 512. 
Clinton County, Agricultural Exhibit, 487. 
Clough & Warren Organ Company, 632. 



Clubb, H. S., 7, 667. 

Collier, V. P., U. S. Centennial Commi.'isioncr, 461, 672. 

Colleges, Schools and Libraries, 580-608. 

Colonies, the, rise of, and causes leading to Indepen- 
dence, 13-29. 

Coliseum, the, 47. 

Coldwater: — Centennial Fourth at. 110; Public Schools, 
518, 546. 

Comstock, C. C, 625, 635. 

Concord — See " Lexington and Concord." 

Congregational Churches, 616-18. 

Connecticut, Colony of, and form of Government, 14; 
Claim of Early Sovereignty over Part of Michi- 
gan, 35. 

Congress, Members of, from Michigan, 673. 

Congresses, Colonial and Continental, 19, 23, 24. 26. 

Cooley, Thomas M. , 532, 673. 

Copper, Catalogue of Exhibit, 505-9; remarkable speci- 
mens of, 513 

CroswcU, C. M., Governor, 671, 672. 

Crown Point— See "Ticonderoga and Crown Point." 

Cutter, Dr. S. S., 567. 

Daniels, A. J., 552. 

Declaration of Independence, 30. 

Delaware, Colony of, and Form of Government, 16. 

Dennison, C. H., 518. 

Dexter, Centennial Fourth at, 125; Centennial Tree- 
planting at, 182. 

Detroit Bridge Company, 643. 

Detroit, Centennial Fourth at, 110-125; Centennial 
Tree-planting in, 175-78; Public Schools of, 546. 

Detroit House of Correction, Exhibit of, 640. 

Detroit Light Guard:— Historical Sketch, 648; War 
Record of, 649; Commanding Officers of, 649; 
Excursion to Philadelphia, 619-51; Ofticers of, 650. 

Detroit Medical College, 591-92. 

Detroit National Guard:— Organization of, 651; Excur- 
sion to Philadelphia, 652; Officers of, 653. 

Detroit Observatory, 536. 

Detroit Scientific Association, 185, 472, 513, 515, 640. 

Detroit Stove Works, 627. 

Detroit Young Men's Society Library, 580. 

Donovan, J. W , 635. 

Duftield. Rev. George (elder), 477. 

Duffield, Rev. George (younger), 614. 

Dundee, Centennial Fourth at, 127. 

East Saginaw, Public Schools of, 547; Participation of, 

in Celebration at Saginaw, 161. 
Eaton County Agricultural Society, 108. 
Eaton Rapids, Fire Department of, at Charlotte, 108. 
Education, Statistics of, in Michigan, 677. 
Education and Science, 445-48; Countries Exhibiting 

in, 448. 
Educational Exhibit. Jticbigan, 516-74. 
Elmira, Centennial Fourth at, 155. 



INDEX. 



683 



Emerson, R. W., 09. 

Emmet County Agricultural Exhibit, 487. 
Episcopal Cliurch in Micliigan, 018-20. 
E.xcursions, Military and Other, 048-66. 
Exhibition Buildings, 402-406. 

Fairs, Ancient and Modern, 390-91. 

Fare, Rates of, to Philadelphia, OO.i. 

Farmers' Excursions, 605. 

Penton Seminary, 615. 

Fentonville, Centennial Tree-planting at, 180. 

Ferry, Kev. William M., 013-14. 

Perry, Thomas \V. , T6, 80, 654, 673. 

Ferry, William M., 184. 

Financial Statistics, Michigan, 073. 

Fine Arts, the, 448-52; Countries Exhibiting in, 451. 

Flint: — Centennial Fourth at. 127, 128; Centennial 
Tree-planting at, 181 ; Public Schools of, 518, 547-8. 

Flower, .Tames, & Brothers, 633. 

Forestry: — General Remarks relating to, 171; Great 
Waste of, 502; Valuable Trees and Interesting 
Specimens in. 503-4; Individual Exhibitors of, 500 
-502; Michigan Pine Logs, 504. 

Forestry and Grasses, Exhibit of, 499-504. 

Fowlerville, Centennial Fourth at, 128. 

Fox, Major D. F., 054-55. 

Fralick. Henry, Member of State Centennial Board of 
Managers, 463, 404, 471, 473, 024, 038. 

Fralick. H. S.. 667. 

Frieze, H. S., 518, 528-9, 534. 

Fruit Exhibit, Statement of Burnet Landreth on, 471. 

Fruit, Special Exhibits of, 492-90; Report of Centen- 
nial Judges on, 493, 496. 

Furniture and Woodenware, 625-26. 

Gardner's Flint City Band: — Trip of, to Philadelphia, 

and Welcome Home, 062-63; Members of, 603. 
Garrigucs, S. S., 510, 534. 
Genesee County Agricultural Exhibit. 487. 
George, Austin, .5.52. 

Georgia, Colony of, and Form of Government, 10. 
Germany, Greeting from Emperor of, on Centennial 

Fourth, 89. 
Gille.spic, Rev. George D. (Bishop), 620. 
Gladstone, William E. , Thoughts on America and its 

Mission, 73. 
Goo<l Templars, 645. 

Goshorn. A. T., Director-General of Exhibition, 375. 
Government Building, Exhibit in, 452. 
Governors of Michigan, 43. 
Grand Haven, Centennial Fourth at, 129, 130. 
Grand Ledge, Centennial Fourth at, 129. 
Grand Itapids, Centennial Fourth at, 130-32; Public 

Schools of, 518, 548-9, 642. 
Grand Rapids Business College, 592-93. 
Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, 498. 
Grand Traverse County .Vgricullural Exhibit, 487, 497. 



Grant, C. B., Alternate United States Centennial Com- 
missioner, 401, 403. 
Grant, U. S., President, 90, 387-«9. 
Graves, B. F., 673. 
Greenback Party, 671. 
Greenville, Centennial Fourth at, 1.S2. 133. 
Gypsum, Exhibit of, 514. 

Hancock, Centennial Fourth at, 133. 

Hathaway, Benjamin, 7, 498. 

Haven, E. O , 628. 

Hawley, J. R, President of United States Centennial 
Commission, 79, 375. 

Henry, D. F., 634, 641. 

Hillsdale College, .523, 583-85. 

Hillsdale County Agricultural Exhibit, 487. 

Hillsdale, Public Schools of, .550. 

Histories, Local :— Avery, .John, 1.33; Barnaby, II. T 
166; Bartram, W. H. H., 161; Coolidge, H. H. 
153; Cornell, Rev. A, 134; Crawford, H., 150 
Fancher, I. A., 149; Ferry, William M., 130; Foote 
E. A , 109; Hatch, Judge, 169; Holt, H. H,, 151 
Huckins. Captain, 146; Jones, William A., 126 
Miller, Judge Albert, 104; Mitchell, W. T., 157 
Nelson, Francis, 135; Rankin, F. H., 128; Rose, E, 
O., 106; Warren, G. W., 106; Winslow, D. A., 165 

Holland, Centennial Tree-planting at, 183. 

Holmes, J. C, 037-38, 64i: 

Holmes, O. W., 81, 

Hope College, 523, 585-80. 

Horticultural Hall, 404; Plate, 443. 

Houghton, Centennial Fourth at, 133. 

Howard, Bronson, 7, 667. 

Howe, Frank M., 577-8. 

Howell Union School, 550. 

Hubbard, Bela, 515, 638, 641. 

Hubbell, J. A., Member of the State Centennial Board 
of Managers, 403, 464, 471, 473, 504, 673. 

H'ldson Light Guard, at Adrian, 97. 

Hudson, Wm. N., 7. 

Hurd, Rev. Philo R., 618. 

Ilgenfritz, Chas. A., Superintendent of Agricultural 
Exhibit, 471, 482, 484, 493, 495, 667. 

Ionia, Centennial Fourth at, 134. 

Ionia County, Agricultural Exhibit, 487. 

Ionia Light Guard, 6.5.5-.56. 

Ionia Public Schools. 549. 

Independence, First Proposed, 27; Declared by Con- 
gress, 28, 29; Declaration of, 30. 

Ingham County, Agricultural E.xhibit, 487. 

Ingham County Farmers' Club, Tree Planting by, 178. 

Iron, Catalogue of Exhibit, 509; Large MiLsses of, 512. 

Ithaca, Centennial Fourth at, 13.5. 

Jackson, Centennial Fourth at, 135-38. 
Jackson County, Agricultural Exhibit. 487. 



684 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Jacokes, Rev. D. C. , Commissioner of Education, 464, 
516, 653, e07. 

Johnstone, R. F., 638. 

Jonesvillc, Centennial Fouilli at, i:iS. 

Jonesville Union School, 550. 

Kahimazoo, Centennial Fourth at, 13!) ; Centennial Tree 
Planting at, 182; Public Schools of, 518, 550. 

Kalamazoo College, 523, 586-88. 

Kalamazoo Business College, 595. 

Kalamazoo County, Agricultural Exhibit, 487. 

Kalamazoo County Agricultural Society, 498. 

Kent Scientific Institute, 472, 642. 

Kent County, Agricultural E.\hibit, 488 

Kimball, C. F., 638. 

Knights of Pj'thias, History and Excursion of, 664-65. 

Knights Templar: — Statistics of, in Michigan, 644; Gen- 
eral Remarks on Templar Masonry, G5G; Excursion 
to Pliiladelphia, History of, 657; Officers of Detroit 
Commandery, 659; Poem and Sermon by Rev. C. 
H. W. Stocking; 660; Reception Home, 663. 

Knowlton, E. J., 634. 

Ladies' Library Associations, Alphabetically arranged, 
.596-608; Corrections of, 680. 

Ladies' Literary Club, Grand Rapids, 608. 

Lake County, Agricultural Exhibit, 488. 

Lake Shore Pomological Society, 498. 

Lansing, Centennial Fourth at, 143-46; Centennial Tree 
Planting at, 180; Public Schools of, 518, 550. 

Lee, Geo. W., 576. 

Lefever, Rt. Rev. P. P., 610-11. 

Lenawee County, Agricultural Exhibit, 488. 

Lexington and Concord, Battle of, 23; Commemora- 
tions of, 69-75; Resolutions of Michigan Senate 
on Centennial of, 74. 

Lexington, Centennial Fourth at, 146. 

Liberals, Centennial Congress of, 92-93. 

Liquors, Sale of. on Centennial Grounds, 377-79. 

Livingston County, Agricultural Exhibit, 488. 

Lowell, J. R., 70-73. 

Lumber, Statistics of, in Michigan, 676. 

Lyon, T. T., 639, 667. 

Machinery, Exhibit of, 411-17. 

Machinery and Manufactures, Circular of Centennial 
Board Relative to, 467; Michigan Exhibit of, 624. 

Macomb County, Agricultural Exhibit, 488. 

Manning, Chancellor, 40. 

Manufactures, General, 417-35; Countries Exhibiting, 
417; Statistics of, in Michigan, 675. 

Marquette, Centennial Fourth at, 147, 148. 

Marquette County, Agricultural Exhibit, 489. 

Marshall, Public Schools of, 518, 564. 

Marston, Isaac, 673. 

Maryland, Colony of, and Form of Government, 15. 

Mason, Centennial Fourth at, 148. 

Ma.son County, Agricultural Exhibit, 489. 



Masonry in Michigan, 644. 

Massachusetts, Colony of, and Form of Government,. 
14; Claim of Early Sovereignty over part of Michi- 
gan, 35. 

Mayhew Business College, 593. 

McCo.skry, Rev. S. A. (Bishop), 619. 

Mechanics and Inventors, Excursion of, 665. 

Mecklenberg Declaration, Centennial of, 76. 

Mecosta County, Agricultural Exhibit, 489. 

Medal, Centennial Memorial, Cut of, 458. 

Medals, Award of, 458-60. 

Metallurgy, 408-11; Countries Exhibiting, 408. 

Methodist Episcopal Church, 611-13. 

Methodist Publishing Company, 612. 

Michigan as a Political Commonwealth, 34-43. 

Michigan Building, 464, 472, 474, 670; Plate of, front. 

Michigan Female Seminary, 589-90. 

Michigan Stove Company, 628. 

Michigan Songs, 59-63. 

Michigan Organized as a Territory, 41; as a State, 41, 
42; Governors of, 43; Seat of Government and 
Capital of, 42. 

Milford, Centennial Fourth at, 150. 

Military, the, 648-56, 676. 

Mills, M. I., Member of State Centennial Board of 
Managers, 463, 464, 471, 473, 624. 

Mineral Exhibit: — Catalogue of Copper Specimens, 505-, 
Catalogue of Iron Specimens, 509; Salt Exhibit, 
510; Review of— Report of S. Brady, C. E., 511. 

Minerals, Statistics of, in Michigan, 676. 

Mining and Metallurg}', 408-11 ; Circular of Centennial 
Board relative to, 465. 

Ministerial Association, Detroit, on Opening Exhibitioa 
Grounds on Sundaj', 383. 

Minong Mine, Exhibit by, 513. 

Models, 643. 

Monroe, Centennial Tree-planting at, 182. 

Monroe County Agricultural Exhibit, 489, 497. 

Montcalm Countj' Agricultural Exhibit, 489. 

Mt Pleasant, Centennial Fourth at, 148, 149. 

Muskegon, Centennial Fourth at, 150, 151. 

National and Patriotic Songs, 44-68. 
National Leather Company, 633. 
National Reform Association, 91-92. 
Negaunec, Centennial Fourth at, 151, 152. 
Nelson, Matter & Co., 625. 
New Hampshire, Colony of, 14. 

New .Jersey, Colony of, and Form of Government, 15. 
Newaygo County Agricultural Exhibit, 489. 
Newspapers, Reports by, 95; List of, in Michigan, 667. 
New York, Colony of, and Form of Government, 15. 
Nichols, Shepard & Co., 629. 

Niles, Centennial Fourth at, 152; Public Schools of, 551. 
Noble, F. W.. Secretary of State Centennial Board, ?■, 
464, 471-73, 624, 667. 



INDEX. 



685 



Norris, P. W., 641. 

North Carolina, Colony of, and Form of Govern- 
ment, 16. 

NortUville, Centennial Fourth at, 153, 154. 

Northwest Territory: — Action of Congress relating to, 
34, 38, 39-41; Conquest of, by Clark, 35; Govern- 
ment of, 34; Slates of the, 34. 

Oakland County Agricultural Exhibit, 489. 

Oceana County Agricultural Exhibit, 489, 497. 

Odd Fellows:— Statistics of, 663; Ejccursion to Phila- 
delphia, 663-64; Parade of Patriarchs, C64; Lodge 
and Encampment Officers, 664. 

Olivet College, 523, 588, 679. 

Ontonagon, Centennial Fourth at, 154. 

Orion, Centennial Tree-planting at, 181. 

Osborn, J. M., 74. 

Ottawa County Agricultural Exhibit, 489. 

Otsego Lake, Centennial Fourth at. 154. 

Owen, Rev. Alfred, 616. 

Patriarchs — See "Odd Fellows." 

Payne, W. H., 552. 

Polouze Corp;, Detroit Cadets: — Organization of, 654; 

E.xcursion to Philadelphia, 654; Officers of, 655. 
Pelouze, General L. H., 653-54. 
Peninsular Farmers' Club, 496, 498. 
Pennsylvania, Colony of, and Form of Government, 16. 
Peppermint, Production of, in Michigan, 499. 
Perry Center, Centennial Tree-planting at, 181. 
Perry, W. B., 5j2. 
Pharmacy, Exhibit of, 632. 
Phelps, Rev. Philip, .Jr., 021. 
Pho-nix Furniture Company, 626. 
Photography, 643. 
Photography and Architecture, Circular of Centennial 

Board relative to, 469-70. 
Pierce, Rev. John D., 517, 526, 541, 617. 
Pilcher, Rev. E. H., 613. 
Pontiac Public Schools, 518, 551. 
Population, Stati.stics of, in Michigan, 674; of Cities in 

Michigan, 677. 
Port Huron, Centennial Fourth at, 155-59. 
Portland, Centennial Tree-planting at, 183. 
Presbyterian Synod of Michigan, 613-14. 
Press, the, of Michigan: — Ilistor}- of, 667; Li.st of 

Ncw^spapers, 668-70. 
Products, Summary of, in Michigan, 676. 
Prohibition Parly, 671. 
Public Lands in .Michigan, 675. 

Quebec, Expedition against, 26. 
Quincy, Centennial Fourth at, 159. 

Railways, Statistics of, 676. 
Rai.sin Valley Seminary, .590-91. 
Randall. C. D., 565, 572. 

86 



Rankin, F. H., 128, 567. 

Red Jacket, Centennial Fourth at, 133. 

lieformed Church, the, 620-21. 

Religious Amendment to Constitution, Demand for, 91. 

Religious Organizations, 609-23, 678. 

Report, Final, of Centennial Board, 470-73. 

Rhode Island, Colony of. and Form of Government, 15. 

Richardson, D. M , 630. 

Rogers, Lieut. J. S., 654-55. 

Roscommon, Centennial Fourth at, 159, 160. 

Routes, Railway, to Philadelphia, 665. 

St. Anthony's Orphan Asylum, Detroit, 569. 

St. Clair County Agricultural Exhibit, 490. 

St. Johns, Centennial Fourth at, 165. 

St. Johns Public Schools, 551. 

St. Joseph, Centennial Fourth at, 105. 

St. Joseph County Agricultural Exhibit, 490. 

St. Louis, Centennial Fourtli at, 160. 

Saginaw, Centennial Fourth at, 160-64. 

Saginaw County Agricultural Exhibit, 489. 

Saginaw Public Schools, 518, 551. 

Saginaw Rifles at Adrian, 97. 

Saline, Centennial Fourth at, 164. 

Salt, Exhibit of, and Catalogue, 510-11. 

Sanilac County, Agricultural Exhibit, 490, 497. 

Seat of Government of Michigan, 42. 

Secret Societies, 644-45. 

Sermons: — Aikman, Rev. William, 358; Baker, Rev. 
George D., 314; Brigham, Rev. C. H., 332; Colton, 
Rev. T. G., 354; Fiske, Rev. L. R., 323; Jones, 
Rev. J. G., 361: Love, Rev. W. D., 305; Owen, 
Rev. Alfred, 350; Scott, Rev. J. P., 342; Zirndorf, 
Dr. H., 364. 

Seventh-Day Advenlists :— Publications of. Educational 
and Health Establishments, Number of, in United 
States. 621-23; Other Statistics of, 679. 

Sherman, J. E.. 472, 636. 

Shiawassee County, Agricultural E.xhibit, 490. 

Sill. J. M. B., 552. 

Simpson, Bishop, Opening Prayer by, 385. 

Smith, Dexter, Hymn by, 89. 

Soil and Mine, Products of, 478-515. 

Songs, National and Patriotic, 44-68. 

South Haven Pomological Society, 494, 498. 

Stanley's Paintings. C42. 

State Agricultural College: — Celebration of Centennial 
Fourth at, 145; Representation of, at Philadelphia, 
464, 479, 499; Sketch of, 538-40; First Proposal to 
E.stablish, 638. 

State Agricultural Society: — Centennial Display by, 
184; Represented at Centennial Exhibition, 479, 
637; Historical Sketch of, 637-38. 

State Board of .Vgriculture, 404, 540. 

Stole Board of Health, 639-10, 672. 

Stole Building Commissioners, Board of, 42, 672. 



GS« 



MlfHlGAIS AJ<D TUE CENTENNIAL. 



State Coulonuirtl Bosml.-— Act of I.i<gisliimit> Civatiny. 

4(>;i; Orjnini/iition of. 4ti;t: SpiH-inl Oulii-s Assigiicd 

10 Mcnilioi-s of, ■tCvl; l'in-ul;u-s Issvioii by, -ItiS-TO; 

Filial HoiHirl of. 4Tt>-7;!; .Vppropviation for, (iTl). 
State Oi'paiHuenl of I'vililie liislnu'tioii. ."ilti-SlS. 
State Noimal School:— IMate of, KxliiWtea,5lS-,(."ourses 

of Study ill, 533; Sketch of. 541; Discussion of 

Jlelhoils ami Fxinclioiis of, S-lS-tS. 
State Othccrs and Hotuiis, t>73. 
State IVuioloaical S<H'iety, 4T!>. (ilJS-JiS'. 
State Prison. Kxhibil of. (MO. 
Stale l^llllic School. 518, r.3;i, 5H5-73, (MS, (U7. 
State Kcform School, 145, 538, 57(i-7l>. 
Slatislics, Coiin>jirative, (Wti; jieiieral, t)7l-78, 
Stehhius, C. R, Ueputy Superimciulciu of ruWic 

Instruction, 517. 
Stearns. Frt>derick. t>S3. ti^l. 
Stwkinjr. Uev. 0. U. W.. WHMil. 
Stove Mt»nufactun\ t>3(^-3S. 
Sturjtis. Centennial Fourth at, Uit>, lli7. 
Sullivan ilc Burk, (>84. 

Sunday, (.'•pcning of Centennial Grounds on. o7!>-S;?. 
Superintendents of I'uhlic Instruction, 517. 
Supreme Court, >[embers of. 073. 

Tapyvjtn. H, I'.. 537, 53S. 533, 53t>. 
Tarbell, H S.. 517, 553, (173. 
Tawas, Centennial Fourth at, 1(>7, UiS. 
Taylor. Bayard, Poem by, 83-**S, 
Tea. Instruction of. in Boston Uarhor, 33. 
Ttviunseh Light Guard at Adrian, S)7, 
Thomiv<on, J. P.. (hSS. 
Thrvt> Kivors Light Guarxl at Niles, 15;{. 
Ticonderoga and Cixnvn Foint, 34. 
Tolwcct* and Cigars. Statistics of, (>7S. 
Traverse City. Centennial Fourth at, 1(>S, UK). 
Trve-planting, Centennial, 171-SS: Governors Recom- 
mendation for. 174. 
Tuscola County Agricultunil Exhibit, 4yO. 
Twomhly. L. C. tVW. 

I'nion Benevolent Association. Grand Rapids. otW. 
Union City. Centennial Fourth at. U>J>. 
United States Government Building. 4lH>, 
Vnited States Senators for Michigan. t>78. 
University of Michigan: — General Exhibit by. 51S-88; 
List of Exhibits. 513. 534; Educational Charts. 53t>- 



33; Endowment and Resources, 534-35; Plan of 
Orgaiii/.ation, 535-37; Sciontilic Course, 537; Chem- 
ical Lahoratory, 537, 535; Medical School 538, 531; 
Admission of Women to, 538-30; Honuvpalhic 
Question, 535, 538, 530; Course in Civil Engineer- 
ing, 530; Course in Pharmacy, 530; Course in 
Astronomy. 531; Law School, 537, 533; School of 
Dentistry, 533; General Library. 533; Scientific 
Collections and Sluseunis. 533-35; Astronomical 
Observatory and its Work, 536-7; Summary of 
Students, 587-8; Pivsidenls of. 537-0; Aniclcs 
Returned to, 473, 515; Views of. Exhibited, 043. 
Utley, H. M., 7. 

Van Uuren County Agricultural Exhibit, 40t>-01, 407. 

Van Ueuscn, E. IL, 570. 

Van Raalle. Rev. A. C, 030. 

Vassjir. Centennial Fourth at. 170; Cculomiial Tree- 
planting at, 18;>. 

Virginia. Colony of. and Form of Government, 14; 
Descent of Territorial Sovereignty from, So. 

Volinia Farmoi-s" Club. 407. 

Walker, Charles 1., So, 30, 133, 533, 507, 570. 

Walker. H. N., 530. 

Washington appointed to Command of Army, 35. 

Washtenaw County Agricultural Exhibit, 491. 

Watson, .1. C, 537, 007. 

Wayne County Agricultural Exhibit, 401. 

Wayne County Horticultural Society, 4S)S. 

Webster, Rev. J. T., 018. 

Wexfonl County Agricultural Exhibit, 403. 

White. Elder James. 033. 

Whittier, J. G., 74, 380. 

Withington, Colonel W. H..08. 

Withington, Cooley & Co., 03S. 

Womeirs Monument Association. Lansing, 144. 

Woman's Pavilion, 400; Exhibit in, 453; Plate of, 453. 

Woman Suflfrage Centenni;d Meetings, 93-04. 

Woodman, J. J., Meml>er of State Centennial Boiird of 

M,wagers, 403, 404, 471. 473, 478. 
Woodin's Lake, Centennial Fourth at, 155. 
Wright, Chas. E.. 404. 509. 
Wyandotte Public Schools, 551. 
Wyandotte Rolling Mill, Exhibit by, 513. 

Young Ladies" Seminary. Mourvx>, 591. 
Ypsilauti Light Gu.^rvl. at Adrian. 07. 



SUBSCRIBERS TO THIS WORK. 



Applegate & Fee. 

.1. R. Bennett. 

0. M. Croswell. 

Norman Geddes. 

Henry Hart. 

A. Hoxvcll. 

A. L. Millard. 

Public School Library. 

8. B. Smith. 

C. A. Stacy. 

C. E. Weaver. 

ALLEOAX. 

D. C. Henderson. 
W. B. Williams. 

ASS AUIiOR. 

James B. Angell. 
Joseph I. Barker. 
Chas. H. Brigham. 
John L. Burleigh. 
James Clements. 
T. M. Cooley. 
Alpheus Feifh. 
R. E. Fra/er. 
John N. Gott. 
W. D. Harriman. 

E. Lawrence. 

C. H. Richmond. 

BAITLE CREEK. 

Battle Creek College. 

Battle Creek Machinery ( 

Jeremiah Brown. 

Brown ic Thoma.s. 

V. V. Collier. 

B. F. Grave.". 

E C. Manchester. 

Wm. Merritt. 

Nichols. Shepard & Co. 

J. V. SpencfT. 

H Willi.s. 

nAV CITY. 

A M. Birncy. 

D. J. Evans. 
S. T. Holmes. 
I.saar Marston. 
.\. (■ Maxwell. 



I A. McDonell. 
I J. W. SIcMath. 
I Hon. Albert Miller. 
I B. F. Partridge. 

James Shearer. 

G. W. Wilson. 

j BDCHANAN. 

Public School Library. 

CAPAC. 

t Thomas H. Bottomley. 

CASSOPOI.IS. 

Reading Room Association. 

CENTEBVILLE. 

L. A. Clapp. 

CLEVELAND, OHIO. 

Cleveland Iron Mining Co. 

COLDWATER. 

A. J. Aldrich. 

J. S. Barber. 

S. S. Cutter. 
- D. B. Dennis. 
j J. n. McGowan. 

H. C. Lewis. 
, Public School Library. 

C. U. Randall. 
State Public School. 

j CORUNNA. 

John N. Ingersoll. 

DETROIT. 

Wm. Adair. 
R. A. Al;:er. 
Wm. Amrhein. 
Atkinson &, Atkin.son. 
Wm. W. Backus. 
Chas. R. Bagg. 
John J. Bagley. 
Fred. A. Baker. 
Rev. George I). Baker. 
H. P. Baldwin. 
J. W. Balchelder. 
Jacob Beeson. 

D. V. Bell. 
! Jacob Bell.r. 



L. G. Bigelow. 

Albert Botsford. 

O. Bourkc. 

Win. Brodie. 

J. A. Brown. 

C. H. Buhl. 

Frederick Buhl. 

Edward Burke. 

James Burns. 

.James V. Campbell. 

Calvert Lith. Co. 

Alex. T. Campau. 

Denis J. Campau. 

Alex. Chapoton. 

J. Logan Chipman. 

W. J. Chittenden. 

A. Chesebrough. 

J. P. Clark. 

Clough & Warren Organ co. 

Lyman Cochrane. 

Geo. C. Codd. 

Edwin F. Conely. 

Walter H. Coots. 

M. E. Crofoot. 

S. M. Cutcheon. 
I Daily Free Press. 

Daily Post. 
j Daily Tribune. 
I P. E. DeMill. 

Detroit Evening News. 

Detroit Stove Works. 

Detroit Young Mens' Soc'y. 
1 W. H. Dewey. 
I Don M. Dickinson. 
i J. G. Dickinson. 
I D. Bethune Duffield. 
! Henry M. Duffield. , 

I W. C. Duncan. 
! Chas. Dupont. 
Alonzo Eaton. ' 

Ja.s. L. E<ison. 
S. D. Elwood. 

D. O. Farrand. 
Jesse H. Farwell. 
Thos. Fergu.son. i 
Rev. L. R. Fiske. 
Mark Flanigan. 
James Flower ifc Bro. 
Wm. L. Ford. 
Geo. S. Frost. 

E. L Garfield. 
Geo. W. Gilbert. I 



M. H. Godfrey. 

John Greusel. 

Levi T. Griffin. 

Ray Haddock. 

Joseph F. Hadger. 

R. H. Hall. 

J. H. Harmon. 

Benj. Haxton. 

J. D. Hayes. 

Heavenrich Bros. 

John Heffron. 

Heineman, Butzel & Co. 

A. G. Hibbard. 

Albert W. Hill. 

T. FL Hincliman. 

Hodges Brothers. 

J. C. Holmes. 

Geo. H. Hopkins. 

John Hosmer. 

Geo. W. Hough. 

H. A. Howe. 

Wm. N. Hudson. 

Cleaveland Hunt. 

L W. Ingersoll. 

Geo. .Jerome. 

J. H. Kaplc. 
i Herman Kiefer. 
' J. W. Kermolt. 
I R. W. King. 

O. Kirch ner. 
W. H. Langley. 
Alex. Lewis. 
A. G. Lindsa}-. 
W. F. Linn. 
Wm. Livingstone, Jr. 
Stuart McDonald. 
Jame.s MfGonegal. 
Theo. A. McGraw. 
Geo. McMillan. 
A. Mandell. 
Ira Mayhew. 
A B. Maynard. 
E. W. Mt'ddaugh. 
E. G. Merick. 
Michigan Stove Co. 
M. I. Mills 
Minong Mine. 
J. Moore. 
Wm. A. Moore. 
Benj. P. Mumford. 
P. W. Norris. 
M. W. OBrien. 



688 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAL. 



Rev. A. Owen. 
Wm. A. Owen. 
Ervin Palmer. 
T. W. Palmer. 
C. H. Parsliall. 
Daviil Parsons. 
Pbilo M. Patterson. 
Geo. II. Penniniau. 
Wm. Phelp.-;. 
Sanuiel Post. 
David Preston. 
Pnblie Lilirary. 
Peter J. Ralph 
C. C. Handall. 
Jas. A. Randall. 
Reid & Hills. 

C. J. Reilly. 

D. M. Richardson 
Eusrene Robinson. 
Julius Robinson. 
A. J. Rogers. 
Tlieo. Ronieyn. 
Alfred Russell. 

F. G. Russell. 
J. E. Saxton. 
Rev. John P. Sr.ott. 
J. M B. Sill. 
J. M. Sligh. 

E. B. Smith & Co. 
Edward J. Smith. 
James S. Smith. 
M. S. Smilh. 

A. B. Spinney. 

F. Stearns. 

Rev. Calvin Stebbins. 

Giles B. Stebbins. 

Geo. H. Stellwagen. 

Chas. D. Stevens. 

Rev. C. H. W. Stocking 

Isaac N. Swayne. 

Geo S. Swift. 

R. P. Toms. 

J. Thompson. 

C. C. Trowbridge. 

L. C. Twombly. 

H. M. Utley. 

C. Van Husan. 

C. I. Walker. 

Hiram Walker. 

H. N. Walker. 

John Ward. 

H. Weber. 

AVm. P. Wells. 

Emory \\'endell. 

J. II. Wendell. 

Wm. B. Wesson. 

Richard O. Wheeler. 

S. G. Wight. 

A. F. Wileo.x. 

A. II. Wilkinson. 

A. S. Williams. 



C. S. Witbeck. 
F. Woodruff. 
S. R. Woolley. 

EAST I II1N.\. 

L. T. Remer. 

E.\ST s.\Grx.\w. 

E. Cowles. 
Chas. V. DeLand. 
C. S. Draper. 
Samuel S. Garrigues. 
H. C. Potter. 
J. Seligman. 
Wm. L. Webber. 
John J. AV heeler. 

ECORSE. 

George Clark. 
James I. David. 



J. W. Begole. 
Geo. M. Dewey. 
Institution forD., D. andB. 
Wm. B. McCreery. 
Wm. Newton. 
XeRoy Parker. 
F. H. Rankin. 
E. H. Thomson. 

OUAND IIAYEN. 

Edward P. Ferry. 

GKANl) UAPIDS. 

Wm. A. Bcrkey. 
M. H. Clark. 
Moreau S. Crosby. 
Henry Fralick. 

B. A. Harlan. 

B G D. Ilolden. 
John T. Holmes. 
Julius -Housenuvu. 
E. Matter. 
J. E. Messmore. 
Lyman D. Norris. 
P. R. L. Peirce. 
Clarence W. Prindle. 
Robt. P. Sinclair. 
J. H. Slandish. 
Wm. L Stoughton. 

C. G. Swensberg. 

HASTINGS. 

Daniel Striker. 

mi.l.SDAI.E. 



H. B. Rowlson. 
Henry Waklron. 



HOLLAND. 

Hope College. 

HOUGHTON. 

C. B. Grant. 

D. Conrad Grant. 



John M. Osborn. 



A. F. Carr. 
Fred. Hall. 
A. B. Morse. 
W. C. Page. 
H. Rich. 
H. C. Sessions. 
Geo. W. Webber. 
Wm. O. Webster. 

JACKSON. 

William R. Brown. 
Wm. Humphrey. 
L. M. Powell. 
School District No 1. 
H. H. Smith. 
Withington, Cooley & Co. 

JONESVILLE. 

W. J. Baxter. 

E. O. Grosvenor. 

KALAMAZOO. 

Arthur Brown. 
S. S. Cobb. 
T. S. Cobb. 
Rev. J. P. Conover. 

F. W. Curtenius. 
H. O. Hitchcock. 
James W. Hopkins. 
L. B. Kendall. 
Germain H. Mason 
A. T. Metcalf. 
Henry S. Sleeper. 
F. B. Stockbridge. 
E. H. Van Deusen. 
H. G. Wells. 

LANSLNG. 

O. M. Barnes. 

S. D. Bingham 

Geo. W. Chandler. 

Ralph Ely. 

W. S. George. 

M. Hudson. 

H. IngeisoU. 

N. G. Isbell. 

S. L Kilbourne. 

M. V. Montgomery. 

Public School Librarv. 



Samuel H. Row. 

Geo. P. Sanford. 

S. F. Scager. 

H. B. Shank. 

Slate Agricultural College. 

State Library. 

State Reform School. 

E. H. Whitney. 

LEONIDAS. 

Andrew Climie. 

UfACKINAW. 

James Bennett. 
C. B. Fenton. 

MANCHESTER. 

John J. Rol)ison. 



C. Y. Osborn. 
H. H. Stafford. 
Peter White. 

M.\RSHALL. 

S. J. Burpee. 
Samuel W. Hill. 
A. O. Hyde. 



M. D. Hamilton. 
Public School Library. 
H. J. Redtield. 
Edwin Willits. 

MUSKEGON. 

C. D. Nelson. 

NEGAUNEE. 

E. Brcitung. 

OLIVET. 

Olivet College. 

OVID. 

Adam Beattie. 

owosso. 
B. (). Williams. 

PAW PAW. 

J. J. ^Woodman. 

PONTIAC. 

M. S. Brewer. 
Fred. Carlisle. 
Rev. D. C, Jacokes. 
David Ward. 



MICHIGAN AND THE CENTENNIAX,. 



689 



PORT nUBON. 

W. L. Bancroft. 
J. H. Stone. 
Fred. L. Wells. 

POKTI..\ND. 

R. B. Smitli. 

ROt'KFORD. 

E. C. Watkins. 



ROMEO. 

Daniel B. Briggs. 

SAGINAW CITY. 

Dan. P. Footc. 
D. H. Jerome. 

STANTON. 

H. H. Hinds. 



O. L. Spaulding. 
Samuel S. Walker. 

WALLED LAKE. 

James D. Bateman. 

YPSIiANTI. 

Edward P. Allen. 



F. P. Bogardus. 
Philo Ferrier. 
Rol)en W. Hemphill. 
Eugene Laible. 
Geo. W. Lee. 
Peninsular Paper Co. 
D. L. Quirk. 
Jobn Starkweather. 
State Normal SchooL 



